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class="excerpt"><p>Hall Effect Sensor | Working , Advantages , Application
HALL EFFECT SENSOR 
Hall Effect sensor is a type of magnetic sensor. A Hall Effect sensor is a transducer that varies its output voltage in...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/hall-effect-sensor-working-advantages-application/" aria-label="View Post: Hall Effect Sensor | Working , Advantages , Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Hall Effect Sensor | Working , Advantages , Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/hall-effect-sensor-working-advantages-application\/","articleBody":"Hall Effect Sensor | Working , Advantages , Application\r\nHALL EFFECT SENSOR\u00a0\r\nHall Effect sensor is a type of magnetic sensor. A Hall Effect sensor is a transducer that varies its output voltage in response to change in magnetic field. In 1879 Edwin Hall discovered that: \u201cwhen a conductor or semiconductor with current flowing in one direction was introduced perpendicular to a magnetic field a voltage which could be measured at right angles to the current path\u201d. The voltage is.directly proportional to the number of flux lines passing through the conductor, angle at which they pass through it and amount of current used. When a current-carrying conductor is placed into a magnetic field, a voltage will be generated perpendicular to both the current and the field. This principle is known as Hall Effect.\r\n\r\n principle of hall effect\r\n\r\nFigure 1.37 illustrates the basic principle of the Hall Effect. It shows a thin sheet of semiconducting material (Hall element ) through which a current is passed.\r\n\r\nThe output connections are perpendicular to the direction of current. When no magnetic field is present shown in Figure 1.37(a), the current distribution is uniform and no potential difference is seen across the output.\r\nWhen a perpendicular magnetic field is present shown in Figure 1.37(b), a force is exerted on the current. This force disturbs the current distribution in resulting potential difference (voltage) across the output.\r\n\r\nThe Hall effect sensor can also be used to measure the fuel level in a fuel tank (Figure 1.39). The float has buoyancy in the fuel. It floats up as the fuel becomes more. The gap between magnet and hall sensor will changed. It results the changing of the output. The springs allow the float to move only vertically.\r\n\r\n fluid level hall effect sensor\r\nApplications of hall effect sensor\r\n\r\n \tHall sensors are used for proximity switching, positioning, speed detection and current sensing applications\r\n \tHall sensors are commonly used to time the speed of wheels and shafts such as for internal combustion engine ignition timing or tachometers.\r\n \tThey are used in brushless DC electric motors to detect the position of the permanent magnet\r\n \tTypical applications are the detection of a moving part replacing a mechanical limit switch. Another common use is in indexing of rotational or transnational motion\r\n\r\nAdvantages of hall effect sensor\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tIt is relative low cost compared to electromagnetic switches\r\n \tHigh frequency operation is possible\r\n \tIt is used for multiple purpose usage as displacement, position and proximity sensors\r\n \tIt is solid and robust and capable of working in severe environmental conditions as they are immune to humidity contamination\r\n \tThere is no contact bounce problem\r\n\r\nDisadvantages\r\n\r\nSensor becomes weak during offset effects caused by misalignment of contact in Hall element and piezo-resistive effects","headline":"Hall Effect Sensor | Working , Advantages , Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-10","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/principle-of-hall-effect-263x300.jpg","height":300,"width":263},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/eddy-current-sensors-advantages-disadvantages-and-application/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/eddy-current-proximity-sensor-Formula-300x95.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Eddy current sensors | Advantages ,Disadvantages and Application</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/eddy-current-sensors-advantages-disadvantages-and-application/">Eddy current sensors | Advantages ,Disadvantages and Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Eddy current sensors | Advantages ,Disadvantages and Application
Eddy current sensors detect the proximity or presence magnetic fields generated by a reference coil. Eddy current non-ferrous metals....</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/eddy-current-sensors-advantages-disadvantages-and-application/" aria-label="View Post: Eddy current sensors | Advantages ,Disadvantages and Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Eddy current sensors | Advantages ,Disadvantages and Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/eddy-current-sensors-advantages-disadvantages-and-application\/","articleBody":"Eddy current sensors | Advantages ,Disadvantages and Application\r\nEddy current sensors detect the proximity or presence magnetic fields generated by a reference coil. Eddy current non-ferrous metals. They can be used as proximity sensors of a target by sensing the sensors detect ferrous and to detect the presence of gauges target or it can be configured to measure the position or displacement of a target.\r\nAn eddy current is a local electric current induced in a conductive material due to the magnetic field produced by the sensor or active coil. It is sensed by a reference coil to create an output signal. When the distance changes between target and probe, the impedance of the coil will correspondingly change. The change in impedance can be detected by a carefully arranged bridge circuit shown in Figure 1.36.\r\n\r\n eddy current proximity Sensor\r\n\r\nThe eddy currents are confined to shallow depths near the conductive target\r\nsurface. Their effective depth is given by\r\n\r\n eddy current proximity sensor Formula\r\n\r\nThe target material must be at least three times thicker than the effective depth of the eddy currents to make the transducer successful because the transducer assumes that the eddy currents are localized near the surface of a semi-infinite solid and the actual eddy current amplitude decreases quadratically with distance.\r\nApplications of Eddy current sensors\r\nSince it is a non-contact device, it is suitable for higher resolution measurement applications. The device is used for finding out the position of an object that is conductive in nature. Various applications are as follows.\r\n\r\n(i) Position measurement\r\nSince the output of an eddy current transducer represents the size of the distance between transducer and conductor, the device can be calibrated to measure the position or displacement of the target. Thus, it can be applicable in monitoring or sensing the precise location of an object such as a machine tool. It can also be used to locate the final position of precise equipment such as a disk drive.\r\n\r\n(ii) Vibrating motion measurement\r\nThe device is also suitable for finding the alternate positions of a vibrating conductor. Since a contact device is impracticable for this application, a non-contact device such as eddy current transducer is highly recommended. Thus, it can be applicable in measuring the distance of a shaft from a reference point or the to-and- fro movement of vibrating instruments.\r\nAdvantages of Eddy current sensors\r\n(i) It is compact in size\r\n(ii) Cost is low.\r\n(iii) Reliability is high.\r\n(iv) It produces high frequency response.\r\n(v) Sensitivity for small displacement is high.\r\n(vi) It is insensitive to material in the gap between transducer and conductor.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Eddy current sensors\r\n\r\n(i) The result will be precise only if the gap between transducer and conductor is small.\r\n(ii) The device cannot be used for finding the position of non-conductive materials.\r\n(iii) There always occurs a non-linear relationship between distance and impedance of the active coil of the device.\r\n(iv) The device is highly temperature sensitive.","headline":"Eddy current sensors | Advantages ,Disadvantages and Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-10","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/eddy-current-proximity-sensor-Formula-300x95.jpg","height":95,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/strain-gauge-advantages-and-disadvantages-application/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/strain-gauge-with-wheatstone-bridge-300x134.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Strain Gauge | Working , Types , Diagram , Applications</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/strain-gauge-advantages-and-disadvantages-application/">Strain Gauge | Working , Types , Diagram , Applications</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Strain Gauge
A strain gauge is an example of a passive transducer that converts a mechanical displacement into a change of resistance. It is a thin, wafer-like device that can be attached to...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/strain-gauge-advantages-and-disadvantages-application/" aria-label="View Post: Strain Gauge | Working , Types , Diagram , Applications">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Strain Gauge | Working , Types , Diagram , Applications","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/strain-gauge-advantages-and-disadvantages-application\/","articleBody":"What is Strain Gauge\r\nA strain gauge is an example of a passive transducer that converts a mechanical displacement into a change of resistance. It is a thin, wafer-like device that can be attached to a variety of materials by a suitable adhesive to measure the applied strain. As the structure is stressed, the resulting strain deforms the strain gauge attached to the structure. It causes an increase in the resistivity of the gauge which produces an electrical signal proportional to the deformation. The strain gauge displacement sensor consists of a structure attached with the strain gauge that elastically deforms when subjected to a displacement shown in Figure 1.32(a).\r\n\r\n strain gauge with Wheatstone bridge\r\n\r\nThe change of resistance is very small and it is usually measured using a Wheatstone bridge circuit where a strain gauge is connected into the circuit with a combination of four active gauges for full-bridge, two gauges for half-bridge or a single gauge for the quarter bridge. In half and quarter circuits, the bridge is completed with precision resistors.\r\nWorking principle of strain gauge :\r\nGauge Factor: It is the ration of per unit change in resistance to per unit change in length.\r\n\r\n working of strain gauge\r\n\r\nWhen force is applied to any metallic wire its length increases due to the strain. If L1 is the initial length of the wire and L2 is the final length after application of the force, the strain is given as:\r\n\r\n\u03b5 =(L2-L1)\/L1\r\n\r\nFurther, as the length of the stretched wire increases, its diameter decreases. so that resistance of the conductor is the direct function of the length. As the length of the conductor increases its resistance increases. This change in resistance of the conductor can be measured easily and calibrated against the applied force. Thus strain gauges can be used to measure force and related parameters like displacement and stress. The input and output relationship of the strain gauges can be expressed by the term gauge factor or gauge gradient, which is defined as the change in resistance R for the given value of applied strain \u03b5.\r\nRequirements of strain gauge material\r\ni. Strain gauge should be small in size with negligible mass.\r\nii. It should be highly sensitive to strain.\r\niii. Strain gauge should have a high value of gauge factor.\r\niv. It should be easily attachable to the specimen.\r\nv. It should have a high speed of response with negligible time lag.\r\nvi. It should be capable to indicate static, transient, and dynamic strain.\r\nvii. It should be capable of remote indication and recording.\r\nviii. It should not be sensitive to ambient conditions such as temperature, humidity, vibration, etc.\r\nix. It should be inexpensive, reliable and easily available in various sizes\r\nTypes of strain gauges\r\nBased on the principle of working, strain gauges are classified into\r\n\r\n \tMechanical\r\n \tElectrical\r\n \tPiezoelectric\r\n\r\nBased on mounting, they are classified into\r\n\r\n \tBonded strain gauge\r\n \tUnbounded strain gauge\r\n\r\nBased on construction, they are classified into\r\n\r\n \tFoil strain gauge\r\n \tSemiconductor strain gauge\r\n \tPhotoelectric Strain gauge\r\n\r\n\r\n \tA wide variety of gauge sizes and grid shapes are available. The metallic strain gauge consists of a very fine wire or metallic foil arranged in a grid pattern. The grid pattern maximizes the amount of metallic wire or foil subject to strain in the parallel direction. The cross-sectional area of the grid is minimized to reduce the effect of shear strain and Poisson\u2019s strain. The grid is bonded to a thin backing called carrier which is attached directly to the test specimen.\r\n \tThe majority of strain gauges are bonded foil types available in a wide choice of shapes and sizes to suit a variety of applications and typical examples are shown in Figure.\r\n\r\n bonded foil strain gauges\r\n\r\n \tThey consist of a pattern of resistive foil which is mounted on a backing material. They operate on the principle that as the foil is subjected to stress, the resistance of the foil changes in a defined way.\r\n \tBonded foil strain gauges can be as small as 16 mm2 and have strain sensitivity or gauge factor of 2.\r\n \tWire wound gauges are made of round wire of copper-nickel, chrome-nickel, or nickel-iron alloys about 0.0064 cm diameter. The length of the wire is 25 mm or less. The figure shows the example of a wire-wound strain gauges.\r\n \tThe environmental considerations focus mainly on the temperature of the gauge. Since the resistance is a function of temperature, the strain gauges are susceptible to variations in temperature. Thus, if it is known that the temperature of the gauge will vary due to any influence and the temperature compensation is required to ensure that the force measurement is accurate.\r\n\r\n wire wound strain gauges\r\nStrain gauge load cell\r\n\r\n \tA load cell is an electromechanical transducer that converts load acting on it into an analog electrical signal. Load cells provide an accurate measurement of compressive and tensile loads.\r\n \tLoad cells commonly function by utilizing an internal strain gauge that measures deflection. The amount of strain can be calibrated to determine the force upon the load cell because the modulus of elasticity of a load cell is constant.\r\n \tTypically, the force creates the strain in the load cell which is measured by a strain gauge transducer.\r\n \tThe strain gauge is attached to the object or the strained element where the force is being applied. As the object is stressed due to the applied force, the resulting strain deforms the strain gauge attached to it. It causes an increase in resistivity of the gauge which produces electrical signals proportional to the deformation.\r\n \tThe measurement of resistivity is the measure of strain which in turn gives the measurement of force or load applied on the object. The change of resistance is generally very small and it is usually measured using a Wheatstone bridge circuit where strain gauges are connected into the circuit.\r\n \tThe strain gauges are serving as resistors in the circuit. The Wheatstone bridge circuit produces an analog electrical output signal. In a typical strain gauge load cell for measuring force, four strain gauges are attached to the surface of the counterforce and they are electrically connected in a full Wheatstone bridge circuit shown in Figure.\r\n \tLoad cells have different shapes (cylindrical tubes, rectangular or square beams, and shaft) for different applications and load requirements. To ensure that the desired component of force is measured, strain gauges having different shapes are positioned in various orientations upon the load cell body.\r\n\r\n strain gauge load cell\r\n\r\nDiaphragm with strain gauge :\r\n1) Strain gauge is a passive type resistance pressure transducer whose electrical resistance changes when it is stretched or compressed. It can be attached to a pressure sensing diaphragm as shown in fig\r\n2) When diaphragm flexes due to the process pressure applied on it, the strain gauge stretches or compresses due to this resistance changes.\r\n\r\n Diaphragm with strain gauge\r\n\r\n3) As soon as the pressure is applied the strain gauge stretches or compresses accordingly and the bridge circuit in fig is unbalanced due to the change in resistance of the strain gauges.\r\n4) Thus a current flows in the galvanometer, Which is measured by the deflection of the galvanometer, this change in output voltage may be calibrated for the pressure change.\r\nBonded strain gauge :\r\nWorking of Bonded Strain Gauges :\r\n\r\n bonded strain gauge working\r\n\r\n\u2022 With the help of an adhesive material, the strain gauge is pasted\/ bonded on the structure under study.\r\n\u2022 The structure is subjected to a force (tensile or compressive). Due to the force, the structure will change the dimension.\r\n\u2022 As the strain gauge is bonded to the structure, the strain gauge will also undergo a change in both in length and cross-section (that is, it strained).\r\n\u2022 This strain (change in dimension) changes the resistance of the strain gauge which can be measured using a wheat stone bridge.\r\n\u2022 This change in resistance of the strain gauge becomes a measure of the extent to which the structure is strained and a measure of the applied force when calibrated.\r\nSemiconductor Strain gauge.\r\n semiconductor strain gauges\r\n\r\n \tThese gauges are produced from silicon and germanium crystals in which a certain amount of special impurities are added to impart certain characteristics.\r\n \tTwo types \r\n\r\na) Negative or n-type, whose resistance decreases in response to tensile strain\r\nb) Positive or p-type, whose resistance increases in response to tensile strain.\r\n\r\n \tThe breaking stress of material rises as the cross-sectional area decreases.\r\n \tThe gauge is in the form of a single rectangular filament about 0.05 mm thick and 0.25 mm wide and 1.5 mm to 12 mm in length.\r\n \tAdvantages: Very high sensitivity in comparison of metal gauges, High gauge factor in the range of 100 to 200. , Low hysteresis.\r\n\r\nApplications of Strain Gauge :\u00a0\r\n(i) Strain measurement\r\n(ii) Residual stress measurement\r\n(iii) Vibration measurement\r\n(iv) Torque measurement\r\n(v) Bending and deflection measurement\r\n(vi) Compression and tension measurement\r\nAdvantages of Strain Gauge :\u00a0\r\n(i) There is no moving part and hence no wear\r\n(ii) Strain gauges are very precise\r\n(iii) It is small and inexpensive\r\n(iv) It has a high-frequency bandwidth.\r\nDisadvantages of Strain Gauge :\r\n(i) It is non-linear\r\n(ii) It is very sensitive to temperature.\r\n(iii) It needs to be calibrated regularly\r\n(iv) Strain gauges have to be applied manually. Putting them in their place consuming and costly. It is one of their biggest disadvantages\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMeasurement Science and Metrology Notes , Articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Strain Gauge | Working , Types , Diagram , Applications","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-10","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 30, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/strain-gauge-with-wheatstone-bridge-300x134.jpg","height":134,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/capacitive-proximity-sensor-diagram-advantages-disadvantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/capacitive-sensor-equation-300x144.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Capacitive proximity sensor | Diagram , Advantages , Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/capacitive-proximity-sensor-diagram-advantages-disadvantages/">Capacitive proximity sensor | Diagram , Advantages , Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Capacitive proximity sensor | Diagram , Advantages , Disadvantages
Capacitive Sensor : 
A transducer that uses capacitance variation is known as capacitance sensors. The elastic deflection of a...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/capacitive-proximity-sensor-diagram-advantages-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: Capacitive proximity sensor | Diagram , Advantages , Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Capacitive proximity sensor | Diagram , Advantages , Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/capacitive-proximity-sensor-diagram-advantages-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"Capacitive proximity sensor | Diagram , Advantages , Disadvantages\r\nCapacitive Sensor :\u00a0\r\nA transducer that uses capacitance variation is known as capacitance sensors. The elastic deflection of a membrane due to the applied force is detected by a capacitance variation. A highly sensitive displacement and proximity transducers can be constructed because the capacitive transducer senses very small deflections accurately. Capacitive sensors can directly sense a variety of things such as motion, displacement, chemical composition, electric field and indirectly sense many other variables which can be converted into motion or dielectric constant such as pressure, acceleration, fluid level and fluid composition.\r\nA capacitance sensor consists of two metal plates separated by an air gap. The capacitance C between terminals is given by the expression\r\n\r\n capacitive sensor equation\r\n\r\nCapacitive Proximity Sensor :\u00a0\r\n\r\nOne form of capacitive proximity sensor is shown in Figure 1.31 where one plate of a capacitor is connected to the central conductor of a coaxial cable while the other plate is formed by a target object. The operating principle is based on either the geometry (i.e. the distance, d) or capacitance variations in the presence of conductive or dielectric materials.\r\n\r\n capacitive proximity Sensor Diagram\r\n\r\nApplications\r\n\r\nThis type of sensor can be employed for measuring position, displacement, gauging or any other similar parameter in a machine tool.\r\nAdvantages capacitive Sensor :\u00a0\r\n(i) Excellent linearity over entire dynamic range when area is changed (since stray electric fields are small)\r\n(ii) It has high sensitivity\r\n(iii) Capacitive displacement detectors can detect 10-14 m displacement with good stability, high speed and wide extremes of environment ,\r\n(v) It has freedom of electrode (plate) materials and geometry for demanding environments and applications.\r\n(vi) Fractional change in capacitance can be made large.\r\n(vii) Capacitive sensors can be made to respond to displacement in one direction only.\r\n(viii) The forces exerted by the measuring apparatus are electrostatic and usually for small enough so that they can be disregarded\r\n(ix) Capacitors are noiseless\r\n(x) High accuracy and resolution are possible. A resolution of 2.5 x 1O-3 can be obtained.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Capacitive proximity Sensor\u00a0\r\n\r\n(i) The performance of these sensors is likely affected due to the environmental conditions such as dust, moisture, vibration etc.\r\n(ii) The metallic parts of the capacitor must be insulated from each other.","headline":"Capacitive proximity sensor | Diagram , Advantages , Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-10","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/capacitive-sensor-equation-300x144.jpg","height":144,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-lvdt-diagram-advantages-and-disadvantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Construction-of-lvdt-sensor-300x113.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to LVDT &#8211; Diagram, working, Characteristics, Advantages, Application</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-lvdt-diagram-advantages-and-disadvantages/">LVDT &#8211; Diagram, working, Characteristics, Advantages, Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is LVDT   LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER (LVDT)
Principle of LVDT: 
LVDT works under the principle of mutual induction, and the displacement which is a non-electrical energy...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-lvdt-diagram-advantages-and-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: LVDT &#8211; Diagram, working, Characteristics, Advantages, Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"LVDT &#8211; Diagram, working, Characteristics, Advantages, Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-lvdt-diagram-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"What is LVDT\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER (LVDT)\r\nPrinciple of LVDT: \r\nLVDT works under the principle of mutual induction, and the displacement which is a non-electrical energy is converted into electrical energy. And the way how the energy is getting converted is described in the working of LVDT in a detailed manner.\r\n\r\nThe most widely used variable-inductance displacement transducer in Industry is a Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT). It is a passive type sensor. It is an electro-mechanical device designed to produce an AC voltage output proportional to the relative displacement of the transformer and the ferromagnetic core. The physical construction of a typical LVDT consists of a movable core of magnetic material and three coils comprising the static transformer shown in Figure 1.26. One of the three coils is the primary coil or excitation coil and the other two are secondary coils or pick-up coils. An AC current (typically 1 kHz) is passed through the primary coil and an AC voltage is induced in secondary coils. The magnetic core inside the coil winding assembly provides the magnetic flux path linking the primary and secondary coils.\r\nOther Linear Measurement :\u00a0\r\nWhat is Potentiometer -Diagram , Working , Advantages\r\n\r\nConstruction of LVDT sensor\r\n\r\nWhen the magnetic core is at the centre position or null position, the output voltages are being equal and opposite in polarity and, therefore, the output voltage is zero. The Null Position of an LVDT is extremely stable and repeatable. When the magnetic core is displaced from the Null Position, a certain number of coil windings are affected by the proximity of the sliding core and thus, an electromagnetic\r\nimbalance occurs. This imbalance generates a differential AC output voltage across the secondary coil which is linearly proportional to the direction and magnitude of the displacement.\r\n\r\nWorking of LVDT\r\nSpecification of LVDT :\u00a0\r\n1 Measurement Range 0-50 mm\r\n2 Accuracy \u00b1 1% of the FSR\r\n3 Linearity \u00b12% of the total range\r\n4 Operating Temperature -20 to 1200C\r\n5 Supply Voltage 5 V\r\n6 Sensitivity 27mV\/V\r\nCharacteristics of LVDT &amp; its significance\r\nCharacteristics of LVDT\r\nSignificance:-\r\nAs the core is moved in one direction from the null position, the differential voltage i.e. the difference of the two secondary voltages will increase while maintaining an in-phase relationship with the voltage from the input source. In the other direction from the null position, the differential voltage will also increase, but will be 1800 out of phase with the voltage from the source\r\nThe output voltage of an LVDT is a linear function of core displacement within a limited range of motion says about 5mm from the null position. Fig shows the variation of output voltage against displacement for various positions of the core. The curve is practically linear for small displacements. Beyond this range of displacement, the curve starts to deviate from a straight line.\r\nApplications of LVDT sensors\r\n\r\n \tMeasurement of spool position in a wide range of servo valve applications\r\n \tTo provide displacement feedback for hydraulic cylinders\r\n \tTo control weight and thickness of medicinal products viz. tablets or pills\r\n \tFor automatic inspection of final dimensions of products being packed for dispatch\r\n \tTo measure distance between the approaching metals during Friction welding process\r\n \tTo continuously monitor fluid level as part of leak detection system\r\n \tTo detect the number of currency bills dispensed by an ATM\r\n\r\nAdvantages of LVDT Sensor\u00a0\r\n(i) It is relatively low cost due to its popularity\r\n(ii) It is solid and robust capable of working in a wide variety of environments\r\n(iii) There is no friction resistance since the iron core does not contact the transformer coils thereby resulting in an infinite (very long) service life\r\n(iv) High signal to noise ratio and low output impedance can be obtained\r\n(v) It has negligible hysteresis\r\n(vi) It has short response time, only limited by the inertia of the iron core and the rise time of the amplifiers\r\n(vii) There is no permanent damage to the LVDT if measurements exceed the designed range\r\n(viii) It can operate over a temperature range of-265\u00b0C to 600\u00b0C\r\n(ix) It is has high sensitivity up to 40 V\/mm\r\n(x) It has less power consumption (less than 1 IF)\r\nDisadvantages of LVDT Sensor :\u00a0\r\n(i) The performance of these sensors is likely affected by vibration etc\r\n(ii) Relatively large displacements are required for appreciable output\r\n(iii) It is not suitable for fast dynamic measurements because of mass of the core\r\n(iv) It is inherently low in power output\r\n(v) It is sensitive to stray magnetic fields but the shielding is not possible.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSome Questions and Answers :\u00a0\r\nExplain with neat sketch working principle of LVDT.\r\n\r\nThe LVDT transformer consists of a single primary winding P1 and two secondary windings S1 and S2, wound on a cylindrical former. The secondary windings have an equal number of turns and are identically placed on either side of the primary winding. The primary winding is connected to an alternating current source.\r\n\r\nLVDT Digram\r\n\r\nA movable soft iron core is placed inside the former. The displacement to be measured is applied to an arm attached to the soft iron core. In practice, the core is made of Ni-Fe alloy which is slotted longitudinally to reduce eddy current losses. When the core is in its normal (null) position, equal voltages are induced in the two secondary windings. Accordingly, output voltage ES1 of the secondary winding S1 is more than ES2, the output voltage of secondary winding S2. The magnitude of voltage is thus ES1- ES2 and the output voltage is in phase with ES1, the output voltage of secondary winding S1. Similarly, if a core is moved to the of null position, then the flux linking with winding S2 becomes larger than that with winding S1. This results in ES2 becoming larger than Es1. The output voltage in this case is E0 = ES2- ES1 and is in phase with ES2; i.e., the output voltage of secondary winding S2.\r\n\r\nThe amount of voltage change in either of secondary windings is proportional to the amount of movement of the core. Hence, we have an indication of the amount of linear motion. By nothing which voltage output is increasing or decreasing, we can determine the direction of motion. In other words, any physical displacement of the core causes the voltage of one secondary winding to increase while simultaneously reducing the voltage in the other secondary winding. The difference of two voltages appears across the two output terminals of the transducer and gives a measure of the physical position of the core and hence, the displacement. As the core is moved in one direction from the null position, the differential voltage i.e., the difference of two secondary voltages, will increase while maintaining an in-phase relationship with the voltage from the input source.\r\n\r\nIn the other direction from the null position, the differential voltage will also increase, but will be 1800 out of phase with the voltage from the source. By comparing the magnitudes and phase of the output (differential) voltage with that of the source, the amount and direction of the movement of the core and hence, of displacement, may be determined.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"LVDT &#8211; Diagram, working, Characteristics, Advantages, Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-10","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Construction-of-lvdt-sensor-300x113.jpg","height":113,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-potentiometer-diagram-working-advantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/potentiometer-Linear-and-Rotary-300x248.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Potentiometer &#8211; Diagram , Working , Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-potentiometer-diagram-working-advantages/">What is Potentiometer &#8211; Diagram , Working , Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Potentiometer - Diagram , Working , Advantages
What is Potentiometer
 potentiometer is also called linear position sensors or resistors ruler and it is one of the most commonly used devise...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-potentiometer-diagram-working-advantages/" aria-label="View Post: What is Potentiometer &#8211; Diagram , Working , Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Potentiometer &#8211; Diagram , Working , Advantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-potentiometer-diagram-working-advantages\/","articleBody":"What is Potentiometer - Diagram , Working , Advantages\r\nWhat is Potentiometer\r\n potentiometer is also called linear position sensors or resistors ruler and it is one of the most commonly used devise for measuring the displacement. Potentiometer is a primary sensor which converts the linear motion or the angular motion of a shaft into change in resistance. It is a type of resistive displacement sensor. Linear potentiometers are sensors that produce a resistance output proportional to the linear displacement or position. Linear potentiometers are essentially variable resistors whose resistance is varied by the movement of a slider over a resistance element.\r\n\r\nRotary potentiometers are sensors that produce a resistance output proportional to the angular displacement or position. They can be either wire-wound or conductive or cylindrical\r\n\r\nFigure 1.23 illustrates the basic principle of a linear potentiometer. The linear potentiometer employs an electrically conductive linear slide member (also called wiper) connected to a variable wire wound resistor (winding) that changes resistance to be equated to the linear position of the device which is monitored. As the sliding contact moves along the winding, the resistance is changed in linear relationship with the distance from one end of the potentiometer. To measure the displacement, a potentiometer is typically wired as a \u201cvoltage divider\u201d so that the output voltage is proportional to the distance traveled by the wiper. A known voltage is applied to resistor ends. The contact is attached to the moving object of interest. The output voltage at the contact is proportional to the displacement. The resolution is defined by the number of turns per unit distance and it is affected by the loading effects of the voltage divider circuit.\r\n\r\nOne of the most common uses of modem low-power potentiometers is as an audio control device. Both sliding pots (also known as faders) and rotary potentiometers (commonly called knobs') are regularly used to adjust loudness, frequency attenuation and other characteristics of audio signals.\r\n\r\npotentiometer - Linear and Rotary\r\n\r\nThe following Factors are to be considered while selecting the potentiometers.\r\n\r\n(i) Operating temperature\r\n(ii) Shock and vibration\r\n(iii) Humidity\r\n(iv) Contamination and seals\r\n(v) Life cycle\r\n(vi) Dither\r\nApplications of Potentiometer\r\n(i) Linear displacement measurement\r\n(ii) Rotary displacement measurement\r\n(iii) Volume control\r\n(iv) Brightness control\r\n(v) Liquid level measurements using floats\r\nAdvantages of Potentiometer\r\n(i) It is easy to use\r\n(ii) The cost is low\r\n(iii) It has high-amplitude output signal\r\n(iv) It is a proven technology\r\n(v) It has rugged construction\r\n(vi) Electrical efficiency is very high\r\n(vii) It is available in different forms, ranges and sizes\r\nDisadvantages of Potentiometer\r\n(i) It has limited band width\r\n(ii) Frictional loading is more\r\n(iii) It has limited operating cycle","headline":"What is Potentiometer &#8211; Diagram , Working , Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-10","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/potentiometer-Linear-and-Rotary-300x248.jpg","height":248,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=75">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=74"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>74</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=75"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>75</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>76</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=77"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>77</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=78"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>78</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=77">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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