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    DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF DOUBLE ACTING HACK SAWING MACHINE UNDER BY SCOTCH YOKE MECHANISM
 Working Of Project  This project is worked under by the scotch yoke...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/double-acting-hack-saw-machine-operated/" aria-label="View Post: Double acting Hack saw Machine Operated By Scotch Yoke Mechanism">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Double acting Hack saw Machine Operated By Scotch Yoke Mechanism","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/double-acting-hack-saw-machine-operated\/","articleBody":"PROJECT TITLE\u00a0\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF DOUBLE ACTING HACK SAWING MACHINE UNDER BY SCOTCH YOKE MECHANISM\r\n\u00a0Working Of Project\r\n\r\n \tThis project is worked under by the scotch yoke mechanism.\r\n \tThe scotch yoke mechanism convert the rotary motion into the reciprocating motion.\r\n \tThe machine has the prime mover at the bottom of the machine\r\n \tThe pulley is attached to the body at the top and the end of the side portion\r\n \tThe pulley is connected with the disc type plate\r\n \tThe pulley and the disc has separate connection \u00a0with the one small metal rod through the bearing\r\n \tThe motor and pulley is connected with one V-type belt\r\n \tThe clamp is fixed with the disc. The clamp is fixed with the two shaft at the two end\r\n \tThe each shaft is act the reciprocating motion through the each shaft.\r\n \tThe hack saw connected to the each shaft at the end.\r\n \tIf the motor is turned on the pulley is getting rotating motion that rotation motion is convert into the reciprocating motion by the disc under the \u201cScotch Yoke Mechanism\u201d.\r\n\r\nPARTS OF THE PROJECT:\r\n\r\n \t\u00a00.5 HP MOTOR\r\n \t\u00a0PULLEY\r\n \t\u00a0BEARINGS\r\n \t\u00a0SHAFT\r\n \tHACK SAW\r\n \tV-BELT\r\n \tO TYPE CLAMP\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&#x1f449;See Also:\u00a0Index Of\u00a0Mechanical New Projects , Innovations ,Ideas\u00a0&#x1f449;","headline":"Double acting Hack saw Machine Operated By Scotch Yoke Mechanism","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-08-14","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/doubleactinghacksawmachineusingscotchyokemechanism-300x149.jpg","height":149,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-electronic-fuel-injection-efi/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/ElectronicFuelInjection-300x173.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Seminar On Electronic fuel injection (EFI)</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-electronic-fuel-injection-efi/">Seminar On Electronic fuel injection (EFI)</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Seminar On Electronic fuel injection (EFI)
Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) is a substitute for the conventional metering system which mixes the air and fuel in the correct ratio before feeding it...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-electronic-fuel-injection-efi/" aria-label="View Post: Seminar On Electronic fuel injection (EFI)">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Seminar On Electronic fuel injection (EFI)","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/seminar-on-electronic-fuel-injection-efi\/","articleBody":"Seminar On Electronic fuel injection (EFI)\r\nElectronic Fuel Injection (EFI) is a substitute for the conventional metering system which mixes the air and fuel in the correct ratio before feeding it down to the main cylinder to power the vehicle. \u00a0Usually in a bike a carburetor is responsible for carrying out this task. But, the downside of using a carburetor is that it has fixed settings and it has certain limitations. To overcome this negative aspect of a new system has been introduced. However, for this brand new system to work, it needs data from several sensors. These sensors include an engine speed sensor, temperature sensor, voltage sensor, throttle position sensor, oxygen sensor and an air flow sensor. The data collected from the various sensors are send to the Electronic control unit (ECU). The ECU makes use of the data provided from the sensors to determine the spark advance, the length of spark and other parameters. Then the exact air fuel mixture for that particular instant is fed into the cylinder which in turn delivers optimum power and clean exhaust. All this process is done continuously and happens many times in every second.\r\n\r\nTypical EFI components:\u00a0\r\n\r\n1) \u00a0 \u00a0 Injectors\u00a0\r\n2) \u00a0 \u00a0 Electronic control module (ECU)\u00a0\r\n3) \u00a0 \u00a0 Fuel pressure regulator\u00a0\r\n4) \u00a0 \u00a0 Fuel pump\u00a0\r\n5) \u00a0 \u00a0 Wiring harness\u00a0\r\n6) \u00a0 \u00a0 Sensors\u00a0\r\nAdvantage:\u00a0\r\n1) \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Although the electronic fuel injection is much more complicated than a carburetor, it is much more efficient.\r\n\r\n2) \u00a0 \u00a0 Fault finding is easy with the right tools\r\nDisadvantage:\u00a0\r\n1) \u00a0 \u00a0 Higher cost than carburetor.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Seminar On Electronic fuel injection (EFI)","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-08-14","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/ElectronicFuelInjection-300x173.jpg","height":173,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/weight-operated-material-handling/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/WEIGHTOPERATEDMATERIALHANDLINGDEVICE-300x210.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to WEIGHT OPERATED MATERIAL HANDLING DEVICE | mechanical Project</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/weight-operated-material-handling/">WEIGHT OPERATED MATERIAL HANDLING DEVICE | mechanical Project</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>WEIGHT OPERATED MATERIAL HANDLING DEVICE | mechanical Project
Abstract
In order to propelled  Dead weight type automatic guided vehicle, we have treated rack and pinion Mechanism to conventional...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/weight-operated-material-handling/" aria-label="View Post: WEIGHT OPERATED MATERIAL HANDLING DEVICE | mechanical Project">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"WEIGHT OPERATED MATERIAL HANDLING DEVICE | mechanical Project","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/weight-operated-material-handling\/","articleBody":"WEIGHT OPERATED MATERIAL HANDLING DEVICE | mechanical Project\r\nAbstract\r\nIn order to propelled \u00a0Dead weight type automatic guided vehicle, we have treated rack and pinion Mechanism to conventional AGVs. In order to acquires self propelled motion to the material handling conventional AGV by utilizing rack and pinion motion transfer. \u00a0In these type of mechanism we have using rack and pinion type gear. Rack and pinion type gear are connected to platform, \u00a0four springs are connected to each corner of the platform so, it will be acts as power saving units. When dead weight are kept in the platform, platform moves downward direction so there exist gear train, it is subjected to lower portion (front or rear axle of the vehicle). When Gravitaional force is applied on the platform and then platform are moves downward direction \u00a0When weight is removed from the platform, vehicle moves backward direction without application of external force .\r\n\r\n\r\nSee also :\u00a0Introduction To AGV (Automated Guided Vehicles) | Types Of AGV\r\n\r\nObjectives of Project\r\n\r\nSelf-weight acting material handling MACHINES are working on the weight of the material to be carried; they do not require any kind of fuel or electric current for travelling from one place to another place. Material handling MACHINES are used in heavy engineering works like steel plant, forging, casting industry. Sometimes this may result process into delay in further production. Also in this processes there is no chance of accidents since the vehicle is travelling in a straight direction on the track on which the wheels are mounted. The above mentioned systems may prove time consuming. Hence the need of a system of conveyance that can give intermittent as well as continues mode of operation will have a fast response as well as can be suitably modified to the need of variety of components in the system layout. Also the material handling device which is carrying the load must have low maintenance and must led a long period for service\r\n\r\nPrinciple\r\nPrinciple Of weight operated material handling device\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIn material handling device when the load in the form of passenger i.e. material to be transported is ideally kept on the carriage. As the load is kept due to its own weight the carriage tends to slide down or move down. But as it is mounted on the rack the rack slides down by compressing the helical spring. While sliding down as it is in mesh with the pinions teeth in perpendicular direction it rotates the pinion and its shaft. As performing this movement the carriage will move in down ward direction in proportion with the height of the helical spring which is under the rack.As the output shaft of the pinion rotates it also rotates the disc having teethes on its periphery. This rotation of disc is transmitted to the bicycle pully inserted on the axle of the trolley and connected with the V beltas a motion transmitting link. As the rotary motion is transmitted to the axle, the axle rotates and this same motion is given to the wheels on which the whole load is mounted.Then slowly the vehicle moves from its original position and by achieving torque it carries the load from position 1 to position 2. The position 2 is achieved only after the spring gets completely compressed. At position 2 when the load is removed then the spring tries to expand forcefully which moves the rack to move in upward direction. While moving in upward direction the teeth of rack rotates the pinion with its shaft in opposite direction and then the axle also rotates in opposite direction which in finally moves the whole trolley in reverse direction up to when the spring gets completely expanded and then the trolley regains its original position\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFig.\u00a0WEIGHT OPERATED MATERIAL HANDLING DEVICE\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAdvantages:-\r\n\r\na. It is easy to lift the load without any accidents.\u00a0\r\nb. Labour cost decreases because it doesn\u2019t require a labor for operating it.\u00a0\r\nc. Cost is less as compared to other MACHINES.\u00a0\r\n\r\nDisadvantages:-\u00a0\r\na. Working efficiency is less because of mechanical components, compared to hydraulic system.\u00a0\r\nb. Wear of gear is possible.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nTheory of Machine Article , Notes , Question and Answer\r\nSimple , Easy mechanical projectsManually Hand Operated projectsAffordable low budget ProjectsMini low cost Projects\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"WEIGHT OPERATED MATERIAL HANDLING DEVICE | mechanical Project","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-08-14","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/WEIGHTOPERATEDMATERIALHANDLINGDEVICE-300x210.jpg","height":210,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/classification-of-welding-processes-and/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/classificationofwelding.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Classification Of Welding Processes and allied Processes</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/classification-of-welding-processes-and/">Classification Of Welding Processes and allied Processes</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Classification Of Welding Processes and allied Processes
There are  different welding, brazing and  soldering methods are  being  used in industries today. There are  various ways  of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/classification-of-welding-processes-and/" aria-label="View Post: Classification Of Welding Processes and allied Processes">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Classification Of Welding Processes and allied Processes","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/classification-of-welding-processes-and\/","articleBody":"Classification Of Welding Processes and allied Processes\r\nThere are \u00a0different welding, brazing and \u00a0soldering methods are \u00a0being \u00a0used in industries today. There are \u00a0various ways \u00a0of classifying the \u00a0welding and \u00a0allied processes. For \u00a0example, they may be classified on the \u00a0basis of source of heat, i.e., \u00a0blacksmith fire, \u00a0flame, arc, \u00a0etc. \u00a0and \u00a0the \u00a0type of interaction i.e., \u00a0liquid \/ liquid (fusion welding) or \u00a0solid\/solid (solid \u00a0state \u00a0welding). Welding processes may \u00a0also \u00a0be classified in two \u00a0categories namely plastic (forge) \u00a0and \u00a0fusion. However, the \u00a0general classification of welding and \u00a0allied processes is \u00a0given \u00a0as \u00a0under\r\n\r\n(A) \u00a0Welding Processes\r\n\r\n1. Oxy-Fuel Gas \u00a0Welding Processes\r\n1 \u00a0 Air-acetylene welding\r\n2 \u00a0 Oxy-acetylene welding\r\n3 \u00a0 Oxy-hydrogen welding\r\n4 \u00a0 Pressure gas \u00a0welding\r\n\r\n2. Arc \u00a0Welding Processes\r\n1. \u00a0 Carbon Arc \u00a0Welding\r\n2. \u00a0 Shielded Metal Arc \u00a0Welding\r\n3. \u00a0 Submerged Arc \u00a0Welding\r\n4. \u00a0 Gas \u00a0Tungsten Arc \u00a0Welding\r\n5. \u00a0 Gas \u00a0Metal Arc \u00a0Welding\r\n6. \u00a0 Plasma Arc \u00a0Welding\r\n7. \u00a0 Atomic \u00a0Hydrogen \u00a0Welding\r\n8. \u00a0 Electro-slag Welding\r\n9. \u00a0 Stud Arc \u00a0Welding\r\n10. \u00a0 \u00a0Electro-gas Welding\r\n\r\n3. \u00a0Resistance \u00a0Welding\r\n1. \u00a0 Spot Welding\r\n2. \u00a0 Seam \u00a0Welding\r\n3. \u00a0 Projection \u00a0Welding\r\n4. \u00a0 Resistance Butt Welding\r\n5. \u00a0 Flash Butt Welding\r\n6. \u00a0 Percussion \u00a0Welding\r\n7. \u00a0 High \u00a0Frequency Resistance \u00a0Welding\r\n8. \u00a0 High \u00a0Frequency Induction \u00a0Welding\r\n\r\n4. Solid-State \u00a0Welding Processes\r\n1. \u00a0 Forge \u00a0Welding\r\n2. \u00a0 Cold \u00a0Pressure \u00a0Welding\r\n3. \u00a0 Friction \u00a0Welding\r\n4. \u00a0 Explosive Welding\r\n5. \u00a0 Diffusion Welding\r\n6. \u00a0 Cold \u00a0Pressure \u00a0Welding\r\n7. \u00a0 Thermo-compression \u00a0Welding\r\n\r\n5. Thermit \u00a0Welding Processes\r\n1. \u00a0 Thermit \u00a0Welding\r\n2. \u00a0 Pressure \u00a0Thermit \u00a0Welding\r\n\r\n6. \u00a0Radiant \u00a0Energy Welding Processes\r\n1. \u00a0 Laser \u00a0Welding\r\n2. \u00a0 Electron Beam \u00a0Welding\r\n\r\n(B) Allied \u00a0Processes\r\n\r\n1. Metal Joining or \u00a0Metal Depositing Processes\r\n1. \u00a0 Soldering\r\n2. \u00a0 Brazing\r\n3. \u00a0 Braze Welding\r\n4. \u00a0 Adhesive Bonding\r\n5. \u00a0 Metal Spraying\r\n6. \u00a0 Surfacing\r\n\r\n2. Thermal Cutting Processes\r\n1. \u00a0 Gas \u00a0Cutting\r\n2. \u00a0 Arc Cutting\r\n\r\nSee also ;\u00a0Selection Of Welding Processes and Application Of welding Process\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nRobotic and automation projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Classification Of Welding Processes and allied Processes","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-08-14","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/classificationofwelding.jpg","height":239,"width":211},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-iron-carbon-equilibriu/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/ironcarbonphase28Fe-C29Diagram-228x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Introduction to Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram | Structures in Fe-C Diagram</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-iron-carbon-equilibriu/">Introduction to Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram | Structures in Fe-C Diagram</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram | Structures in Fe-C Diagram  IRON-CARBON  EQUILIBRIUM  DIAGRAM  Fig. shows, the  Fe-C equilibrium diagram in  which various structure...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-iron-carbon-equilibriu/" aria-label="View Post: Introduction to Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram | Structures in Fe-C Diagram">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Introduction to Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram | Structures in Fe-C Diagram","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/introduction-to-iron-carbon-equilibriu\/","articleBody":"Introduction to Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram | Structures in Fe-C Diagram\r\n\r\n\r\nIRON-CARBON \u00a0EQUILIBRIUM \u00a0DIAGRAM\r\n\r\nFig. shows, the \u00a0Fe-C equilibrium diagram in \u00a0which various structure \u00a0(obtained during heating and \u00a0cooling), \u00a0phases and \u00a0microscopic constituents \u00a0of various kinds of steel and \u00a0cast iron \u00a0are \u00a0depicted. The \u00a0main structures, \u00a0significance of various lines and \u00a0critical points are discussed as \u00a0under.\r\n\r\n\r\n Iron carbide Diagram \r\n\r\n\r\nStructures in \u00a0Fe-C-diagram\r\nThe \u00a0main microscopic constituents \u00a0of iron \u00a0and \u00a0steel are \u00a0as \u00a0follows:\r\n1. \u00a0 Austenite\r\n2. \u00a0 Ferrite\r\n3. \u00a0 Cementite\r\n4. \u00a0 Pearlite\r\n\r\n1 Austenite\r\n\r\nAustenite is a solid \u00a0solution of free \u00a0carbon (ferrite) and \u00a0iron \u00a0in \u00a0gamma iron. On \u00a0heating the \u00a0steel, after upper critical temperature, the \u00a0formation of structure completes into \u00a0austenite which \u00a0is \u00a0hard, ductile and \u00a0non-magnetic. It is \u00a0able \u00a0to \u00a0dissolve large amount of carbon. It is in \u00a0between the \u00a0critical or \u00a0transfer ranges during heating and \u00a0cooling \u00a0of steel. It is \u00a0formed when steel contains carbon up to 1.8% at 1130\u00b0C. On cooling below 723\u00b0C, it starts transforming into \u00a0pearlite and \u00a0ferrite. Austenitic steels cannot be hardened by usual heat treatment methods and \u00a0are \u00a0non-magnetic.\r\n\r\n2 Ferrite\r\n\r\n\r\nFerrite contains very \u00a0little or no carbon in iron. \u00a0It is the \u00a0name given \u00a0to pure iron \u00a0crystals which \u00a0are \u00a0soft and \u00a0ductile. The \u00a0slow cooling \u00a0of low carbon steel below \u00a0the \u00a0critical temperature produces ferrite structure. Ferrite does \u00a0not \u00a0harden when cooled \u00a0rapidly. It is \u00a0very \u00a0soft \u00a0and highly magnetic.\r\n\r\n3 Cementite\r\n\r\nCementite is \u00a0a \u00a0chemical compound of carbon with iron \u00a0and \u00a0is \u00a0known as \u00a0iron \u00a0carbide (Fe3C). \u00a0Cast iron \u00a0having 6.67% \u00a0carbon is \u00a0possessing complete structure \u00a0of cementite. Free cementite is found \u00a0in all steel containing more \u00a0than 0.83% carbon. It increases with increase in \u00a0carbon % as \u00a0reflected in \u00a0Fe-C \u00a0Equilibrium diagram. It is \u00a0extremely hard. The \u00a0hardness and \u00a0 brittleness of \u00a0cast \u00a0 iron \u00a0 is \u00a0believed \u00a0to \u00a0be \u00a0due \u00a0 to \u00a0the \u00a0 presence \u00a0of \u00a0the \u00a0 cementite. \u00a0It decreases tensile strength. \u00a0This \u00a0 is \u00a0formed when \u00a0the \u00a0 carbon forms \u00a0 definite combinations with iron \u00a0in \u00a0form \u00a0of iron \u00a0carbides which \u00a0are \u00a0extremely hard in \u00a0nature. The \u00a0brittleness and hardness of cast \u00a0iron \u00a0is mainly controlled by the \u00a0presence of cementite in \u00a0it. \u00a0It is magnetic below 200\u00b0C.\r\n\r\n4 Pearlite\r\n\r\n\r\nPearlite is a eutectoid alloy \u00a0of ferrite and \u00a0cementite. It occurs \u00a0particularly in medium and low carbon steels in \u00a0the \u00a0form \u00a0of mechanical mixture of ferrite and \u00a0cementite in \u00a0the \u00a0ratio of\u00a087:13. \u00a0Its hardness increases with the \u00a0proportional of pearlite in ferrous material. Pearlite is relatively strong, hard and \u00a0ductile, whilst ferrite is \u00a0weak, soft \u00a0and \u00a0ductile. It is \u00a0built up \u00a0of alternate light and \u00a0dark plates. These layers are alternately ferrite and \u00a0cementite. When seen with the \u00a0 help \u00a0 of \u00a0a \u00a0microscope, the \u00a0 surface has \u00a0 appearance like \u00a0 pearl, hence it is \u00a0called pearlite. Hard steels are \u00a0mixtures of pearlite and \u00a0cementite while \u00a0soft \u00a0steels are \u00a0mixtures of ferrite and \u00a0pearlite.\r\n\r\nAs the \u00a0carbon content increases beyond 0.2% \u00a0in \u00a0the \u00a0temperature at which \u00a0the \u00a0ferrite is first rejected from \u00a0austenite drop \u00a0until, at or \u00a0above \u00a00.8% \u00a0carbon, no \u00a0free \u00a0ferrite is \u00a0rejected from \u00a0the \u00a0 austenite. This \u00a0 steel is \u00a0called eutectoid steel, and \u00a0 it is \u00a0the \u00a0 pearlite structure in composition.\r\nAs iron \u00a0having various % of carbon (up \u00a0to 6%) is heated and \u00a0cooled, \u00a0the \u00a0following phases representing the \u00a0lines will \u00a0tell \u00a0the \u00a0about the \u00a0structure of iron, \u00a0how \u00a0it charges.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSignificance of \u00a0Transformations \u00a0Lines\r\nLine ABCD\r\n\r\nThe \u00a0line \u00a0ABCD \u00a0tells that above \u00a0this line \u00a0melting has \u00a0been \u00a0completed during heating the iron. \u00a0The \u00a0molten metal is purely in the liquidus form. \u00a0Below this line \u00a0and \u00a0above \u00a0line \u00a0AHJECF the \u00a0metal is partially solid \u00a0and \u00a0partially liquid. The \u00a0solid \u00a0metal is known as \u00a0austenite. Thus the \u00a0line \u00a0ABCD \u00a0represents temperatures at which melting is considered as \u00a0completed. Beyond this line \u00a0metal is totally in \u00a0molten state. It is not \u00a0a horizontal line \u00a0the \u00a0melting temperature will \u00a0vary \u00a0with carbon content.\r\n\r\nLine AHJECF\r\n\r\nThis \u00a0line \u00a0tells us that metal starts melting at this temperature. This \u00a0line \u00a0is not \u00a0horizontal and \u00a0 hence the \u00a0melting temperatures \u00a0will \u00a0change with carbon content. Below \u00a0this line \u00a0and above \u00a0line \u00a0GSEC, the \u00a0metal is \u00a0in \u00a0solid \u00a0form \u00a0and \u00a0having austenite structure.\r\n\r\nLine PSK\r\n\r\nThis \u00a0 line \u00a0 occurs \u00a0 near 723\u00b0C \u00a0and \u00a0 is \u00a0a \u00a0horizontal line \u00a0 and \u00a0 is \u00a0known as \u00a0lower \u00a0 critical temperature line \u00a0because transformation of steels starts at, this line. \u00a0Carbon % has \u00a0not \u00a0effect on it that means steel having different % of carbon will transforms at the \u00a0same temperature. The \u00a0range above \u00a0the \u00a0line \u00a0up \u00a0to GSE \u00a0is known as \u00a0transformation range. This \u00a0line \u00a0tells us \u00a0the steel having carbon up \u00a0to 0.8% \u00a0up \u00a0to 0.8% \u00a0will \u00a0starts transforming from \u00a0ferrite and \u00a0pearlite to \u00a0austenite during heating.\r\n\r\nLine \u00a0ECF\r\n\r\nIt is a line \u00a0at temperature 1130\u00b0C \u00a0which tells that for cast \u00a0iron \u00a0having % of C from \u00a02% to \u00a04.3%. \u00a0Below \u00a0this line \u00a0and \u00a0above \u00a0line \u00a0SK, \u00a0Cast iron \u00a0will \u00a0have austenite + ledeburite and cementite + \u00a0ledeburite.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMachine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nMachine Science Notes , article , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nMeasurement Science and Metrology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Introduction to Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram | Structures in Fe-C Diagram","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-08-14","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/ironcarbonphase28Fe-C29Diagram-228x300.jpg","height":300,"width":228},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/15-mechanical-properties-of-engineering/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/mechanicalPropertiesOFMaterial-e1587903507745-300x276.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to 22 Mechanical Properties Of Engineering Material</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/15-mechanical-properties-of-engineering/">22 Mechanical Properties Of Engineering Material</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Mechanical Properties
Why knowledge of Material Properties are important.  An engineer must have an intimate knowledge of the properties and behavioral characteristics of the materials that he...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/15-mechanical-properties-of-engineering/" aria-label="View Post: 22 Mechanical Properties Of Engineering Material">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"22 Mechanical Properties Of Engineering Material","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/15-mechanical-properties-of-engineering\/","articleBody":"Mechanical Properties\r\nWhy knowledge of Material Properties are important.\r\n\r\nAn engineer must have an intimate knowledge of the properties and behavioral characteristics of the materials that he intends to use. While designing a product you need to select materials to create the product. For selecting materials, you must assess the properties of each material to ensure that the selected material is appropriate for manufacturing the desired product. The understanding of the properties of materials is highly essential because, without this information &amp; knowledge, the designing of manufacturing process may be an expensive &amp; complex task. The few important and useful mechanical properties of engineering materials are explained below.\r\n\r\n\r\nmechanical Properties of Material\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n1. \u00a0Elasticity\r\n\r\n \tIt is defined as the property of a material to regain its original shape after deformation when the external forces are removed. \r\n \tIt can also be referred to as the power of the material to come back to its original position after deformation when the stress or load is removed. It is also called as the tensile property of the material.\r\n\r\n2. \u00a0Proportional limit\r\n\r\n \tIt is defined as the maximum stress under which a \u00a0material will maintain a \u00a0perfectly uniform rate of strain to stress.\r\n \tThough its value is difficult to measure, yet it can be used as the important applications for building precision instruments, \u00a0springs, etc.\r\n\r\n3. \u00a0Elastic limit\r\n\r\n \tMany metals can be put under stress slightly above the proportional limit without taking a \u00a0permanent set. \r\n \tThe greatest stress that a material can endure without taking up some permanent set is called the elastic limit. Beyond this limit, the metal does not regain its original form and the permanent set will occur.\r\n\r\n4. \u00a0Yield point\r\n\r\n \tAt a \u00a0specific stress, \u00a0ductile metals particularly ceases, offering resistance to tensile forces. \u00a0This means the metals flow and a relatively large permanent set takes place without a noticeable increase in load. \u00a0This point is called the yield point. \r\n \tCertain metals such as mild steel exhibit a definite yield point, in which case the yield stress is simply the stress at this point.\r\n\r\n5. \u00a0Strength\r\n\r\n \tStrength is defined as the ability of a material to resist the externally applied forces with breakdown or yielding. The internal resistance offered by a material to an externally applied force is called stress. \u00a0\r\n \tThe capacity of bearing load by metal and to withstand destruction under the action of external loads is known as strength.\r\n \t The stronger the material the greater the load it can withstand. This property of material, therefore, determines the ability to withstand stress without failure. \r\n \tStrength varies according to the type of loading. It is always possible to assess tensile, compressive, shearing, and torsional strengths. The maximum stress that any material can withstand before destruction is called its ultimate strength. The tenacity of the material is its ultimate strength in tension.\r\n\r\n6. \u00a0Stiffness\r\n\r\n \tIt is defined as the ability of a material to resist deformation under stress. The resistance of a material to elastic deformation or deflection is called stiffness or rigidity.\r\n \tThe modulus of elasticity is the measure of stiffness.\r\n \tA material that suffers slight or very less deformation under load has a \u00a0high degree of stiffness or rigidity. For instance suspended beams of steel and aluminum may both be strong enough to carry the required load but the aluminum beam will \u00a0\u201csag\u201d or deflect further. \r\n \tThat means the steel beam is stiffer or more rigid than an aluminum beam. If the material behaves elastically with linear stress-strain relationship under Hooks law, \u00a0its stiffness is measured by the \u00a0 Young\u2019s modulus of elasticity (E).\r\n \tThe higher is the value of Young\u2019s modulus, the stiffer is the material. In tensile and compressive stress, it is called modulus of stiffness or \u00a0\u201cmodulus of elasticity\u201d; in shear, the modulus of rigidity, and this is usually 40% \u00a0of the value of \u00a0Young\u2019s modulus for commonly used materials; \u00a0in volumetric distortion, the bulk modulus.\r\n\r\n7. \u00a0Plasticity\r\n\r\n \tPlasticity is defined as the mechanical property of a material that retains the deformation produced under load permanently. This property of the material is required in forging, in stamping images on coins and ornamental work. \u00a0\r\n \tIt is the ability or tendency of the material to undergo some degree of permanent deformation without its rupture or its failure. Plastic deformation takes place only after the elastic range of material has been exceeded.\r\n \tSuch property of a material is important in forming, shaping, extruding, and many other hot or cold working processes. Materials such as clay, \u00a0lead, etc. are plastic at room temperature and steel is plastic at forging temperature. This property generally increases with an increase in the temperature of materials.\r\n\r\n8. \u00a0Ductility\r\n\r\n \tDuctility is termed as the property of a material enabling it to be drawn into the wire with the application of tensile load. \u00a0\r\n \tA ductile material must be strong and plastic. The ductility is usually measured by the terms, percentage elongation, and percent reduction in area which is often used as empirical measures of ductility. \r\n \tThe materials that possess more than 5% elongation are called as ductile materials. The ductile material commonly used in engineering practice in order of diminishing ductility is mild steel, copper, aluminum, nickel, zinc, \u00a0tin, and lead.\r\n\r\n9. \u00a0Malleability\r\n\r\n \tMalleability is the ability of the material to be flattened into thin sheets under applications of heavy compressive forces without cracking by hot or cold working means. \r\n \tIt is a \u00a0special case of ductility which permits materials to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets. A malleable material should be plastic but it is not essential to be so strong. \r\n \tThe malleable materials commonly used in engineering practice in order of diminishing malleability are lead, soft steel, wrought iron, \u00a0copper, and aluminum. Aluminum, copper, tin, \u00a0lead, steel, etc. are recognized as highly malleable metals.\r\n\r\n10. \u00a0Hardness\r\n\r\n \tHardness is defined as the ability of a \u00a0metal to cut another metal. A harder metal can always cut or put an impression on the softer metals under its hardness. \r\n \tIt is a \u00a0very important property of the metals and has a \u00a0wide variety of meanings. It embraces many different properties such as resistance to wear, scratching, deformation, and machinability, etc.\r\n \tIt also means the ability of a metal to cut another metal.\r\n \tThe hardness is usually expressed in numbers which are dependent on the method of making the test.\r\n \tThe hardness of a metal may be determined by the following tests:\r\n(a) Brinell hardness test, (b) Rockwell hardness test,\r\n(c) Vickers hardness test and (d) Shore scleroscope.\r\n\r\n11. \u00a0Brittleness\r\n\r\n \tBrittleness is the property of a \u00a0material opposite to ductility. It is the property of breaking of a \u00a0material with little permanent distortion. The materials having less than 5% elongation under loading behavior are said to be brittle materials. \r\n \tBrittle materials when subjected to tensile loads, snap off without giving any sensible elongation. Glass, cast iron, brass, and ceramics are considered brittle material.\r\n\r\n12. Creep\r\n\r\n \tWhen a metal part when is subjected to a high constant stress at high temperature for a longer period, it will undergo a slow and permanent deformation (in the form of a crack which may further propagate towards creep failure) called creep.\r\n\r\n13. \u00a0Formability\r\n\r\n \tIt is the property of metals that denotes the ease in its forming into various shapes and sizes. The different factors that affect the formability are crystal structure of the metal, the grain size of metal hot and cold working, alloying element present in the parent metal. \r\n \tMetals with small grain sizes are suitable for shallow forming while metal with size is suitable for heavy forming. Hot-working increases formability. Low carbon steel possesses good formability.\r\n\r\n14. \u00a0Castability\r\n\r\n \tCastability is defined as the property of metal, which indicates the ease with it can be cast into different shapes and sizes. Cast iron, aluminum, and brass are possessing good castability.\r\n\r\n15. \u00a0Weldability\r\n\r\n \tWeldability is defined as the property of a \u00a0metal which indicates the two similar or dissimilar metals are joined by fusion with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal \u00a0(welding) efficiently.\r\n \tMetals having weldability in the descending order are iron, \u00a0steel, cast steels, and stainless steels.\r\n\r\n16. Toughness\r\n\r\n \tToughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy without rupturing. The rubbers and most plastic materials do not shatter (break), therefore they are tough. For example, if a rod is made of high-carbon steel then it will be bend without breaking under the impact of the hammer, while if a rod is made of glass then it will break by impact loading.\r\n \tThe toughness of the material decreases when it is heated.\r\n \tIt is measured by the amount of energy that a unit volume of the material has absorbed after being stressed up to the point of fracture\r\n \tThis property is desirable in parts subjected to shock and impact loads\r\n\r\n17. Creep\r\n\r\nWhen part is subjected to a constant stress at high temperature for a long period of time, it will undergo a slow and permanent deformation called creep. This property is considered in designing internal combustion engines, boilers, and turbines.\r\n\r\n18. Resilience\r\n\r\n \tIt is the property of a material to absorb energy and to resist shock and impact loads. It is measure by the amount of energy absorbed per unit volume within the elastic limit. This property is essential for spring materials.\r\n \tIt is measured by the amount of energy absorbed per unit volume within the elastic limit.\r\n \tThis property is essential for spring materials. \r\n\r\n19. Thermal conductivity\r\n\r\nThis is the ability of the material to transmit heat energy by conduction.\u00a0\r\n\r\n20. Fatigue\r\n\r\n \tA material fails at stresses below the yield point stresses when it is subjected to repeated tensile and compressive stresses. This type of failure of material is known as fatigue.\r\n \tThis property is considered in designing shafts, connecting rods, gears, springs, etc.\r\n \tThe failure is caused by means of a progressive crack formation which is usually fine and of microscopic size.\r\n\r\n21. Electrical resistivity\r\n\r\nIt is the property of a material due to which it resists the flow of electricity through it.\r\n\r\n22. Electrical conductivity\r\n\r\nIt is the property of a material due to which it allows the flow of electricity through it.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDifference between malleability and ductility with example\r\n\n\n\n\n\tSr.no.DuctilityMalleability \n\n\n\n\n\t1.Ductility is the ability of a material to undergo deformation under tension without rupture. Malleability is the capacity of a material to withstand deformation under compression without rupture.\n\n\n\t2.It is the property of material by virtue of which it can be drawn into wires.It is the property by virtue of which a material may be hammered or rolled into thin sheets \n\n\n\t3.It is a tensile property.It is a compressive property. \n\n\n\t4.Ductility depends upon the grain size of the metal crystal.Malleability depends upon  the crystal structure of material.\n\n\n\t5.Example- Mild steel, copper, aluminium, zinc, nickel, tin , etc.Example - Gold, Silver, aluminium, tin, zinc, wrought iron etc.\n\n\n\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSome Important Questions are :\u00a0\r\n1. What are elastic and plastic materials?\r\n\r\nElastic materials can regain their original shape after removal of the deforming forces and within the elastic limit, the stress is proportional to strain and have high elastic modulus. \r\nExample: Steel, Brasses, Gold. \r\n\r\nPlastic materials can undergo plastic deformation permanently in shape and size by the deforming forces up to the ultimate strength without any fracture.\r\nExample: PVC, Polymers.\r\n\r\n2. Define ductility and malleability of materials\r\n\r\nDuctility is the wire drawing capacity of the material by plastic deformation without fracture. Copper and platinum are highly ductile materials. Malleability is the sheet formability of the material by hammering without fracture. Gold and aluminum are highly malleable materials.\r\n\r\n3. What are creep and creep resistance\r\n\r\n \tCreep is the property of a material by which it deforms continuously under a steady load (yielding). The deformation during creep is nonrecoverable. The creep can produce fracture or rupture even though the applied stress is lower than the ultimate stress. So the creep in materials should be avoided, particularly at high temperatures.\r\n \tCreep resistance is the property of the material by which the continuation of creep is stopped.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n4. Distinguish between elasticity and plasticity.\r\n\r\n \tElasticity is the property of the material under which it can retain its original shape and size after the removal of load.\r\n \tPlasticity is the property of the material under which a permanent deformation takes place whenever it is subjected to the action of external forces.\r\n\r\n5. What are the factors affecting mechanical properties?\r\n\r\n \tGrain size,\r\n \tHeat treatment,\r\n \tAtmospheric exposure,\r\n \tLow and high temperature.\r\n\r\n6. Differentiate between ductility and malleability.\r\n\r\n \tDuctility is the property of the material under which it can be drawn into wires before rupture takes place.\r\n \tMalleability is the property of the material under which it can withstand deformation under compression without rupture.\r\n\r\n7. What do you mean by toughness and stiffness?\r\n\r\n \tToughness is the property of the material under which it can absorb maximum energy before fracture takes place.\r\n \tStiffness is the property of the material under which it resists deformation.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\n\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nMachine Science Notes , article , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"22 Mechanical Properties Of Engineering Material","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-08-14","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 16, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/mechanicalPropertiesOFMaterial-e1587903507745-300x276.jpg","height":276,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=314">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=313"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>313</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=314"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>314</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>315</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=316"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>316</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=317"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>317</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=316">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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