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Safety Valves
Functions:
Safety valve is used to guard the boiler against the excessive high pressure of steam inside the drum. If the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/safety-valve-function-types-construction-working/" aria-label="View Post: Safety Valve | Function ,types, Construction ,Working">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Safety Valve | Function ,types, Construction ,Working","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/safety-valve-function-types-construction-working\/","articleBody":"Safety Valve | Function ,types, Construction ,Working\r\nSafety Valves\r\nFunctions:\r\nSafety valve is used to guard the boiler against the excessive high pressure of steam inside the drum. If the pressure of steam in the boiler drum exceeds the working pressure then the safety valve allows blow-off the excess quantity of steam to atmosphere. Thus the pressure of steam in the drum falls. The escape of steam makes a audio noise to warm the boiler attendant.\r\n\r\nRead more :\r\n\r\nWhat is Safety Valve | Boiler Mounting and Accessories\r\nIntroduction to Boilers | Classification Of Boilers\r\n\r\nLocations:\r\n\r\nSafety valves are located on the top of the boiler.\r\nTypes of Safety Valves:\r\nThere are four types of safety valve:\r\n\r\n \tDead weight safety valve.\r\n \tSpring loaded safety valve\r\n \tLever loaded safety valve\r\n \tHigh steam and low water safety valve\r\n \tSpring loaded safety valve:\r\n\r\nSpring loaded safety valve\r\nConstructions:\r\n\r\n \tIt consists of a cast iron body having two branch pipes. \r\n \tTwo separate valves are placed over the valve seat.\r\n \tA lever is placed over the valve by means of two pivots. \r\n \tThe lever is held tight at its proper position by means of a spring. \r\n \tOne end of spring is connected with the lever while other end with the body of the valve. \r\n \tThe valve is kept on it seats with help of spring force.\r\n\r\nWorking Principle:\r\n\r\n \tIn the normal condition, the downward force due to spring is higher than upward force applied by steam.\u00a0\r\n \tThe valve is closed due to spring force.\u00a0\r\n \tWhen steam pressure exceeds the normal limit, upward force due to steam pressure is become higher than downward force due to spring.\u00a0\r\n \tThus the valves are lifted from their seats opening the passages for steam to release out of boiler.\r\n\r\nThere are three kinds of Safety Valves\u00a0\r\n\r\nSpring-loaded Pressure-relief Valves\r\nSpring-loaded Pressure-relief ValvesGenerally, the safety valve\uff53 are referred to the Spring-loaded Pressure-relief valves, the most common type ( See the left figure ). The load of the spring is designed to press the \"Disc\" against the inlet pressure. Depending on the fluid type, such as steam, gas or liquid, we are offering a Bellows model to clear the back pressure effect.\r\n\r\nPilot-operated Pressure-relief Valves\r\n\r\nPilot-operated Pressure-relief ValvesPilot-operated Pressure-relief Valves are composed of Pilot Assy and Main Valve. Although Spring-loaded Pressure-relief valves adopts the force of the spring against the inlet pressure, the reliving pressure and reseating pressure of the Pilot-operated Pressure-relief Valves is controlled by Pilot Assy, which acts nearly as same as Spring-loaded Pressure-relief valves. There is no adjusting function in the Main Valve.\r\nPilot-operated Pressure-relief Valves have larger size variations compared to Spring-loaded type, which is applied in a severe condition such as high pressure.\r\n\r\nDead-Weight Pressure-relief Valves\r\n\r\nDead-Weight Pressure-relief ValvesIn case the design pressure of the pressure vessel is set at very low pressure, Dead-weight Pressure-relief valve adjusts relieving pressure only by the disc weight. The Vacuum relief valve has been adopting this functional characteristic which absorbs the pressure when the inside of the pressure vessel falls into a negative pressure.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nFluid Mechanics - Notes , articles , Interview Que. &amp; Ans\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nCAD \/ CAM Projects List - Abstract , Report Download\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Safety Valve | Function ,types, Construction ,Working","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-06-04","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Spring-loaded-safety-valve-216x300.jpg","height":300,"width":216},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-cooling-towers-types-of-cooling-towers/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Natural-draught-type-cooling-tower-300x298.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Cooling Towers | Types Of Cooling Towers</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-cooling-towers-types-of-cooling-towers/">What is Cooling Towers | Types Of Cooling Towers</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Cooling Towers | Types Of Cooling Towers
What is Cooling towers
The place where acquisition of land is very expensive, we may use cooling tower for cooling purposes. A cooling tower...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-cooling-towers-types-of-cooling-towers/" aria-label="View Post: What is Cooling Towers | Types Of Cooling Towers">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Cooling Towers | Types Of Cooling Towers","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-cooling-towers-types-of-cooling-towers\/","articleBody":"What is Cooling Towers | Types Of Cooling Towers\r\nWhat is Cooling towers\r\nThe place where acquisition of land is very expensive, we may use cooling tower for cooling purposes. A cooling tower requires smaller area than a spray pond. It is an artificial device used to cool the hot cooling water coming out of condenser effectively. The cooling tower is a semi \u2013 enclosed device made of steel or concrete structure and corrugated surfaces or trough or baffles are provided inside the tower for uniform distribution and better atomization of water in the tower. The hot water coming out from the condenser falls down in radial sprays from height and the atmospheric air enters from the base of the tower. The partial evaporation of water takes place which reduces the temperature of circulating water.\r\n\r\nThis cooled water is collected in the pond at the base of the tower and pumped into the condenser. Draft eliminators are provided at the top of the tower to prevent the escaping of water particles with air.\r\n\r\nAccording to the method of air circulation, cooling towers are classified as:\r\n\r\n1. Natural draught type cooling tower\r\n\r\n2. Mechanical draught type cooling tower\r\na. Forced draught type\r\nb. Induced draught type\r\n\r\n3. Hyperbolic draught cooling tower\r\n\r\nNatural draught type cooling tower\r\n\r\nIn this hot water from condenser is pumped at the top where water sprays through a series of spray nozzles. Then waterfalls over decks, the decks also increase the amount of wetted surface in the tower and breaks up the water into droplets.\r\nThe air flowing across in transverse direction cools the falling water. These towers are used for small capacity power plants such as diesel power plants.\u00a0\r\n\r\nNatural draught type cooling tower\r\n\r\nForced draught cooling tower\r\n\r\nIn this tower draught air fan is installed at the bottom of tower. The hot water from the condenser enters the nozzles. The water is sprayed over the tower filling slats and the rising air cools the water. The entrained water is removed by eliminators located at the top.\r\n\r\nForced draught cooling tower\r\n\r\nInduced draught cooling tower\r\n\r\nThe difference here is in the supply of air. The drought fans installed at the top of tower draw air thought the tower. The hot water is allowed to pass thought the tower bellow the eliminators. The air moving in the upward direction cools the down coming hot water particles issued from spray nozzles some percentage (1%) of total water goes into air in the form of water vapour.\r\n\r\nInduced draught cooling tower\r\n\r\nHyperbolic cooling tower\r\n\r\nIt is usually made of steel reinforced cement concrete to withstand high wind pressure. First type of this type was installed in US at big sandy station of kenvcky power Co. It is capable of handling 120x103 gpm and cools the water from 43oc to 30o C. It has minimum diameter of 39.5 m and maximum diameter of 74.5 m and 400 meters high.\r\n\r\nHyperbolic cooling tower\r\n\r\nThe hot water from the condenser is supplied to the ring troughs. Which are placed at 8-10 m above the ground level? The nozzles are provided on the bottom side of troughs to break up water into sprays. The air enters the cooling tower just above the pond located at the bottom, from the air openings provided, rises upward and absorbs heat from the falling water spray. The cooled water is collected into the pond. Some makeup water is supplied to overcome the losses into the atmosphere along with air due to evaporation. It needs about 35% of makeup water for compensating. This type of cooling tower is generally used since it is very efficient.\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\n\r\n(1) No air fans are required so power cost and auxiliary equipments are totally eliminated.\r\n(2) Hyperbolic structure creates its own draught assuring efficient operation even when there is no wind.\r\n(3) Operation and maintenance cost are reduced.\r\n(4) Ground fogging is avoided in hyperbolic towers.\r\n\r\nMajor drawbacks\r\n\r\n(1) Its initial cost inconsiderably very high.\r\n(2) Its performance varies with the personal changes in DBT and RH of air.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nFluid Mechanics - Notes , articles , Interview Que. &amp; Ans\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\nDesign and Fabrication projects - Abstract , Report Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"What is Cooling Towers | Types Of Cooling Towers","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-06-04","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Natural-draught-type-cooling-tower-300x298.jpg","height":298,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/steam-condenser-types-function-diagram-advantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/steam-condenser-300x199.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Steam Condenser | Types , Function , Diagram , Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/steam-condenser-types-function-diagram-advantages/">Steam Condenser | Types , Function , Diagram , Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Steam Condenser | Types , Function , Diagram , Advantages
Introduction
Steam condensers are devices in which the exhaust steam from the steam turbine is condensed by means of cooling water....</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/steam-condenser-types-function-diagram-advantages/" aria-label="View Post: Steam Condenser | Types , Function , Diagram , Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Steam Condenser | Types , Function , Diagram , Advantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/steam-condenser-types-function-diagram-advantages\/","articleBody":"Steam Condenser | Types , Function , Diagram , Advantages\r\nIntroduction\r\nSteam condensers are devices in which the exhaust steam from the steam turbine is condensed by means of cooling water. Condensation can be done by removing heat from exhaust steam using circulating cooling water. During condensation, the working substance (steam) changes its phase from vapour to liquid and rejects latent heat as shown in Figure 1.\r\n\r\nThe primary object of a condenser is to maintain a low pressure on the exhaust side of the rotor of steam turbine. This enables the steam to expand to a greater extent which results in an increase in available energy for conversation into mechanical work. The secondary object of condenser is to supply to the boiler pure and hot feed water, as the condensed steam which is discharged from the condenser and collect in a hot well can be used over again as feed water for the boiler. The use of a condenser in a power plant is to improve the efficiency of the power plant by decreasing the exhaust pressure of the steam below atmospheric pressure. Another advantage of the condenser is that the steam condensed may be recovered to provide a source of pure feed water to the boiler and reduce the water softening capacity to a considerable extent.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of a condenser in a steam power plant\r\n\r\nThe main advantages of incorporating a steam condenser in a steam power plant are as follows:\r\n\u2022 It increases the efficiency of the power plant due to increased enthalpy drop.\r\n\u2022 It reduces back pressure of the steam which results in more work output.\r\n\u2022 It reduces temperature of the exhaust steam which also results in more work output.\r\n\u2022 The condensed steam can be reused as feed water for boiler which reduces the cost of power generation.\r\n\u2022 The temperature of the condensate is higher than that of the fresh water which reduces the heat supplied per Kg of steam produced.\r\nFunction of condenser\r\nThe main function of condenser is to convert gaseous form of exhaust steam into liquid form at a pressure of below atmosphere. Cooling medium is used water to convert steam into water.\r\n\r\nOthers important functions of condensers:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Function of the condenser is to create a vacuum by condensing steam\r\n\u2022 Remove dissolved non - condensable gases from the condensate.\r\n\u2022 Providing a leak tight barrier between the high grade condensate contained within the shell and the untreated cooling water.\r\n\u2022 Providing leak tight barrier against air ingress, preventing excess back pressure on the turbine.\r\n\r\nElements of a steam condensing plant\r\n\r\nThe main elements of a steam condensing plants are:\r\n\u2022 A condenser in which the exhaust steam is condensed\r\n\u2022 Supply of cooling water for condensing exhaust steam\r\n\u2022 A pump to circulate the cooling water in case of a surface condenser\r\n\u2022 A pump called the wet air pump to remove the condensed steam (condensate) the air, and uncondensed water vapour and gases from the condenser (separate pump may be used to remove air and condensed steam)\r\n\u2022 A hot well where the condensed steam can be discharged and from which the boiler feed water is taken\r\n\u2022 An arrangement (cooling pond or cooling tower) for cooling the circulation water when a surface condenser is used and the supply of water is limited\r\nTypes of condensers\r\nThe steam condensers are classified as follows:\r\n\r\n1. Jet condensers (mixing type condensers)\r\na. Parallel flow jet condenser\r\nb. Counter flow jet condenser (low level)\r\nc. Barometric or high level jet condenser\r\nd. Ejector condenser\r\n\r\n2. Surface condensers (non mixing type condensers)\r\na. Down flow surface condenser\r\nb. Central flow surface condenser\r\nc. Regenerative surface condenser\r\nd. Evaporative condenser\r\n\r\nsteam condenser\r\n\r\n\r\nParallel flow jet condenser\r\nIn parallel flow jet condenser both the steam and the water enters from the top and flows in the same direction as shown in Figure 1. The exhaust steam is condensed when it mixes up with water. The condensate and the cooling water are delivered to the hot well from where surplus water flows to the cooling pond through an overflow pipe. Sometimes a single pump know as wet air pump is used to remove both air and the condensate but generally separate air pump is used to remove air as it gives a great vacuum.\r\n\r\nCounter flow or low level jet condenser\r\n\r\nIn counter flow or low level jet condenser, the exhaust steam enters from bottom and mixes with the down coming cooling water as shown in Figure 2. The air pump mounted at the top of the condenser shell creates vacuum as it suck air. This draws the supply of cooling water which falls from a large number of jets through perforated conical plate.\r\nThe water then falls in the trays and flows through second series of jets and mixes with the exhaust steam entering at the bottom. This cause rapid condensation after which the condensate and the cooling water are delivered to the hot well by the condensate extraction pump.\r\n\r\nparallel flow jet condenser and counter flow jet condenser\r\n\r\nBarometric or high level jet condenser\r\n\r\nThis type of condenser is provided at a high level as shown in Figure 3 having a long tail pipe. The exhaust steam enters from the bottom and flows upwards. This steam then mixes with cooling water which falls from the top through various baffles. The vacuum is created by the air pump placed at the top of the condenser shell. The condensate and the cooling water flows downwards through a vertical tail pipe to the hot well without the aid of any pump. The surplus water from the hot well flows to the cooling pond through an overflow pipe.\r\n\r\nbarometric or high level jet condenser\r\n\r\nEjector condenser\r\n\r\nIn ejector condenser, the steam and water mix-up while passing through a series of metal cones as shown in Figure 4. Water enters from the top through a number of guide cones. The exhaust steam enters the condenser through a non return valve. The steam and air then pass through the hollow truncated cones. After that it passes through the diverging cone where its kinetic energy is partly transformed into pressure energy. The condensate and the cooling water are then discharged to the hot well. The high exit pressure in the diverging cone allow discharged of water automatically into the hot well at atmospheric pressure\r\n\r\nejector condenser\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSurface condenser\r\nIn surface condenser, the condensate does not mix up with the cooling water. So the whole condensate can be reused in the boiler. This type of condenser is used where is only limited quantity of fresh water is available like ships. A sectional view of a two pass surface condenser is shown in Figure 5. It consists of a horizontal cylindrical vessel made of cast iron packed with tubes for cooling water. The cooling water flows in one direction through the lower half of the tubes and in opposite direction through the upper half. The water tubes are fixed into vertical perforated type plates at the ends so that leakage of water should not occur into the central condensing space. The steam enters from top end. The extraction pump at the bottom sucks the condensate resulting in the downwards flow of steam over the water tubes.\r\n\r\nDown flow surface condenser\r\n\r\nIn down flow surface condenser, the steam enters from the top as shown in Figure 6. The exhaust steam is forced to flow downwards over the water tubes due to suction of the extraction pump at the bottom. The suction pipe of the dry air pump is provided near the bottom and is covered by a baffle so that the condensed steam does not enter into it. As the steam flow perpendicular to the direction of flow of cooling water, it is also called cross flow surface condenser.\r\n\r\nCentral flow surface condenser\r\n\r\nIn this type of surface condenser the suction pipe of the air extraction pump is placed in the center of the tube nest as shown in Figure 7. The exhaust steam from turbine enters from the top and flows radially inwards over the tubes. The condensate is collected at the bottom. The advantage of central flow type surface condenser over the down flow type is that the steam flows over the whole periphery of the water tubes as the steam flows radially inwards.\r\n\r\ncentral flow surface condenser\r\n\r\nEvaporative condenser\r\n\r\nIn evaporative condenser the steam flows enters the gilled pipes and flows backwards and forwards in a vertical plane as shown in Figure 8. The water pump sprays water on the pipes which condenses the steam. The main advantage of this type of condenser is that the quantity of cooling water needed to condense the steam can be reduced by causing the circulating water to evaporate which decrease the temperature. The remaining water is collected in the cooling pond.\r\n\r\nevaporative condenser\r\n\r\nRegenerative surface condenser\r\n\r\nIn this type of condenser the condensate after passing the tube nest is heated using regenerator which is located inside the exhaust steam which raises the temperature of the condensate. This increases the efficiency of the plant as water in the boiler requires less heat input.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nProduct Ideas , Innovative Machine Ideas Projects\r\nCAD \/ CAM Projects List - Abstract , Report Download\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Steam Condenser | Types , Function , Diagram , Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-06-04","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/steam-condenser-300x199.jpg","height":199,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/babcock-wilcox-boiler-construction-working-advantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/backcock-and-wilcox-boiler-300x279.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Babcock Wilcox Boiler | Construction and Working , Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/babcock-wilcox-boiler-construction-working-advantages/">Babcock Wilcox Boiler | Construction and Working , Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Babcock Wilcox Boiler | Construction and Working , Advantages
Babcock Wilcox Boiler
 This boiler is exclusively used when pressure is above 10 bar and capacity requirement is in excess of 7000 kg...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/babcock-wilcox-boiler-construction-working-advantages/" aria-label="View Post: Babcock Wilcox Boiler | Construction and Working , Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Babcock Wilcox Boiler | Construction and Working , Advantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/babcock-wilcox-boiler-construction-working-advantages\/","articleBody":"Babcock Wilcox Boiler | Construction and Working , Advantages\r\nBabcock Wilcox Boiler\r\n This boiler is exclusively used when pressure is above 10 bar and capacity requirement is in excess of 7000 kg of steam\/hr. It is a water tube boiler. It is used to operate at high pressures.\r\n\r\nCharacteristics of boiler :\r\n1. It is horizontal.\r\n2. It is stationary.\r\n3. It is water-tube.\r\n4. Number of tubes are many.\r\n5. It is externally fired.\r\n6. It has natural circulation for water,\r\n7. It has a forced circulation for air and hot gas.\r\n8. It uses both solid as well as liquid fuel.\r\n9. It is high pressure boiler.\r\n\r\nRead More\u00a0 :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tIntroduction to Boilers | Classification Of Boilers\r\n \tConstructions And Working Of Lamont Boiler | Application\r\n\r\nbackcock and wilcox boiler\r\nConstruction :\r\nFigure illustrates this boiler. The main parts are described as under:\r\n\r\n1. Cylinder Shell or Drum : \r\n\r\nIt consists of a larger cylindrical shell. The diameter of this shell and length is as per the specification. It is made of steel plates 10 to 12.5 mm, bent into circular shape and then welded or riveted together with the help of lap joints. This shell is\r\nlongitudinal. This shell or drum is mounted at the top. The head of the drum are forged and are dished to a radius equal to the drum, connections are made with the upper header and down take header.\r\n\r\n2. Tubes : \r\n\r\nThis boiler has a large number of parallel tubes of equal length. The internal diameter of the tube is about 250 mm width 25 mm thick. These tubes are placed at an inclination of 5\u00b0 to 15\u00b0 or even 30\u00b0 with the horizontal axis. This inclination is provided to bring about natural circulation of water. These tubes are connected with uptake and down take header. There are large number of rows of tubes Each one of such rows of inclined tubes is connected to one set of two headers.\r\n\r\n3. Headers :\r\n\r\nThe headers at right end of the water tubes is called the down header and others shown at the left end of the water tubes are called the uptake headers. The headers are provided with holes and the end of the tubes projecting out of these headers are, covered with caps. This will helps in cleaning the tubes. The down take head\u00abs are provided with a blow-off cock to remove mud and other impurities.\r\n\r\n4. Baffles: \r\n\r\nThe baffle plates are provided along the length of the tubes. They are usually placed in order to make the circulation of hot gases in the sine-wave form.\r\n\r\n5. Header connection : \r\n\r\nThe uptake header are connected to the boiler shell by short tubes. The down take headers are connected by long tubes.\r\n\r\n6. Support: \r\n\r\nThe boiler shell, tubes, headers etc. are suspended from the channel sections and is independent of the brick work.\r\n\r\n7. Grate:\r\n\r\n Below the uptake header furnace or trolley type Grate of the boiler is arranged.\r\n\r\n8. Fire door ; \r\n\r\nThe coal is fed to the grate to this door. The coal feed to the chain grate stoker (Not shown in the Figure) The chain speed is so adjusted that by the time the coal reaches the other end of the grate, its combustion has been completed\r\n\r\n9. Ash pit: \r\n\r\nThis is provided below the grate. This is provided to collect the ashes produced by combustion of coal.\r\n\r\n10. Super-heater:\r\n\r\n The super-heater is placed in the boiler. This will superheat the steam. It is 'U' shape tubes. They are arranged horizontally between the drum and the water tubes (See Figure). When steam is raised from cold boiler the super-heater should be flooded (filled with water) to avoid its burning.\r\n\r\n11. Damper and Damper door :- \r\n\r\nThis is operated with the help of pulley and chain passing over the pulley (Not shown in figure). They are controlling the passage of hot gases from the fire grate to the smoke-box.\r\n\r\n12. Smoke-box : \r\n\r\nThis is fitted with a long chimney for passing hot gases its the atmosphere (Not shown in figure). .\r\n\r\n13. Mud box :\r\n\r\n It is attached to the bottom of the down take header (the rear header). Any foreign matter held in suspension i\u00ab the water gets collected in this box due to gravity. It can be-removed from here time to time. A hand hole is provided to clean the mud box. A Wow down cock is provided for cleaning. (Not shown in figure).\r\n\r\n14. Soot door : \r\n\r\nTo clean the outside of the water tubes and to remove the soot, a door is provided. This will help to access to the interior of the boiler.\r\n\r\n15. Brick work : \r\n\r\nThe entire hanging arrangement of the boiler shell, inclined tubes, super-heater etc. are enclosed in the brickwork structure. These structures are provided with some I doors for inspection. A man-hole is provided at the back of the boiler shell.\r\nWorking:\r\nThe water is fed into the boiler shell through me feed check valve. Due to gravity water passes through the vertical tubes, headers and fills up the inclined tube first. The water then collects in the boiler shell. The water level in the shell is adjusted with the help of the water level indicator. The coal is put on trolley grate (Not shown in figure). The coal is fired. The trolley is then pushed into the fire space. In order to provide air for combustion of coal and circulation of : hot gases, damper is lowered to the furnace level. The baffle plates do not allow\r\nhot gases to pass to the right side. These gases heat the super-heater and then move down. These gases travel in the sine wave form and then move to the smoke-box fitted with a long chimney.\r\n\r\nWater in the upper portion of the tubes is heated and rises up. The cold water from the down- take header rises to take its place and water from the boiler drum (shell) flows down.\r\n\r\nThus the natural circulation of water takes place just by placing the water tubes at an angle of 5\u00b0 to l5\u00b0 with the horizontal.\r\n\r\nTill the temperature of water in the tube and in the drum becomes uniform, the circulation of water continues. Finally the water in the upper portion of the tubes is converted into steam. It is then collected in the boiler shell.\r\n\r\nThe sine-wave movement of hot gases enables contact with the maximum surface area of water tubes. The maximum amount of heat is transferred to water from the hot gases. The steam collected above the surface of the water in the drum is wet steam. The super-heater is used to convert this wet steam into superheated steam. This superheated steam is then taken out through the steam stop valve fitted on the top of the boiler for different uses.\r\nAdvantages of the boiler:\r\n1. It uses both solid as well as liquid fuel for burning.\r\n2. The draught losses as compared to other boilers is minimum.\r\n3. As compared to otter boilers the evaporative capacity is high.\r\n4. The circulation of water is natural.\r\n5. The defective tubes can be replaced easily.\r\n6. It is used in power stations for generating large quantity of steam.\r\n\r\nUse: Use in large power stations due to greater operational safety and lesser space area as compared to fire tube boilers, required to generate the same steam at the same pressure.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Babcock Wilcox Boiler | Construction and Working , Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-06-03","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/backcock-and-wilcox-boiler-300x279.jpg","height":279,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-boiler-how-boile-are-classified/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Classification-of-Boilers-300x100.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Types of Boilers | How Boilers are Classified ?</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-boiler-how-boile-are-classified/">Types of Boilers | How Boilers are Classified ?</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Types of Boilers | How Boilers are Classified ?
INTRODUCTION TO BOILERS: -
Boiler is a closed vessel in which heat produced by combustion of fuel is transferred to water for its conversion in to...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-boiler-how-boile-are-classified/" aria-label="View Post: Types of Boilers | How Boilers are Classified ?">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types of Boilers | How Boilers are Classified ?","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-boiler-how-boile-are-classified\/","articleBody":"Types of Boilers | How Boilers are Classified ?\r\nINTRODUCTION TO BOILERS: -\r\nBoiler is a closed vessel in which heat produced by combustion of fuel is transferred to water for its conversion in to steam at the desired temperature and pressure. According to IBR a boiler is closed pressure vessel with capacity exceeding 25.75 Lits used for IBR a boiler is closed pressure vessel with capacity exceeding 25.75 Liters used for generating steam under pressure it includes all the mountings fitted to such vessels which remains wholly or partly under pressure when steam is shut off.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0Introduction to Boilers | Classification Of Boilers\r\n\r\nClassification of Boilers\r\nClassification of boilers :\r\nThe boilers may be classified as under\r\n\r\n1. Horizontal, Vertical or Inclined boilers\r\n\r\n(a) Horizontal boiler:- If the axis of the boiler shell is horizontal, it is called the horizontal boiler. Example: Lancashire boiler, Locomotive boiler\r\n\r\n(b) Vertical boiler :- If the axis of the boiler is vertical it is called the vertical boiler. Example: Cochran boiler\r\n\r\n(c) Inclined boiler :- If the axis of the boiler is inclined it is known as inclined boiler.\r\n\r\n2. Fire tube and water tube boilers :-\r\n\r\n(a) Fire tube boiler :- The boilers in which the hot gases are inside the tubes and water is surrounding the tubes is called fire tube boiler. Example : Cochran, Lancashire and Locomotive\r\n\r\n(b) Water tube boiler :- The boilers in which the water is inside the tubes and the hot gases surround them is called water tube boilers. Example : Babcock and Wilcox boiler.\r\n\r\n3. Externally tired and internally tired boilers\r\n\r\n(a) Externally fired boiler :- In the boiler if the fire is outside the shell, that boiler is known as externally fired boiler. Example : Babcock &amp; Wilcox boiler\r\n\r\n(b) Internally fire boiler :- In the boiler in which the furnace is located inside the boiler shell it is known as internally fired boiler. Example : Cochran boiler, Lancashire boiler etc.\r\n\r\n4. Forced Circulation and Natural circulation boilers :\r\n\r\n(a) Forced circulation boiler :- In the boilers if the circulation of water is done by a pump then they are known as forced circulation boilers. Example : Velox boiler, Lamount boiler, Benson boiler etc.\r\n\r\n(b) Natural circulation boiler :- In the boiler if the circulation of water takes place due to difference in density resulting from difference in temperature, it is known as natural circulation boiler. Example : Lancashire boiler, Babcock and Wilcox boiler etc.\r\n\r\n5. High Pressure, Medium Pressure and Low Pressure boilers\r\n\r\n(a) High Pressure steam boiler :- It is one in which the working pressure of the boiler is more than 25 bar. Example : Babcock &amp; Wilcox boiler.\r\n\r\n(b) Low Pressure steam boiler :- It is defined as a steam boiler whose working pressure is between 3.5 to 10 bar. Example : Cochran and Cornish boiler.\r\n\r\n(c) Medium pressure boiler :- It is that boiler whose working pressure (pressure of steam and water in the shell) is between 10 bar to 25 bar. Example: Lancashire boiler and Locomotive boiler\r\n\r\n6. Stationary boiler and Portable boiler:-\r\n\r\n(a) Stationary boilers :- The boilers which cannot be transported easily from one place to another are called stationary boilers. Example: Lancashire boiler, Babcock and Wilcox boiler\r\n\r\n(b) Portable boiler :- The boilers which can be easily transported (moved) from one place to another are called portable boilers. Example: Locomotive boiler.\r\n\r\n7. Single tube boilers and multi tube boilers :-\r\n\r\n(a) Single tube boilers : The boiler having only one fire tube or water tube is called single tube boiler. Example: Cornish boiler\r\n\r\n(b) Multi tube boiler :- The boiler having two or more fire or water tubes for the circulation of hot gases or water are called multi tube boiler. Example : Lancashire boiler, Locomotive boiler, Cochran boiler, Babcock and Wilcox boiler etc.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nCAD Software | CAD Tutorials\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Types of Boilers | How Boilers are Classified ?","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-06-03","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Classification-of-Boilers-300x100.jpg","height":100,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/production-drawing-need-elements-of-production-drawing/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/production-drawing-300x212.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Production Drawing | Need , Elements Of Production Drawing</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/production-drawing-need-elements-of-production-drawing/">Production Drawing | Need , Elements Of Production Drawing</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Production Drawing | Need , Elements Of Production Drawing
What is  Production Drawing
Producing Drawing A component or part drawing is termed as a production drawing, if it facilities its...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/production-drawing-need-elements-of-production-drawing/" aria-label="View Post: Production Drawing | Need , Elements Of Production Drawing">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Production Drawing | Need , Elements Of Production Drawing","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/production-drawing-need-elements-of-production-drawing\/","articleBody":"What is Production Drawing | Need , Elements Of Production Drawing\r\nWhat is\u00a0 Production Drawing\r\nProducing Drawing A component or part drawing is termed as a production drawing, if it facilities its manufacture. It is an authorized document to produce the component in the shop floor. It furnishes all dimensions, limits and special finishing processes such as heat treatment, grinding, etc., in addition to the material used. It should also mention the number of parts that are required for making of the assembled unit, of which the part is a member.\r\n\r\nProduction drawing of a component should also indicate the sub or main assembly where it will be assembled. It is necessary to prepare the production drawing of each component on a separate sheet, since a craftsman will ordinarily make one component at a time. However, in some cases, the drawings of related components may also appear on the same sheet. Figure\u00a0 shows the production drawing of a jig bush.\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0What is Engineering Drawing | Basic of Machine drawing\r\n\r\n production drawing\r\nNeed for a production drawing\r\nThe graphic representation of a product, starts at the transformation stage of ideas into a drawing by a design engineer. A production drawing is a complete working drawing, representing all the details of the product, regarding size, shape, material, process, tools and equipment. The craftsman is completely guided by the production drawing, during the manufacture of the product. Hence, any mistake in a production drawing will result in loss of time, money and decreased productivity. Further, it is a legal document while going for subcontracting of works. Hence, a production drawing should be prepared without any scope for more than one interpretation.\r\n\r\nThe design engineer uses orthographic or pictorial views to record his ideas, free hand. These are called working sketches. These sketches are used for both the component and assembly drawings. The working drawings are sent to the shop, in the form of blue prints, ammonia prints or other similar forms of reproduction. Therefore, the drawings must be made as tracings.\r\nElements of production drawing\r\nFollowing are the basic elements of a production drawing.\r\n1. Format of drawing sheet,\r\n2. Size and shape of the component,\r\n3. Projection method,\r\n4. Material specification and shape such as castings, forgings, plates, rounds, etc.,\r\n5. Indication of surface roughness and other heat treatments, if any,\r\n6. Limits, fits and tolerances of size, form, and position,\r\n7. Production method,\r\n8. Process sheet,\r\n9. Specification of standard components,\r\n10. Conventions used to represent certain machine components, and\r\n11. Inspection and testing methods.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nEngineering Drawing- Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\n Machine Science Notes , article , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\n Latest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\n CAD \/ CAM Projects List - Abstract , Report Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Production Drawing | Need , Elements Of Production Drawing","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-06-03","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/production-drawing-300x212.jpg","height":212,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=37">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=36"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>36</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=37"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>37</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>38</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=39"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>39</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=40"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>40</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=39">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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