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Introduction to Suspension System:
The modern automobile has come along way since the days when “just being self propelled” was enough to satisfy...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-automobile-suspension/" aria-label="View Post: Introduction To Automobile Suspension System">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Introduction To Automobile Suspension System","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/introduction-to-automobile-suspension\/","articleBody":"Introduction To Automobile Suspension System\r\nIntroduction to Suspension System:\r\nThe modern automobile has come along way since the days when \u201cjust being self propelled\u201d was enough to satisfy the car owner. Improvement in suspension, increased strength &amp; durability of components, and advances in tire design and construction has made large contributions to tiding comfort and driving safety.\r\nBasically, suspension refers to the use of front and rear springs to suspend a vehicles frame, body, engine and power train above the wheels. These relatively heavy assemblies constitute what is known as Sprung weight. Unsprung weight, on the other hand, includes wheels and tire, break assemblies and other structural members not supported by the springs.\r\nThe springs used in today's cars and trucks are engineered in a wide variety of types, shapes, sizes, rates and capacities. Types include leaf springs, coil springs, air springs and torsion bars.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIndependent Suspension System\r\n\r\nThese are used in sets of four per vehicle, or they are paired off in various combinations and are attached to the vehicle by a number of different mounting techniques.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nThe automobile frame and body are mounted on the front and rear axle not directly but through the springs and shock absorbent. The assembly of parts, which perform the isolation of parts from the road shocks, may be in the forms of bounce, pitch and roll is called suspension system.\r\n\r\nSuspension system of an automobile separates the wheel and axle assembly of the automobile from its body. Main function of the suspension system is to isolate the body of the vehicle from shocks and vibrations generated due to irregularities on the surface of roads. Shock absorbers are provided in the vehicles for this purpose. It is in the form of spring and damper. The suspension system is provided both on front end and rear end of the vehicle.\r\n\r\nA suspension system also maintains the stability of the vehicle in pitching or rolling when vehicle is in motion.\r\nFunctions of suspension system:\r\n1. It prevents the vehicle body and frame from road shocks.\r\n2. It gives stability of the vehicle.\r\n3. It safeguards the passengers and goods from road shocks.\r\n4. It gives the good road holding while driving, cornering and braking.\r\n5. It gives cushioning effect.\r\n6. It provides comfort.\r\nRequirements of suspension system:\r\n1. There should be minimum deflection.\r\n2. It should be of low initial cost.\r\n3. It should be of minimum weight.\r\n4. It should have low maintenance and low operating cost.\r\n5. It should have minimum tyre wear.\r\nComponents of Suspension system:\r\nCoil springs, Leaf springs, shock absorbers, Spring shackles, stabilizer\r\n\r\nLeaf Spring\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Introduction To Automobile Suspension System","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-02-10","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/suspensionsystem-300x200.jpg","height":200,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-spot-welding-working/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/spotweldingprocess-215x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Introduction To Spot Welding -Working Principle of Projection welding</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-spot-welding-working/">Introduction To Spot Welding -Working Principle of Projection welding</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction To Spot Welding -Working Principle of Projection welding
Introduction To Spot Welding
Spot welding is one of the type of welding processes.
In electric resistance welding (ERW)...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-spot-welding-working/" aria-label="View Post: Introduction To Spot Welding -Working Principle of Projection welding">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Introduction To Spot Welding -Working Principle of Projection welding","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/introduction-to-spot-welding-working\/","articleBody":"Introduction To Spot Welding -Working Principle of Projection welding\r\nIntroduction To Spot Welding\r\nSpot welding is one of the type of welding processes.\r\nIn electric resistance welding (ERW) methods, a high current is passed through the metal pieces to be joined together and the heat is produced due to the resistance in the electric circuit. This heat energy is utilized to increase the temperature of a localised spot of the work pieces to produce coalescence, and then applying pressure at this spot till welding takes place. Electric resistance welding process is a pressure welding process and not a fusion welding process. The output of heat, in this process can be easily calculated. Heat generated is proportional to I2Rt, where I is value of current, R is resistance and t is the time during which current flows.\r\n\r\nThe following ERW processes are in vogue:\r\n1. Spot welding process,\r\n2. Seam welding process,\r\n3. Butt welding process, and\r\n4. Flash butt welding process.\r\n\r\nSpot Welding Process\r\n\r\nSpot welding consists of joining two pieces by placing them between two electrodes and passing a heavy current through them for a very short duration. This causes the material just below the electrodes to heat up quickly due to the intervening resistance to the flow of electric current. When coalescence temperature is reached, the current is switched off and a pressure is applied on the two electrodes. The pressure is released when the spot weld cools off. The portion of the material just below the electrodes gets pressure welded. The weld joint is usually in the form of a round spot (if the electrodes have circular tips), hence the name spot weld.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nspot welding process\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe electrodes are usually made of copper and are water cooled. One of them may be fixed and the other one is movable. Normally A.C. power is used along with a step down transformer. The two terminals of secondary winding of transformer are connected to the two copper electrodes to complete\r\nthe circuit.\r\n\r\nUsually spot welding (as also other ERW machines) are automatic and work on the following weld cycle:\r\n\r\n1. Squeeze the two metal pieces together with a light pressure.\r\n2. Pass heavy electric current for a very brief time to obtain coalescence temperature,\r\n3. Apply pressure and hold for sometime.\r\n4. Remove pressure.\r\n\u00a0\r\nThe whole cycle takes just a few seconds. Welding current may heat up the spot in less than a second.\r\nThis process is extremely suitable for mass production work and is extensively used for fabrication of automobile bodies, railway coaches, steel furniture etc.\r\n\r\nProjection Welding Basic\r\nOne variation of spot welding process is called \u201cProjection welding\u201d process. In this process, at least one metal part has projections or depressions (made by some previous pressing operation). The other part and these projections contact each other. If welding is required to be done at these projected locations, an arrangement of electrodes such as shown in Fig. may be used.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDiagram Of Projection Welding\r\n\r\n\r\nThe weld cycle remains same and on passing current all projections will heat up and get welded. Projections need not be round; they can be of any shape. Projection welding is extremely suited for mass production work, where a number of spot welds are required close to one another.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Introduction To Spot Welding -Working Principle of Projection welding","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-02-07","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/spotweldingprocess-215x300.jpg","height":300,"width":215},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/engineering-fits-clearance-transition-interference-fit/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/typesofengineeringfits-300x111.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Engineering Fits &#8211; Clearance, Transition , Interference Fit</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/engineering-fits-clearance-transition-interference-fit/">Engineering Fits &#8211; Clearance, Transition , Interference Fit</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Engineering Fits - Clearance, Transition, Interference Fit
Introduction To Engineering Fit:
In a specific type of fit, the difference between hole size and shaft size is called allowance. Allowance...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/engineering-fits-clearance-transition-interference-fit/" aria-label="View Post: Engineering Fits &#8211; Clearance, Transition , Interference Fit">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Engineering Fits &#8211; Clearance, Transition , Interference Fit","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/engineering-fits-clearance-transition-interference-fit\/","articleBody":"Engineering Fits - Clearance, Transition, Interference Fit\r\nIntroduction To Engineering Fit:\r\nIn a specific type of fit, the difference between hole size and shaft size is called allowance. Allowance is used to explain the difference between clearance fit and interference fit. Positive allowance specifies the clearance fit whereas negative allowance in a fit specifies the interference or force fit. The relationship existing between two parts, shaft, and hole, which are to be assembled, concerning the difference in their sizes before assembly, is called a fit. When the parts are assembled into sub-assembly units and sub-assembly units are assembled into the full assembly, the mating surfaces of different components are joined together for the proper functional requirement. One of them may fit into the other in the form of joint or fit. The fit may be with a suitable degree of tightness and freedom for required relative movement between mating parts for specific functional requirements of the fit.\u00a0\r\nThe classification of fits is given in Fig.\r\n\r\nClearance Fit-Loose Fit, Running Fit, Slide Fit\r\n\r\n\r\nComponents are assembled to perform a specific function. The characteristic of the assembly is determined by the fit. Fit is the general term used to signify the relative degree of tightness or looseness of assembled parts, which decides the relative movement between mating parts. Particular type of fit results from the difference in the sizes of mating parts. Fig. shows the various types of fits. Two parts can fit each other in three ways, viz.\r\n\r\nExample Of Engineering Fits\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nClearance Fit\r\nClearance fit is one in which two assembled parts are always free to move relative to each other in the assembly. In the clearance fit, the largest permitted shaft diameter is smaller than the diameter of the smallest hole. The difference between the size of the hole and the size of the shaft is defined as clearance. Clearance fits have limits of the size prescribed so that a clearance always results in a positive allowance, or air space is left between mating parts. The parts can be assembled by hand. Clearance fit is of two kinds namely sliding and running fits.\r\nExamples of clearance fit are door hinges, wheel, and axle, shaft and bearing, etc. used in the assembly of parts.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nClearance fit can be sub-classified as follows :\r\n\r\nLoose Fit\r\n\r\nIt is used between those mating parts where no precision is required. It provides minimum allowance and is used on loose pulleys, agricultural machineries, etc.\r\n\r\nRunning Fit\r\n\r\nFor a running fit, the dimension of the shaft should be smaller enough to maintain a film of oil for lubrication. It is used in bearing pair etc. An allowance 0.025 mm per 25 mm of diameter of bearing may be used.\r\n\r\n\r\nSlide Fit or Medium Fit\r\n\r\nIt is used on those mating parts where great precision is required. It provides medium allowance and is used in tool slides, slide valves, automobile parts, etc.\r\n\r\nInterference Fit\r\nIn the interference fit, mating parts in sub-assembly or main assembly are joined tightly\u00a0together and no relative motion is possible. The minimum permitted diameter of the shaft\u00a0is larger than the maximum allowable diameter of the hole. In this case, the shaft and the\u00a0hole member in any sub-assembly or main assembly are to be attached permanently and used\u00a0as a solid component but according to the application of this combination, this type of fit can\u00a0be varied. Interference fit is used for permanent or semi-permanent assembly of parts, which\u00a0require rigidity and alignment and no relative motion, such as dowel pins and bearings in\u00a0casting. The difference between the size of the shaft and the size of the hole in any sub-assembly or\u00a0main assembly is called interference or negative clearance or negative allowance. Interference\u00a0fit has limits of size so prescribed that interference always results when mating parts are\u00a0assembled. Transition fits are of two kinds namely driving or press-fit and shrink or force fit.\u00a0To assemble, parts are usually pressed together using an arbor press\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe interference fit can be sub-classified as follows :\r\n\r\nShrink Fit or Heavy Force Fit\r\n\r\nIt refers to the maximum negative allowance. In the assembly of the hole and the shaft, the hole is expanded by heating and then rapidly cooled in its position. It is used in the fitting of rims etc.\r\n\r\nMedium Force Fit\r\n\r\nThese fits have medium negative allowance. Considerable pressure is required to assemble the hole and the shaft. It is used in car wheels, armature of dynamos, etc.\r\n\r\nTight Fit or Press Fit\r\n\r\nOne part can be assembled into the other with a hand hammer or by light pressure. A slight negative allowance exists between two mating parts (more than wringing fit). It gives a semi-permanent fit and is used on a keyed pulley and shaft, rocker arm, etc.\r\n\r\nTransition Fit\r\n\r\nIn this type of fit, the diameter of the largest allowable hole is greater than that of the smallest shaft, but the smallest hole is smaller than the largest shaft so that small positive or negative clearance between the shaft and hole member is employable. Thus, transition fit has limits of the size of the hole and shaft such that either a clearance or an interference fit may result when two specific parts from the lot are assembled. Here the tolerance zones of the hole and shaft overlap. Transition fits are a compromise between clearance and interference fit where a small amount of either clearance or interference is permissible. Transition fit is of two kinds namely push-fit and light keying fits. That is, sometimes the shaft is slightly larger than the hole and sometimes slightly smaller than the hole. Spigot in mating holes, coupling rings and recesses are the examples of transition fit.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTransition fit can be sub-classified as follows :\r\n\r\nPush Fit\r\n\r\nIt refers to zero allowance and a light pressure (pins, etc.) is required in assembling the hole and the shaft. The moving parts show the least vibration with this type of fit. It is also known as a snug fit.\r\n\r\nForce Fit or Shrink Fit\r\n\r\nA force fit is used when the two mating parts are to be rigidly fixed so that one cannot move without the other. It either requires high pressure to force the shaft into the hole or the hole to be expanded by heating. It is used in railway wheels, etc.\r\n\r\nWringing Fit\r\n\r\nA slight negative allowance exists between two mating parts in wringing fit. It requires pressure to force the shaft into the hole and gives a light assembly. It is used in fixing keys, pins, etc.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMeasurement Science and Metrology Notes , Articles\r\nEngineering Drawing- Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Engineering Fits &#8211; Clearance, Transition , Interference Fit","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-02-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/typesofengineeringfits-300x111.jpg","height":111,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/basic-of-shearing-machine/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/shearing-operation-process-248x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Shearing Machine &#8211; Types, Principle, Working, Operations</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/basic-of-shearing-machine/">Shearing Machine &#8211; Types, Principle, Working, Operations</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Shearing Operation Fundamental
Shearing :
A shear force is applied that will cut off part of a sheet. The cut off ‘blank’ becomes the workpiece. Shearing, also known as die cutting, is a...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/basic-of-shearing-machine/" aria-label="View Post: Shearing Machine &#8211; Types, Principle, Working, Operations">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Shearing Machine &#8211; Types, Principle, Working, Operations","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/basic-of-shearing-machine\/","articleBody":"Shearing Operation Fundamental\r\nShearing :\r\nA shear force is applied that will cut off part of a sheet. The cut off \u2018blank\u2019 becomes the workpiece. Shearing, also known as die cutting, is a process that cuts stock without the formation of chips or the use of burning or melting. In strict technical terms, the process of \"shearing\" involves the use of straight cutting bladesorm of sheet metal or plates, however, rods can also be sheared. Shearing-type operations include blanking, piercing, roll slitting, and trimming.\r\nShearing: Definition\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tWhen you apply a high-pressure tool through a metal plate and remove part of the metal, the process is called shearing. Shear machining devices include punching machines, which make small discs, and blanking machines, which produce washers and similar objects.\r\n \tSHEARING is a method for cutting a material piece into smaller pieces using a shear knife to force the material past an opposition shear knife in a progression from. \r\n \tShearing is widely used to divide large, flat stock such as sheet, strip, and plate. Shearing of sheet, strip, and plate is broadly classified according to the type of blade (knife or cutter) used as either straight or rotary.\r\n \tStraight-knife shearing is used for squaring and cutting flat stock to the required shape and size. It is usually used for producing square and rectangular shapes, although triangles and other straight-sided shapes are also sheared with straight knives.\r\n\r\nDirect tool ordinary machining is NOT the same as shear machining. With standard tool machining, a single or multiple point tool can be employed to take out a piece of metal from the metal sheet and\/or block. This process required repeated pounding of the metal until the required dimensions are achieved. With shear machining, the tool's cutting edge removes the metal from the plate. While this happens, maximum pressure is applied. The tool, however, only touches the metal one time.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe shearing process characteristics include:\r\n\r\n \tIts ability to make straight-line cuts on flat sheet stock\r\n \tMetal placement between an upper and lower shear blades\r\n \tIts trademark production of burred and slightly deformed metal edges\r\n \tIts ability to cut relatively small lengths of material at any time since the shearing blades can be mounted at an angle to reduce the necessary shearing force required.\r\n\r\nThe shearing process involves cutting sheet metal, as well as plates, bars, and tubing of various cross-section, into individual pieces by subjecting it to shear stress, typically using a punch and a die, similar to the action of a paper punch. The punch and die may be of any shape, such as circular or straight blades, similar to a pair of scissors.\r\n\r\nImportant variables in the shearing process are:\r\n\r\n \tThe punch force.\r\n \tThe speed of the punch\r\n \tThe edge condition of the sheet.\r\n \tThe punch and die materials.\r\n \tThe punch-die clearance.\r\n \tLubrication.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBoth mechanical and hydraulic machines can perform shear machining. Hydraulic shears cut and score sheet metal quickly and accurately. They work well for factories that do a lot of metal fabrication. Also, hydraulic shears are best if the operation requires intense pressure. They don't require a lot of maintenance, will operate continuously, and are fast and quiet. Hydraulic shear machines also take up less space than mechanical shear machines while applying the same amount of pressure.\r\n\r\nShear Mechanism :\u00a0\r\nThe shear cutting or punching action results from a closing motion of two sharp, closely adjoined edges on material placed between them. The material is stressed in shear to the point of fracture while going through three phases\r\n\r\n1. Deformation: \r\n\r\nAs the cutting edges begin to close on the material, deformation occurs on both sides of the material next to the cut edge.\r\n\r\n2. Penetration: \r\n\r\nThe cutting edges cut or penetrate the material, causing fracture lines.\r\n\r\n3. Fracture: \r\n\r\nThe point where the upper and lower fracture lines meet. At this point the work is done, but in punching, the punch must continue to move through the material to clear the slug.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nshear mechanism phases\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTypes of Shearing Machine\u00a0\r\n1. Straight-Knife Shearing\r\n\r\nIn straight-knife shearing, the flat workpiece is placed between a stationary lower knife and a movable upper knife. As the upper knife is forced downward, it cuts the metal into two parts. Straight-knife shearing is the most economical method of cutting straight-sided blanks from flat sheet, strip, and plate with thickness no more than 50 mm (2 in.). The process is also widely used for cutting the sheet into blanks that\r\nwill subsequently be formed or drawn.\r\n\r\nMachines for Straight-Knife Shearing\r\n\r\nPunch presses and press brakes can be used for shearing a few pieces or are used temporarily when more efficient equipment is not available. Production shearing, however, is usually done in machines that are designed for this operation.\r\n\r\n \tSquaring shears are usually used for trimming and cutting sheet, strip, or plate to a specific size (Fig.). These shears (also called resquaring or guillotine shears) are available in a wide range of sizes and designs. Some types of lines also permit slitting when the workpiece moves for shearing.\r\n \tThe sheet, strip, or plate is held firmly by hold-down devices while the upper knife moves down past the lower knife. Most sheet or plate is sheared by setting the upper knife at an angle (Fig. ). \r\n \tThe position of one of the knives can be adjusted to maintain optimal clearance between the knives. Squaring shears can be actuated mechanically, hydraulically, or pneumatically.\r\n\r\nstraight edge shearing machine\r\n\r\nMechanical Shearing Machine :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tThe power train of a mechanical shear consists of a motor, the flywheel, a worm shaft that is gear driven by a flywheel, a clutch that connects the worm gear drive to the driven shaft, and a ram actuated by the driven shaft through eccentrics and connecting links.\r\n \tUnder most operating conditions, a mechanical shear can deliver more strokes per minute (spm) than a hydraulic shear. Some mechanical shears cycle as fast as 100 spam.\r\n \tAnother advantage of the mechanical shear is that, because of the energy stored in the flywheel, a smaller motor can be used for intermittent shearing.\r\n\r\nHydraulic Shearing Machine :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tHydraulic shears are actuated by a motor-driven pump that forces oil into a cylinder against a piston; the movement of the piston energizes the ram holding the upper knife.\r\n \tA hydraulic shear can make longer strokes than a mechanical shear. Hydraulic shears are designed with a fixed load capacity.\r\n\r\nPneumatic Shearing Machine :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tPneumatic shears are used almost exclusively for shearing thin metal (seldom thicker than 1.50 mm, or 0.060 in.) in relatively short pieces (seldom longer than 1.5 m, or 5 ft).\r\n \tActivation of air cylinders makes the shear blade beam move to make a cut. Shop compressed air or a freestanding air compressor is used to provide power to air cylinders.\r\n\r\nAlligator shearing Machine :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tAlligator shears have a shearing action similar to that of a pair of scissors. The lower knife is stationary, and the upper knife, held securely in an arm, moves in an arc around a fulcrum pin. \r\n \tThis type of machine is most widely used for shearing bars and bar sections and for preparing scrap.\r\n\r\nRotary Shearing Machine\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tRotary shearing, or circle shearing (not to be confused with slitting), is a process for cutting sheet and plate in a straight line or in contours utilizing two revolving, tapered circular cutters.\r\n \tThe shearing of workpieces into circular blanks requires the use of a holding fixture that permits rotation of the workpiece to generate the desired circle. For straight-line cutting in a rotary shear, a straight-edge fixture is used, mounted in the throat of the machine behind the cutter heads.\r\n\r\n\r\nWorking Of Hydraulic Shearing\u00a0Machine:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nhydraulic shearing machine\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhen the metal is inserted into hydraulic machines, it is secured by clamps so it does not shift under high pressure. To ensure that the cut is smooth and even for a 90 degree cut, a squaring arm or back gauge must be used. Minute burrs may be formed by the edge of the cut metal; these must be removed by grinding. If you use hydraulic shears, be careful of the little marks left by the cutting blades and holding clamps while working. You will need to remove them or otherwise account for them\r\nPrinciple Of Shearing:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nprinciple of shearing\r\n\r\n\r\nTo find the shear force for a cut we can go back to the basic mechanics of materials (with one\u00a0adjustment factor).\r\n\r\nF = 0.7twUTS\r\nwhere,\r\nF = force needed to shear\r\nt = thickness of sheet\r\nw = width of sheet\r\nUTS = Ultimate Shear Strength of material\r\n\r\n\r\nFriction between the punch and the workpiece can, however, increase the punch force significantly. Furthermore, in addition to the punch force, a force is required to strip the punch from the sheet during its return stroke. This second force, which is in the opposite direction of the punch force, is difficult to estimate because of the many factors involved in the operation.\r\nShearing Operations :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tThe most common shearing operations are punching-where the sheared slug is scrap or may be used for some other purpose-and blanking-where the slug is the part to be used and the rest is scrap.\r\n \tShearing may also be done between a punch and die, as shown in Fig. The shearing operations make which use of a die, include punching, blanking, piercing, notching, trimming, and nibbling.\r\n\r\nPunching\/Blanking\r\n\r\nPunching or blanking is a process in which the punch removes a portion of material from the larger piece or a strip of sheet metal. If the small removed piece is discarded, the operation is called punching, whereas if the small removed piece is the useful part and the rest is scrap, the operation is called blanking.\r\n\r\nPiercing:\r\n\r\nIt is a process by which a hole is cut (or torn) in metal. It is different from punching in that piercing does not generate a slug. Instead, the metal is pushed back to form a jagged flange on the backside of the hole.\r\n\r\nA pierced hole looks somewhat like a bullet hole in a sheet of metal.\r\n\r\nTrimming:\r\n\r\nWhen parts are produced by die casting or drop forging, a small amount of extra metal gets spread out at the parting plane. This extra metal, called flash, is cut \u2013 off before the part is used, by an operation called trimming. The operation is very similar to blanking and the dies used are also similar to blanking dies. The presses used for trimming have, however, a relatively larger table.\r\n\r\nNotching:\r\n\r\nIt is an operation in which a specified small amount of metal is cut from a blank. It is different from punching in the sense that in notching cutting line of the slug formed must touch one edge of the blank or strip. A notch can be made in any shape. The purpose of notching is generally to release metal for fitting up.\r\n\r\nNibbling:\r\n\r\nNibbling is a variation of notching, with overlapping notches being cut into the metal. The operation may be resorted to produce any desired shape, for example flanges, collars, etc.\r\n\r\nPerforating :\r\n\r\nPerforating is an operation is which several uniformly spaced holes are punched in a sheet of metal. The holes may be of any size or shape. They usually cover the entire sheet of metal.\r\nProcess Parameter of Shearing Machine :\u00a0\r\nThe major processing parameters in shearing are\r\n\r\n \tThe shape of the punch and die\r\n \tThe speed of punching\r\n \tLubrication\r\n \tThe clearance, c, between the punch and the die.\r\n\r\nshearing operation process\r\n\r\nThe clearance, c, between the punch and the die.\r\n\r\nThe clearance is a major factor in determining the shape and the quality of the sheared edge. As the clearance increases, the zone of deformation (Fig. ) becomes larger and the sheared edge becomes rougher. The sheet tends to be pulled into the clearance region, and the perimeter or edges of the sheared zone become rougher. Unless such edges are acceptable as produced, secondary operations may be\r\nrequired to make them smoother (which will increase the production cost).\r\nThe speed of punching\r\n\r\nEdge quality can be improved with increasing punch speed; speeds may be as high as 10 to 12 m\/s. As shown in Fig., sheared edges can undergo severe cold working due to the high shear strains involved. Work hardening of the edges then will reduce the ductility of the edges and thus adversely affect the formability of the sheet during subsequent operations, such as bending and stretching.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMachine Tool Articles , notes , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Shearing Machine &#8211; Types, Principle, Working, Operations","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-02-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 1, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/shearing-operation-process-248x300.jpg","height":300,"width":248},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/which-is-best-design-software/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/solidworkdesign-300x240.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Which is Best Design Software For Mechanical Engineers ?</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/which-is-best-design-software/">Which is Best Design Software For Mechanical Engineers ?</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Best Design Software For Mechanical Engineers 
Many Of Mechanical Engineers are confused about design software . Earlier we Discussed list of mechanical Useful Software which include design,...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/which-is-best-design-software/" aria-label="View Post: Which is Best Design Software For Mechanical Engineers ?">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Which is Best Design Software For Mechanical Engineers ?","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/which-is-best-design-software\/","articleBody":"Best Design Software For Mechanical Engineers\u00a0\r\nMany Of Mechanical Engineers are confused about design software . Earlier we Discussed list of mechanical Useful Software which include design, analysis, Simulation , instrumentation, Coding and Programming software. \u00a0\r\n\r\nIf you are beginners in design software domain , you should visit our new web portal CAD Software notes , Tutorials\u00a0 which is fully dedicated to only software and Engineering design tutorials .\u00a0\r\n\r\nNewbies should try first Autocad 2D Basic . I believe that every engineer should have basic knowledge of 2d autocad Commands and he should able to draw 2d drawing i.e. Front ,top and Side view of parts or Aseembly. Autocad is basic design software and had its own advantages.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nsolidwork design\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMoving from Auto-CAD you can choose any one software from Solidworks, CATIA, NX-CAD, Pro-E or Creo (Creo is the latest one after Pro-E). These all software are equally important as per there applications in various industries. In fact drawing procedures are almost same but tools are different with different names.\u00a0 Catia there are so many versions now still being used is version v5 and newest is v6 catia itself comes with variety of workbenches, it can be used for 3d part modelling, drafting, assembly, electrical, infa and many other application but out of all these work benches one is still important and different that is machining, catia has been used for programming cnc machines as for developing nc programs for various aersospace parts, few more softwares are listed below:-\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCatia \u00a0:designing, machining, drafting, analysis, simulation, assembly etc\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nUnigraphics or Nx :latest version NX9 used for designing, programming, cmm inspection, simulation, assembly, drafting etc\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSolid edge : New in the market easiest and user friendly from siemens &gt; latest version st6 used for 3d part modelling, assembly, drafting and simulation.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSolid works : Latest version 2014 comes with part modelling, assembly, drafting, motion simulation etc and it can veen be integrated with other softwares as add on like delcam, powermill, cam works, solid cam power surfacing etc.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCreo Ptc or Pro-E :used for same purpose as catia but having importance in automobile sector.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhich is the best software among SolidWorks, Creo, ProEngineer, Catia, ?\r\n\r\nSolidWorks: easy, simple, used by many, powerful enough to build products with.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCreo\/ProE: powerful, more complex\/complicated, expensive, enterprise tools, you'll want to pick this if you're building something with 1000s of parts and tens, if not hundreds of engineers (like an airplane).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCatia: similar to Creo, also used by large companies, allows surface modeling and has strong simulation capabilities (build airplanes\/rockets\/cars as well as the factory in which they are going to be built kind of powerful).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMy Review:\r\nAccording to me , ProE \/Creo is best software for designing and manufacturing the parts. \u00a0For Complex \u00a0Assembly and Simple Sheetmetal parts \u00a0Solidwork is best software. For Assembly Particularity I prefer Solidwork. \u00a0Solidwrok is again suitable for Pipe and structural Design. Complex Sheet Metal Parts Catia Is Best Software. For Analysis purpose Ansys is always Best.\r\n\r\nEveryone has its own view for every Design Software . Comment below and share your opinion about Your Favorite design Software and why? \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\nCAD Software | CAD Tutorials\r\nMachine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nCAD \/ CAM Projects List - Abstract , Report Download\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Which is Best Design Software For Mechanical Engineers ?","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-02-05","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/solidworkdesign-300x240.jpg","height":240,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cnc-pneumatic-autofeed-punching-machine/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/CNCPNEUMATICAUTOFEEDPUNCHINGMACHINE-300x166.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to CNC PNEUMATIC AUTOFEED PUNCHING MACHINE</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cnc-pneumatic-autofeed-punching-machine/">CNC PNEUMATIC AUTOFEED PUNCHING MACHINE</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>CNC PNEUMATIC AUTOFEED PUNCHING MACHINE-Mechanical project
SYNOPSIS
The pneumatic system has gained a large amount of importance in last few decades. This importance is due to its accuracy and...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cnc-pneumatic-autofeed-punching-machine/" aria-label="View Post: CNC PNEUMATIC AUTOFEED PUNCHING MACHINE">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"CNC PNEUMATIC AUTOFEED PUNCHING MACHINE","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/cnc-pneumatic-autofeed-punching-machine\/","articleBody":"CNC PNEUMATIC AUTOFEED PUNCHING MACHINE-Mechanical project\r\nSYNOPSIS\r\nThe pneumatic system has gained a large amount of importance in last few\u00a0decades. This importance is due to its accuracy and cost. This convenience in operating\u00a0the CNC pneumatic system has made us to design and fabricate this unit as our project.\r\nThis unit, as we hope that it can be operated easily with semi skilled operators.\u00a0The CNC pneumatic auto feed punching machine has an advantage of working in\u00a0low pressure, that is even a pressure of 6 bar is enough for operating the unit. The\u00a0pressurized air passing through the tubes to the cylinder, forces the piston out whose\u00a0power through the linkage is transmitted to the punch. The work piece thus got is for\u00a0required dimensions and the piece can be collected through the land clearance provided\u00a0in the die. The die used in this is fixed such that the die of required shape can be used\u00a0according to the requirement. This enables us to use different type punch dies resulting\u00a0in a wide range of products. Different types of punch as requirement can be thus got.\u00a0According to the work material the operating pressure can be varied.\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\nThe press is the punching machine tool designed to punch letter by applying mechanical force or pressure with the help of computer. The metal is punched to the desired requirement. The presses are exclusively intended for mass production and they represent the fastest and more efficient way to form a metal into a finished punched product. Press tools are used to form and cut thin metals. Press tools operation can b simplified to a few simple operations involving a punch a die.\r\nThere are Nemours types of presses in engineering field, which are used to fulfill\u00a0the requirements. We are interested to introduce pneumatic system in presses. The main\u00a0function of machine is to form or cut thin sheet metals or non metals using pneumatic\u00a0power. In this project we have used to punching process for simple application.\r\n\r\nWORKING OPERATION\r\nThe compressed air from the compressor at the pressure of 5 to 7bar is passed\u00a0through a pipe connected to the Solenoid valve with one input. The Solenoid Valve is\u00a0actuated with the help of computer. The Solenoid valve has two outputs and one input.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCNC PNEUMATIC AUTOFEED PUNCHING MACHINE\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe air entering into the input goes out through the two outputs when the computer control signal is actuated. Due to the high air pressure at the bottom of the piston, the air pressure below the piston is more than the pressure above the piston. So these moves the piston rod upwards which move up the effort are, which is pivoted by computer unit. This force acting is passed on to punch which also moves downwards.\r\n\r\nThe punch is guided by a punch guide who is fixed such that the punch is clearly\u00a0guided to the die. The materials are in between the punch and die. So as the punch\u00a0comes down the materials are sheared to the required profile of the punch and the blank is\u00a0moved downwards through the die clearance. When the piston is at the extreme point of\u00a0the stock length, the exhaust valve is opened and the air is exhausted through it and the\u00a0pressurized air come in at the top of the piston and it pushes the piston downwards. So\u00a0the one side of the air is pulled downwards and the other side is lifted upwards. So the\u00a0punch is therefore pulled upwards from the die. Now the piston reaches the bottom point\u00a0of the required stroke length. Now the material is fed and the next stroke of the piston is\u00a0made ready. When the material is correctly positioned then this machine is again\u00a0actuated automatically. The time duration of the succeeding punching is adjusted with the\u00a0help of computer.\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS\r\n1. The outstanding advantage of pneumatic system is the control valve which\u00a0consistently applies a specified load with minimum effort.\r\n2. From thin foils to metal sheets can be pierced according to desirable shapes.\r\n3. It can be modified to any extend to bring out the required effort.\r\n4. Its outcome can be utilized properly in the extensive mechanical field.\r\n5. Multiple cylinder systems can be put into action according to the need of\u00a0pressing effort.\r\n6. In modern payer plants this pneumatic system can be used for loading press roll.\r\n7. Simple construction than the mechanical and hydraulic presses.\r\n8. Compared to hydraulic and mechanical presses pneumatic press is economical.\r\n9. It does not require current carrying cables.\r\n10. No extra skill is required for operating this system.\r\n11. Operation is very smooth and in this system we can get more output by applying\u00a0less effort.\r\n12. This system can be effectively used for punch mark in industrial materials such\u00a0as industries name, address or number of product.\r\nLIMITATIONS\r\n\r\n \tHard and thick materials can not be punched\r\n \tMaintenance will be more due to the number of moving parts.\r\n \tStroke length is fixed.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nPneumatic or Air operated projects\r\n\r\nBest Low Cost Mechanical Projects\r\nHydraulic and Pneumatic Projects List - Abstract , Report Download\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"CNC PNEUMATIC AUTOFEED PUNCHING MACHINE","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-01-25","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/CNCPNEUMATICAUTOFEEDPUNCHINGMACHINE-300x166.png","height":166,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=279">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=278"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>278</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=279"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>279</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>280</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=281"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>281</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=282"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>282</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=281">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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