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What is Group Technology
Group technology (GT) is a concept that is currently attracting a lot of attention from the manufacturing community. GT...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/group-technology-definition-meaning-advantages/" aria-label="View Post: Group Technology | Definition , Meaning , Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Group Technology | Definition , Meaning , Advantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/group-technology-definition-meaning-advantages\/","articleBody":"Group Technology | Definition , Meaning , Advantages\r\nWhat is Group Technology\r\nGroup technology (GT) is a concept that is currently attracting a lot of attention from the manufacturing community. GT offers a number of ways to improve productivity in the batch manufacturing. The essence of GT is to capitalize on similarities on recurring tasks. GT is, very simply, a philosophy to exploit similarities and achieve efficiencies grouping like problems.\r\n\r\nDefinition of GT\r\n\r\n\u201cGroup technology is the realization that many problems are similar and that, by grouping similar problems, single solution can be found to a set of problems, thus saving time and effort\u201d\r\n\r\nHistory of GT\r\nPrior to 1913, the era of Henry Ford and his model T, all machining models were similar to our present job shop techniques with machines laid out usually in lines or blocks of similar machines. The work was loaded onto the machines usually by the manual progress control system. Ford introduced the assembly line and that, in turn, led to automated transfer machines. However, the majority of engineering do not produce items in quantity that justify such methods and so the jobbing shop philosophy continued. GT is mainly a coordination of\r\nnormal good engineering practices. It is impossible to say who first practiced GT.\r\n\r\nThere are reports of it having been used in Germany in the 1930s. In an international Conference held in Stockholm in 1947, the basic groups were explained by C.B.Nanthorst. In Italy M. Patrignany was an early exponent of this technology. However, little of this appears to have been in English. First published work was from the USSR by S.P.Mitrofanov in 1959 and there after subsequent books were published by F.S.Denyanyuk and E.K. Ivanov.The first reported work on GT outside Russia was done by a French Forges et Ateliers de Construction Electriques de Jeurmont - and this was about in Machinery in 1962. Subsequently, several British companies conducted considerable work in this field. There have also been considerable studies done by various consultants in the Universities. The significant contribution by J.L.Burbidge in the 1 960s led to GT as A total Manufacturing Philosophy.\r\n\r\ngroup technology\r\n\r\nAdvantages of GT\r\nAccording to Burbidge, following are the advantages after introducing GT in manufacturing.\r\na. Short throughput times because machines are closed together.\r\nb. Better quality because groups complete parts and the machines are closed together under one foreman.\r\nc. Lower material handling costs because machines are closed together under one foreman.\r\nd. Better accountability because machines complete parts. The foreman can be made responsible for costs, quality, and completion by due date.\r\ne. Training for promotion for promotion since GT provides a line of succession, because a group is a mini-department.\r\nf. Automation GT is a first evolutionary step in automation.\r\ng. Reduced set up time since similar parts brought together on the same\r\nh. Morale and job satisfaction since most workers prefer to work in groups. Studies undertaken by N.L.Hyer indicate the following significant savings after implementing GT Snead prepared a summary matrix, listing the benefits listing benefits achieved for the various GT.\r\n Group Technology in CIM\r\nOne may question whether a cellular concept is applicable to CIM systems. Some studies have shown that grouping machines to machine cells may limit the manufacturing system flexibility. However, industrial applications have proven that it is virtually impossible to implement a large scale CIM subsystem using a cellular concept. Here after, the automated manufacturing systems that cellular approach can be called as, Cellular Automated Manufacturing (CAMS). \r\n\r\nFour crucial factors of CAMS as identified by Kusiak are:\r\n\r\n1. Volume of information\r\nVolume of information a large-scale CIM subsystem is typically large, and it is too expensive to effectively process information without the system\u2019s decomposition.\r\n\r\n2. Material handling system\r\nIn a typical CIM subsystem, automated material handling carriers are used (AGVs and Robots). Each of the two carriers can tend a limited number of machines.\r\n\r\n3. Technology Requirement\r\nSome machines have to be grouped together due to technological requirements. For example, a forging machine and a heat treatment section.\r\n\r\n4. Management\r\nAlthough in most of the currently CIM subsystems, the degree of automation is higher than in classical manufacturing systems, humans will be, for a long time, an integral CAMS is easier to manage than the entire system.","headline":"Group Technology | Definition , Meaning , Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/group-technology-300x225.jpg","height":225,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/pedal-operated-lawn-mover-cycle-download-report-agricultural-mechanical-project/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/lawn-reel-mover-300x177.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Pedal Operated Lawn Mover Cycle Download Report &#8211; agricultural Mechanical Project</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/pedal-operated-lawn-mover-cycle-download-report-agricultural-mechanical-project/">Pedal Operated Lawn Mover Cycle Download Report &#8211; agricultural Mechanical Project</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Pedal Operated Lawn Mover Cycle Download Report - Agricultural Mechanical Project
ABSTRACT
The design objective is to come up with an apparatus for cutting grass that is portable, durable, easy to...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/pedal-operated-lawn-mover-cycle-download-report-agricultural-mechanical-project/" aria-label="View Post: Pedal Operated Lawn Mover Cycle Download Report &#8211; agricultural Mechanical Project">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Pedal Operated Lawn Mover Cycle Download Report &#8211; agricultural Mechanical Project","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/pedal-operated-lawn-mover-cycle-download-report-agricultural-mechanical-project\/","articleBody":"Pedal Operated Lawn Mover Cycle Download Report - Agricultural Mechanical Project\r\nABSTRACT\r\nThe design objective is to come up with an apparatus for cutting grass that is portable, durable, easy to operate and maintain. It also aims to design a pedal- powered Mower cycle. The pushing force required for moving the reel mower is obtained from the motion of a bicycle. The Mower cycle consists of three main wheels with two of the wheels at the front. Between the two front wheels a cutting mechanism is made with internal spur gear system which transfers the torque to the mower spiral mechanism. The cutting mechanism is made of a flat blade rigidly fixed to the frame behind the spiral arrangement which is configured to contact at least one reel bar of the spiral blades during the rotation of the spiral mechanism.\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\nLawn mower is an essential tool for the maintenance of yards. They vary in size, mode of operation and power. The power source riding mowers for example are usually powered by a gasoline engine and are ridden and steered by the operator but they are costly. So our design objective is to come up with a Lawn mower cycle that is durable, cost efficient &amp; easy to operate. The Lawn mower cycle is peddle powered. The power required to push the mover is obtained from a chain-driven cycle. This project attempts to combine a cycle and a mower.\r\n\r\nThere are primarily two types of mowers namely \r\n\r\n(i) the reel mowers, and\r\n\r\n (ii) the rotary mowers. \r\n\r\nThe reel (cylindrical) mowers seem to be better. Made of blades on a revolving cylinder, they achieve clean cut by scissors action. As the mower moves forward, the rotating blades come in contact with a stationary bar called the bed knife and placed parallel to the ground. Grass is held by the shearing action of the reel blades against the bed knife. The mower is adjusted to various cutting heights. Rotary mowers are often powered either by an internal combustion engine or an electric motor and are generally moved manually, with the engine only spinning the cutting blades.\r\n\r\nRELEVANCE\r\nThe main aim of our project is to come up with a cost efficient lawn mower. A lawn mower is a machine used for cutting grass or lawns. A lawn is any area of grass; mostly tough grass which is neatly cut like in a private garden or a public park. Walk behind mowers are designed to be pushed by the operator and typically run on gasoline or electricity. Modern gas powered and electric powered lawn mowers cut grass with a single blade revolving at a high speed parallel to the ground.\r\nGenerally, in areas like ours, the conventional methods of grass cutting involved the use of cutlasses which never met the maximum satisfaction. More so, it is strenuous, time and labour intensive. Therefore, there is the need to develop a low cost mower which can take care of this operation easily. The objective of the study is to design and develop a locally fabricated peddle powered spiral blade lawn mower affordable by common man\r\n\r\nTHE BASICS IN GRASS CUTTING\r\nGrass as most other plants grow during a certain period of the year. This can off course differ some depending on where in the world you are. For India, the grass starts to grow in April. From then to June the grass has its high season, which means it\u2018s grows fast and strong. During this period you can cut the grass 1-2 times a week. What you should think of is to take it easy in the beginning of the growth period as not to stress the grass. The grass is then entering a period of low growing rate, mostly due to the sun, drying the soil. You should take care not to cut the grass to short if the grass looks dry (turning somewhat yellow). A good rule is to cut about one third of the grass length at a time. The grass can be very sensitive and can be damaged if you cut too much at one time. Then we come to the length. Here it really depends on what kind o a lawn you\u2018re aiming for. If you want a lawn that you can walk on you should leave at least 4cm of the grass. There are different approaches to cutting the grass all with advantages and disadvantages.\r\n\r\nReel (cylinder )mowers\r\nThe reel (cylindrical) mower is made of blades on a revolving cylinder, they achieve clean cut by scissors action. As the mower moves forward, the rotating blades come in contact with a stationary bar called the bed knife and placed parallel to the ground. Grass is held by the shearing action of the reel blades against the bed knife. \r\n\r\nThe mower is adjusted to various cutting heights.\r\n\r\nTypically, the cutting reels are ahead of the vehicle's main wheels, so that the grass can be cut before the wheels push the grass over onto the ground. The reels are often hydraulically powered.\r\n\r\nThe main parts of a cylinder or reel mower are:\r\n1. Blade reel\/cylinder \u2014 consist of numerous (3 to 7) spiral blades that are attached to a rotating shaft. The blades rotate, creating a scissor-like cutting motion.\r\n2. Bed knife \u2014 is the stationary cutting mechanism of a cylinder\/reel mower. This is a fixed horizontal blade that is mounted to the frame of the mower.\r\n3. Body frame \u2014 the main structural frame of the mower onto which the other parts of the mower are mounted.\r\n4. Wheels \u2014 these help propel the mower in action. Generally, reel mowers have two wheels.\r\n5. Push handle \u2014 the \"power source\" of a manually operated reel mower. This is a sturdy T-shape handle that is connected to the frame, wheels and blade chamber.\r\n6. Motor \u2014 the power source of a reel mower that is powered by gasoline or electric.\r\n\r\nFACTORS AFFECTING CLIP\r\n1. The diameter of the reel\r\n2. The number of reel blades\r\n3. The speed of the reel\r\n4. The ground speed\r\nBy following the blade path through two \u2015clips as the machine moves forward we can illustrate the actual process of cutting grass. The bed knife pushes grass toward the shear point while the reel blade gathers it in front. Each blade path has one-half clip in which to cut all the grass.\r\n\r\n Lawn reel mover\r\n\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE OF LAWN MOWER CYCLE\r\nThe cutting mechanism is made of a flat blade rigidly fixed to the frame behind the spiral arrangement which is configured to contact at least one reel bar of the spiral blades during the rotation of the spiral mechanism. \r\n\r\nTo understand reel cutting theory, we must understand the concept of clip and the shear point. A shear point is any single point of contact made between the reel blade and bedknife. Clip is the forward distance traveled between successive blade contacts at one shear point. The bedknife pushes grass toward the shear point while the reel blade gathers it in front. Each blade path has one-half clip in which to cut all the grass. The pushing force required to move the reel mower is given by the motion of bicycle.\r\n\r\nAPPLICATION\r\nA lawn mower cycle is a machine used for cutting grass in lawns at the required height.\r\n\r\n\u00a0ADVANTAGES\r\n1. Low Cost\r\n2. They are less dangerous than rotary mowers.\r\n3. Require little maintenance.\r\n4. Are environmentally friendly.\r\n5. Produce little noise.\r\n6. Are easy to transport and store.\r\n7. Don't stir up dust or emit harmful fumes.\r\n8. Don't fill debris around the yard.\r\nDownload Report :\u00a0\r\nPedal Operated Lawn Mover Cycle Download Report - Agricultural Mechanical Project","headline":"Pedal Operated Lawn Mover Cycle Download Report &#8211; agricultural Mechanical Project","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/lawn-reel-mover-300x177.jpg","height":177,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/hybrid-electric-vehicles-seminar-report-pdf-free-download/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/hybrid-electric-vehicle-300x179.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Hybrid Electric Vehicles | Seminar Report Pdf Free Download</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/hybrid-electric-vehicles-seminar-report-pdf-free-download/">Hybrid Electric Vehicles | Seminar Report Pdf Free Download</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Hybrid Electric Vehicles | Seminar Report Pdf Free Download
INTRODUCTION  The world started down a new road in 1997 when the first modern hybrid electric car, the Toyota Prius, was sold in Japan....</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/hybrid-electric-vehicles-seminar-report-pdf-free-download/" aria-label="View Post: Hybrid Electric Vehicles | Seminar Report Pdf Free Download">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Hybrid Electric Vehicles | Seminar Report Pdf Free Download","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/hybrid-electric-vehicles-seminar-report-pdf-free-download\/","articleBody":"Hybrid Electric Vehicles | Seminar Report Pdf Free Download\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nThe world started down a new road in 1997 when the first modern hybrid electric car, the Toyota Prius, was sold in Japan. Two years later, the United States saw its first sale of a hybrid, the Honda Insight. These two vehicles, followed by the Honda Civic Hybrid, marked a radical change in the type of car being offered to the public: vehicles that bring some of the benefits of battery electric vehicles into the conventional gasoline powered cars and trucks we have been using for more than 100 years. In the coming years, hybrids can play a significant role in addressing several of the major problems faced by the United States and the world today: climate change, air pollution, and oil dependence. Whether this new technology delivers on its promise hinges on the choices automakers, consumers, and policymakers make over the coming years. Poor choices could result in hybrids that fall short even of what conventional technology could deliver on fuel economy, emissions, or both. If they are designed well, these hybrids can equal or better the utility, comfort, performance, and safety we\u2019ve come to expect, while saving us thousands of dollars at the gas pump.\r\n\r\nThe Technology\u2019s Potential\r\n\r\nThe Honda Civic Hybrid and Toyota Prius are good examples of the current potential of hybrids but they\u2019re just start. More technology is ready to be put to work and not only for compact cars. This study provides a broader picture of how hybrid technology could transform the whole passenger fleet both within this decade and into the next.\r\nA fleet of cars and trucks that takes full advantage of hybrid and other advanced technologies could reach an average fuel economy of 60 mpg, as Figure shows. Even conventional technologies could boost the passenger vehicle fleet average up to 40 mpg. And all the hybrids examined in this study can meet today\u2019s most stringent standards for tailpipe emissions 2 (excluding the zero-emissions standard). The study\u2019s key findings are outlined below.\r\n\u2022 A fleet of passenger cars and trucks using conventional technology has the potential to reach a fleet average of 40 mpg. The average vehicle in this fleet will cost about $1,700 more in the showroom, but will save consumers $3,800 at the gas pump over the vehicle\u2019s 15-year life for a net savings of $2,100.\r\n\r\n\u2022 A fleet of mild hybrids can reach nearly 50 mpg, with a retail price increase of about $2,900 by using advanced technologies available to automakers within this decade.3 Lifetime gasoline savings will amount to $4,700, producing a net savings of $1,500 for the average driver when the cost of battery replacement mis included.4 Mild hybrids that use more moderate technology or smaller motor\/battery systems will achieve lower fuel economy and will be less cost effective.\r\n\r\nHEV Components\r\n\r\nA hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is an optimized mix of various components. View a typical hybrid configuration in the diagram below and learn more about the various HEV components by following the links below.\r\n\r\nhybrid electric vehicle\r\n\r\nHEV Drivetrain Components:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Electric traction motors\/controllers\r\n\u2022 Electric energy storage systems, such as batteries and ultracapacitors\r\n\u2022 Hybrid power units such as spark ignition engines, compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engines, gas turbines, and fuel cells\r\n\u2022 Fuel systems for hybrid power units\r\n\u2022 Transmissions\r\n\r\nTo help reduce emissions and improve vehicle efficiencies, these systems and components are being improved through research and development.\r\n\u2022 Emission control systems\r\n\u2022 Energy management and systems control\r\n\u2022 Thermal management of components\r\n\u2022 Lightweight and aerodynamic body\/chassis\r\n\u2022 Low rolling resistance (including body design and tires)\r\n\u2022 Reduction of accessory loads\r\n\r\nHEV Spark Ignition Engines\r\n\r\nA spark ignition (SI) engine runs on an Otto cycle\u2014most gasoline engines run on a modified Otto cycle. This cycle uses a stoichiometric air-fuel mixture, which is combined prior to entering the combustion chamber. Once in the\u00a0 combustion chamber, the mixture is compressed, then ignited using a spark plug (spark ignition). The SI engine is controlled by limiting the amount of air allowed into the engine. This is accomplished through the use of a throttling valve placed on the air intake (carburetor or throttle body).\r\nAdvantages Of Hybrid Electric Engine :\r\n\u2022 A century of development and refinement: For the last century, the SI engine has been developed and used widely in automobiles. Continual development of this technology has produced an engine that easily meets emissions and fuel economy standards. With current computer controls and reformulated gasoline, today's engines are much more efficient and less polluting than those built 20 years ago.\r\n\u2022 Low cost: The SI engine is the lowest cost engine because of the huge volume currently produced.\r\nDisadvantages of Hybrid vehicle :\r\nThe SI engine has a few weaknesses that have not been significant problems in the past, but may become problems in the future.\r\n\u2022 Difficulty in meeting future emissions and fuel economy standards at a reasonable cost: Technology has progressed and will enable the SI engine to meet current standards, but as requirements become tougher to meet, the associated engine cost will continue to rise.\r\n\u2022 Throttling loss lowers the efficiency: To control an SI engine, the air allowed into the engine is restricted using a throttling plate. The engine is constantly fighting to draw air past the throttle, which expends energy. \r\n\u2022 Friction loss due to many moving parts: The SI engine is very complex and has many moving parts. The losses through bearing friction and sliding friction further reduce the efficiency of the engine.\r\n\u2022 Limited compression ratio lowers efficiency: Because the fuel is already mixed with the air during compression, it will auto-ignite (undesirable in a gasoline engine) if the compression ratio is too high. The compression ratio of the engine is limited by the octane rating of the engine.\r\n\u2022 Typically, 80% of the combustion energy is wasted as heat.\r\nDownload Report :\r\nHybrid Electric Vehicles | Seminar Report Pdf Free Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nAutomobile Engineering Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Hybrid Electric Vehicles | Seminar Report Pdf Free Download","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/hybrid-electric-vehicle-300x179.jpg","height":179,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/nanotechnology-seminar-report-free-pdf-download/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Nanobots-300x201.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Nanotechnology Seminar report free Pdf Download</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/nanotechnology-seminar-report-free-pdf-download/">Nanotechnology Seminar report free Pdf Download</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Nanotechnology Seminar report free Pdf Download
Introduction
Molecular nanotechnology or Nanotechnology is the name given to a specific sort of manufacturing technology to build things from the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/nanotechnology-seminar-report-free-pdf-download/" aria-label="View Post: Nanotechnology Seminar report free Pdf Download">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Nanotechnology Seminar report free Pdf Download","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/nanotechnology-seminar-report-free-pdf-download\/","articleBody":"Nanotechnology Seminar report free Pdf Download\r\nIntroduction\r\nMolecular nanotechnology or Nanotechnology is the name given to a specific sort of manufacturing technology to build things from the atom up, and to rearrange matter with atomic precision. In other words, we can say that nanotechnology is a three dimensional structural control of material and devices at molecular level. The nanoscale structures can be prepared, characterized, manipulated, and even visualized\r\nwith tools.\r\n\r\n\u201cNanotechnology is a tool-driven field.\"\r\n\r\nOther terms, such as molecular engineering or molecular manufacturing are also often applied when describing this emerging technology. This technology does not yet exist. But, scientists have recently gained the ability to observe and manipulate atoms directly. However, this is only one small aspect of a growing array of techniques in nanoscale science and technology. The ability to make commercial products may yet\r\nbe a few decades away.\r\n\r\n\u201cNanotechnology is Engineering, Not Science.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe central thesis of nanotechnology is that almost any chemically stable structure that is not specifically disallowed by the laws of physics can in fact be built. Theoretical and computational models indicate that molecular manufacturing systems are possible \u2014 that they do not violate existing physical law. These models also give us a feel for what a molecular manufacturing system might look like. Melting pot of\r\nscience combining applications of physics, chemistry, biology, electronics and computers. Today, scientists are devising numerous tools and techniques that will be needed to transform nanotechnology from computer models into reality.\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0Green Nanotechnology in Automobiles- Mechanical Seminar Report\r\n\r\nNanotechnology is often called the science of the small. It is concerned with manipulating particles at the atomic level, usually in order to form new compounds or make changes to existing substances. Nanotechnology is being applied to problems in electronics, biology, genetics and a wide range of business applications.\r\n\r\nNanobots\r\n\r\nMatter is composed of small atoms that are closely bound together, making up the molecular structure, which, in turn determines the density of the concerned material. Since different factors such as molecular density, malleability, ductility and surface tension come into play, nano systems have to be designed in a cost effective manner that overrides these conditions and helps to create machines capable of withstanding the vagaries of the environment.\r\n\r\nThe trick is to manipulate atoms individually and place them exactly where needed, to produce the desired structure. It is a challenge for the scientists to understand the size, shape, strength, force, motion and other properties while designing the nano machines. The idea of nanotechnology is therefore to master over the characteristics of matter in an intelligent manner to develop highly efficient systems.\r\n\r\nThe key aspect of nanotechnology is that nanoscale materials offer different chemical and physical properties than the bulk materials, and that these properties could form the basis of new technologies. For example, scientists have learned that the electronic--and hence optical--properties of nanometer-size particles can be tuned by adjusting the particle size. According to a recent study by a group at Georgia Institute of Technology, when gold metal is reduced to nanosize rods, its fluorescence intensity is enhanced over 10 million-fold. The study found that the wavelength of the emitted light increases linearly with the rod length, while the light intensity increases with the square of the rod length.\r\n\r\nNANOTECHNOLOGY TOOLS\r\nWhat would it mean if we could inexpensively make things with every atom in the right place? For starters, we could continue the revolution in computer hardware right down to molecular gates and wires -- something that today's lithographic methods (used to make computer chips) could never hope to do. We could inexpensively make very strong and very light materials: shatterproof diamond in precisely the shapes we want, by the ton, and over fifty times lighter than steel of the same strength. We could make a Cadillac that weighed fifty kilograms, or a full-sized sofa you could pick up with one hand. We could make surgical instruments of such precision and deftness that they could operate on the cells and even molecules from which we are made -- something well beyond today's medical technology. The list goes on -- almost any manufactured product could be improved, often by orders of magnitude.\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY\r\n\r\n \tsuitability for low cost, high volume production\r\n \treduced size, mass and power consumption\r\n \thigh functionality\r\n \timproved reliability and robustness.\r\n\r\nNANO PROBLEMS &amp; LIMITATION\r\nOf course, all great advances come with associated problems. Before we get all these advantages from nanotechnology, we have to think about how we might solve these\r\n\r\nNanotechnology will not solve our problems!\r\n\r\n \tHow can you get millions of molecules to arrange themselves into exact arrangements?\r\n \tHow do you test the billion molecule electronic circuit?\r\n \tNanoscale computing is amorphous\r\n \tThe \u2015price of programmability\r\n\r\nNanotechnology has nothing to do with nuclear technology. There is no transmuting of nuclei as the alchemists tried to do, and as is done by nuclear technologists. Nanotechnology only does what chemists do: rearrange molecules. Nonetheless, it is a technology where the principle of exponentiation can be brought to bear: nuclear explosions come from an exponential proliferation of neutrons in a critical mass of fissile material. Here, we are talking not about an exponential growth of destroying things and releasing energy, but we are talking about a potential\r\nexponential growth of constructing complex artifacts.","headline":"Nanotechnology Seminar report free Pdf Download","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Nanobots-300x201.jpg","height":201,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal no-thumb"><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wankel-engine-advantages-disadvantages-and-application/">Wankel Engine &#8211; Advantages , Disadvantages and Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Wankel Engine - Advantages , Disadvantages and Application
The Wankel engine is a type of internal combustion engine using an eccentric rotary design to convert pressure into rotating motion.  All...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wankel-engine-advantages-disadvantages-and-application/" aria-label="View Post: Wankel Engine &#8211; Advantages , Disadvantages and Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Wankel Engine &#8211; Advantages , Disadvantages and Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wankel-engine-advantages-disadvantages-and-application\/","articleBody":"Wankel Engine - Advantages , Disadvantages and Application\r\nThe Wankel engine is a type of internal combustion engine using an eccentric rotary design to convert pressure into rotating motion.\r\n\r\nAll parts rotate consistently in one direction, as opposed to the common reciprocating piston engine, which has pistons instantly and rapidly changing direction 180 degrees. In contrast to the more common reciprocating piston designs, the Wankel engine delivers advantages of simplicity, smoothness, compactness, high revolutions per minute, and a high power-to-weight ratio. This is primarily because there are three power pulses per rotor revolution. In a two-stroke piston engine there is one power pulse per crankshaft revolution, with one in two revolutions in a four-stroke piston engine. Although at the actual output shaft of a rotary engine, there is only one power pulse per revolution, since the output shaft spins three times as fast as the actual rotor, as can be seen in the animation below, it makes it roughly equivalent to a two-stroke piston engine of the same displacement. This is also why the displacement only measures one face of the rotor, since only one face is working for each output shaft revolution.\r\n\r\n Wankel Animation\r\n\r\nAdvantages Of Wankel Engine :\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Wankel Engine :\r\n1.Wankel engines have several major advantages over reciprocating piston designs, in addition to having higher output for similar displacement and physical size. It is simple and has fewer moving parts.\r\n2. The rotor is geared directly to the output shaft, there is no need for connecting rods, a conventional crankshaft, crankshaft balance weights, etc\r\n3. Smoother flow of power but also the ability to produce more power by running at higher rpm.\r\n4. Fuel of very low octane number can be used without preignition or knock.\r\n5. It's substantial safety benefit makes it useful in aircraft\r\n6. There is no valve operation.\r\n7. The engine is constructed with an iron rotor within a housing made of aluminum, which has greater thermal expansion. This ensures that even a severely overheated Wankel engine cannot seize.\r\n8. It has smaller frontal area than a piston engine of equivalent power. The simplicity of design and smaller size of the Wankel engine also allows for savings in construction costs, compared to piston engines of comparable power output.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Wankel Engine :\r\n1 .The fuel-air mixture cannot be pre-stored as there is no intake valve.\r\n2. Time available for fuel to be injected into a Wankel engine is significantly shorter.\r\n3. More complicated fuel injection technologies are required.\r\n4. In terms of fuel economy,Wankel engines are generally less efficient than four stroke piston engines\r\n5. Sealing loss is high.\r\n6. The compression ratio is lower. This lowers the thermal efficiency and thus the fuel economy.\r\n7. It is difficult to expand the engine to more than two rotors.\r\n8. There can be more carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons in a Wankel's exhaust stream.\r\n9. Wankel engines are very sensitive to misfires since the engine will lose momentum from the lost stroke and get slammed back into movement fr om the next chamber firing. Care of the ignition system is of utmost importance to avoid the problem.\r\n\r\nApplications of Wankel Engine:\r\n1. Used in aircraft.\r\n2. Racing car.\r\n3. For mini, micro, and micro-mini engine designs.\r\n4. The most exotic use of the Wankel design is in the seat belt pre-tensioner system of some Mercedes-Benz.\r\n5. Go-karts, personal water craft and auxiliary power units for aircraft.","headline":"Wankel Engine &#8211; Advantages , Disadvantages and Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"","height":0,"width":0},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal no-thumb"><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-rotary-engine-report-pdf-free-download/">Seminar On Rotary Engine Report Pdf Free Download</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Seminar On Rotary Engine Report Pdf Free Download
ROTARY ENGINE AND ITS APPLICATION IN AUTOMOBILE
Introduction of rotary engine:
The Rotary engine is a type of internal combustion engine which...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-rotary-engine-report-pdf-free-download/" aria-label="View Post: Seminar On Rotary Engine Report Pdf Free Download">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Seminar On Rotary Engine Report Pdf Free Download","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/seminar-on-rotary-engine-report-pdf-free-download\/","articleBody":"Seminar On Rotary Engine Report Pdf Free Download\r\nROTARY ENGINE AND ITS APPLICATION IN AUTOMOBILE\r\nIntroduction of rotary engine:\r\nThe Rotary engine is a type of internal combustion engine which uses a rotor to convert pressure into a rotating motion instead of using reciprocating pistons. Its four-stroke cycle is generally generated in a space between the inside of an oval-like epitrochoid-shaped housing and a roughly triangular rotor (hypotrochoid). This design delivers smooth high-rpm power fr om a compact, lightweight engine.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0Seminar On Wankel Engine Full PDF Report Download\r\n\r\nThe engine was invented by German engineer Felix Wankel. He began its development in the early 1950s at NSU Motorenwerke AG (NSU) before completing a working, running prototype in 1957. NSU then subsequently licensed the concept to other companies across the globe, who added more efforts and improvements in the 1950s and 1960s.\r\nBecause of its compact, lightweight design,Wankel rotary engines have been installed in a variety of vehicles and devices such as automobiles and racing cars, aircraft, go-karts, personal water crafts and auxiliary power units.\r\n\r\nWANKEL ENGINE\r\n\r\nPrinciples of a Rotary Engine:\r\nLike a piston engine, the rotary engine uses the pressure created when a combination of air and fuel is burned. In a piston engine, that pressure is contained in the cylinders and forces pistons to move back and forth. The connecting rods and crankshaft convert the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational motion that can be used to power a car.\r\nIn a rotary engine, the pressure of combustion is contained in a chamber formed by part of the housing and sealed in by one face of the triangular rotor, which is what the engine uses instead of pistons.\r\n\r\nThe rotor follows a path that looks like something you'd create with a Spirograph. This path keeps each of the three peaks of the rotor in contact with the housing, creating three separate volumes of gas. As the rotor moves around the chamber, each of the three volumes of gas alternately expands and contracts. It is this expansion and contraction that draws air and fuel into the engine, compresses it and makes useful power as the gases expand, and then expels the exhaust.\r\n\r\nWorking of Rotary Engine :\r\n\r\nThe \"A\" marks one of the three apexes of the rotor. The \"B\" marks the eccentric shaft and the white portion is the lobe of the eccentric shaft. The shaft turns three times for each rotation of the rotor around the lobe and once for each orbital revolution around the eccentric shaft.\u00a0\r\n\r\nIn the Wankel engine, the four strokes of a typical Otto cycle occur in the space between a rotor, which is roughly triangular, and the inside of housing. In the basic single-rotor Wankel engine, the oval-like epitrochoid-shaped housing surrounds a three-sided rotor (similar to a Reuleaux triangle, a three-pointed curve of constant width, but with the middle of each side a bit more flattened). The central drive shaft, also called an eccentric shaft or E-shaft, passes through the center of the rotor and is supported by bearings. The rotor both rotates around an offset lobe (crank) on the E-shaft and makes orbital revolutions around the central shaft. \r\n\r\nSeals at the corners of the rotor seal against the periphery of the housing, dividing it into three moving combustion chambers. Fixed gears mounted on each side of the housing engage with ring gears attached to the rotor to ensure the proper orientation as the rotor moves.\r\nThe best way to visualize the action of the engine in the animation at left is to look not at the rotor itself, but the cavity created between it and the housing. The Wankel engine is actually a variable-volume progressing-cavity system. Thus there are 3 cavities per housing, all repeating the same cycle.\r\n\r\nAs the rotor rotates and orbitally revolves, each side of the rotor gets closer and farther fr om the wall of the housing, compressing and expanding the combustion chamber similarly to the strokes of a piston in a reciprocating engine. The power vector of the combustion stage goes through the center of the off set lobe.\r\nWhile a four-stroke piston engine makes one combustion stroke per cylinder for every two rotations of the crankshaft (that is, one half power stroke per crankshaft rotation per cylinder), each combustion chamber in the Wankel generates one combustion stroke per each driveshaft rotation, i.e. one power stroke per rotor orbital revolution and three power strokes per rotor rotation. Thus, power output of a Wankel engine is generally higher than that of a four-stroke piston engine of similar engine displacement in a similar state of tune and higher than that of a four-stroke piston engine of similar physical dimensions and weight. Wankel engines also generally have a much higher redline than a reciprocating engine of similar size since the strokes are completed with a rotary motion as opposed to a reciprocating engine which must use connecting rods and a crankshaft to convert reciprocating motion into rotary motion.National agencies that tax automobiles according to displacement and regulatory bodies in automobile racing variously consider the Wankel engine to be equivalent to a four stroke engine of 1.5 to 2 times the displacement; some racing regulatory agencies ban it altogether.\r\n\r\nDownload\u00a0 Report :\r\n\r\nSeminar On Rotary Engine ( Wankel Engine ) Report Pdf Free Download","headline":"Seminar On Rotary Engine Report Pdf Free Download","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"","height":0,"width":0},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=120">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=119"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>119</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=120"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>120</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>121</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=122"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>122</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=123"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>123</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=122">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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