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Thermal Power Plant</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Notes on Steam Power Plant | Basic Of Thermal Power Plant
Working principle of Steam power plants
Introduction
Steam power plant is also known as Thermal power plant. A steam power plant converts...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/notes-on-steam-power-plant-basic-of-thermal-power-plant/" aria-label="View Post: Notes on Steam Power Plant | Basic Of Thermal Power Plant">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Notes on Steam Power Plant | Basic Of Thermal Power Plant","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/notes-on-steam-power-plant-basic-of-thermal-power-plant\/","articleBody":"Notes on Steam Power Plant | Basic Of Thermal Power Plant\r\nWorking principle of Steam power plants\r\nIntroduction\r\nSteam power plant is also known as Thermal power plant. A steam power plant converts the chemical energy of the fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) into mechanical \/ electrical energy. This is achieved by raising the steam in the boilers, expanding it through the turbines and coupling the turbines to the generators which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy as shown in fig\r\n\r\nThe following two purposes can be served by a steam power plant:\r\n\r\n \tTo produce electric power\r\n \tTo produce steam for industrial purposes besides producing electric power. The steam may be used for varying purposes in the industries such as textiles, food manufacture, paper mills, sugar mills and refineries.\r\n\r\n Layout of modern steam power plant\r\nA steam power plant must have the following equipment:\r\n\u2022 A furnace to burn the fuel.\r\n\u2022 Steam generator or boiler containing water. Heat generated in the furnace is utilized to convert water into steam.\r\n\u2022 Main power unit such as an engine or turbine to use the heat energy of steam and perform work.\r\n\u2022 Piping system to convey steam and water.\r\n\r\nThe general layout of the thermal power plant consists of mainly 4 circuits as shown in fig.\r\n\r\nThe four main circuits are:\r\n1. Coal and ash circuit\r\n2. Air and gas circuit\r\n3. Feed water and steam flow circuit\r\n4. Cooling water circuit\r\n\r\nCoal and ash circuit: -\r\n\r\nThis circuit consists of coal storage, ash storage, coal handling and ash handling systems. The handling system consists of belt conveyors, screw conveyors etc. Coal arrives at the storage yard and after necessary handling, passes on to the furnaces through the fuel feeding device. Ash resulting from combustion of coal collects at the back of the boiler and is removed to the ash storage yard through ash handling equipment. The Indian coal contains 30 to 40% of ash and a power plant of 100MW produces normally 20 to 25 tones of hot ash per hour.\r\n\r\nlayout of steam power plant -Diagram of thermal steam power plant\r\n\r\nAir and gas circuit: -\r\n\r\nThis circuit consists of air filter, air preheater, dust collector and chimney. Air is taken in from the atmosphere to the air preheater through the action of a forced or induced draught fan or by using both. The dust from the air is removed by means of using air filter before supplying to the combustion chamber. The exhaust gases carrying sufficient quantity of heat and ash are passed through air preheater where the exhaust heat of the gases is given to the air and then it is passed through dust collectors where most of the dust is removed before exhausting the gases to the atmosphere through chimney.\r\n\r\nFeed water and steam flow circuit: -\r\n\r\nThis circuit consists of boiler feed pump, boiler, turbine and feed heaters. The steam generated in the boiler is fed to the steam prime mover to develop the power. The steam coming out of prime mover is condensed in the condenser and then fed to the boiler with the help of pump. The condensate is heated in the feed heaters using the steam tapped from different points of the turbine. The feed heaters may be of mixed type or indirect heating type. Some of the steam and water is lost passing through different components of the system, therefore, feed water is supplied from external source to compensate this loss. The feed water supplied from external source is passed through the purifying plant to reduce the dissolved salts to an acceptable level. The purification is necessary to avoid the scaling of the boiler tubes.\r\n\r\nCooling water circuit: -\r\n\r\nThis circuit consists of circulating water pump, cooling water pumps and cooling tower. The quantity of cooling water required to condense the steam is considerably large and it is taken from lake, sea or river. The cooling water is taken from the upper side of the river, it is passed through the condenser and heated water is discharged to the lower side of the river. Such system of cooling water supply is possible if adequate cooling water is available through the year. This system is known as open system. When the adequate water is not available, then the water coming out from the condenser is cooled either in cooling pond or cooling tower. The cooling is effected by partly evaporating the water. This evaporative loss (this includes evaporation and carryover) is nearly 2 to 5 % of the cooling water circulated in the system. To compensate the evaporative loss, the water from the river is continuously supplied. When the cooling water coming out of the condenser is cooled again and supplied to the condenser, then the system is known as closed system. When the water coming out from the condenser is discharged to river downward side directly, the system is known as open system.\r\n\r\nOpen system is economical than closed system provided adequate water is available throughout the year.\r\n\r\nThe different components, which are used in thermal power plants, are listed below: Boiler, steam turbine, generator, condenser, cooling towers, circulating water pump, boiler feed pump, induced\/forced draught fans, ash precipitators etc\r\nWorking of the thermal power plant \r\nSteam is generated in the boiler of the thermal power plant using the heat of the fuel burned in the combustion chamber. The steam generated is passed through steam turbine where part of its thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy, which is further used for generating electric power. The steam coming out of the steam turbine is condensed in the condenser and the condensate is supplied back to the boiler with the help of the feed pump and the cycle is repeated. The function of the boiler is to generate the steam.\r\n\r\nThe function of condenser is to condensate the steam coming pout of steam turbine at low pressure. The function of the steam turbine is to convert part of heat energy of steam into mechanical energy. The function of the pump is to raise the pressure of the condensate from the condenser pressure (0.015 bar) to boiler pressure (200 bar). The other components like economiser, superheater and steam feed heaters (steam from different points of turbine is fed to the heaters to heat the condensate to a higher temperature) are used in the primary circuit to increase the overall efficiency of the thermal power plant.\r\n\r\nCharacteristics of steam power plant:\r\n\u2022 Higher efficiency\r\n\u2022 Lower cost\r\n\u2022 Ability to burn coal especially high ash content, inferior coals\r\n\u2022 Reduced environmental impact in terms of air pollution\r\n\u2022 Reduced water requirement\r\n\u2022 Higher reliability and availability\r\n\r\nAdvantages (merits) of thermal power plant\r\n1. The initial cost of construction of the plant is low compared to hydro electric plant\r\n2. The power plant may be located near the load centre, so that the cost of transmission and the losses due to transmission are considerably reduced.\r\n3. The quantity of water in hydroelectric plant depends on nature, such as rain and rivers. This is not so in the case of thermal power plants.\r\n4. The construction and commissioning of thermal power plant takes lesser period when compared to hydro electric power plant.\r\n\r\n\u00a0Disadvantages (demerits) of thermal power plant\r\n1. The fuel (coal or oil) used in thermal power plant will one day get exhausted since it is a non renewable source of energy that is used.\r\n\r\n2. It cannot be used as peak load plant, as its part load efficiency decreases very rapidly with decreasing load.\r\n3. The transportation of fuel is a major problem for power plants located away from coal fields.\r\n4. The cost of power generation is considerably high compared to hydroelectric power plant.\r\n5. The smoke produced by the burning fuel when exhausted into the atmosphere causes air pollution.\r\n6. The life of thermal power plant according to the Electricity supply act is 25 years and that of hydroelectric plant is 35 years. The efficiency decreases to less than 10% after its life period. Hydroelectric powerplant can have a life of even 100 to 125 years.\r\n7. The turbines in thermal power plants run at a speed of 3000 to 4000 rpm and they require special material and rigid construction as compared to hydro electric plant which has a low running speed of 300 to 400 rpm.","headline":"Notes on Steam Power Plant | Basic Of Thermal Power Plant","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-02-24","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/layout-of-steam-power-plant-Diagram-of-thermal-steam-power-plant-300x246.jpg","height":246,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-shaft-driven-bicycle-report-download-mechanical-project/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/design-and-Fabrication-of-chainless-bicycle-mechanical-project-300x143.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Design and Fabrication of Shaft Driven Bicycle report Download &#8211; Mechanical project</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-shaft-driven-bicycle-report-download-mechanical-project/">Design and Fabrication of Shaft Driven Bicycle report Download &#8211; Mechanical project</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Design and Fabrication of Shaft Driven Bicycle report Download - Mechanical project
ABSTRACT
 In this project we design a new innovation of power transmission from pedal to wheel by means of bevel...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-shaft-driven-bicycle-report-download-mechanical-project/" aria-label="View Post: Design and Fabrication of Shaft Driven Bicycle report Download &#8211; Mechanical project">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Design and Fabrication of Shaft Driven Bicycle report Download &#8211; Mechanical project","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/design-and-fabrication-of-shaft-driven-bicycle-report-download-mechanical-project\/","articleBody":"Design and Fabrication of Shaft Driven Bicycle report Download - Mechanical project\r\nABSTRACT\r\n In this project we design a new innovation of power transmission from pedal to wheel by means of bevel gear in bicycle. The model consists of a bevel gears, rotating shaft arrangement, and bearings. A shaft-driven bicycle is a chainless bicycle that uses a driveshaft instead of a chain to transmit power from the pedals to the wheel. Our model consists of a bevel gear arrangement in it. The whole bicycle is driven by the shaft. A bevel gear arrangement is provided at the rear end of the bike and also with the pedal arrangement. When the pedal is rotated the shaft also rotates according to the speed of the pedal. The bevel gear is arranged such that the power can be transmitted from the pedal to the rear wheel easily. The bevel gear is used for 90 degree power transmission. The bearing blocks are used as the support for the rotating shaft. The front bevel gear arrangement has free wheel arrangement hence when the pedal is stopped the wheel rotates with help of the free wheel.\r\nRead More articles about Shaft driven bicycle :\u00a0\r\nFABRICATION OF CHAINLESS BICYCLE (SHAFT DRIVEN BICYCLE)\r\nDesign and Fabrication of Shaft Drive for Bicycle | Mini Diploma project\r\nDESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SHAFT DRIVE MECHANISM FOR AUTOMOBILES\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\nAim of our Project is to make new kind of transmission system for bicycle for getting high reliability system, and more safe system. A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft, or Cardan shaft is a mechanical component for transmitting torque and rotation, usually used to connect other components of a drive train that cannot be connected directly because of distance or the need to allow for relative movement between them. Drive shafts are carriers of torque: they are subject to torsion and shear stress, equivalent to the difference between the input torque and the load. They must therefore be strong enough to bear the stress, whilst avoiding too much additional weight as that would in turn increase their inertia. Drive shafts frequently incorporate one or more universal joints or jaw couplings, and sometimes a splined joint or prismatic joint to allow for variations in the alignment and distance between the driving and driven components.\r\n\u00a0The drive shaft has served as an alternative to a chain-drive in bicycles for the past century, although never becoming very popular. A shaftdriven bicycle is described as an \"Acatane\", from one of their early makers. When used on a bicycle, a drive shaft has several advantages and disadvantages: With a chain drive transmission, a chainring attached to a crank drives the chain, which in turn rotates the rear wheel via the rear sprocket(s) (cassette or freewheel).\r\n\r\n\r\n design and Fabrication of chainless bicycle mechanical project\r\n\u00a0There are four gearing options: two-speed hub gear integrated with chain ring, up to 3 chain rings, up to 11 sprockets, hub gear built in to rear wheel (3-speed to 14-speed). The most common options are either a rear hub or multiple chain rings combined with multiple sprockets (other combinations of options are possible but less common).With a shaft drive transmission, a gear set at the bottom bracket turns the shaft, which then turns the rear wheel via a gear set connected to the wheel's hub. There is some small loss of efficiency due to the two gear sets needed. The only gearing option with a shaft drive is to use a hub gear.\r\n\r\nAdvantages\r\n\r\n \tDrive system is less likely to become jammed, a common problem with chain-driven bicycles\r\n \tThe rider cannot become dirtied from chain grease or injured by the chain from \"Chain bite\", which occurs when clothing or even a body part catches between the chain and a sprocket\r\n \tLower maintenance than a chain system when the drive shaft is enclosed in a tube\r\n \tMore consistent performance. Dynamic Bicycles claims that a drive shaft bicycle can deliver 94% efficiency, whereas a chain-driven bike can deliver anywhere from 75- 97% efficiency based on condition\r\n \tGreater clearance: with the absence of a derailleur or other low-hanging machinery, the bicycle has nearly twice the ground clearance.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages\r\n\r\n \t\u00a0A drive shaft system weighs more than a chain system, usually 1-2 pounds heavier\r\n \tMany of the advantages claimed by drive shaft's proponents can be achieved on a chain-driven bicycle, such as covering the chain and gears with a metal or plastic cover\r\n \tUse of lightweight derailleur gears with a high number of ratios is impossible, although hub gears can be used\r\n \tWheel removal can be complicated in some designs (as it is for some chain-driven bicycles with hub gears)\r\n\r\nDownload Report pdf :\r\nDesign and Fabrication of Shaft Driven Bicycle report Download - Mechanical project\r\npages : 46 nos\u00a0\r\nClick here to Free Download Shaft driven Bicycle Pdf Download\u00a0","headline":"Design and Fabrication of Shaft Driven Bicycle report Download &#8211; Mechanical project","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-02-24","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/design-and-Fabrication-of-chainless-bicycle-mechanical-project-300x143.jpg","height":143,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-ultralight-aircraft-using-incountry-resources/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/DESIGN-AND-FABRICATION-OF-ULTRALIGHT-AIRCRAFT-USING-INCOUNTRY-RESOURCES-300x245.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ULTRALIGHT AIRCRAFT USING INCOUNTRY RESOURCES</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-ultralight-aircraft-using-incountry-resources/">DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ULTRALIGHT AIRCRAFT USING INCOUNTRY RESOURCES</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ULTRALIGHT AIRCRAFT USING INCOUNTRY RESOURCES
Definition of Ultra Light Aircraft  1. The definition of ultra light aircraft varies from country to country the aviation...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-ultralight-aircraft-using-incountry-resources/" aria-label="View Post: DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ULTRALIGHT AIRCRAFT USING INCOUNTRY RESOURCES">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ULTRALIGHT AIRCRAFT USING INCOUNTRY RESOURCES","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/design-and-fabrication-of-ultralight-aircraft-using-incountry-resources\/","articleBody":"DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ULTRALIGHT AIRCRAFT USING INCOUNTRY RESOURCES\r\nDefinition of Ultra Light Aircraft\r\n\r\n1. The definition of ultra light aircraft varies from country to country the aviation regulatory body of the country decides the weight of an aircraft to be classifies as ultra light aircraft. However, the civil aviation authority of Pakistan has no such definition for ultra light aircraft. As a result we selected the empty weight of our aircraft closer to that used in India and set it to 800lb.\r\n\r\nObjective\r\n\r\n2. The aim of the project is to design and fabricate a full scale ultra light aircraft using in-country resources.\r\nMethodology followed\r\na) Market Survey\u2019s and Research\r\nb) Conceptual Design\r\nc) Aerodynamic evaluation\r\nd) Detailed Design, CAD modeling\r\ne) Full scale fabrication\r\n\r\nComponents of the Aircraft\r\n1. Wing\r\n2. Fuselage Cabin\r\n3. Fuselage Truss\r\n4. Horizontal Tail\r\n5. Vertical Tail\r\n6. Flaps\r\n7. Control Surfaces (Ailerons, Elevators, Rudder)\r\n8. Engine Mount\r\n9. Wing Mount\r\n10. Connectors\/Joints\r\n11. Landing Gear\r\n12. Control System\r\n\r\nFuselage\r\nFuselage is responsible for the largest portion of overall drag for most of the airplanes. Thus it should be sized and shaped accordingly for minimum drag. It contributes to various drags:\r\n\u2022 Friction drag.\r\n\u2022 Profile drag.\r\n\u2022 Base drag.\r\n\u2022 Compressibility drag.\r\n\u2022 Induced drag.\r\nTo reduce friction drags, two options are available:\r\n\u2022 Shape the fuselage so that laminar flow is possible.\r\n\u2022 Reduce the length and perimeter as much as possible.\r\n\r\nDESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ULTRALIGHT AIRCRAFT USING INCOUNTRY RESOURCES\r\n\r\nPOWER PLANT SELECTION\r\nPower requirement for the aircraft was first found out from the initial design which was coming out to be 60 hp. Although aviation engines which fulfilled our requirement were available but financial constraints prevented us from purchasing them. Therefore a market survey was performed to find a suitable car engine which would fulfill our needs.\r\n\r\nAlternative engine suggestions:\r\nDespite promises made by engine suppliers an 1800cc VW engine as required was not made available. As a result a survey was done on the internet for alternate powerplants:\r\n\u2022 Rotax engine: A second hand dual carburetor Rotax 503 engine was available in Peshawar at a cost of Rs 2 lakh. The engine had flown for 40 hours. It provided 47 hp but at the same time its weight was 85 lbs which is almost half the estimated weight of VW engine. Propeller specifications for Rotax engines are directly available on the internet. For Rotax 503 carrying a weight in the range of 700-850 lbs the propeller specs are: 56x32 where 56 is the diameter and 32 degrees is the pitch.\r\n\r\nFuel system\r\nTwo types of fuel systems were considered:\r\n\u2022 Gravity fed fuel system\r\n\u2022 Pressure fed fuel system\r\nGravity-Feed Systems use only the force of gravity to push fuel to the engine fuel-control mechanism. The bottom of the fuel tank must be high enough to provide adequate pressure to the fuel-control component. This type of system is often used in high-wing light aircraft. We have preferred gravity fed system as it is simple, does not need any installation of pump and suits our aircraft configuration i.e. high-wing light aircraft. However, we need to install two valves to ensure fuel supply at all time\r\nThus, our fuel tank has two valves to counter for every phase of flight. Fuel from these valves merged together before entering into the engine.\r\nFuel System Components:\r\n\u2022 Tanks\r\n\u2022 Lines\r\n\u2022 Valves\r\n\u2022 Fuel Flow-meters\r\n\u2022 Filters and Strainers\r\n\r\nCONCLUSION\r\nFull detail design of the aircraft was carried out which would ensure the integrity of the aircraft. Every possible aspect of design was taken care off from the selection of Bolt size to installation of aircraft engine. Due to shortage of time the fabrication could not be completed. However, the most important part of fabrication, aircraft structure, was fully completed. Material for aircraft covering and controls has also been acquired while the propeller has also been fabricated. The entire fabrication process was carried out using the most economical resources and it was proven that an aircraft can be fabricated in Pakistan using local resources and that too at an extremely low cost.\r\nIt is suggested that this project be continued. Inshallah by next semester this project would be fully completed and CAE would be able to claim that its students have successfully designed and flown their own aircraft.\r\nDownload and Reference :\u00a0\r\nDESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ULTRALIGHT AIRCRAFT USING INCOUNTRY RESOURCES\r\n\r\nFile Size : 10 mb\r\n\r\npages : 110 nos\u00a0\r\n\r\nClick here to Download Report about Ultralight aircraft using incountry resources\u00a0","headline":"DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ULTRALIGHT AIRCRAFT USING INCOUNTRY RESOURCES","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-02-24","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/DESIGN-AND-FABRICATION-OF-ULTRALIGHT-AIRCRAFT-USING-INCOUNTRY-RESOURCES-300x245.jpg","height":245,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/pneumatic-braking-system-construction-and-working/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/working-of-pneumatic-braking-system-300x245.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Pneumatic braking system | Construction and Working</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/pneumatic-braking-system-construction-and-working/">Pneumatic braking system | Construction and Working</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Pneumatic braking system | Construction and Working
Pneumatic or air braking system in automobile | Construction and working of pneumatic braking system  A brake which uses air as a working...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/pneumatic-braking-system-construction-and-working/" aria-label="View Post: Pneumatic braking system | Construction and Working">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Pneumatic braking system | Construction and Working","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/pneumatic-braking-system-construction-and-working\/","articleBody":"Pneumatic braking system | Construction and Working\r\nPneumatic or air braking system in automobile | Construction and working of pneumatic braking system\r\n\r\n \tA\u00a0brake\u00a0which uses\u00a0air\u00a0as a\u00a0working fluid\u00a0is known as\u00a0pneumatic brake.\u00a0The system actuated to apply this phenomenon is know as\u00a0pneumatic brake system.\r\n \tAn\u00a0pneumatic brake system or a compressed air brake system\u00a0is a type of\u00a0friction brake\u00a0for vehicles in which\u00a0compressed air\u00a0pressing on\u00a0a piston is used to apply the pressure to the brake pad\u00a0needed to stop the vehicle.\r\n\r\nSee also :\u00a0\r\n\r\nIntroduction to Automobile Braking System- Types Of Brakes\r\n\r\nConstruction and working of Air Brake System used in Automobile\r\nConstruction of pneumatic braking system\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThe simplest air brake system\u00a0consists of\r\n\r\n \tAn air compressor\r\n \tA brake valve\r\n \tseries of brake chambers at the wheels\r\n \tunloader valve\r\n \tA pressure gauge and a safety valve\r\n \tand an air reservoir.\r\n \tThese are all connected by tubes.\r\n\r\n\r\n \tSome air braking systems\u00a0may have\u00a0additional components\u00a0such as\r\n\r\n \tstop light switch\r\n \tlow pressure indicator\r\n \tAn air supply valve to supply air for tyre inflation\r\n \tA quick release air quickly from the\u00a0front brake chambers when the brake pedal is released\r\n \tA\u00a0limiting valve for limiting the maximum pressure in the front brake chambers and a relay valve to help in quick admission and release of air from the rear brake chambers.\r\n\r\n\r\n \t\r\n\r\nworking of pneumatic braking system\r\n\r\nWorking of pneumatic braking system\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThe\u00a0air compressor\u00a0operated by the engine forces air at\u00a0a pressure of 9-10 kscm (kilo standard cubic meters)\u00a0through\u00a0the water and oil separator to the air reservoir.\r\n \tThe\u00a0air pressure\u00a0in the reservoir is indicated by a\u00a0pressure gauge.\r\n \tThe reservoir contains enough\u00a0compressed air for several braking operations. From the\u00a0reservoir the air is supplied to the brake valve.\r\n \tAs long as\u00a0brake pedal is not depressed, brake valves stop the passage of air to brake chambers and there is no braking effect.\r\n \tWhen the\u00a0brake pedal is depressed,\u00a0the\u00a0brake valves varies its position and compressed air is admitted into the wheel brake chambers.\r\n \tIn the chambers the\u00a0air acts upon flexible diaphragms,\u00a0moves them the pushes out the rods connected with the\u00a0levers of the brake gear cams.\r\n \tThe cams turn and separate the shoes thus braking the wheels.\r\n \tWhen the brake pedal is released, the supply of compressed air is cut off from the brake chambers and they are connected to the atmosphere.\r\n \tThe pressure in the chambers drops,\u00a0the brake shoes are returned to their\u00a0initial position and the wheels run free.\r\n \tThe\u00a0brake valve is equipped with a servo mechanism\u00a0which ensures that the\u00a0braking force on the shoes is proportional to the force applied to the pedal.\r\n \tBesides the valve imparts a relative reaction to the movement of the pedal so that the driver can sense the degree of brake application.","headline":"Pneumatic braking system | Construction and Working","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-02-23","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/working-of-pneumatic-braking-system-300x245.jpg","height":245,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-portable-water-turbine-mechanical-project/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Teslas-turbine-300x189.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Design and Fabrication of Portable Water Turbine &#8211; Mechanical Project</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-portable-water-turbine-mechanical-project/">Design and Fabrication of Portable Water Turbine &#8211; Mechanical Project</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Design and Fabrication of Portable Water Turbine - Mechanical Project
Abstract
In this paper a water turbine is designed and fabricated based on the ideals of Tesla’s turbine. In remote places...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-portable-water-turbine-mechanical-project/" aria-label="View Post: Design and Fabrication of Portable Water Turbine &#8211; Mechanical Project">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Design and Fabrication of Portable Water Turbine &#8211; Mechanical Project","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/design-and-fabrication-of-portable-water-turbine-mechanical-project\/","articleBody":"Design and Fabrication of Portable Water Turbine - Mechanical Project\r\nAbstract\r\nIn this paper a water turbine is designed and fabricated based on the ideals of Tesla\u2019s turbine. In remote places due to frequent power cuts the alternate source of energy for house hold power requirements is very essential. Also, it is necessary that this source should be portable and easily operated by common man. The purpose of this work is to design and fabricate a portable water turbine using the principle of Tesla turbine. The main aim of this turbine is to utilize the potential and kinetic energy of a conventional water supply. Appropriate changes are made in the existing plate, shaft and nozzle design with respect to the literature survey. This paper includes design and fabrication of portable water turbine along with necessary results and calculations\r\n\r\nSee also :Introduction To Hydraulic Turbine and Classification Of hydraulic turbine\r\nIntroduction\r\n\r\n\r\nTesla\u2019s turbine is a bladeless turbine which uses series of rotating discs to covert fluid flow energy into mechanical energy .This turbine is popularly known has Tesla\u2019s turbine patented in the year 1913 by Serbian mechanical and electrical engineer Nikola Tesla. A Tesla turbine consists of a set of smooth disks, with nozzles applying a moving fluid to the edge of the disk. The fluid drags on the disk by means of viscosity and the adhesion of the surface layer of the fluid. As the fluid slows and adds energy to the disks, it spirals into the center exhaust. Since the rotor has no projections, it is very sturdy. The Tesla turbine has the trait of being in an installation normally working with a mixture of steam and products of combustion and in which the exhaust heat is used to provide steam which is supplied to the turbine, providing a valve governing the supply of the steam so that the pressures and temperatures can be adjusted to the optimum working conditions.\r\n\r\nThe reason for selecting this turbine is its simplicity in the design and concept. The impact of water on the plates exerts a centripetal boundary layer effect causing its rotation .The water creates vortex inside the casing escaping through the centre of the plate and out of the turbine. This turbine is so versatile that it can be used for multiple applications. Since the design by Tesla is highly efficient. This turbine is very much stable at high rotating speeds.\r\n\r\nSee also :\u00a0FRANCIS TURBINE- Diagram, Working Principle\r\nObjectives:\r\nThere are large variety of turbines currently in the market that are very expensive and efficient but very seldom are economic and effective for low heads. If a turbine can generate a medium amount of power on a regular basis produced by a low head it would provide significant help to people living in remote places. The purpose of this project is to design and fabricate low head water turbine based on Tesla\u2019s turbine design.\r\n\r\nBased on Tesla\u2019s model modifications are planned to the design to improve the efficiency. The modifications planned so that the turbine is made suitable for low head applications. The changes are made in the blade design to help reduce the losses during the exit of the water from the plates and also the exhaust outside the housing.\r\n\r\nTesla turbine\r\nDesign of Water Turbine\r\nThe design constraints were all analysed by studying the literature survey carefully and choosing the best possible design for the most efficient outcomes for the required low head applications.\r\nParts Of The Turbine\r\n\u2022 Plates\r\n\r\n\u2022 Shaft\r\n\r\n\u2022 Bearings\r\n\r\n\u2022 Housing\r\n\r\n\u2022 Nozzle\r\n\r\nThe design constraints are obtained from the research papers studied. All the necessary design constraints are as shown in the above table, as per the constraints required calculations are made. Each of the major parts are designed using SOLIDEDGE V18 with all the calculations made . The calculations made for the parts and 2D &amp; 3D view of the components are shown in the next section.\r\nBasic Design Parameters\r\nBased on the available thickness (t) of the sheet metal which was 0.4x10-3m the specifications were calculated. Therefore, t=0.4x10-3m.\r\n\r\nThe inter-disk spacing(b) based on the thickness is calculated using the relation, t&lt; b\/2. Therefore, b is found to be 0.8x10-3m.\r\nFabrication of Water Turbine\r\nThe design of water turbine is studied and fabrication process is planned based on design constraints and the available materials, machining processes and equipment\u2019s. The water turbine parts are fabricated and all the parts are assembled.\r\nPlates:\r\n\r\n \tMaterial used :- stainless steel 304 sheet metal of 0.4 mm thickness\r\n \tThe plates are cut as per the cone calculations using the relation \u03b8 = r\/s*360\r\n \tTungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is used for joining the sheet metal so as to obtain desired plate design .\r\n \tAraldite is applied for the plates to obtain strength\r\n\r\nShaft :\r\n\r\n \tMaterial used :- Aluminium 6061\r\n \tThe material procured is turned as per the required dimension using Lathe\r\n\r\nHousing:\r\nMaterial used ,\r\n\r\n \tAluminium of thickness 10mm for cylinder\r\n \tAluminium of thickness 16mm for cover plates\r\n \t10mm thickness Al is rolled to obtain a cylindrical shape and is joined by arc welding process.\r\n \tThe bottom cover plate is bored to place bearing and the holes are drilled as per the design is joined by means of arc welding.\r\n \tThe top cover plate also is bored as per bearing dimension to fit the bearing.\r\n\r\nCONCLUSION\r\nBy understanding the working principle of the Tesla turbine, the available design is modified with respect to various parameters and fabrication is done. As the water flows into the gap within the plates, the velocity keeps dropping throughout the flow till the exit. As the maximum loss in the blades is due to the axial exit of the water this loss is overcome by changing the design of the plates. Introducing a bend of 26.5\u00b0 which is related to the angle made by the nozzle, this bend provides a more uniform exit of the water\r\nwithout hampering the rotation of the plates.\r\nThe turbine can be used in remote locations where there is shortage or no supply of electricity. It can also be used to regenerate the lost power in pumps. It is also a major advantage for various domestic applications. Since it is portable it can be carried easily and used where a source of water is available to generate power\r\n\r\n\r\nReference and Download - Free DOWNLOAD pdf\u00a0\r\n\r\nDesign and Fabrication of Portable Water Turbine - Mechanical Project","headline":"Design and Fabrication of Portable Water Turbine &#8211; Mechanical Project","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-02-23","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Teslas-turbine-300x189.jpg","height":189,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-parabolic-solar-collector-mechanical-project/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/parabolic-collector-300x244.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Design and Fabrication of Parabolic Solar Collector &#8211; Mechanical Project</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-parabolic-solar-collector-mechanical-project/">Design and Fabrication of Parabolic Solar Collector &#8211; Mechanical Project</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Design and Fabrication of Parabolic Solar Collector - Mechanical Project
Abstract
Solar Energy is a renewable source of energy. Its uses do not contribute to emission of greenhouse gases and other...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-parabolic-solar-collector-mechanical-project/" aria-label="View Post: Design and Fabrication of Parabolic Solar Collector &#8211; Mechanical Project">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Design and Fabrication of Parabolic Solar Collector &#8211; Mechanical Project","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/design-and-fabrication-of-parabolic-solar-collector-mechanical-project\/","articleBody":"Design and Fabrication of Parabolic Solar Collector - Mechanical Project\r\nAbstract\r\nSolar Energy is a renewable source of energy. Its uses do not contribute to emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants to the environment. It is sustainable since it cannot be depleted in a time relevant to the human race. In this paper, the potential for a solar- thermal system for hot water generation has been studied. A parabolic trough concentrator is made of an aluminum sheet which is covered by a cloth on which rectangular mirror strips (1.20mx 0.05m) are pasted. Two different absorber tubes were taken and the efficiencies of the PTSC where compared without glass cover on the absorber tubes. They were designed with principal focus at 0.3m so that the receiver heat loss was minimized the microstructure and a low amount of defects.\r\n\r\nRead More : Conventional and Non-Conventional Based Mechanical Projects List\r\nIntroduction\r\nThe cost of power production through solar has reduced considerably but still the levelized cost of solar is four times that of supercritical coal.Increasing the efficiency of solar collectors can reduce the aggravation of this problem.\r\n\r\nHeat transfer characteristics of solar collectors can be improved by increasing the thermal conductivity of the working fluid. Advancement in nanotechnology has shown that by suspending finer particles (Metals, Metal oxides, Nanotubes etc.)can significantly increase the thermal conductivity of the base fluid.\r\n\r\nThe term nanofluid was coined by Choi in 1995 at the annual winter meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers where he presented the possibility of doubling the convection heat transfer coefficients using nano-fluids.\r\n\r\nHerisetal observed an increase of about 40% in heat transfer by conducting experiments with the Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticles suspended in water under laminar flow.\r\nTyagi et al studied theoretically found the effect of volume fraction on heat transfer using a mixture of water and aluminium by varying the concentration from 0.1 % to 5% in an direct absorption solar collector. They found a significant increasein efficiency for low volume fractions of nanoparticles, and also for values higher than 2% the efficiency levels even out.\r\n\r\n parabolic collector\r\n\r\nIn 2010, Otanicar et al made a similar study on the effect of different nanofluids such as carbon nanotubes, graphite and silver on the performances of a micro scale direct absorption solar collector. However they observed a remarkable increase in the efficiency up to 0.5% volume fraction. He also concluded that with decreasing size of nanoparticles there was increase in the efficiency.\r\nObjectives:\r\n1. To enhance the heat transfer in a parabolic trough solar collector by using ZnO\/water as nanofluid with different volumetric concentrations and flow rates, in free and forced convection system.\r\n\r\n2. To determine the empirical correlation for both free and forced convection.\r\nDescription of Parabolic Trough Concentrator\r\nA parabolic trough concentrator consists of a reflecting surface mounted on a reflector support structure having the profile of a parabola. A receiver assembly comprising a circular absorber tube with suitable selective coating and enclosed in a concentric glass envelope is centered along the reflector focal line. Maintain focusing of solar radiation on the receiver assembly. The incident energy is absorbed by a working fluid circulating through the absorber tube.\r\nMethodology:\r\nForced Convection:\r\nForced convection occurs when the streams and currents in the fluid are induced by external means such as fans, stirrers, and pumps creating an artificially induced convection current.\r\nFree Convection:\r\nIn this type of convection, the movement of particles which constitutes convection occurs by the variation in density of the fluid. As we already know, as temperature increases, the density decreases and this variation in density will force the fluid to move through the volume. This causes convection to occur\r\n\r\nRead More\u00a0 : Types Of Heat Exchanger | Basic Of Heat Transfer\r\nMethod:\r\nDifferent components are connected accordingly.\r\n\r\n \tThe pump is switched on and any leakage is checked\r\n \t The ball valve is adjusted to required position and flow rate is measured in case of forced convection. For free convection, the valve was completely on.\r\n \tInitial temperatures of fluid in reservoir and sink tanks are measured.\r\n \tThe temperature of fluids is again measured at regular interval.\r\n \tThe experiment is conducted for 6-8 hrs.\r\n \tFor next trail, the position of ball valve is changed to vary the flow rate.\r\n \tThe experiment is repeated and observations are tabulated.\r\n\r\nScope for Future Work:\r\n1. Tracking Mechanism\r\n\r\n2. Graphene Coating On Collector\r\n\r\n3. Other Concentrations of ZnO nanofluid\r\n\r\n4. Different nanofluids\r\n\r\n5. Different flow rates in order to determine optimum flow rate\r\n\r\n6. Multiple Collectors\r\n\r\n7. Structural Analysis Of Nano Particles\r\n\r\n8. Varying the size of nanoparticles\r\nConclusions\r\n1. From the experimentation it was found that there was an increase of 34.6% in the final temperature reached by the reservoir. By water it was seen that the maximum temperature reached was 41.5oC but by using nanofluid temperatures up to 52oC was reached.\r\n\r\n2. By the addition of nanoparticles to the base fluid the thermal conductivity value of the base fluid is increased as shown in the calculations where as the specific heat value decreases i.e. there is increase in heat conduction but at the same time the temperature rise and fall takes place at a faster rate.\r\nReferences\r\n1. Bergman and Theodore L (2011), \u201cIntroduction to Heat Transfer\u201d, 6th ed. Hoboken: Wiley, 2011. Print.\r\n\r\n2. Duffie John A and William A (2006), \u201cBeckman\u201d, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. 3rd ed. Hoboken: Wiley, 2006. Print.\r\n\r\n3. Eames P C (1999), \u201cModelling Line-Axis Solar Concentrators in the Medium Temperature Range\u201d, Renewable Energy 16 (1999): 743-48. Elsevier.Web.\r\n\r\n4. Feuermann, Daniel and Jeffrey M Gordon (1999), \u201cSolar Fiber Optic Mini Dishes\u201d, Solar Energy, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 159-70.\r\nProject Done By Mr. Pavan Prasad H.G, Mr. Nikhil Singh Pundir, Mr. Pavan P.","headline":"Design and Fabrication of Parabolic Solar Collector &#8211; Mechanical Project","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-02-23","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/parabolic-collector-300x244.jpg","height":244,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=127">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=126"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>126</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=127"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>127</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>128</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=129"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>129</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=130"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>130</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=129">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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