目录
Steel | Types and Application Of Steel
Metal Alloy Classification :
凭借组合物，金属合金通常将其分成两种 - 黑色和有色剂。
Steels
Steels are alloys of铁和碳加上其他合金元素。In steels, carbon present in atomic form, and occupies interstitial sites of Fe microstructure. Alloying additions are necessary for many reasons including:improving properties, improving corrosion resistance, etc.可说的钢材是众所周知的，最使用的材料比任何其他材料。
Classification Of Steels:
1) Mechanical properties of steels arev对碳含量敏感。因此，可以根据其碳含量对钢进行分类。
因此钢基本上是threekinds:
- Low carbon steels (% wt of C < 0.3),
- Medium carbon steels (0.3 <% wt of C < 0.6) and
- 高碳钢（C> 0.6的％wt）。
2) The other parameter available for classification of steels is amount of alloying additions, and based on this steels aretwo kinds:(plain) carbon steels and alloy-steels.
Low carbon steels:
These are arguably (probably) produced in the greatest quantities than other alloys. Carbon present in these alloys is limited, and is not enough to strengthen these materials by heat treatment; hence these alloys are strengthened by cold work. Their microstructure consists of ferrite and pearlite, and these alloys are thus relatively soft, ductile combined with high toughness. Hence these materials are easily machinable and weldable.
Typical applications of these alloys include: structural shapes, tin cans, automobile body components, buildings, etc.
一批特殊的黑色合金，具有明显的金额合金添加被称为HSLA（高强度低合金）钢。常见的合金元素是：Cu，V，Ni，W，Cr，Mo等。这些合金可以通过热处理加强，但同时它们是延展岩，可形成的。Typical applications of these HSLA steels include: support columns, bridges, pressure vessels.
Medium carbon steels:
These are stronger than low carbon steels. However these are of less ductile than low carbon steels. These alloys can be heat treated to improve their strength. Usual heat treatment cycle consists of austenitizing, quenching, and tempering at suitable conditions to acquire required hardness. They are often used in tempered condition. As hardenability of these alloys is low, only thin sections can be heat treated using very high quench rates. Ni, Cr and Mo alloying additions improve their hardenability.
典型应用包括：铁路轨道和轮子，齿轮，其他可能需要良好的强度和韧性的机器部件。
高碳钢：
These are strongest and hardest of carbon steels, and of course their ductility is very limited. These are heat treatable, and mostly used in hardened and tempered conditions. They possess very high wear resistance, and capable of holding sharp edges.
Thus these are used for tool application such as knives, razors, hacksaw blades, etc.
添加合金元素与Cr，V，Mo，通过与碳存在反应形成硬碳化物的W，可以显着提高高碳钢的耐磨性。
不锈钢：
The name comes from their high resistance to corrosion i.e. they are rustless (stainless).Steels are madehighly corrosion resistant通过加入特殊合金元素，特别是至少12％CR以及Ni和Mo。
不锈钢主要是three kinds:铁素体和硬化Cr钢，奥氏体和沉淀淬透（马氏体，半奥氏体）钢。This classification is based on prominent constituent of the microstructure.
典型的应用包括餐具，剃刀刀片，外科刀等。
Ferritic stainless steelsare principally Fe-Cr-C alloys with 12-14% Cr. They also contain small additions of Mo, V, Nb, and Ni.
Austenitic stainless steels除了其他小合金元素之外，通常含有18％Cr和8％Ni。Ni稳定C和N.辅助C的奥氏体相。其他合金化添加包括Ti，Nb，Mo（防止焊接腐烂），Mn和Cu（有助于稳定奥氏体）。通过合金加入，对于马氏体钢MS是高于室温的。这些合金是热处理的。主要合金元素是：Cr，Mn和Mo.
铁素体和奥氏体钢被冷却并通过冷加工加强，因为它们不是热处理。另一方面martensitic steelsare heat treatable. Austenitic steels are most corrosion resistant, and they are produced in large quantities. Austenitic steels are non-magnetic as against ferritic and martensitic steels, which are magnetic.
Tool and Die Steels
Tool and die steels are specially alloyed steels designed for high strength, impact toughness, and Wear resistance at room temperature.Tool and die steels are among the most important materials and
are used Widely in casting, forming, and machining operations for both metallic and nonmetallic materials. They generally consist of high-speed steels (molybdenum and tungsten types), hot and cold-Work steels, and shock-resisting steels.
are used Widely in casting, forming, and machining operations for both metallic and nonmetallic materials. They generally consist of high-speed steels (molybdenum and tungsten types), hot and cold-Work steels, and shock-resisting steels.
High Speed Steel（HSS）是最合金化的工具和模具钢材。首先在19005年初开发，它们在高架工作温度下保持其硬度和强度。高速钢有两种基本类型：钼型（M系列）和钨型（T系列）。M系列钢含有高达约10％的钼，铬，钒，钨和钴作为其他合金元素。T系钢含有12至18％钨，铬，钒和钴作为其他合金元素。M系列钢，经历较少的钢通常具有比热处理中的T系列变形更高的耐磨性，并且较便宜。M系列占美国生产的所有高速钢的约95％。高速钢工具可涂有氮化钛和碳化钛，以改善耐磨性
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