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class="excerpt"><p>Fabrication of hydraulic pipe clamp pressing machine
SYNOPSIS  A hydraulic fluid power system is defined as a means of power transmission   in which relatively in-compressible fluid is used as...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fabrication-of-hydraulic-pipe-clamp-pressing-machine/" aria-label="View Post: Fabrication of hydraulic pipe clamp pressing machine">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Fabrication of hydraulic pipe clamp pressing machine","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/fabrication-of-hydraulic-pipe-clamp-pressing-machine\/","articleBody":"Fabrication of hydraulic pipe clamp pressing machine\r\nSYNOPSIS\r\n\r\nA hydraulic fluid power system is defined as a means of power transmission\u00a0\u00a0 in which relatively in-compressible fluid is used as the power transmitting media. The primary purpose of hydraulic system is the transfer of energy from one location to another location and this energy into useful work.\r\n\r\nIn this project of the fabricated model of HYDRAULIC PIPE CLAMP\u00a0PRESSING\u00a0MACHINE\u00a0 is used to bend the pipe clamp and it will describe the working principles as well as hydraulic machines application and its advantages.\r\n\r\nEfforts have been taken to show the path of hydraulic fluid as it is applied and released. The Hydraulic system pressure can be generated in the form of any physical action which result a compression over the Hydraulic system or pneumatic pressure which is developed in the form of air compressing externally can be applied to activate Hydraulic system. There is a constant relation between pressure density, and volume, According to Bernoulli\u2019s equation.\r\n\r\nLiquids can be heated by applying high pressure without any external heat energy supplied to them. So the specific heat of any liquid system which is used in the hydraulic machinery must be more than enough to with stand the pressure applied over them also viscosity must be high enough for smooth conversion of external pressure applied over them to hydraulic pressure.\r\n\r\npipe hydraulic clamp machine\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES\r\n1. It eliminates complicated parts like hydraulic cylinder pipe connections and pressure tubes.\r\n2. Fluid Power transmitted through port so high efficient.\r\n3. Control of system is easier\r\n4. Maintenance cost is less\r\n5. Can be achieved up to two ton force.\r\nIn this Hydraulic system lubricating system not necessary so that wear and tear very low.\r\n\r\nAPPLICATION\r\n1. Engine recondition works\r\n2. Pump assembling works\r\nA\/C &amp;D\/C Motor repair works","headline":"Fabrication of hydraulic pipe clamp pressing machine","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-08-21","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/pipe-hydraulic-clamp-machine-300x295.jpg","height":295,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/best-ptc-creo-tutorial-book-pdf-free-download-for-students/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/best-creo-tutorial-pdf-Download-300x222.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Best PTC Creo Tutorial book Pdf Free Download For Students</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/best-ptc-creo-tutorial-book-pdf-free-download-for-students/">Best PTC Creo Tutorial book Pdf Free Download For Students</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Best PTC Creo Tutorial book Pdf Free Download For Students
Creo is a family or suite of Computer-aided design (CAD) apps supporting product design for discrete manufacturers and is developed by PTC....</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/best-ptc-creo-tutorial-book-pdf-free-download-for-students/" aria-label="View Post: Best PTC Creo Tutorial book Pdf Free Download For Students">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Best PTC Creo Tutorial book Pdf Free Download For Students","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/best-ptc-creo-tutorial-book-pdf-free-download-for-students\/","articleBody":"Best PTC Creo Tutorial book Pdf Free Download For Students\r\nCreo is a family or suite of Computer-aided design (CAD) apps supporting product design for discrete manufacturers and is developed by PTC. The suite consists of apps, each delivering a distinct set of capabilities for a user role within product development.\r\n\r\nRead also :PTC Creo Parametric Free Download and activate Student licence\r\n\r\nCreo runs on Microsoft Windows and provides apps for 3D CAD parametric feature solid modeling, 3D direct modeling, 2D orthographic views, Finite Element Analysis and simulation, schematic design, technical illustrations, and viewing and visualization.\r\n\r\nCreo Elements\/Pro and Creo Parametric compete directly with CATIA, Siemens NX\/Solidedge, and SolidWorks. The Creo suite of apps replace and supersede PTC\u2019s products formerly known as Pro\/ENGINEER, CoCreate, and ProductView. Creo has many different software package solutions and features. Creo Illustrate is a good example.\r\n\r\nRead also :\u00a0Creo vs SolidWorks- Difference Between Creo and Solidworks\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n best creo tutorial pdf Download\r\n\r\nThis Book is best to Learn PTC creo 3.0 basic for students beginners , advance level\u00a0 .\u00a0\r\n\r\nTutorials involve following topics and content :\u00a0\r\n\r\n1. Introduction to the Interface Lecture\r\nModeling Theory - Sketching and Base Feature Geometry Creation. Lab\r\n2. Revolved Features and Mirroring\r\n3. Part Modeling\r\nSecondary Features. Fillets, Chamfers, Draft, Patterns, Mirroring.\r\n4. Sweeps, and Circular Patterns\r\n5. Modeling Quiz and CAD Administration\r\n6. Building Assemblies (Bottom-Up method \u201cBU\u201d)\r\n7. Creating Drawings. Review for Mid Term\r\n8. Mid Term Exam\r\n9. 3D Curves and Sweeps\r\n10. Swept Blends\/Lofting\r\n11. Assemblies Creation (Top-Down Method \u201cTD\u201d)\r\n12. Assembly\/Part Editing (\u201cTD\u201d &amp; \u201cBU\u201d Methods)\r\n13. Sheet Metal Intro\r\n14. Assembly Project (continued)\r\n15. Lab time to complete exercise, Review for Final Exam\r\n16. Final Exam\r\n\r\nFile size :13 mb\u00a0\r\n\r\npages: 113\r\n\r\nClick Here to Download creo 3.0 basic tutorial pdf Book Free Download\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nOther Creo Parametric Notes ; CREO parametric tutorial Pdf Free Download for Mechanical\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nCAD Software | CAD Tutorials\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nCAD \/ CAM Projects List - Abstract , Report Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Best PTC Creo Tutorial book Pdf Free Download For Students","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-08-21","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/best-creo-tutorial-pdf-Download-300x222.jpg","height":222,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-psychometric-chart-psychometric-chart-free-download/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/pschometric-chart-properties-300x214.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Psychometric Chart &#8211; Psychometric chart Free Download</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-psychometric-chart-psychometric-chart-free-download/">What is Psychometric Chart &#8211; Psychometric chart Free Download</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Psychometric Chart - Psychometric chart Free Download
A Psychrometric Chart is an important tool for HVAC engineers to carry out heat load or cooling load calculations and find solutions to...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-psychometric-chart-psychometric-chart-free-download/" aria-label="View Post: What is Psychometric Chart &#8211; Psychometric chart Free Download">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Psychometric Chart &#8211; Psychometric chart Free Download","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-psychometric-chart-psychometric-chart-free-download\/","articleBody":"What is Psychometric Chart - Psychometric chart Free Download\r\nA Psychrometric Chart is an important tool for HVAC engineers to carry out heat load or cooling load calculations and find solutions to various air condition related problems. Read an overview of the components included in a psychrometric chart.\r\nWhat is Psychrometric Chart?\r\nPsychrometric charts are graphic representations of the psychrometric properties of air. By using psychrometric charts HVAC engineers can graphically analyze different types of psychrometric processes and find solution to many practical problems without having to carry out long and tedious mathematical calculations.\r\n\r\nThe psychrometric chart looks complicated with vast numbers of lines and curves in it, but is very easy to understand if you know the basic properties of air. You will also understand its worth when you actually use it considering the fact that you won\u2019t have to use any formulae to find the properties of air in different conditions, all you will have to know is two parameters of air and the rest are easily found on the chart.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0Introduction To Psychometric Processe- Learnmech\r\n\r\nPsychrometric charts - Terminology\r\n\r\nA psychrometric chart is a graph of the thermodynamic parameters of moist air at a constant pressure, often equated to an elevation relative to sea level. The ASHRAE-style psychrometric chart, shown here, was pioneered by Willis Carrier in 1904. It depicts these parameters and is thus a graphical equation of state. The parameters are:\r\n\r\npsychometric chart properties\r\n\r\nDry-bulb temperature (DBT) is that of an air sample, as determined by an ordinary thermometer. It is typically plotted as the abscissa (horizontal axis) of the graph. The SI units for temperature are kelvins or degrees Celsius; other units are degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Rankine.\r\n\r\nWet-bulb temperature (WBT) is that of an air sample after it has passed through a constant-pressure, ideal, adiabatic saturation process, that is, after the air has passed over a large surface of liquid water in an insulated channel. In practice this is the reading of a thermometer whose sensing bulb is covered with a wet sock evaporating into a rapid stream of the sample air (see Hygrometer). When the air sample is pre-saturated with water, the WBT will read the same as the DBT. The slope of the line of constant WBT reflects the heat of vaporization of the water required to saturate the air of a given relative humidity.\r\n\r\nDew point temperature (DPT) is the temperature at which a moist air sample at the same pressure would reach water vapor \"saturation.\" At this point further removal of heat would result in water vapor condensing into liquid water fog or, if below freezing point, solid hoarfrost. The dew point temperature is measured easily and provides useful information, but is normally not considered an independent property of the air sample as it duplicates information available via other humidity properties and the saturation curve.\r\n\r\nRelative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the mole fraction of water vapor to the mole fraction of saturated moist air at the same temperature and pressure. RH is dimensionless, and is usually expressed as a percentage. Lines of constant RH reflect the physics of air and water: they are determined via experimental measurement. The concept that air \"holds\" moisture, or that moisture \"dissolves\" in dry air and saturates the solution at some proportion, is erroneous (albeit widespread); see relative humidity for further details.\r\n\r\nHumidity ratio is the proportion of mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry air at the given conditions (DBT, WBT, DPT, RH, etc.). It is also known as the moisture content or mixing ratio. It is typically plotted as the ordinate (vertical axis) of the graph. For a given DBT there will be a particular humidity ratio for which the air sample is at 100% relative humidity: the relationship reflects the physics of water and air and must be determined by measurement. The dimensionless humidity ratio is typically expressed as grams of water per kilogram of dry air, or grains of water per pound of air (7000 grains equal 1 pound).\r\n\r\nSpecific enthalpy, symbolized by h, is the sum of the internal (heat) energy of the moist air in question, including the heat of the air and water vapor within. Also called heat content per unit mass. In the approximation of ideal gases, lines of constant enthalpy are parallel to lines of constant WBT. Enthalpy is given in (SI) joules per kilogram of air, or BTU per pound of dry air.\r\n\r\nSpecific volume is the volume of the mixture (dry air plus the water vapor) containing one unit of mass of \"dry air\". The SI units are cubic meters per kilogram of dry air; other units are cubic feet per pound of dry air.\r\n\r\nPsychometric Chart Application :\r\n\r\nAlthough the principles of psychrometry apply to any physical system consisting of gas-vapor mixtures, the most common system of interest is the mixture of water vapor and air, because of its application in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning and meteorology. In human terms, our thermal comfort is in large part a consequence of not just the temperature of the surrounding air, but (because we cool ourselves via perspiration) the extent to which that air is saturated with water vapor.\r\n\r\nMany substances are hygroscopic, meaning they attract water, usually in proportion to the relative humidity or above a critical relative humidity. Such substances include cotton, paper, cellulose, other wood products, sugar, calcium oxide (burned lime) and many chemicals and fertilizers. Industries that use these materials are concerned with relative humidity control in production and storage of such materials.\r\n\r\nIn industrial drying applications, such as drying paper, manufacturers usually try to achieve an optimum between low relative humidity, which increases the drying rate, and energy usage, which decreases as exhaust relative humidity increases. In many industrial applications it is important to avoid condensation that would ruin product or cause corrosion.\r\nDownload\u00a0\r\nClick here to Download Psychometric chart pdf Free Download\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nRAC \/ HVAC - Articles , Notes , Que and Answers\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"What is Psychometric Chart &#8211; Psychometric chart Free Download","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-08-20","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/pschometric-chart-properties-300x214.jpg","height":214,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanics-of-solid-basic-notes-pdf-free-download/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/lecture-notes-of-mechanics-of-solid-300x155.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Mechanics Of Solid &#8211; Basic Notes pdf Free Download</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanics-of-solid-basic-notes-pdf-free-download/">Mechanics Of Solid &#8211; Basic Notes pdf Free Download</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Mechanics Of Solid - Basic Notes pdf Free Download
Mechanics of Solids is an important course for all engineering students by which they develop analytical skill. In this course, laws of mechanics...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanics-of-solid-basic-notes-pdf-free-download/" aria-label="View Post: Mechanics Of Solid &#8211; Basic Notes pdf Free Download">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Mechanics Of Solid &#8211; Basic Notes pdf Free Download","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/mechanics-of-solid-basic-notes-pdf-free-download\/","articleBody":"Mechanics Of Solid - Basic Notes pdf Free Download\r\nMechanics of Solids is an important course for all engineering students by which they develop analytical skill. In this course, laws of mechanics are applied to parts of bodies and skill is developed to get solution to engineering problems maintaining continuity of the\r\nparts. The author has clearly explained theories involved and illustrated them by solving a number of engineering problems. Neat diagrams are drawn and solutions are given without skipping any step. SI units and standard notations as suggested by Indian Standard Code\r\nare used throughout.\r\n\r\nBook Contents\r\n\r\n \tINTRODUCTION TO MECHANICS OF SOLIDS\r\n \tFUNDAMENTALS OF STATICS\r\n \tTRUSSES\r\n \tDISTRIBUTED FORCES, CENTRE OF GRAVITY AND MOMENT OF INERTIA\r\n \tFRICTION\r\n \tSIMPLE MACHINES\r\n \tPHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS\r\n \tSIMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS\r\n \tBEAMS\r\n \tSTRESSES IN BEAMS\r\n \tPRINCIPAL STRESSES AND STRAINS\r\n\r\nlecture notes of mechanics of solid\r\n\r\nBest Notes For GATE ,IES Mechanical Students to clear basic of Mechanics Of Solids\u00a0\r\n\r\nClick Here to Download mechanics Of Solid Pdf Download\u00a0\r\n\r\nChapter 1 :\u00a0Equations of Statics &amp; Free Body Diagrams\r\n\r\nChapter 2:\u00a0Stress and Strain\r\n\r\nChapter 3 :\u00a0Analysis of Pin Jointed Frames\r\n\r\nChapter 4 :\u00a0Torsion of Circular Shafts\r\n\r\nChapter 5 :\u00a0Bending Moments and Shear Force Diagrams for Beams\r\n\r\nChapter 6 :\u00a0Bending\r\n\r\nChapter 7 :\u00a0Transverse Shear Stresses in Beams\r\n\r\nChapter 8 :\u00a0Displacement of Beams\r\n\r\nChapter 9 :\u00a0Buckling of Columns\r\n\r\nChapter 10 :\u00a0Biaxial Stress Systems\r\n\r\nFile Size: 4 mb\r\n\r\nPages : 111\r\n\r\nLecture Notes On mechanics Of Solid total Chapter\u00a0 10 pdf Download\u00a0","headline":"Mechanics Of Solid &#8211; Basic Notes pdf Free Download","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-08-20","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/lecture-notes-of-mechanics-of-solid-300x155.jpg","height":155,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-autonomous-car-self-driving-cars-driveless-car/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Autonomous-car-300x172.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Autonomous car , Self Driving Cars , Driveless Car</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-autonomous-car-self-driving-cars-driveless-car/">What is Autonomous car , Self Driving Cars , Driveless Car</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Autonomous car , Self Driving Cars , Driveless Car
How Car Drive without human :   An autonomous car (also known as a driverless car and a self-driving car) is a vehicle that is capable...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-autonomous-car-self-driving-cars-driveless-car/" aria-label="View Post: What is Autonomous car , Self Driving Cars , Driveless Car">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Autonomous car , Self Driving Cars , Driveless Car","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-autonomous-car-self-driving-cars-driveless-car\/","articleBody":"What is Autonomous car , Self Driving Cars , Driveless Car\r\nHow Car Drive without human :\u00a0\r\n\r\nAn autonomous car (also known as a driverless car and a self-driving car) is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without human input.\r\n\r\nAutonomous cars combine a variety of techniques to perceive their surroundings, including radar, laser light, GPS, odometry, and computer vision. Advanced control systems interpret sensory information to identify appropriate navigation paths, as well as obstacles and relevant signage.\r\n\r\nThe potential benefits of autonomous cars include reduced mobility and infrastructure costs, increased safety, increased mobility, increased customer satisfaction, and reduced crime. These benefits also include a potentially significant reduction in traffic collisions; resulting injuries; and related costs, including less need for insurance. Autonomous cars are predicted to increase traffic flow; provide enhanced mobility for children, the elderly, disabled, and the poor; relieve travelers from driving and navigation chores; lower fuel consumption; significantly reduce needs for parking space; reduce crime; nand facilitate business models for transportation as a service, especially via the sharing economy. This shows the vast disruptive potential of the emerging technology.\r\n\r\nIn spite of the various potential benefits to increased vehicle automation, there are unresolved problems, such as safety, technology issues, disputes concerning liability,resistance by individuals to forfeiting control of their cars, customer concern about the safety of driverless cars, implementation of a legal framework and establishment of government regulations; risk of loss of privacy and security concerns, such as hackers or terrorism; concern about the resulting loss of driving-related jobs in the road transport industry; and risk of increased suburbanization as travel becomes less costly and time-consuming. Many of these issues arise because autonomous objects, for the first time, would allow computer-controlled ground vehicles to roam freely, with many related safety and security, even a moral concerns.\r\n\r\nAutonomous car\r\n\r\nClassification Of Driveless Car :\u00a0\r\n\r\nA classification system based on six different levels (ranging from fully manual to fully automated systems) was published in 2014 by SAE International, an automotive standardization body, as J3016,\r\n\r\nLevels of driving automation\r\nIn SAE's autonomy level definitions, \"driving mode\" means \"a type of driving scenario with characteristic dynamic driving task requirements (e.g., expressway merging, high speed cruising, low speed traffic jam, closed-campus operations, etc.)\"\r\n\r\nLevel 0: Automated system issues warnings and may momentarily intervene but has no sustained vehicle control.\r\nLevel 1 (\"hands on\"): The driver and the automated system share control of the vehicle. Examples are Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), where the driver controls steering and the automated system controls speed; and Parking Assistance, where steering is automated while speed is under manual control. The driver must be ready to retake full control at any time. Lane Keeping Assistance (LKA) Type II is a further example of level 1 self driving.\r\nLevel 2 (\"hands off\"): The automated system takes full control of the vehicle (accelerating, braking, and steering). The driver must monitor the driving and be prepared to intervene immediately at any time if the automated system fails to respond properly. The shorthand \"hands off\" is not meant to be taken literally. In fact, contact between hand and wheel is often mandatory during SAE 2 driving, to confirm that the driver is ready to intervene.\r\nLevel 3 (\"eyes off\"): The driver can safely turn their attention away from the driving tasks, e.g. the driver can text or watch a movie. The vehicle will handle situations that call for an immediate response, like emergency braking. The driver must still be prepared to intervene within some limited time, specified by the manufacturer, when called upon by the vehicle to do so. As an example, the 2018 Audi A8 Luxury Sedan was the first commercial car to claim to be capable of level 3 self driving. This particular car has a so-called Traffic Jam Pilot. When activated by the human driver, the car takes full control of all aspects of driving in slow-moving traffic at up to 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph). The function works only on highways with a physical barrier separating one stream of traffic from oncoming traffic.\r\nLevel 4 (\"mind off\"): As level 3, but no driver attention is ever required for safety, i.e. the driver may safely go to sleep or leave the driver's seat. Self driving is supported only in limited spatial areas (geofenced) or under special circumstances, like traffic jams. Outside of these areas or circumstances, the vehicle must be able to safely abort the trip, i.e. park the car, if the driver does not retake control.\r\nLevel 5 (\"steering wheel optional\"): No human intervention is required at all. An example would be a robotic taxi.\r\n\r\nAdvantages Of Driveless cars :\r\n\r\nSafety\r\nDriving safety experts predict that once driverless technology has been fully developed, traffic collisions (and resulting deaths and injuries and costs), caused by human error, such as delayed reaction time, tailgating, rubbernecking, and other forms of distracted or aggressive driving should be substantially reduced\r\n\r\nWelfare\r\nAutonomous cars could reduce labor costs; relieve travelers from driving and navigation chores, thereby replacing behind-the-wheel commuting hours with more time for leisure or work; and also would lift constraints on occupant ability to drive, distracted and texting while driving, intoxicated, prone to seizures, or otherwise impaired.\r\n\r\nTraffic\r\nAdditional advantages could include higher speed limits; smoother rides;\u00a0 and increased roadway capacity; and minimized traffic congestion, due to decreased need for safety gaps and higher speeds\r\n\r\nLower costs\r\nSafer driving is expected to reduce the costs of vehicle insurance. Reduced traffic congestion and the improvements in traffic flow due to widespread use of autonomous cars will also translate into better fuel efficiency.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"What is Autonomous car , Self Driving Cars , Driveless Car","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-08-20","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/Autonomous-car-300x172.png","height":172,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-front-wheel-drive/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/front-wheel-drive-advantages-and-disadvantages-300x228.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Advantages and Disadvantages of Front wheel Drive</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-front-wheel-drive/">Advantages and Disadvantages of Front wheel Drive</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Advantages and Disadvantages of Front wheel Drive
Front-wheel drive (FWD) is a form of engine and transmission layout used in motor vehicles, where the engine drives the front wheels only. Most...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-front-wheel-drive/" aria-label="View Post: Advantages and Disadvantages of Front wheel Drive">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Advantages and Disadvantages of Front wheel Drive","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-front-wheel-drive\/","articleBody":"Advantages and Disadvantages of Front wheel Drive\r\nFront-wheel drive (FWD) is a form of engine and transmission layout used in motor vehicles, where the engine drives the front wheels only. Most modern front-wheel-drive vehicles feature a transverse engine, rather than the conventional longitudinal engine arrangement generally found in rear-wheel-drive and four-wheel drive vehicles.\r\n\r\nFront-wheel drive (FWD) is a form of engine and transmission layout used in motor vehicles, where the engine drives the front wheels only. Most modern front-wheel-drive vehicles feature a transverse engine, rather than the conventional longitudinal engine arrangement generally found in rear-wheel-drive and four-wheel drive vehicles.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Front Wheel Drive-\r\n\r\n \tInterior space: Since the powertrain is a single unit contained in the engine compartment of the vehicle, there is no need to devote interior space for a driveshaft tunnel or rear differential, increasing the volume available for passengers and cargo.\r\n \tCost: Fewer components overall\r\n \tWeight: Fewer components mean lower weight\r\n \tFuel economy: Lower weight means better gasoline mileage\r\n \tImproved drivetrain efficiency: the direct connection between engine and transaxle reduce the mass and mechanical inertia of the drivetrain compared to a rear-wheel drive vehicle with a similar engine and transmission, allowing greater fuel economy.\r\n \tAssembly efficiency: the powertrain can be often be assembled and installed as a unit, which allows more efficient production.\r\n \tSlippery-surface traction: placing the mass of the drivetrain over the driven wheels improves traction on wet, snowy, or icy surfaces. Although heavy cargo can be beneficial for traction on rear-wheel drive pickup trucks.\r\n \tPredictable handling characteristics: front-wheel drive cars, with a front weight bias, tend to understeer at the limit, which is commonly believed to be easier for average drivers to correct than terminal oversteer, and less prone to result in fishtailing or a spin.\r\n \tBetter crosswind stability.\r\n \tTactile feedback via the steering wheel informing driver if a wheel is slipping.\r\n \tFront wheel drive allows the use of left-foot braking as a driving technique.\r\n\r\nDiadvantages of Front Wheel Drive-\r\n\r\n \tThe center of gravity of the vehicle is typically farther forward than a comparable rear-wheel drive layout. In front wheel drive cars, the front axle typically supports around 2\/3rd of the weight of the car (quite far off the \"ideal\" 50\/50 weight distribution). This is a contributing factor in the tendency of front wheel drive cars to understeer.\r\n \tTorque steer can be a problem on front wheel drive cars with higher torque engines ( &gt; 210 N\u00b7m ) and transverse layout. This is the name given to the tendency for some front wheel drive cars to pull to the left or right under hard acceleration. It is a result of the offset between the point about which the wheel steers (which falls at a point which is aligned with the points at which the wheel is connected to the steering mechanisms) and the centroid of its contact patch. The tractive force acts through the centroid of the contact patch, and the offset of the steering point means that a turning moment about the axis of steering is generated. In an ideal situation, the left and right wheels would generate equal and opposite moments, cancelling each other out, however in reality this is less likely to happen. Torque steer is often incorrectly attributed to differing rates of twist along the lengths of unequal front drive shafts. However, Center-point steering geometry can be incorporated in the design to avoid torque steer. This is how the powerful Citroen SM front-wheel drive car avoided the problem.\r\n \tLack of weight shifting will limit the acceleration of a front wheel drive vehicle. In a rear wheel drive car the weight shifts back during acceleration giving more traction to the driving wheels. This is the main reason why nearly all racing cars are rear wheel drive. However, since front wheel cars have the weight of the engine over the driving wheels the problem only applies in extreme conditions.\r\n \tIn some towing situations front wheel drive cars can be at a traction disadvantage since there will be less weight on the driving wheels. Because of this, the weight that the vehicle is rated to safely tow is likely to be less than that of a rear wheel drive or four wheel drive vehicle of the same size and power.\r\n \tDue to geometry and packaging constraints, the CV joints (constant-velocity joints) attached to the wheel hub have a tendency to wear out much earlier than their rear wheel drive counterparts. The significantly shorter drive axles on a front wheel drive car causes the joint to flex through a much wider degree of motion, compounded by additional stress and angles of steering, while the CV joints of a rear wheel drive car regularly see angles and wear of less than half that of front wheel drive vehicles.\r\n \tThe driveshafts may limit the amount by which the front wheels can turn, thus it may increase the turning circle of a front wheel drive car compared to a rear wheel drive one with the same wheelbase.\r\n \tIn low traction conditions (ie: ice or gravel) the front (Drive) Wheels lose traction first making steering ineffective.","headline":"Advantages and Disadvantages of Front wheel Drive","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-08-19","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/front-wheel-drive-advantages-and-disadvantages-300x228.jpg","height":228,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=163">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=162"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>162</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=163"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>163</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>164</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=165"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>165</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=166"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>166</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=165">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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