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WELDING
Welding is a materials joining process which produces coalescence of materials by heating them to suitable temperatures with or without...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-gas-welding-seminar-report-pdf-download/" aria-label="View Post: Seminar On Gas Welding &#8211; Seminar report pdf Download">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Seminar On Gas Welding &#8211; Seminar report pdf Download","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/seminar-on-gas-welding-seminar-report-pdf-download\/","articleBody":"Seminar On Gas Welding - Seminar report pdf Download\r\nWELDING\r\nWelding is a materials joining process which produces coalescence of materials by heating them to suitable temperatures with or without the application of pressure or by the application of pressure alone, and with or without the use of filler material.\r\nWelding is used for making permanent joints. It is used in the manufacture of automobile bodies, aircraft frames, railway wagons, machine frames, structural works, tanks, furniture, boilers, general repair work and ship building.\r\n\r\nSee also :Basic Of Welding Symbol -Symbolic Representation of Welding Symbol\r\n\r\nTYPES OF WELDING :\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Plastic Welding or Pressure Welding\r\nThe piece of metal to be joined are heated to a plastic state and forced together by external pressure (Ex) Resistance welding\r\n\r\n\u00b7 Fusion Welding or Non-Pressure Welding\r\nThe material at the joint is heated to a molten state and allowed to solidify (Ex) Gas welding, Arc welding\r\n\r\nRead more :Classification Of Welding Processes and allied Processes\r\n\r\nGAS WELDING\r\nOxy-Acetylene welding\r\nIn gas welding, a gas flame is used to melt the edges of metals to be joined. The flame is produced at the tip of welding torch. Oxygen and Acetylene are the gases used to produce the welding flame. The flame will only melt the metal. A flux is used during welting to prevent\r\noxidations and to remove impurities. Metals 2 mm to 50 mm thick are welded by gas welding. The temperature of oxyacetylene flame is about 3200\u00b0c. Fig shows Gas welding equipments.\r\n\r\n gas welding\r\nGas Welding Equipment\r\n1. Gas Cylinders\r\nPressure\r\nOxygen \u2013 125 kg\/cm2\r\nAcetylene \u2013 16 kg\/cm2\r\n2. Regulators\r\nWorking pressure of oxygen 1 kg\/cm2\r\nWorking pressure of acetylene 0.15 kg\/cm2\r\nWorking pressure varies depends upon the thickness of the work pieces welded.\r\n3. Pressure Gauges\r\n4. Hoses\r\n5. Welding torch\r\n6. Check valve\r\n7. Non return valve\r\n\r\nTYPES OF FLAMES\r\n\u2022 When acetylene is burned in air, it produces a yellow sooty flame, which is not enough for welding applications\r\n\u2022 Oxygen is turned on, flame immediately changes into a long white inner area (Feather) surrounded by a transparent blue envelope is called Carburizing flame (30000c)\r\n\u2022 This flames are used for hardening the surfaces\r\n\u2022 Addition of little more oxygen give a bright whitish cone surrounded by the transparent blue envelope is called Neutral flame (It has a balance of fuel gas and oxygen)\r\n\u2022 Most commonly used flame because it has temperature about 32000c\r\n\u2022 Used for welding steels, aluminium, copper and cast iron\r\n\u2022 If more oxygen is added, the cone becomes darker and more pointed, while the envelope becomes shorter and more fierce is called Oxidizing flame\r\n\u2022 Has the highest temperature about 34000c\r\n\u2022 Used for welding brass and brazing operation\r\n\r\nAdvantages Of gas welding\r\n1. Equipment has versatile\r\n2. Same equipment can be used for oxyacetylene cutting and brazing by varying the torch size\r\n3. Heat can controlled easily\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of gas welding\u00a0\r\n1. Slower process\r\n2. Risk is involved in handling gas cylinders\r\n\r\nReport Download :\r\n\r\nSeminar On Gas Welding - Seminar report pdf Download","headline":"Seminar On Gas Welding &#8211; Seminar report pdf Download","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-09","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/gas-welding-257x300.jpg","height":300,"width":257},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/vernier-caliper-how-to-use-parts-application/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/vernier-caliper-how-to-use-parts-least-count-300x134.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Vernier caliper &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Working, Types, Application, Precautions</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/vernier-caliper-how-to-use-parts-application/">Vernier caliper &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Working, Types, Application, Precautions</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Vernier caliper - Precision linear Measuring Instrument  
A vernier caliper is a measuring device used to precisely measure linear dimensions.  It is a very useful tool to use when measuring the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/vernier-caliper-how-to-use-parts-application/" aria-label="View Post: Vernier caliper &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Working, Types, Application, Precautions">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Vernier caliper &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Working, Types, Application, Precautions","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/vernier-caliper-how-to-use-parts-application\/","articleBody":"Vernier caliper - Precision linear Measuring Instrument\u00a0\u00a0\r\nA vernier caliper is a measuring device used to precisely measure linear dimensions.\r\n\r\nIt is a very useful tool to use when measuring the diameter of around objects like cylinders because the measuring jaws can be secured on either side of the circumference.\r\n\r\nThe Vernier Caliper is a precision instrument that can be used to measure internal and external distances extremely accurately. The example shown here is a manual caliper.\r\n\r\nVernier caliper can be used for three types of measurements, outside distance (such as the length of an object),2nd one is inside distance such as the width of a groove or the diameter of a large hole, 3rd one is depth, such as the depth of a hole or the height of a step.\r\n\r\nRead also: Vernier Height Gauge | Construction | Advantages, and Disadvantages\r\n\r\nVernier Caliper Parts :\r\n\r\n1. Vernier caliper upper jaws\r\n\r\nThe upper jaws of a caliper are used for taking inside measurements such as the diameter of a hole or slot. \r\n\r\n2. Vernier caliper lower jaws\r\n\r\nThe lower jaws are used for measuring outside dimensions such as width, length, and diameter. \r\n\r\n3. Vernier caliper depth rod\r\n\r\nThe depth rod is used for measuring the depth of holes. It protrudes when the thumbscrew is turned. \r\n\r\n4. Vernier caliper main scale \r\n\r\nThe main scale runs along the beam of the caliper. On a metric vernier caliper, the main scale is graduated in centimeters (cm) and millimeters (mm). On an imperial vernier caliper, the main scale is graduated in inches, with each inch divided into increments of a tenth of an inch (0.1 inch). \r\n\r\n5. Vernier scale \r\n\r\nThe vernier scale adds an extra degree of accuracy to measurements. On the vernier scale, the smallest increment on the main scale is further divided. The metric vernier scale is divided into 50 equal parts. The measuring range of the vernier scale is usually 1 mm, with each increment representing 0.02 mm. On an imperial caliper with a main scale of 6 inches, the vernier scale is 0.6 inches long and is divided into 25 parts. Each increment has a length of 0.001 inch. \r\n\r\n6. Vernier caliper thumb screw\r\n\r\nThe thumbscrew is used to precisely adjust the measuring faces of the caliper (both sets of jaws and the depth rod). It helps the user to get a tight grip on the material they are measuring. \r\n\r\n7. Vernier caliper lock screw\r\n\r\nThe lock screw secures the jaws into place, so the object you are measuring can be removed, and readings are taken.\r\n\r\nvernier caliper how to use, parts, least count\r\n\r\nVernier scale and Main scale :\r\n\r\nA vernier scale has a main scale and a vernier scale. The main scale has the normal resolution with a 1 division value is 1 mm. The vernier scale is attached to the main scale which can slide on it and has 50 divisions on it.\r\n\r\nThe VERNIER is a small movable graduated scale for obtaining fractional parts of subdivisions on a fixed main scale of any measuring instrument. Usually vernier calipers have both imperial (inches) and metric (mm) scales.\r\n\r\nOther parts of vernier calipers are external jaws - these jaws are used for measuring external dimensions .job is placed in between these two jaws. internal jaws are used for internal dimensions measurement like washer ID, grove, slot, cutout pocket dimension, the stem is used for depth measurement or height measurement. lock screw is used for locking a vernier scale moving body.\r\n\r\nPrinciple of Vernier Caliper\u00a0\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe vernier scale works on the principle of using the alignment of line segments displaced by a small amount to make fine measurements. The human eye can easily detect this alignment of lines which is the main fact that drives a vernier.\r\n\r\nLeast Count Of Vernier Caliper :\r\n\r\nLeast count is nothing but the smallest possible value that can be measured using instruments. this can be calculated by the smallest division value on the main scale in mm divided by the total number of divisions on the main scale .here in this case, 1 mm is one division value divided by 50 numbers which is the total count of vernier scale line = 0.02 mm. so least count is 0.02 mm\r\n\r\nLeast count = ( smallest division on main scale) \/ ( total no. of divisions on vernier scale )\r\n= 1\/50 = 0.02 cm\r\nVernier Caliper How to Use and Application\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nHow to measure vernier caliper\u00a0\r\nVernier Caliper Reading\r\n\r\nEach division on the main scale is 1mm. The metric Vernier scale is 49 mm long and divided into 50 equal parts. Each division is 49\/50, which is equal to 0.98 mm. The difference between one division on the main scale and one division on the metric vernier scale is 1\/50 or 0.02 mm which is the Least Count.\r\nHow to read Vernier Caliper :\r\n\r\n \tNote the main scale reading, immediately preceding the zero line on the vernier scale.\r\n \tHere, zero of the vernier scale immediately preceding 28mm.\r\n \tThis (28mm) must be added with decimal reading on the vernier scale.\r\n \tNote the line on the vernier scale, which is coinciding, with a line on the main scale.\r\n \t31ST line coincides with a line on the main scale.\r\n \tSo, the reading is 28mm plus 31 divisions of 0.02mm TOTAL: 28mm + 31 * 0.02 = 28.62mm\r\n\r\nTypes of Vernier Calipers :\u00a0\r\nIS:3651 recommends three types of vernier calipers A, B and C to meet the various needs of internal and external measurements upto 2000 mm with a vernier accuracy of 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 mm and the recommended measuring ranges are 0-125, 0-200, 0-250, 0-300, 0-500,\r\n0-750, 0-1000, 750-1500 and 750-2000 mm.\r\n\r\nType A\r\n\r\nThis type of vernier caliper has jaws on both sides of the beam for external and internal measurements. Also, a blade is provided, which is connected to the movable jaw, for depth measurements.\r\n\r\nType B\r\n\r\nThis is provided with jaws only on one side. The jaws are so designed to enable both internal and external measurements. The width of the measuring jaws is added to the reading on the scale for internal measurements. Usually, the width is marked on the jaws of the vernier caliper.\r\n\r\nType C\r\n\r\nThis is provided with jaws on both sides. The lower jaws are used for measurements and upper jaws are used for marking purposes.\r\nDisadvantages of Vernier Calipers :\r\nLimitations of Vernier Calipers are as follows,\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tIt is difficult to obtain the correct feel of the part. As both the part and caliper are always to some extent elastic, the amount of force used by the operator affects the indication.\r\n \tThe scales are difficult to read.\r\n \tThe accuracy is about 0.02 mm\r\n \tThe caliper must be properly used in order to take the desired measurement.\r\n\r\nErrors in Measurement with Vernier Caliper\r\n\r\n \tErrors occur due to manipulation of vernier caliper and its jaws on the workpiece i.e Care should be taken to properly align the workpiece between the measuring faces of the jaws.\r\n \tVernier caliper is tilted during use especially when measuring depth.\r\n \tDirty measuring surfaces.\r\n \tThe improper conditions of the jaws of the caliper, like natural wear and warping, so the caliper jaws must be tested frequently by setting the 0.0 point of the main and vernier scales. The caliper is held against a light source in this position.\r\n\r\nPrecautions in using a Vernier Caliper\r\n\r\n \tThe fixed jaw of the vernier caliper should be used as the reference point and the measured point is obtained by advancing or with drawing the sliding jaw. For this purpose, the sliding jaw is provided with a fine adjustment nut in all vernier calipers.\r\n \tIf play exists between the movable jaw and the frame, the accuracy of the vernier will be lost. So, any play should be removed by adjusting the gib at the back of the jaw assembly.\r\n \tOn repeated use, the tips of the measuring jaws get worn out and that must be taken into account. Before lifting the caliper from the workpiece, release the slide otherwise, the measuring surfaces will get worn.\r\n \tAlways ensure that the vernier caliper is not tilted or twisted.\r\n \tThe vernier caliper should be gripped near or opposite the jaws, one hand for the stationary jaw, and the other hand for supporting the movable jaw.\r\n \tThe sense of touch is an important factor in measurement. When measuring, gentle pressure must be applied.\r\n \tThe measuring surfaces should be clean.\r\n \tWhen taking a reading, our viewpoint should be vertical to the scale.\r\n\r\nApplication Of Vernier Caliper :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tBy using Outer jaws Of vernier we can measure the length of a rod, the diameter of a sphere, the external diameter of a hollow cylinder.\r\n \tby using Inner jaw we can measure internal dimensions such as the inner diameter of pipe and seals, washers.\u00a0\r\n \tBy using stem we can measure depth or length of bottle or beaker.\u00a0\r\n \tMeasuring workpiece thickness.\u00a0\r\n \tMeasuring shaft diameter, keyway dimensions, shaft length.\r\n \tMeasuring Slots, undercut groves.\r\n\r\nCare in use of Vernier Calipers\r\n\r\n \tThe vernier caliper should not be dropped or tossed aside after measurement but should be set down gently or placed in the box.\r\n \tVernier calipers are not a rugged instrument, hence they should not be treated or used as wrench or hammer.\r\n \tGrit, Chips, and oil must be wiped off from the instrument, before and after measurements.\r\n \tThe component should not be clamped in the vernier caliper jaws and waived in the air.","headline":"Vernier caliper &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Working, Types, Application, Precautions","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"June 7, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/vernier-caliper-how-to-use-parts-least-count-300x134.jpg","height":134,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/abc-analysis-advantages-and-disadvantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/abc-analysis-graph-300x131.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to ABC Analysis &#8211; Steps, Diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/abc-analysis-advantages-and-disadvantages/">ABC Analysis &#8211; Steps, Diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction To ABC Analysis :
ABC Analysis ( Always Better Control )
Concept and the necessity:  In inventory management, ABC analysis plays a vital role. It is an analysis of the range of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/abc-analysis-advantages-and-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: ABC Analysis &#8211; Steps, Diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"ABC Analysis &#8211; Steps, Diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/abc-analysis-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"Introduction To ABC Analysis :\r\nABC Analysis ( Always Better Control )\r\nConcept and the necessity:\r\n\r\n \tIn inventory management, ABC analysis plays a vital role. It is an analysis of the range of items divided into three categories.\r\nA- Outstandingly important items\r\nB- Average important items\r\nC- Relatively unimportant items\r\n \tSo, items in our inventory can be classified into the above three categories. \u2018A\u2019 types of items are given more attention than B category. \u2018C\u2019 types of category items are given the least attention as they are relatively unimportant.\r\n \tABC analysis is also called as Always Better Control. The reason is all items are not of equal status in the inventory. If the same attention is given to all, then the outstandingly important items may suffer (i.e. production flow may be seriously disturbed) or least important items may get unnecessary care (which is not required).\r\n \tAny organization usually deals with lots of items. It is very difficult to exercise control over all the items. Controlling means transactions related to inventory, degree of control, type of records to be maintained, lot sizes, frequency of review, size of safety stock to be maintained, etc.\r\n \tABC analysis helps to classify the thousands or even millions of individual items into three groups namely items belonging to A group, B group, C group items respectively. ABC analysis is done based on the Pareto\u2019s principle.\r\n \tConsumption value is the basis for ABC classification. Consumption value is the product of unit price and consumption.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead more: ABC Inventory analysis\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMechanism of doing ABC classification:\r\nSteps involved:\r\n\r\n1. Collect previous year consumption and unit price for each item.\r\n2. Multiply the consumption and unit price for each item to get the consumption value.\r\n3. Rank the items corresponding to the consumption value.\r\n4. Calculate cumulative consumption value against each item.\r\n5. Find the percentage of cumulative consumption value.\r\n\r\nUsually to classify the items into \u2018A\u2019 class there is leverage available. The leverage is 60 to 70 percent of the consumption value.\r\nThis means the cut-off value can be fixed in between 60 to 70 percent of consumption and the corresponding items which contribute up to the cut-off value are classified as class items.\r\nSimilarly, to classify the items into B class, there is a leverage of the consumption value to the extent of 10 to 20 percentage of the consumption value. To classify the items into C class, there is a leverage of the consumption value to the extent of 10 to 20 percentage of the consumption value.\r\n\r\nABC percentage\r\n\r\nKinds of Control\r\n\r\nThe purpose of classifying the items into ABC is to control over each item. The degree of control required for A class is not the same for B and C class items. The following table helps the material manager in the kind of control to be exercised on these items.\r\nSTEPS TO DO ABC ANALYSIS\r\n1. Prepare a list of all items and estimate their annual consumption.\r\n2. Determine the unit price of each item.\r\n3. Obtain annual consumption in rupees by multiplication.\r\n4. Arrange the items in descending order.\r\n5. Calculate cumulative annual usage and number of items in %.\r\n6. Draw the graph.\r\n7. Classify in A, B, C categories.\r\n8. Decide the policies of inventory control.\r\n\r\nABC analysis graph\r\n\r\nImportant Considerations in ABC Analysis:\r\n1. ABC curve is similar in shape for different industries.\r\n2. All items that the company consumes should be considered together. ABC curve is common for all types of materials in the\r\n3. Consumption of items may be annually, monthly or applicable for any period.\r\n4. Some categorizations like A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, and C2 may be possible if required.\r\nManaging Inventories by ABC:\r\nABC analysis is the method of classifying items involved in a decision situation on the basis of their relative importance. Its classification may be on the basis of monetary value, availability of resources, variations in lead-time, part criticality to the running of a facility, new customer parts unique to that product, and others.\r\n\r\nCycle inventory can be managed through ABC analysis:\r\n\r\n\u201cA\u201d value items have to be counted more frequently i.e., once in a week to do accurate monitoring of these items which has more impact on the inventory value. \u201cB\u201d value items can be counted once in a month because they are moderate value items that have less impact on the inventory value. \u201cC\u201d items have to be counted once in three months or six months because they are least consumed value items and has very less impact on the inventory value.\r\n\r\nObsolescence budgeting also takes the management of ABC analysis into consideration.\r\n\r\n\u201cA\u201d items have the most impact on the budget if it is determined to be obsolete and scrapped from inventory. These parts may fool the reviewer because the \u201cA\u201d parts may not have a use for several years, but due to its critical importance may be needed at a later date. The slow-moving activity report would not detect this need. Management and storeroom management need to consider all aspects of the parts before it is scrapped to obsolescence. ABC analysis puts a perspective that enhances this decision-making.\r\n\r\nOther use of ABC analysis is in the reorganization of the storeroom.\r\n\r\nYearly, a review of parts storage areas needs to take place by the storeroom manager. In this analysis, ABC coding should be considered so that the \u201cA\u201d parts are continually being moved to the lower or easier access areas. \u2018B\u201d items are to be moved to middle areas, and \u201cC\u201d items placed in all other areas of the stores.\r\nAdvantages of ABC Analysis:\r\n1. Better exercise of control over all materials.\r\n2. The capital invested in inventory can be reduced to minimum levels.\r\n3. Warehouse and storage costs can be reduced.\r\nLimitations of ABC Analysis:\r\n\r\n \tABC analysis mainly provides a guideline for inventory management. It needs to be supplemented by basic understanding and judgment as there are certain items that may fall into category C or category B due to their low usage value but are otherwise very critical for the production process of the firm. Their inventory levels have to be carefully monitored.\r\n \tThe ABC analysis, to be effective, needs to be constantly undertaken and periodically reviewed by the management, as the number of items and value of items keeps on undergoing changes.\r\n \tThe practical problem in the usage of ABC analysis is that generally, thousands of items fall in category C, as a result, a lot of time is spent on managing the inventory of items of this category (even if it needs simple control). The time left for controlling the inventory stocks of categories A is therefore much shorter than that required for their effective management.","headline":"ABC Analysis &#8211; Steps, Diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 6, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/abc-analysis-graph-300x131.jpg","height":131,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automated-guided-vehicle-application-and-advantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/agv-parts-300x186.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Automated Guided Vehicle | Application and advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automated-guided-vehicle-application-and-advantages/">Automated Guided Vehicle | Application and advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Automated Guided Vehicle | Application and advantages
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV), popularly known as battery-powered driverless vehicles. AGVs are becoming an integral part of automated...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automated-guided-vehicle-application-and-advantages/" aria-label="View Post: Automated Guided Vehicle | Application and advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Automated Guided Vehicle | Application and advantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/automated-guided-vehicle-application-and-advantages\/","articleBody":"Automated Guided Vehicle | Application and advantages\r\nAutomated Guided Vehicles (AGV), popularly known as battery-powered driverless vehicles. AGVs are becoming an integral part of automated manufacturing systems. They are with programming capabilities for destination, path location, and positioning. The AGVS belong to a class of highly flexible, intel1igent versatile materialhandling systems used for materials loading and unloading throughout the facility.\r\nAutomated Guided Vehicle (AGV) is the advanced material handling applications. AGV play an important part in automating the manufacturing unit because they not only connect all faces of the factory by the horizontal movement of materials, but allow management to control and direct manufacturing processes.\r\n\r\nThe AGV can be defined as a vehicle equipped with automatic guidance equipment, either electromagnetic or optical. Such a vehicle is capable of following prescribed guidepaths and may be equipped for vehicle programming and stop selection, blocking, and any other special functions required by the system.\r\nOne of the interesting feature of AGVs is the collision avoidance capability. That is, the vehicle comes to a dead stop before any damage is done to personnel, materials, or structures.\r\n\r\n The Components of AGV\r\nThere are four main components of an automated guided vehicle system:\r\n1. The vehicle: It is used to move the material within the system without a human operator.\r\n2. The guide path: It guides the vehicle to move along the path.\r\n3. The control unit: It monitors and directs system operations including feedback on moves, inventory, and vehicle status.\r\n4. The computer interface: It interfaces with other computers and systems such as the mainframe host computer, the automated storage and retrieval system (AS\/RS), and the flexible manufacturing system (FMS)\r\n\r\nagv parts\r\n\r\nAGV\u2019s Control Systems\r\nThere are three types of AGVS control systems. They are 1-1\r\n\r\n\u2022 Computer-controlled system:\r\nIn this system, all the transactions and AGVS vehicle movements are controlled and monitored by the system controller. The guide path controller controls the guide path of the AGVS and transfers the information to the AGVS process controller. The AGVS process controller directs the movement of the AGVS vehicles.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Remote dispatch control system:\r\nIn this system a human operator is required to issue instructions to the vehicle through a remote control station. The control system sends destination instructions directly to the vehicle. Therefore, the human operator does not have any direct control over the AGVS vehicle.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Manual control system:\r\nIn the manually controlled system, the operator gives commands to AGVS. The operator gives instructions like loading the vehicle, entering a destination and unloading. A manually controlled system is simple and the least expensive of all control systems. The efficiency of the system depends on the skill and performance of the operator.\r\nApplications of AGVS\r\nAGVS have numerous applications and have already been applied by many manufacturing plants and companies. New applications are being\r\ndeveloped as technology improves and as experience is gained. \r\n\r\nSome of the most common applications of the AGVS are:\r\n\r\n \tRaw material storage\r\n \tFinished goods storage\r\n \tAssembly operations\r\n \tFlexible manufacturing systems\r\n \tManufacturing operations\r\n\r\nTechnical and Economic Benefits of AGVs\r\n\r\nEconomic Justification: \r\n\r\nAGV systems are proving to be the most economical method of moving material.\r\n\r\n\u00a0Interface with Other Systems: \r\n\r\nAGV systems are designed to interface with other material-handling systems including conveyors, automatic storage\/retrieval systems, production lines, and other devices.\r\n\r\nSystem Accountability: \r\n\r\nComputer control means planned delivery, transaction audit records, on-line interface to production and inventory control systems and management information on the vehicle and workstation production.\r\n\r\nReduced Labor\/increased Productivity: \r\n\r\nIn cases where driverless vehicles are used, substantial savings are realized due to labor reduction.\r\n\r\nGuide path Easily Expanded: \r\n\r\nAs material movement needs change or plant size increases, AGV systems can be expanded or modified quickly and at low cost.\r\n\r\n Expandable System Capacity: \r\n\r\nAs material movement needs an increase, load movement capacity in the AGV system is easily accomplished by adding one or more vehicles.\r\n\r\nUnobstructed Aisles: \r\n\r\nControl wires for AGV systems are installed in the floor and therefore, leave no \u2018above-floor obstructions\u2019.\r\n\r\nDestinations Unlimited: \r\n\r\nAGV systems can be designed with an unlimited number of pick-up and delivery points.\r\n\r\nLess Equipment Damage: \r\n\r\nThere is less product and equipment damage when AGV systems are used to move material because the vehicles travel on a predetermined route.\r\n\r\nReliable System Control: \r\n\r\nAll automatic guided vehicles are equipped to allow manual override for the special material or vehicle movement situations.\r\n\r\nEnergy Conservation: \r\n\r\nAGV systems require very little energy to operate.\r\n\r\nEase of Installation: \r\n\r\nAGV systems can be installed in less time than most other material handling systems.\r\n\r\nInstallation in Existing Buildings: \r\n\r\nAGV systems can be installed in existing buildings with minimum interference to ongoing operations.","headline":"Automated Guided Vehicle | Application and advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/agv-parts-300x186.jpg","height":186,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automated-storage-and-retrieval-system-types-advantages-of-as-rs/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Automated-Storage-and-Retrieval-System-300x129.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Automated Storage and Retrieval System | Types , Advantages of AS/RS</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automated-storage-and-retrieval-system-types-advantages-of-as-rs/">Automated Storage and Retrieval System | Types , Advantages of AS/RS</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Automated Storage and Retrieval System | Types , Advantages Of AS / RS  
 Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS)
An integrated FMS, AGVS, and AS/RS system provides an efficient and...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automated-storage-and-retrieval-system-types-advantages-of-as-rs/" aria-label="View Post: Automated Storage and Retrieval System | Types , Advantages of AS/RS">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Automated Storage and Retrieval System | Types , Advantages of AS\/RS","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/automated-storage-and-retrieval-system-types-advantages-of-as-rs\/","articleBody":"Automated Storage and Retrieval System | Types , Advantages Of AS \/ RS\u00a0\u00a0\r\n Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS\/RS)\r\nAn integrated FMS, AGVS, and AS\/RS system provides an efficient and effective production system for manufacturing. Receiving, identification and sorting, dis-patching, placing in storage, retrieving from storage, packing, shipping, and record keeping have traditionally been considered the functions of storage systems. An AS\/RS attempts to achieve these functions by automating most of these procedures in a cost-effective and efficient manner.\r\n\r\nAn automated storage and retrieval system is defined as:\r\nA combination of equipment and controls, which handles, stores and retrieves materials with precision, accuracy and speed under a defined degree of automation.\r\n\r\nDifferent operations of AS\/RS:\r\n\u2022 Automatic removal of an item from a storage location\r\n\u2022 Transportation of this item to a specific processing or interface point\r\n\r\n\u2022 Automatic storage of an item in a predetermined location, having received an item from a processing or interface point.\r\n\r\nAn automated storage and retrieval system comprises the following:\r\n\u2022 A series of storage aisles having storage racks.\r\n\u2022 Storage and retrieval (SIR) machines, normally one machine per aisle, to store and retrieve materials\r\n\u2022 One or more pickup and delivery stations where materials are delivered for entry to the system and materials are picked up from the system.\r\n\r\nAutomated Storage and Retrieval System\r\nTypes of AS\/RS\r\nSeveral types of AS\/RSs are distinguished based on certain features and applications.\r\nSome of the important categories include:\r\n1. Unit load\r\n2. Miniload\r\n3. Person-on-board\r\n4. Deep-lane\r\n5. Automated item retrieval system\r\n\r\n1. Unit Load AS\/RS\r\nThe unit load AS\/RS is used to store and retrieve loads that are palletized or stored in standard-size containers. In general, a unit load system is computer controlled; having automated machines designed to handle unit load containers. Each machine is guided by rails in the floor. These are the load-supporting mechanisms that moves loads to and from storage locations and the pickup-and-deposit stations.\r\n\r\n2. Miniload AS\/RS:\r\nA miniload system is designed to handle small loads such as individual parts, tools, and supplies. The system is suitable for use where there is a limit on the amount of space that can be utilized and where the volume is too low for a full-scale unit load system and too high for a manual system. A smaller investment and flexibility of handling small items make it a popular choice in industry.\r\n\r\n3. Person-on-Board Systems\r\nThe person-on-board system allows storage of items in less than unit load quantities. A person rides on a platform with the S\/R machine to pick up individual items from a bin or drawer. This provides in-aisle order-picking ability, which can reduce the time it takes to fill an order. The operator can select the items and place them in a tote or module, which is then carried by the S\/R machine to the end of the aisle or to a conveyor to reach its destination.\r\n\r\n4. Deep-Lane AS\/RS:\u00a0\r\nThe deep-lane AS\/RS is another variation on the unit load system. The items are stored in multideep storage with up to 10 items per row rather than single or double deep. This leads to a high density of stored items, permitting high usage of the unit. Each rack permits flow-through of items; that is, an item is deposited on one side of the storage rack and removed from the other side. The S\/R machine\r\nis similar to the unit load S\/R machine, except that S\/R machines have specialized functions such as controlling rack-entry vehicles.\r\n\r\n5. Automated Item Retrieval System:\r\nThis system is designed for automatic retrieval of individual items or cases for storage. The storage system consists of items stored individually in a flow-through system that can be automatically released from storage and automatically brought to a required point. The items are stored from the rear, as in the deep-lane system, and are retrieved from the front.\r\n\r\n\u00a0Technical and Economic Benefits of AS\/RS\r\n\r\nThere are several benefits of AS\/RS for an organization, which include:\r\n\r\nAn AS\/RS is highly space efficient. Space now occupied by raw stock, work in process, or finished parts and assemblies can be released for\r\nvaluable manufacturing space.\r\n\r\n \tIncreased storage capacity to meet long-range plans.\r\n \tImproved inventory management and control.\r\n \tQuick response time to locate, store, and retrieve items.\r\n \tReduced shortages of inventory items due to real-time information and control.\r\n \tReduced labor costs due to automation.\r\n \tImproved stock rotation.\r\n \t Improved security and reduced pilferage because of closed storage area.\r\n \tFlexibility in design to accommodate a wide variety of loads.\r\n \tFlexibility in interfacing with other systems such as AGVS, FMS, and inspection systems such as coordinate measuring machines.\r\n \tReduced scrap and rework due to automatic handling of parts.\r\n \tReduced operating expenses for light, power, and heat.\r\n \tHelps implement just-in-time (JIT) concepts by getting the right parts, tools, pallets, and fixtures to the right place at the right time because of automatic control of storage and retrieval functions and accurate inventory management.","headline":"Automated Storage and Retrieval System | Types , Advantages of AS\/RS","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Automated-Storage-and-Retrieval-System-300x129.jpg","height":129,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal no-thumb"><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/material-management-definition-objective-of-material-management/">Material Management | Definition , Objective of Material Management</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Material Management | Definition , Objective of Material Management
MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
Definition and Scope
We can define Materials Management as the function responsible for the coordination of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/material-management-definition-objective-of-material-management/" aria-label="View Post: Material Management | Definition , Objective of Material Management">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Material Management | Definition , Objective of Material Management","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/material-management-definition-objective-of-material-management\/","articleBody":"Material Management | Definition , Objective of Material Management\r\nMATERIAL MANAGEMENT\r\nDefinition and Scope\r\nWe can define Materials Management as the function responsible for the coordination of planning, sourcing, purchasing, moving, storing and controlling materials in an optimum manner so as to provide a pre-decided service to the customer at a minimum cost.\r\n\r\nObjectives of Material Management\u00a0\r\nHowever, within the broader management objectives of any industry or business, Materials Management\u2019s contribution towards objectives may be divided into two categories:\r\n\r\n1) Primary and\u00a0\r\n2) Secondary.\r\nThe former contributes directly to the Materials Management function and the latter, helps other departments to achieve their objectives.\r\n\r\nPrimary Objectives\r\nPurchasing:\r\nMaterials play a vital part in the field of cost-control and operating expenditure of any organization and therefore, materials have a direct bearing on the cost of a product, manufactured. If the Materials Department can reduce the overall materials cost through an efficient system of buying, it can directly contribute its share to the enhancement of profit. Thus lower prices, lower procurement and possession costs are important objectives of Materials Management. Price consciousness or less materials cost means more profit as embodied in the phrase, \u201cPurchasing for Profit\u201d which is readily recognized by Management. It is therefore a prime functional responsibility of the Materials Management department.\r\n\r\nStores and inventory management:\r\nArriving at the right balancing point in the inventory investment like investment in any other capital assets has always been a perplexing problem to industries. Inventory Management function is more complex, more subtle and the balance of costs and gains is much more difficult to find out. Briefly, Materials Management objective here is to have the correct quantity and right quality of material on hand at the time required with a minimum of investment expenditure, consistent with business experience. When inventory turnover is high, storage and carrying costs are low.\r\n\r\nContinuity of supply:\r\nThis is an other important objective of Materials Management. Specially in automated processes, where costs are rigid and are not easily amenable to reduction due to lack of production materials, the question of continuity of supply gains prominence. This foreshadows all other objectives, because idle-time costs of men and machines push up overall costs of production and expediting supply means additional transport costs.\r\n\r\nQuality of materials:\r\nWhere quality of materials presents cost plus production engineering problems, it may well become one of the prime objectives of Materials\r\nManagement, where other objectives are sacrificed at quality-cost.\r\n\r\nGood supplier relations:\r\nA good supplier relation, on which depends much of the product-reputation of the company, is also one of the key objectives of Materials Managers. Suppliers respond to fair treatment but are uncooperative and unwilling if indifferently treated. The Materials Management department can improve relations by providing the required stimuli for their better performance.\r\n\r\nSecondary Objectives\r\nSecondary objectives are so varied that they limit the possibility of listing exclusively in one breath. In one way or the other, they help to achieve the primary objectives, but different organizations put different emphasis on them. The following are a few examples.\r\n\r\nMake-or-Buy decisions:\r\nSince the Materials Management department is immediately concerned with the selection of supply sources, materials-cost, procurement-cost and the availability of materials. it influences heavily the Make-or-Buy decision. Often, this is a Committee action where other departments are also involved. However, the Materials\u2019 department\u2019s contribution is still substantial and more direct.","headline":"Material Management | Definition , Objective of Material Management","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"","height":0,"width":0},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=119">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=118"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>118</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=119"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>119</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>120</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=121"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>121</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=122"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>122</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=121">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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