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url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Orbital-Welding-Process-Equipment-Application-min-1.png')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/manufacturing-technology-notes/"><h2 class="card-title">Manufacturing Technology Notes</h2> </a></article></section><main id="main" class="site-main"><section class="articles-wrapper"><h2 class="section-header-text">Recent Posts</h2><article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/pneumatic-punching-revetting-machine-mechanical-project/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/FABRICATIONOFPNEUMATICCONTROLLEDRIVETTINGANDPUNCHINGMACHINE-min-225x300.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to FABRICATION OF PNEUMATIC CONTROLLED RIVETTING AND PUNCHING MACHINE</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/pneumatic-punching-revetting-machine-mechanical-project/">FABRICATION OF PNEUMATIC CONTROLLED RIVETTING AND PUNCHING MACHINE</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>FABRICATION OF PNEUMATIC CONTROLLED RIVETING AND PUNCHING MACHINE-MINI PROJECTABSTRACT
In our Project work “FABRICATION OF PNEUMATIC CONTROLLED RIVETING AND PUNCHING MACHINE” we used principles...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/pneumatic-punching-revetting-machine-mechanical-project/" aria-label="View Post: FABRICATION OF PNEUMATIC CONTROLLED RIVETTING AND PUNCHING MACHINE">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"FABRICATION OF PNEUMATIC CONTROLLED RIVETTING AND PUNCHING MACHINE","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/pneumatic-punching-revetting-machine-mechanical-project\/","articleBody":"FABRICATION OF PNEUMATIC CONTROLLED RIVETING\u00a0AND PUNCHING MACHINE-MINI PROJECTABSTRACT\r\nIn our Project work \u201cFABRICATION OF PNEUMATIC CONTROLLED RIVETING AND PUNCHING MACHINE\u201d we used principles of Pneumatic control system in developing this project work., In our project we are having two control switches, when first switch is pressed it works as a Riveting machine and when the second switch is pressed it works as Punching machine. The vibrating mechanism is achieved by reciprocating the double acting cylinders, which controlled by solenoid operated 5\/2 way DC valve which is actuated through the control system.\r\nThe operating pressure required for this system is 5 to 6 bar. The maintenance required for this system is less than the other systems.\r\nFor punching operation, a counter weight is added to the pneumatic cylinder force in order to make the punching operation effectively, and also for punching operation a separate Punching tool is fitted and the job is placed on the die, For riveting operation a riveting head is fitted.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFABRICATION OF PNEUMATIC CONTROLLED RIVETTING AND PUNCHING MACHINE\r\n\r\n\u00a0INTRODUCTION\r\nThe press is the punching and riveting machine tool designed to punch letter or rivet metal by applying mechanical force or pressure. The metal is punched or riveted to the desired requirement. The presses are exclusively intended for mass production and they represent the fastest and more efficient way to form a metal into a finished punched or riveted product.\r\nPress tools are used to form and cut thin metals. Press tools operation can be simplified to a few simple operations involving a punch a die. There are Nemours types of presses in engineering field, which are used to fulfil the requirements. We are interested to introduce pneumatic system in presses. The main function of pneumatic press is to form or cut thin sheet metals or non metals using pneumatic power. In this project we have used to punching process and riveting process for simple application.\r\n\r\nPrinciple of Operation of a Press:\r\n\r\nEvery press has got certain basic units. They are bed frame, sliding ram, drive for the ram and power source. Base or bed is the lower part of the press frame. A thick plate called bolster plate is placed on the top of the bed. A die is fitted on the top of the bolster plate. The driving mechanism is mounted on the frame. The frame has got guide ways for the sliding movement of the ram. The driving mechanism is connected to the ram. The punch is fitted at the bottom of the ram. The die and punch are correctly aligned. The work piece is in the form of sheet metal. It is fed over the die. When the ram comes down, the punch presses the sheet metal. The required operation is carried out. As said earlier the force from the press is used to do a particular operation. This is done by two main parts die and punch.\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE:\r\nCompressed air from a compressor is used to press the work by means of the piston and piston rod, cylinder through a lever. The high pressurized air striking against the piston tends to push it upwards. This force is transmitted to a punch by means of a lever by its mechanical advantage. The punch forced downward pierces the work material. This is the main principle of the unit.\r\nFabricated Pneumatic Jack\r\n\r\n \tMounting Plate\r\n \tThreaded Screw\r\n \tBase Plate\r\n \tBearing\r\n \tCoupling\r\n \tMovable Joints\r\n \tSteel Plates For Supporting\r\n \tWelding Electrodes\r\n \tCylinder worming\r\n \tCylinder stroke\r\n\r\n\r\n \tMotor\r\n \tHardware\u2019s To Fit\r\n \tPower Supply\r\n \tSwitch\r\n \tPU fitting\r\n \tTeflon tape\r\n \tPolyurethane hose\r\n \tRiveting mount\r\n \tPunching mount\r\n\r\nTOOLS USED IN PROJECT:\r\n\r\n \tWelding Machine\r\n \tScrew driver\r\n \tSpanner\r\n \tSoldering Rod\r\n \tSoldering flux\r\n \tCutter\r\n \tLathe\r\n \tKnurling Tool\r\n \tTapper Tool\r\n \tMachine Vice\r\n \tAxe Frame","headline":"FABRICATION OF PNEUMATIC CONTROLLED RIVETTING AND PUNCHING MACHINE","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-11-07","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/FABRICATIONOFPNEUMATICCONTROLLEDRIVETTINGANDPUNCHINGMACHINE-min-225x300.png","height":300,"width":225},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/watt-and-porter-governor-mechanical-project/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/DESIGNANDFABRICATIONOFWATTANDPORTERGOVERNORmhjm-min-300x224.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WATT AND PORTER GOVERNOR</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/watt-and-porter-governor-mechanical-project/">DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WATT AND PORTER GOVERNOR</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WATT AND PORTER GOVERNOR
   ABSTRACT
The aim of our project is to develop prototype of a product “watt and porter governor”. The function of the governor is to...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/watt-and-porter-governor-mechanical-project/" aria-label="View Post: DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WATT AND PORTER GOVERNOR">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WATT AND PORTER GOVERNOR","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/watt-and-porter-governor-mechanical-project\/","articleBody":"DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WATT AND PORTER GOVERNOR\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\nABSTRACT\r\nThe aim of our project is to develop prototype of a product \u201cwatt and porter governor\u201d. The function of the governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within specified limits whenever there is a variation of load. It is a dynamic device done in the field of manufacturing technology. It's rather\u00a0inexpensive and can be used in almost all vehicles. The governor generally consists of a sleeve which is attached to a throttle valve. When the sleeve reaches its lowest position, the engine should develop\u00a0maximum power. On the sudden removal of load its sleeve should reach the top most position at once. Its sleeve should float at some intermediate position under normal operating conditions.\r\n\u00a0\r\nWhen the load on an engine increases or decreases, obviously its speed will respectively decrease or increase to the extent of variation of load. This variation of speed has to be controlled by the governor, within small limits of the mean speed. This necessities that when the load increases and consequently the speed decreases, the supply of fuel to one engine has to be increased accordingly, to compensate for the loss of the speed, so as to bring back the speed close to the mean speed. Conversely when the load decreases, and the speed increase, the supply of fuel has to be reduced. This implies that the governor should have its mechanism working in such a way, that the supply of\u00a0fuel is automatically regulated according to the load requirement for maintaining approximately a constant speed.\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\nDESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WATT AND PORTER GOVERNOR\r\n\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\nA governor, or speed limiter, is a device used to measure and regulate the speed of a machine, such as an engine. A classic example is the centrifugal governor, also known as the watt or fly-ball governor, which uses weights mounted on spring-loaded arms to determine how fast a shaft is spinning, and\u00a0then uses proportional control to regulate the shaft speed. Centrifugal governors were used to regulate the distance and pressure between millstones in windmills since the 17th century. Early steam engines\u00a0employed a purely reciprocating motion, and were used for pumping water \u2013 an application that could tolerate variations in the working speed. It was not until the Scottish engineer James Watt introduced the rotative steam engine, for driving factory machinery, that a constant operating speed became necessary.\r\n\u00a0\r\nBetween the years 1775 and 1800, Watt, in partnership with industrialist Matthew Bolton, produced some 500 rotati-ve beam engines. At the heart of these engines was Watt\u201fs self-designed \"conical pendulum\" governor: a set of revolving steel balls attached to a vertical spindle by link arms, where the controlling force consists of the weight of the balls.\r\nBuilding on Watt\u201fs design was American engineer Willard Gibbs who in 1872 theoretically analyzed Watt\u201fs conical pendulum governor from a mathematical energy balance perspective. During his graduate school years at Yale University, Gibbs observed that the operation of the device in practice was beset with the disadvantages of sluggishness and a tendency to over correct for the changes in speed it was supposed to control.\r\n\u00a0\r\nCLASSIFICATION\r\n(i) A governor, or speed limiter, is a device used to measure and regulate the speed of a machine, such as an engine. A classic example is the centrifugal governor, also known as the Watt governor, which uses weights mounted on loaded arms to determine how fast a shaft is spinning, and then\u00a0uses proportional control to regulate the shaft speed. The watt governor is named after James Watt who used it for steam engines. James Watt designed his first governor in 1788 following a suggestion from his business partner Matthew Boulton. It was a conical pendulum governor and one of the final\u00a0series of innovations Watt had employed for steam engines. James Watt never claimed the centrifugal governor to be an invention of his own.\r\n\r\nCentrifugal governors were used to regulate the distance and pressure between millstones in windmills since the 17th century. It is therefore a misunderstanding that James Watt is the inventor of this device.\r\n\u00a0\r\n(ii) A giant statue of Watt's governor stands at Smethwick in the English West Midlands. It is known as the fly ball governor.\r\n\u00a0\r\n(iii) Another kind of centrifugal governor consists of a pair of masses on a spindle inside a cylinder, the masses or the cylinder being coated with pads, somewhat like a drum brake. This is used in a spring-loaded record player and a spring-loaded telephone dial to limit the speed.\r\n\u00a0\r\n(iv) The major advantage of the governors is rather inexpensive and highly efficient.\r\n\u00a0\r\nCLASSIFICATION OF GOVERNORS:\r\n\u00a0\r\nThe governors may, broadly, be classified as\r\n1. Centrifugal governor\r\n2. Inertia governor\r\n\r\nGovernors may further be classified as follows:\r\n1. Pendulum type (Watt governor)\r\n2. Loaded type\r\n\u00a0\r\nCOMPONENTS\r\n\u00a0\r\nFrame:\r\nA frame is a structural system that supports other components of a physical construction.\r\n\u00a0\r\nShaft\/Spindle:\r\nA spindle is a rotating axis of the machine, which often has a shaft at its heart. The shaft itself is called a spindle, but also, in shop-floor practice, the word often is used metonymically to refer to the entire rotary unit, including not only the shaft itself, but its bearings and anything attached to it.\r\n\u00a0\r\nMotor:\r\nAn electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through interacting magnetic fields and current carrying conductors to generate force, although electrostatic motors use electrostatic forces.\r\n\u00a0\r\nSLEEVE:\r\nThe sleeve valve is a type of valve mechanism for piston engines, distinct from the more common poppet valve.\r\n\u00a0\r\nBEARING:\r\nA bearing is a device to allow constrained relative motion between two or more parts, typically rotation or linear movement. Bearings may be classified broadly according to the motions they allow and according to their principle of operation as well as by the directions of applied loads they can\r\nhandle.\r\n\u00a0\r\nRULER:\r\nA ruler, sometimes called a rule or line gauge, is an instrument used in geometry, technical drawing, printing and engineering\/building to measure distances and\/or to rule straight lines.\r\n\u00a0\r\nWATT GOVERNOR\r\nThe Watt governor is a simple governor but is not terribly accurate where very fine control of speeds in needed and so was super ceded in many applications by more specialized and accurate governors, however for many agricultural end pumping engines where absolute speed was not essential it survived and can still be seen on numerous preserved engines.\r\n\u00a0\r\nSPECIFICATIONS:\r\nBasic specifications:\r\n(i) Power supply\r\n(ii) 230 V AC, Single phase, Variac.\r\nMaterials:\r\n(i) Spindle: Stainless Steel\r\n(ii) Fly balls: Cast Iron\r\n(iii) Arms: Stainless steel\r\n(iv) Frame: Mild steel\r\nGovernor Mechanism:\r\nWatt Governor\r\n\u00a0\r\nPrinciple:\r\nThe function of the governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when there are variations in the load .e.g. when the load on an engine increases, its speed decreases therefore it becomes necessary to increases the supply of working fluid .On the other hand, when the load on the engine decreases, its speed increases and thus less working fluid is required. The governor\r\nautomatically controls the supply of the working fluid to the engine with the varying load conditions and keeps the mean speed within certain limits.\r\nA little consideration will show ,that when the load increases ,the configuration of the governor changes and a valve is moved to increase the supply of the working fluid ; conversely , when the load decreases , the engine speed increases and the governor decreases the supply of working fluid.\r\n\u00a0\r\nWorking:\r\nProbably the most widely used governor in the early days; it is named the watt governor because James Watt applied it to his early beam engines. He did not however invent it as it had been in use on wind and water mills many years before this. A belt or gearing from the engine crankshaft drives the input shaft 'm' causing the bevel gears 'l' to revolve and in turn rotate the vertical shaft\r\n'a'. The bracket 'b' at the top of 'a' supports two arms 'c' which are pivoted at the top, at the end of the arms are two very heavy metal weights 'B' partway along the arms 'c' are fixed two pivoted link arms 'd'which link to a collar 'c' which rotates with them but is able to slide up and down shaft 'a'.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWORKING OF WATT AND PORTER GOVERNOR\r\n\r\nAt rest the governor weights are held in the lowest position by gravity, the throttle will be in its most open position. As the engine speed increases these weights rotate faster until centrifugal force exceeds that of gravity and they fly further outwards and as a result of the linkages, upwards, this movement is transmitted to the throttle valve which begins to close. The faster the governor isThe up and down motion of this collar is followed by a pair of pins 'f' which move a bell crank 'g' which is in turn linked to a throttle actuating rod 'I' linked to a throttle or butterfly valve in the supply of steam to the engines cylinder which can allow more or less steam through.\r\ndriven the further out the weights move and the more the throttle is closed, until the amount of steam it lets through balances the demand and the engine speed stabilizes.\r\n\u00a0\r\nFABRICATION OF PORTER GOVERNOR\r\n\u00a0\r\nFabrication as an industrial term refers to building metal structures by\r\ncutting, bending and assembling.\r\nThe fabrication of porter governor involves:\r\ni. Turning operation in lathe. (spindle)\r\nii. Threading operation in lathe.( Spindle)\r\niii. Drilling holes in porter arms, frame and dead weight.\r\niv. Step turning of sleeve.\r\nv. Cylindrical grinding for good surface finish.\r\nvi. Welding operation. (Frame and Arms).\r\nvii. Gas cutting of frame.\r\nThe fabrication of the components is similar to that of the watt governor. As the Dead weight is the only inclusion to watt governor setup.\r\n\u00a0\r\nAPPLICATIONS\r\n\u00a0\r\n(i) On aircraft propellers the governor senses shaft rpm, and adjusts or controls the angle of the blades to vary the torque load on the engine. Thus as the aircraft speeds up (as in a dive) or slows (in climb) the RPM is held constant.\r\n\u00a0\r\n(ii) Centrifugal flyweight mechanism driven by the engine is linked to the throttle and works against a spring in a fashion similar to that of the pneumatic governor, resulting in essentially identical operation.\r\n\u00a0\r\n(iii) Pneumatic governor. However, the centrifugal design is more sensitive to speed changes and hence is better suited to engines that experience large fluctuations in loading.\r\n\u00a0\r\n(iv) Electronic servo motor is linked to the throttle and controlled by an electronic module that senses engine speed by counting electrical pulses emitted by the ignition system or a magnetic pickup. The frequency of these pulses varies directly with engine speed, allowing the control module to apply a proportional voltage to the servo to regulate engine speed. Due to their sensitivity and rapid response to speed changes, electronic governors are often fitted to engine-driven generators designed to power computer hardware, as the generator's output frequency must be held within narrow limits to avoid malfunction.\r\n\u00a0\r\nDownload:\r\n\u00a0\r\nDESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WATT AND PORTER GOVERNOR Report Download\u00a0\r\n\u00a0","headline":"DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WATT AND PORTER GOVERNOR","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-11-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/DESIGNANDFABRICATIONOFWATTANDPORTERGOVERNORmhjm-min-300x224.png","height":224,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/development-of-multi-purpose-machine/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/DevelopmentofMultiPurposeMachineWithScotchYokeMechanism-300x128.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Development of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke Mechanism</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/development-of-multi-purpose-machine/">Development of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke Mechanism</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Development of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke Mechanism-Hacksaw, Shaping Machine  INTRODUCTION
Multi-operation machine as a research area is motivated by questions that arise in industrial...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/development-of-multi-purpose-machine/" aria-label="View Post: Development of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke Mechanism">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Development of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke Mechanism","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/development-of-multi-purpose-machine\/","articleBody":"Development of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke Mechanism-Hacksaw, Shaping Machine\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\nMulti-operation machine as a research area is motivated by questions that arise in industrial manufacturing, production planning, and computer control. Consider a large automotive garage with specialized shops. A car may require the following work, replace exhaust system, align wheels, and tune up. These three tasks may be carried out in any order.However, since the exhaust system, alignment, and tune-up shops are in different buildings, it is impossible to perform two tasks for a car simultaneously. When there are many cars requiring services at the three shops, it is desirable to construct a service schedule that takes the least amount of total time.See Also:\r\n1)\u00a0GEAR LESS POWER TRANSMISSION WITH SCOTCH YOKE MECHANISM- PROJECT\r\n2)\u00a0Double acting Hack saw Machine Operated By Scotch Yoke Mechanism\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDevelopment of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke Mechanism\r\n\r\n\u00a0Scotch Yoke Mechanism\r\nThe Scotch yoke is a mechanism for converting the linear motion of a slider into rotational motion or vice-versa. The piston or other reciprocating part is directly coupled to a sliding yoke with a slot that engages a pin on the rotating part. The shape of the motion of the piston is a pure sine wave over.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nConstruction\r\nThe scotch yoke mechanism is constructed with iron bars. Here the crank is made in some length and the yoke is also made using the same material. It is noted that the minimum length of the yoke should be double the length of the crank. The crank and yoke is connected with a pin. Iron bars are welded to both sides of the yoke to get the reciprocating motion. The yoke with the iron bars is fixed on the display board with the help of c clamp. Now the crank is welded to the end of the shaft of the motor. Now the pin on the crank is connected to the yoke. The pin used to connect yoke and crank is a bolt.\r\n\r\nWorking principle\r\n\r\nWhen the power is supplied to the 12v Dc motor, shaft and crank attached to the shaft start rotating. As the crank rotates the pin slides inside the yoke and also moves the yoke forward. When-the crank rotates through in clockwise direction the yoke will get a displacement in the forward direction. The maximum displacement will be equal to the length of the crank. When the crank completes the next of rotation the yoke comes back to its initial position. For the next of rotation,yoke moves in the backward direction. When the crank completes a full rotation the yoke moves back\r\nto the initial position. For a complete rotation of crank the yoke moves through a length equal to double the length of the crank. The displacement of the yoke can be controlled by varying the length of the crank.\r\n\r\n\r\nAdvantages\r\n\r\n\r\n \tHigh torque output with a small cylinder size\r\n \tFewer moving parts\r\n \tSmoother operation\r\n \tHigher percentage of the time spent at top dead center (dwell) improving theoretical engine efficiency of constant volume combustion cycles though actual gains have not been demonstrated.\r\n \tIn an engine application, elimination of joint typically served by a wrist pin, and near elimination of piston skirt and cylinder scuffing, as side loading of piston due to sine of connecting rod angle is eliminated.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDisadvantages\r\n\r\n\r\n \tRapid wear of the slot in the yoke caused by sliding friction and high contact pressures.\r\n \tIncreased heat loss during combustion due to extended dwell at top dead center offsets any constant volume combustion improvements in real engines.\r\n \tLesser percentage of the time spent at bottom dead center reducing blow down time for two stroke engines, when compared with a conventional piston and crankshaft mechanism.\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0Applications\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThis setup is most commonly used in control valve actuator sin high pressure oil and gas pipelines\r\n \tIt has been used in various internal combustion engines, such as the Bourke engine, SyTech engine, and many hot air engines and steam engines.\u00a0\r\n \tIt is also used in multipurpose machines and I.C engines.","headline":"Development of Multi Purpose Machine With Scotch Yoke Mechanism","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-11-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/DevelopmentofMultiPurposeMachineWithScotchYokeMechanism-300x128.jpg","height":128,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/helical-tube-in-coil-type-heat-exchanger/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/helicaltubehollow-300x259.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Design and fabrication of helical tube in coil type heat exchanger</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/helical-tube-in-coil-type-heat-exchanger/">Design and fabrication of helical tube in coil type heat exchanger</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Design and fabrication of helical tube in coil type heat exchanger  Introduction        
A heat exchanger is a device used to heat transfer between two or more fluids for various application...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/helical-tube-in-coil-type-heat-exchanger/" aria-label="View Post: Design and fabrication of helical tube in coil type heat exchanger">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Design and fabrication of helical tube in coil type heat exchanger","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/helical-tube-in-coil-type-heat-exchanger\/","articleBody":"Design and fabrication of helical tube in coil type heat exchanger\r\n\r\nIntroduction \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\r\nA heat exchanger is a device used to heat transfer between two or more fluids for various application including power plants, nuclear reactors, refrigeration &amp; air condition system, automotive industries, heat recovery system, chemical processing and food industries. The various types of heat transfer enhancement techniques are classified into two main categories. Active techniques which require external power for heat transfer augmentation, and passive techniques which not require such external power for enhancement. One of the passive techniques is the use of helically coiled tubes. Several papers studied and indicated that helical coiled tubes are superior to straight tube due to their compactness and increased heat transfer coefficient .Helical coils are used for various processes such as heat exchangers because they can accommodate a large heat transfer area in a small space, with high heat transfer coefficient. The centrifugal forces are acting on the moving fluid due to the curvature of the tube results in the development.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHelical Tube:\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Helical tubes are universally used in chemical reactors, ocean engineering, heat exchangers, piping system and many other engineering applications. It has been long recognized that heat transfer characteristic of helical tubes is much better than the straight ones because of the occurrence of secondary fluid flow in planes normal to the main flow inside the helical structure .Helical tubes show great performance in heat transfer enhancement, while the uniform curvature of spiral structure is inconvenient in pipe installation in heat exchangers. It has been widely reported in literature that heat transfer rates in helical coils are higher as compared to those in straight tubes. Due to the compact structure and high heat transfer coefficient, helical coil heat exchangers find extensive use in industrial applications such as power generation, nuclear industry, process plants, heat recovery systems, refrigeration, food industry, etc.\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nHelical Tube\r\n\r\n\r\nFully drain-able\u00a0inner and outer coil.Operational Features :\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tSpiral wound for maximum counter flow efficiency.\r\n \tSpiral wound for maximum parallel flow efficiency.\r\n \tConstant fluid velocity.\r\n \tNo dead spots or crevices.\r\n \tFluids and slurries.\r\n \tHighly resistant to thermal and hydraulic \u00a0shock.\r\n\r\n\r\nMaterial Used For Exchanger\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tCopper for inner tube\r\n \tCopper for outer tube\r\n \tSS316 L for fittings and connectors.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nObjectives :\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tSystem design and theoretical derivation of dimension of inner tube , outer tube , number of coils for the desired temperature gradient\r\n \tDesign and fabrication of Helical tube in tube coil heat exchanger with closed coil structure..\r\n \tDesign and fabrication of Test rig for testing of Helical tube in tube coil heat exchanger\r\n \tTesting of Helical tube in tube coil heat exchanger in parallel flow configuration to determine:\r\n \t\u00a0LMTD\r\n \tCapacity ratio\r\n \tEffectiveness\u00a0\r\n \tTesting of Helical tube in tube coil heat exchanger in counter flow configuration to determine:\r\n \tLMTD\r\n \tCapacity ratio\r\n \tEffectiveness.\r\n\r\nComponents:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tHelical Coil.\r\n \tWater Tank.\r\n \tBoom (vertical support).\r\n \tHolder Pin.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDesign Of Coil:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tDiameter of inner tube di = 6.4 mm\r\n \tDiameter of outer tube do =12.5 mm\r\n \tLength of tube L= 2.7 m\r\n \tNo. of turns of coil N= 7\r\n \tPitch of coil p= 30\r\n \tOutside dia of Coil De= 150.\r\n\r\nDesign and fabrication of helical tube in coil type heat exchanger\r\n\r\n\r\nApplication:\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\n1)They are mainly employed in the field of cryogenics for cryogenic separation and liquefaction of air, natural gas processing and liquefaction, production of petrochemicals and large refrigeration systems. The exchangers that are used for cryogenic air separation and LPG fractionation are the largest and most complex units of the plate fin type and a single unit could be of several meters in length.\u00a0\r\n2)They are being used mainly in environment control system of the aircraft, avionics and hydraulic oil cooling and fuel heating.\r\n3) In the automobile sector they are used for making the radiators.\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\nOther Applications :\r\n\r\n1. Fuel cells\r\n2 . Process heat exchangers.\r\n3 . Heat recovery plants.\r\n4 . Pollution control systems\r\n5 . Fuel processing and conditioning plants.\r\n6 . Ethylene and propylene production plants.\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\nAdvantages Of Heat Exchanger:\r\n\r\n1. Compactness\r\n2. Effectiveness\r\n3. Temperature control\r\n4. Flexibility\r\n5. True counter flow operation.\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\nDisadvantages Of Heat Exchanger:\r\n\r\n1. Limited range of temperature and pressure.\r\n2. Difficulty in cleaning of passages, which limits it application to clean and relatively non- corrosive fluids.\r\n3. Difficulty of repair in case of failure or leakage between passages.\r\n4. Helical tube complicated in design.","headline":"Design and fabrication of helical tube in coil type heat exchanger","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-11-05","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/helicaltubehollow-300x259.jpg","height":259,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/stair-climber-trolley-projec/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Designandfabricationofstairclimbertrolleycrf-min-259x300.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Design and fabrication of stair climber trolley Mechanical Project</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/stair-climber-trolley-projec/">Design and fabrication of stair climber trolley Mechanical Project</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF STAIR CLIMBER TROLLEY  Abstract
This project aims at developing a mechanism for easy transportation of heavy loads over stairs. The need for such a system arises from...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/stair-climber-trolley-projec/" aria-label="View Post: Design and fabrication of stair climber trolley Mechanical Project">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Design and fabrication of stair climber trolley Mechanical Project","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/stair-climber-trolley-projec\/","articleBody":"DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF STAIR CLIMBER TROLLEY\r\n\r\nAbstract\r\nThis project aims at developing a mechanism for easy transportation of heavy loads over stairs. The need for such a system arises from day-to-day requirements in our society. Devices such as hand trolleys are used to relieve the stress of lifting while on flat ground; however, these devices usually fail when it comes to carrying the load over short fleet of stairs. In the light of this, the project attempts to design a stair climbing hand cart which can carry heavy objects up the stairs with less effort compared to carrying them manually. It also endeavors to study the commercial viability and importance of such a product. Several designs were conceived that would allow a non-industrial hand trolley to travel over stairs, curbs, or uneven terrain while reducing the strain on the\r\nuser.\r\nIn our project, the trolley is equipped with Tri-Star wheels which enable us to carry load up and down the stairs. It also eases the movement of trolley in-irregular surfaces like holes, bumps, etc.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDesign and fabrication of stair climber trolley\r\n\r\nHAND TROLLEY\r\nA hand trolley is a small transport device used to move heavy loads from one place to another. It is a very common tool used by a large number of industries that transport physical products. Also called a hand truck or a dolly, the hand trolley is often used by stock persons who arrange and restock\r\nmerchandise in retail stores. When used properly, trolleys can protect people from back injuries and other health problems that can result from lifting heavy loads.\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\nDescription\r\nA typical hand trolley consists of two small wheels located beneath a load-bearing platform, the hand trolley usually has two handles on its support frame. These handles are used to push, pull and maneuver the device. The handles may extend from the top rear of the frame, or one handle may curve from the back. An empty hand trolley usually stands upright in an L-shape, and products are usually stacked on top of the platform. When the goods are in place, it is tilted backward so that the load is balanced between the platform and the support frame. Especially if heavy or fragile materials are moved, the person operating the trolley should return it to an upright position carefully, to insure\r\nnothing falls off the platform. The front of the frame may be squared off for boxes or curved for drums and barrels. Sometimes, a hand truck also has straps for securing loose freight during transport.\r\nProfessional material handlers prefer to use a hand truck when moving stackable items such as boxes, crates or packages. Heavier items are usually stacked on the bottom of the hand truck, with lighter objects saved for the top.\r\n\r\n\r\nHand truck users must be careful not to stack it so high that their vision is blocked or the load becomes unstable. Generally, it is safe to load a hand truck to the level of its handles or the top of the frame. The load is then shifted onto the wheels with a backwards lifting motion. The user can maneuver the cargo by steering it left, right or forward.\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\nNEED FOR STAIR CLIMBER TROLLEY\r\nLifting heavy objects to upper stories or lifting patients to upper levels from the ground are not painless jobs, especially where there are no lifting facilities (elevator, conveyer, etc.). Moreover, most of the buildings are structurally congested and do not have elevators or escalators. This project can\r\nintroduce a new option for the transportation of loads over the stairs. The stair climbing hand trolley can play an important role in those areas to lift loads over a short height.\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\nSTAIR CLIMBER TROLLEY\r\n\u00a0\r\nThe stair-climbing hand truck is designed to reduce liability rather than increase it. Conventional hand trucks work well on flat ground, but their usefulness decreases when it becomes necessary to move an object over an irregular surface. Package deliverymen, for example, often find it necessary to drag loaded hand trucks up short flights of stairs just to reach the front door of a\r\nbuilding. The entire purpose of using a conventional hand truck is to avoid having to lift and carry heavy objects around.\r\nLifting a hand truck up the stairs defeats the purpose of the device, since the user must provide enough upward force to lift the entire weight of the cart and its contents. Furthermore, the geometry of a hand truck makes it nearly impossible to lift with one's legs, as is the proper form. Considerable strain is placed on the back muscles and the risk of operator injury is sharply increased.\r\nThe pulling up of a standard hand truck up the stairs results in a bumpy and jarring motion. This motion may damage the items loaded on the hand truck or cause them to fall off entirely. A hand truck that could climb stairs without requiring the user to lift would improve the safety of moving heavy objects over irregular surfaces.\r\nIn our project, we are designing and fabricating normal hand trolleys with Tri-Star wheel in order to enable the trolley to move up or down the stairs.\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\nTRI-STAR WHEEL DESIGN\r\nThe Tri-Star wheel was designed in 1967 by Robert and John Forsyth of the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. They were first developed as a module of the Lockheed Terrastar, a commercially unsuccessful amphibious military vehicle. A Tri-Star wheel functions as an ordinary wheel on flat ground, but has the ability to climb automatically when an impediment to rolling is encountered.\r\nThis wheel design consists of three tires, each mounted to a separate shaft. These shafts are located at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. The three shafts are geared to a fourth, central shaft (to which a motor may be attached).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTri-Star Wheel in Motion\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nobstruction. The obstruction prevents the lower front wheel from moving forward but does not affect the motion of the driving axle. This causes the top wheel to roll forward into position as the new front wheel. This wheel usually lands on top of the obstruction and allows the rest of the assembly to vault over the obstruction. Tri-Star wheel in motion is shown in figure When geared in this quasi-planetary fashion, these triangular sets of wheels can negotiate many types of terrain, including sand and mud; they can also allow a vehicle to climb over small obstructions such as rocks, holes, and stairs. The wheel assembly may be gear-driven, with two wheels in rolling contact with the ground. The third wheel idles at the top until the lower front wheel hits an\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\nAPPLICATION OF TRI-STAR WHEEL IN OUR PROJECT\r\nIn our project, we are using this Tri-Star wheel arrangement in a hand trolley in the place of normal wheels setup to enable the trolley to climb up and down the stair cases and also to up come small obstacles like holes and bumps on its path.\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\nCONCLUSION\r\nThough this project had some limitations regarding the strength and built of the structure, it can be considered to be a small step forward, as far as Stair Climbing Vehicles are concerned. During the test run of this project, it was realized that it wouldn\u2019t be a bad idea to consider this design for carrying heavy loads up the stairs. This product will be well acclaimed if it can be commercialized to suit the needs. Though the initial cost of the project seemed to be higher but more accurate manufacturing would shorten this. As far the commercial aspects of this product are concerned, if this product can be fully automated and produced at a lower cost the acceptance will be unimaginable. Presently, there are no competitors for such a kind of product in our market.\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\nDownload :\r\n\u00a0\r\nDesign and fabrication of stair climber trolley Mechanical Project","headline":"Design and fabrication of stair climber trolley Mechanical Project","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-11-04","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Designandfabricationofstairclimbertrolleycrf-min-259x300.png","height":300,"width":259},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-flows-in-pipe-fluid-mechanics/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/typesofflowslaminarandturbulance-300x224.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Types of Flows in a Pipe /Fluid Mechanics</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-flows-in-pipe-fluid-mechanics/">Types of Flows in a Pipe /Fluid Mechanics</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Types of Flows in a Pipe /Fluid Mechanics -Basic Of Fluid Mechanics 
   Types of Flows in a Pipe - The type of flow of a liquid depends upon the manner in which the particles unite and move....</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-flows-in-pipe-fluid-mechanics/" aria-label="View Post: Types of Flows in a Pipe /Fluid Mechanics">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types of Flows in a Pipe \/Fluid Mechanics","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-flows-in-pipe-fluid-mechanics\/","articleBody":"Types of Flows in a Pipe \/Fluid Mechanics -Basic Of Fluid Mechanics\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\nTypes of Flows in a Pipe - The type of flow of a liquid depends upon the manner in which the particles unite and move. Though there are many types of flows, yet the following are important :\r\n\u00a0\r\n1. Uniform flow: A flow, in which the liquid particles at all sections of a pipe or channel have \u00a0the same velocities, is called a uniform flow.\r\n\u00a0\r\n2. Non-uniform flow: A flow, in which the liquid particles at different sections of a pipe or channel have different velocities, is called a non-uniform flow.\r\n\u00a0\r\nSee also: Classification of fluids | basic of fluid Mechanics\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTypes Of Flows -Laminar and Turbulence Flow \u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n3. Streamline flow (Laminar Flow) : A flow, in which each liquid particle has a definite path and the paths of individual particles do not cross each other, is called a streamline flow.\r\n\r\n\r\n4. Turbulent flow: A flow, in which each liquid particle does not have a definite path and the paths of individual particles also cross each other, is called a turbulent flow.\r\n\u00a0\r\n5. Steady flow: A flow, in which the quantity of liquid flowing per second is constant, is called a steady flow. A steady flow may be uniform or non - uniform.\r\n\u00a0\r\n6. Unsteady flow: A flow, in which the quantity of liquid flowing per second is not constant, is called an unsteady flow.\r\n\u00a0\r\n7. Compressible flow: A flow, in which the volume of a fluid and its density changes during the flow, is called a compressible flow. All the gases are considered to have compressible flow.\r\n\u00a0\r\n8. In-compressible\u00a0flow: A flow, in which the volume of a fluid and its density does not change during the flow, is called an incompressible flow. All the liquids are considered to have incompressible flow.\r\n\u00a0\r\n9. Rotational flow: A flow, in which the fluid particles also rotate (i.e. have some angular velocity) about their own axes while flowing, is called a rotational flow.\r\n\u00a0\r\n10. Irrotational flow: A flow, in which the fluid particles do not rotate about their own axes and retain their original orientations, is called an irrotational flow.\r\n\u00a0\r\n11. One-dimensional flow: A flow, in which the streamlines of its moving particles are represented by straight line, is called an one-dimensional flow.\r\n\u00a0\r\n12. Two-dimensional flow: A flow, whose streamlines of its moving particles are represented by a curve, is called a two-dimensional flow.\r\n\u00a0\r\n13. Three - dimensional flow: A flow, whose streamlines are represented in space i.e. along the three mutually perpendicular directions, is called a three - dimensional flow.","headline":"Types of Flows in a Pipe \/Fluid Mechanics","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-10-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/typesofflowslaminarandturbulance-300x224.png","height":224,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=256">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=255"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>255</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=256"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>256</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>257</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=258"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>258</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=259"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>259</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=258">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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