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 The body is the super-structure for all vehicles. It may either be constructed separately and bolted to the chassis or...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/nomenclature-of-car-body-car-body-parts/" aria-label="View Post: Car Body &#8211; Nomenclature, Car Body Parts , types">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Car Body &#8211; Nomenclature, Car Body Parts , types","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/nomenclature-of-car-body-car-body-parts\/","articleBody":"Nomenclature Of Car Body - Car Body Parts\u00a0| Car Body Parts Design\r\n The body is the super-structure for all vehicles. It may either be constructed separately and bolted to the chassis or manufactured integral with the chassis (i.e. Frameless construction). The chassis and the body make the complete vehicle.\r\nA body consists of windows and doors, engine cover, roof, luggage cover, etc. The electrical system in the body is connected to the chassis electrical units so that the battery and the generator\/alternator can furnish the required electrical energy to the system.\r\nCar Body Construction:\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tThe main skeleton of the car body has two types of panels: \r\n\r\n1. Outer panel. \r\n\r\n2. Inner panel.\r\n\r\n \tThe outside panels provide the shape of the car body whereas the inner panels reinforce the shell of the body. The various curved shapes are given to outer panels to provide the strength to panels.\r\n \tThe inner panels provide mounting locations for various trim panels and connecting assemblies. These two panels are welded together to pillars and rails so as to form the skeleton of the car body.\r\n \tThe various components of the car body are body, sheets, pillar-less frame, front and rear doors, front panel, roof panel, floor panel with engine beams, wheel arches, bonnet, windscreen pillar, windscreen, front and rear window, front and rear bumper, cowl assembly, front and rear seats, luggage space as a continuation of the passenger compartment, folding roof with windup windows, sliding roof and folded flat windscreen, hood, etc.\r\n \tAll steel sections of bodies are stamped out by dies separately and welded to other sections for forming the steel bodies. The body of the car is made up of many sheet metal panels. Each panel is so designed to give enough strength and rigidity to the assembled unit.\r\n\r\n\r\nSome Terminology Of Body:\r\nCab: \r\n\r\nIt is the driver's cabin, which may be a closed region separated from the rest of the body (as in truck) or maybe an open region being a part of the body (as in car).\r\n\r\nFascia. \r\n\r\nIt is the frontage of the vehicle visible to the driver. It includes the dashboard (instrument board), tape recorder housing, globe box, etc.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \t\r\n \tNomenclature Of Car Body - Car Body Parts | Car Body Parts Design\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDashboard. \r\n\r\nIt houses various indicators such as fuel level indicator, engine temperature indicator, speedometer, voltmeter, ammeter, odometer, air-conditioner's control panel, ignition switch, light switches, side indicator switch, various controls switches, automatic operation switches, etc.\r\n\r\nLegroom.\r\n\r\n It is the space provided for the movement of the legs of the driver and passengers. Sufficient legroom is essential for comfortable driving, riding, and traveling.\r\n\r\nHeadroom. \r\n\r\nIt is the vertical distance inside the body between the floor to the ceiling. This dimension is based on the stability\u00a0 consideration of the vehicle, as the position of CG from the ground level depends on this height\r\n\r\nShoulder Room. \r\n\r\nIt is the clear horizontal distance available inside the body.\r\n\r\nBoot Space. \r\n\r\nThis is the storing space available below the rear hood.\r\nBody Work Requirements:\r\nThe bodywork has to be structurally strong, easily accessible, and of a good finish.\r\n\r\nSome of the important considerations for a good bodywork include the following :\r\n\r\n1. Attractive body styling.\r\n2. Upholstery work should be well-trimmed and comfortable.\r\n3. Body structure should be rust preventing.\r\n4. Paintwork and other finishing should be appealing.\r\n5. The body should be structurally strong and light. Therefore, construction material should be of lightweight, strong, and cheap.\r\n6. Doors and windows should be conveniently located, and easier to operate.\r\n7. Controls should be located at convenient positions and should be easily approachable.\r\n8. The arrangement of hand controls and foot pedals should be foolproof and untiring.\r\n9. Provision of sufficient space for accommodating accessories, instruments, and controls.\r\n10. Driver's and passengers' seats should be comfortable and adjustable and should be conveniently located.\r\n11. Interior cabin should be dustproof and soundproof.\r\n12. The body should be equipped with sufficient safety provisions.\r\n\r\nMain Parts of the Automobile body:\r\n\r\n\r\nThe bodywork includes the following main parts.\r\n1. Body safety,\r\n2. Bonnet,\r\n3. Side pillars,\r\n4. Rear hood,\r\n5. Front side panel,\r\n6. Rear side panel,\r\n7. Door pillars,\r\n8. Windshield pillar,\r\n9. Rear quarter pillar,\r\n10. Body sill,\r\n11. Roof,\r\n12. Door Panels,\r\n13. Front bumper,\r\n14. Rear bumper\r\n\r\n\r\nCar body accessories and write their functions\r\n(1) Body Cover: To keep the car covered in open parking.\r\n\r\n(2) Puncture Repair Kit: To repair the punctured vehicle in case of emergency\r\n\r\n(3) Tyre Inflator: To fill the air in the flat tire.\r\n\r\n(4) Air Pressure Gauge: To check tire air pressure regularly.\r\n\r\n(5) Comprehensive Tool Kit: To attend the minor repairs.\r\n\r\n(6) Cleaning Cloth: To wipe out dirt dust etc. from the car body.\r\n\r\n(7) Spoilers: To spoil unfavorable air movement across the body.\r\n\r\n(8) Sports Mirrors: Better Appearance\r\n\r\n(9) Head And Tail Light Cover: Better Look\r\n\r\n(10) Window Visors: To keep the window open in all types of seasons.\r\n\r\n(11) Sun Roof: To provide natural air conditioning to the car.\r\n\r\n(12) Windshield Wiper Blades: To clean the windshield of a car.\r\nTypes of automobile bodies:\r\ni) Closed Cars:\r\n\r\na) Sedan: The type of car design consists of an engine compartment, passenger compartment, and a separate boot. A sedan possess a fixed roof with a fixed B pillar which seats four or more. Most commonly it is a four-door; two-door models are rare.\r\n\r\nb) Hatchback: An automobile design, consisting of a passenger cabin with an integrated cargo space, accessed from behind the vehicle by a tailgate. Opening rear tailgate. The interior design includes fold-down rear seats, which can be used as a cargo area. The rear seat can be folded partially (for instance 1\/2, 1\/3, or 2\/3) or completely to expand the cargo space.\r\n\r\nc) Coupe: Coupe was an enclosed two-seater mainly used in towns and was driven by a coachman. If the carriage had an emergency (tip-up) seat or a seat for a child, then it was a so-called\u00a0three-quarter coup\u00e9. Coup\u00e9s generally, but not necessarily, have two doors, although automobile makers have offered four-door coup\u00e9s and three- and five-door hatchback coup\u00e9s, as well. The SAE distinguishes a coup\u00e9 from a sedan (saloon) primarily by interior volume.\r\n\r\nd) Limousine: is a luxury vehicle driven by a chauffeur with a partition between the driver's compartment and the passenger compartment. A car with a partition and a lengthened wheelbase is called a \"stretch limousine\".\r\n\r\nii) Open cars\r\n\r\na) Sports: is a small, usually two-seater automobile designed for spirited performance and nimble handling. The term \"sports car\" was used in London.\r\n\r\nb) Convertible: is a passenger car that can be driven with or without a roof in place. The methods of retracting and storing the roof vary between models. A convertible allows an open-air driving experience, with the ability to provide a roof when required.\r\n\r\niii) Special Style: is a car body style that has a two-box design, a large cargo area, and a rear tailgate that is hinged at the roof level. The body style is similar to hatchbacks, however, station wagons are longer and are more likely to have the roofline extended to the rear of the car. (resulting in a vertical surface at the rear) to maximize the cargo space.\r\n\r\na) Estate Cars\r\nb) Station Wagon\r\n\r\niv) Transport Vehicles: vehicle used for transportation or movement of public\/ passenger or goods through road. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private.\r\n\r\na) Van: a small passenger vehicle.\r\nb) Truck: large goods transport vehicle.\r\nc) Articulated Vehicle: very large goods transport vehicle.\r\nd) Bus: large public\/passenger transport vehicle\r\ne) Coach: large public\/passenger transport vehicle\r\n\r\nOther types of bodies are\r\n\r\n1. Tractor with articulated trailer\r\n2. Half body Truck\r\n3. Dump truck\r\n4. Tanker\r\n5. Delivery truck\r\nMaterials used for body construction:\r\n1) Steel\r\n2) Alloy steel\r\n3) Aluminum\r\n4) Plastic\r\n\r\n \tThermoplastic\r\n \tThermosetting plastic\r\n \tGlass-reinforced plastic\r\n\r\n5) Fiberglass\r\n6) Wood\r\n7) Glass\r\n8) Rubber\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Car Body &#8211; Nomenclature, Car Body Parts , types","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-08-19","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 7, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/carbodyparts-300x205.png","height":205,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automatic-paper-cutting-machine-using/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/AutomaticpapercuttingmachineusingGenevamechanism28229-min-225x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Automatic paper cutting machine using Geneva mechanism</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automatic-paper-cutting-machine-using/">Automatic paper cutting machine using Geneva mechanism</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Automatic paper cutting machine using Geneva mechanism
ABSTRACT
          The design of paper cutting machine using Geneva mechanism is very useful to cut papers in equal and accurate...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automatic-paper-cutting-machine-using/" aria-label="View Post: Automatic paper cutting machine using Geneva mechanism">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Automatic paper cutting machine using Geneva mechanism","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/automatic-paper-cutting-machine-using\/","articleBody":"Automatic paper cutting machine using Geneva mechanism\r\nABSTRACT\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 The design of paper cutting machine using Geneva mechanism is very useful to cut papers in equal and accurate dimensions. Geneva drive is an indexing mechanism that converts the continuous motion into intermittent motion. Due to the intermittent motion, the paper is moved between the time intervals of cutting periods. Then the paper cutting is achieved by the crank and lever mechanism. The cutter will be back to its original position by the spring effect.\r\nThis machine \u00a0is also used to cut the various kind of paper products, plastic, thin film, leather, slice of nonferrous metal etc. This system can be applicable in paper cutting industry and proves how it can be a low cost solution in the production practiceSee also:Paper Cutting And Rewinding Machine Mechanical Project\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAutomatic paper cutting machine using Geneva mechanism\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\nTraditional hand lever cutting machine has drawbacks viz. it doesn\u2019t provide safety to operator. It is not user friendly as every time user has to adjust the paper to desired cut position and hold the paper before taking cut. It is very time consuming and tedious process to take a job with different cut size so such machine also accuracy job taken on this machine depends on operators skills.\r\nTo overcome problems automatic\u00a0 paper cutting machine is designed, in order to reduce the time for marking and cutting the papers.\r\nGeneva mechanism is commonly used indexing mechanism where an intermittent motion is required.\r\n\u00a0The conventional Geneva mechanism is generally simple and inexpensive. Because there is no special curved profile on any of the components except straight lines and circular arcs.\r\nThe paper cutting is done by crank and lever mechanism. After cutting, the spring connected to the cutter will bring the cutter back to its original position.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe main purpose of this machine is to reduce time for marking the papers. Hence, this machine is working fully based on timing.It has got wide application area in books or notebook manufacturing industry, visiting cards or labels manufacturing industry etc.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nSee Also: Design and Fabrication of a Manually Operated Paper Recycling Machine | Mechanical Project\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMain Components Of Projects :\r\n\r\n\r\n \tGENEVA WHEEL: In our Geneva, the driven wheel has four slots and thus advances by one step of 90 degrees for each rotation of the drive wheel. Hence the intermittent motion is achieved for 1\/4 of the 360 degrees.\r\n \tSPROCKETS: A sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, cogs, or even sprockets that mesh with a chain. The sprockets are used for the power transmission between two shafts through the roller chain.\r\n \tROLLER CHAIN: Roller chain is the type of chain drive most commonly used for transmission of mechanical power between two sprockets. It consists of a series of short cylindrical rollers held together by side links. It is driven by a toothed wheel called a sprocket.\r\n \tPAPER CUTTER: A paper cutter is a tool, designed to cut the paper with a straight edge. Paper cutters vary in size. This paper cutter is used as the oscillator in the four bar crank and lever mechanism.\r\n \tCOIL SPRING: A coil spring, also known as a helical spring, is a mechanical element, which is typically used to store energy and subsequently release it. This coil spring is used to bring the cutter to its original position.\r\n \tSHAFT: A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit power from one place to another. This shaft form an integral part of the machine itself. The crank shaft is an example of machine shaft.\r\n \tPAPER ROLLER: Paper roller is an element which is used to roll the paper while the intermittent motion. The paper roller is used to feed the paper without any damage.\r\n\r\n\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\u00a0\r\nThe handle is fixed to the crank (sprocket). If the handle is rotated,\r\n1.When the cam pin is in extreme right position i.e. engage position, the crank shaft will be at extreme bottom position. Hence the cutter is in full open position and the spring will be in rest position.\r\n2.When the cam pin is in extreme bottom position i.e. disengage position, the crank shaft will be at extreme left position. Hence the cutter is in partial cutting position and the spring will be in partial tension.\r\n3.When the cam pin is in extreme left position i.e. disengage position, the crank shaft will be at extreme top position. Hence the cutter is in full cutting position and spring will be in full tension. 4.When the cam pin is in extreme top position i.e. disengage position, the crank shaft will be at extreme right position. Hence the cutter is in partial cutting position and the spring will be in partial tension. Thus the paper cutting is achieved by the above four process of the Geneva and cutter.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMERITS:\u00a0\r\n1.No need for marking the paper.\r\n2.It will reduce the time for marking the paper.\r\n3.The dimension of the paper will be accurate.\r\n4.Manufacturing cost is less.\r\n5.No noise pollution.\r\n6.Compact in size.\r\n7.Can be used for small scale industries.\r\n8.Can able to change the machine elements easily\r\n\r\nLIMITATIONS:\u00a0\r\n1.Can\u2019t able to cut the papers above 15 cm width.\r\n2.Can\u2019t able to cut bunch of papers i.e. more than 5 papers.\r\n3.Can\u2019t be used for large scale industries.\r\n\r\nAPPLICATIONS:\r\n1. It can able to use in paper cutting industries.\r\n2. It can able to use in paper crafting\r\n3. It can be used in many small scale paper industries.\r\n4. It can be used to cut the color papers for designing.\r\n5. It can be used in stationary stores.\r\n\r\nBuy Project Model :\r\n\u00a0\r\nContact Details :\r\nMr. Karan Borase\r\nprojectpark111@gmail.com\r\nMob No:901100321\r\n1","headline":"Automatic paper cutting machine using Geneva mechanism","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-08-18","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/AutomaticpapercuttingmachineusingGenevamechanism28229-min-225x300.jpg","height":300,"width":225},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automatic-shoe-cleaning-machine/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/AuotmaticShoePolisher-min-300x230.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Design and Fabrication Of Automatic shoe Polishing Machine</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automatic-shoe-cleaning-machine/">Design and Fabrication Of Automatic shoe Polishing Machine</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Design and Fabrication Of Automatic shoe Polishing Machine  Abstract: 
In this work, it is proposed to design a shoe sole cleaning machine, incorporating shoe polishing facility with this...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automatic-shoe-cleaning-machine/" aria-label="View Post: Design and Fabrication Of Automatic shoe Polishing Machine">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Design and Fabrication Of Automatic shoe Polishing Machine","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/automatic-shoe-cleaning-machine\/","articleBody":"Design and Fabrication Of Automatic shoe Polishing Machine\r\n\r\nAbstract:\u00a0\r\nIn this work, it is proposed to design a shoe sole cleaning machine, incorporating shoe polishing facility with this machine. As all the employees, faculty etc required to wear clean shoes before entering their laboratories, as these laboratories have highly pr\u00e9cised instruments, sensors etc and the air inside should be very clean.\r\nThus shoe sole cleaner with shoe polishing machine is designed, considering all the parameters with respect to customer need in terms portability and also economically available to them, thus providing not only clean environment but also provide the style quotient to the person with polishing effect.\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nThere is a famous proverb \u201cCleanliness is next to godliness\u201d. The machine which we have designed and fabricated implicates this, called as \u201cshoe sole cleaner with shoe polishing machine\u201d, here the shoes sole can be cleaned and polished in much less time with no effort.\r\nMost of the industries, hospitals and educational institutions having the most preserved laboratories like computer labs, instrumentation labs operational theatre and various production, assembly sites in chemical, pharmaceutical industries etc, have to be free from dust and dirt which would be carried through the shoe of the employees to the work area, causing untidy environment and also sometimes hazardous to the working environment.\r\n\r\nAutomatic Shoe Polishing Machine\u00a0\r\n\r\nAs prime importance given to the shoe selection nowadays, its maintenance is also being taken care and in some regions or areas tidy environment is preferred, hence cleaning of shoe, upper and lower part of it and also to have a elegant look to the human, polishing of the shoe is necessary, considering all these factors wide range of machines for shoe sole cleaning machine and shoe polishing machine has been evolved from the earlier centuries and also the project introduces a variety of concepts of the product and helps in selecting a better model for shoe sole cleaning and shoe polishing machine.\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\n\u2022There are two types of brushes used in shoe polishing,\r\n1.BRISTLE-FILLED BRUSHES\r\n2.HORSE HAIR FILLED BRUSHES\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nShoe polish machine consist of two layer of board, the lower board consist of fluid dispensing mechanism and the power supply unit. the upper layer consist of boot polishing and cleaning mechanism. in which consist of four brushes made from nylon material .here, we have used four brushes and we categorized the brushes into,\r\n\r\n(1.) Left hand brush\r\n(2.) Right hand brush\r\n(3.) Front side brush\r\n(4.) Back side brush\r\n\r\n\r\nWorking Of machine :\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDesign and Fabrication Of Automatic shoe Polishing Machine\r\n\r\nThis models basically working on scotch yoke mechanism. in scotch yoke mechanism , the rotary motion is converted into sliding motion. This motion gives controlled path is best for our project. Here one 12v motor is used for power transmitting. This motor is attached with scotch yoke mechanism. It convert the rotary motion into sliding motion. There is one sliding plate is used foe sliding motion which is used in domestic application in home. This sliding plate is attached with scotch yoke mechanism with the help of L-shape aluminum angles. On the back side of this angles the shoe polish brush is attached with the help of screw. For the back and front side ,another 12v dc motor is used for rotating the brushes.\r\n\r\n\r\n\u2022 Now ,when the power is supplied, the first power gone into the step down transformer and 230v power is converted into 12v ac power. From them, it is gone through circuit and the ac power is converted into dc power. This power is supplied to the ON- Off switches which control the motion of motors and pump.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Here two switch board is provided, from which the first switches board consist of two switches which is used for controlling the two sliding and two rotary motion of the brushes and second switch board consist of one switches which is used for controlling the flow of fluid. from the two switches board ,the switchno-1 is used for controlling thr sliding motion of brush and switch no-2 is used for controlling the rotary motion of front and back side brushes.\r\n\r\n\u2022 After switching the power supply ,we just need to ON the switches for starting the motor and water pump. The brushes start it work automatically. There is sliding motion of brush create the friction and it will help to get better shining of the shoe.\r\n\r\nComponent of machine\r\n\r\n\r\n(1.)12V dc motor with 300 rpm\r\n(2.) 12V transformer\r\n(3.) WATER PUMP\r\n(4.) Circuit for converting ac power into dc power\r\n(5.) Two ON-OFF switch for controlling the sliding and rotary motion of brush\r\n(6.)One ON-OFF switches for controlling the dispension of fluid\r\n(7.)SCOTCH yoke mechanism","headline":"Design and Fabrication Of Automatic shoe Polishing Machine","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-08-13","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/AuotmaticShoePolisher-min-300x230.jpg","height":230,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/francis-turbine-diagram-working/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/workingoffrancisturbine-300x191.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Francis Turbine &#8211; Diagram, Working, Parts , Advantages, Applications</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/francis-turbine-diagram-working/">Francis Turbine &#8211; Diagram, Working, Parts , Advantages, Applications</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction To Francis Turbine -  The Francis turbine is a mixed flow reaction turbine. This turbine is used for medium heads with medium discharge. Water enters the runner and flows towards the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/francis-turbine-diagram-working/" aria-label="View Post: Francis Turbine &#8211; Diagram, Working, Parts , Advantages, Applications">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Francis Turbine &#8211; Diagram, Working, Parts , Advantages, Applications","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/francis-turbine-diagram-working\/","articleBody":"Introduction To Francis Turbine -\r\n\r\n \tThe Francis turbine is a mixed flow reaction turbine. This turbine is used for medium heads with medium discharge. Water enters the runner and flows towards the center of the wheel in the radial direction and leaves parallel to the axis of the turbine.\r\n \tTurbines are subdivided into impulse and reaction machines. In the impulse turbines, the total head available is converted into the kinetic energy.\r\n \tIn the reaction turbines, only some part of the available total head of the fluid is converted into kinetic energy so that the fluid entering the runner has pressure energy as well as kinetic energy. The pressure energy is then converted into kinetic energy in the runner.\r\n \tThe Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine that was developed by James B. Francis. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. They operate in a water head from 40 to 600 m and are primarily used for electrical power production. The electric generators which most often use this type of turbine have a power output which generally ranges just a few kilowatts up to 800 MW\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \t\r\n \tDiagram Of Francis Turbine\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nParts Of Francis Turbine\r\nFrancis turbine consists mainly of the following parts\r\n\r\na) Spiral or scroll casing -\u00a0 \r\n\r\nIt is a closed passage whose cross-sectional area gradually decreases along the flow direction. The area is maximum at the inlet and nearly zero at the outlet.\r\n\r\nb) Guide mechanism - \r\n\r\nGuides vanes direct the water onto the runner at an angle appropriate to the design. The driving force on the runner is both due to impulse and reaction effects. The number if a runner blade usually varies between 16 and 24.\r\n\r\nc) Runner and turbine main Shaft :\r\n\r\nd) Draft tube: \r\n\r\nIt is a gradually expanding tube which discharges the water passing through the runner to the tailrace.\r\n\r\ne) Penstock: \r\n\r\nIt is the large pipe which conveys water from the upstream of the reservoir to the turbine runner.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \t\r\n \tparts of Francis turbine\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSpiral casing or scroll \u00a0Casing :\r\n\r\n \tThe casing of the \u00a0Francis turbine is designed in a \u00a0spiral form with a \u00a0gradually increasing area.\r\n \tMost of these machines have vertical shafts although some smaller machines of this type have a horizontal shaft. The fluid enters from the penstock (pipeline leading to the turbine from the reservoir at high altitude) to a spiral casing that surrounds the runner.\r\n \tThis casing is known as scroll casing or volute. The cross-sectional area of this casing decreases uniformly along the circumference to keep the fluid velocity constant in magnitude along its path towards the stay vane. This is so because the rate of flow along the fluid path in the volute decreases due to continuous entry of the fluid to the runner through the openings of the stay vanes.\r\n \tThe casing is made of a cast steel, plate steel, concrete, or concrete and steel depending upon the pressure to which it is subjected. Out of these a plate steel scroll casing is commonly provided for turbines operating under 30 m or higher heads.\r\n\r\nThe advantages of this design are\r\n\r\ni) Smooth and even distribution of water around the runner.\r\nii) Loss of head due to the formation of eddies is avoided.\r\niii) The efficiency of the flow of water to the turbine is increased.\r\n\r\nIn big units stay vanes are provided which direct the water to the guide vanes. The casing is also provided with inspection holes and a pressure gauge connection.\r\n\r\nThe selection of material for the casing depends upon the head of water to be supplied\r\n\r\nFor a head \u00a0\u2014 \u00a0 \u00a0up to 30 meters \u2014concrete is used.\r\nFor a head \u00a0\u2014 \u00a0 \u00a0from 30 to 60 meters \u2014 \u00a0 \u00a0welded rolled steel plates are used.\r\nFor a head of above 90 meters. \u00a0 \u00a0\u2014 cast steel is used.\r\nGuide Mechanism :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tIt consists of a stationary circular wheel all around the runner of the turbine. The stationary guide vanes are fixed on the guide mechanism. The guide vanes allow the water to strike the vanes fixed on the runner without shock at the inlet.\r\n \tThe guide vanes( also called as wicket gates) are fixed between two rings. This arrangement is in the form of a wheel and called a guide wheel. Each vane can be rotated about its pivot center.\r\n \tThe opening between the vanes can be increased or decreased by adjusting the guide wheel. \u00a0The guide wheel is adjusted by the regulating shaft which is operated by a \u00a0governor.\r\n \tThe guide blades rest on pivoted on a ring and can be rotated by the rotation of the ring, whose movement is controlled by the governor. In this way the area of blade passage is changed to vary the flow rate of water according to the load so that the speed can be maintained constant. The variation of area between guide blades is illustrated in Figure\r\n\r\nchange in the area of the guide vane\r\n\r\n \tThe guide mechanism provides the required quantity of water to the runner depending upon the load conditions. \u00a0The guide vanes are in general made of cast steel.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \t\r\n \tGuide Mechanism For Francis Turbine\r\n\r\n\r\nRunner and Turbine Main Shaft :\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tRunner is a circular wheel on which a series of radial curved vanes are fixed. The surface of the vanes are made very smooth. The radial curved vans are so shaped that the water enters and leaves the runner without shocks.\r\n \tThe flow in the runner of a modern Francis turbine is partly radial and partly axial.\r\n \tThe runners may be classified as\r\n\r\ni) Slow\r\nii) Medium\r\niii) Fast\r\n\r\n \tThe runner may be cast in one piece or made of separate steel plates welded together. \u00a0The runner made of \u00a0CI \u00a0for small output, \u00a0cast steel, or stainless steel or bronze for large output. The runner blades should be carefully finished with a high degree of accuracy.\r\n \tThe runner may be keyed to the shaft which may be vertical or horizontal. The shaft is made of steel and is forged it is provided with a collar for transmitting the axial thrust.\r\n\r\nDraft Tube :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tThe pressure at the exit of the runner of a reaction turbine is generally less than atmospheric pressure. The water at the exit cannot be directly discharged to the tailrace. A tube or pipe of the gradually increasing area is used for discharging water from the exit of the turbine to the tailrace. This tube of increasing area is called the draft tube\r\n \tThe water after doing work on the runner passes on to the tall race through a tube called a draft tube.\r\n \tIt is made of riveted steel plate or pipe or a concrete tunnel.\r\n \tThe cross-section of the tube increases gradually towards the outlet. The draft tube connects the runner exit to the tailrace.\r\n \tThis tube should be drowned approximately 1 meter below the tailrace water level.\r\n\r\nFunction of draft tube -\r\n\r\ni) To decrease the pressure at the runner exit to a value less than atmospheric pressure and thereby increase the effective working head.\r\nii) To recover a part of electric energy into pressure head at the exit of the draft tube. This enables easy discharge to the atmosphere.\r\n\r\nTypes of draft tube:\r\n\r\ni. Conical draft tube\r\nii. Simple elbow draft tube\r\niii. Moody spreading draft tube\r\niv. Elbow draft tube with circular cross-section at inlet and rectangular at outlet\r\n\r\n(1) Conical Draft Tubes\u2014\r\n\r\nThis is known as a tapered draft tube and used in all reaction turbines where conditions permit. It is preferred for low specific speed and Francis turbine. The maximum cone angle is 8\u00b0 (a = 40\u00b0). The hydraulic efficiency is 90%.\r\n\r\n(2) Simple Elbow Tubes-\r\n\r\nThe elbow type draft tube is often preferred in most of the power plants. If the tube is large in diameter; \u2018it may be necessary to make the horizontal portion of some other section. A common form of section used is over or rectangular. It has low efficiency of around 60%.\r\n\r\n(3) Moody Spreading Tubes-\r\n\r\nThis tube is used to reduce the whirling action of discharge water when the turbine runs at high speed under low head conditions. The draft tube has an efficiency of around 85%.\r\n\r\n(4) Elbow with circular inlet and rectangular outlet\u2014\r\n\r\nThis tube has circular cross-section at the inlet and rectangular section at the outlet. The change from the circular section to the rectangular section takes place in the bend from the vertical leg to the horizontal leg. The efficiency is about 85%.\r\n\r\ntypes of draft tube\r\nFrancis turbine Diagram :\r\nFrancis turbine diagram\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTypes Of Francis Turbines :\r\nThere are mainly two types of Francis turbines known as open flume type and closed type.\r\n\r\n \tIn open flume type, the turbine is immersed underwater of the headrace in a concrete chamber and discharges into the tailrace through the draft tube. The main disadvantage of this type is that runner and the guide-vane mechanism is under the water and they are not open either for inspection or repair without draining the chamber.\r\n \tIn the closed type, the water is led to the turbine through the penstock whose end is connected to the spiral casing of the turbine. The open flume type is used for the plants of 10 meters head whereas, closed type is preferred above 30 meters head. The guide vanes are provided around the runner to regulate the water flowing through the turbine The guide vanes provide gradually decreasing area of\r\nflow for all gate openings, so that no eddies are formed, and efficiency does not suffer much even at part load conditions.\r\n\r\n\r\nWorking principles of Francis turbine\r\n\r\n \tThe water is admitted to the runner through guide vanes or wicket gates. \u00a0The opening between the vanes can be adjusted to vary the quantity of water admitted to the turbine. This is done to suit the load conditions.\r\n \tThe water enters the runner with a low velocity but with a considerable pressure. As the water flows over the vanes the pressure head is gradually converted into velocity head.\r\n \tThis kinetic energy is utilized in rotating the wheel Thus the hydraulic energy is converted into mechanical energy.\r\n \tThe outgoing water enters the tailrace after passing through the draft tube. The draft tube enlarges gradually and the enlarged end is submerged deeply in the tailrace water.\r\n \tDue to this arrangement a suction head is created at the exit of the runner.\r\n\r\nFrancis Turbine Velocity triangle Diagram :\r\nThe majority of the Francis turbines are inward radial flow type and most preferred for medium heads. The inward flow turbine has many advantages over the outward flow turbine as listed below :\r\n\r\n1. The chances of eddy formation and pressure loss are reduced as the area of flow becomes gradually convergent.\r\n2. The runaway speed of the turbine is automatically checked as the centrifugal force acts outwards while the flow is inward.\r\n3. The guide vanes can be located on the outer periphery of the runner, therefore, better regulation is possible.\r\n4. The frictional losses are less as the water velocity over the vanes is reduced.\r\n5. The inward flow turbine can be used for fairly high heads without increasing the speed of the turbine as the centrifugal head supports a considerable part of the supply head.\r\n\r\nInward radial Flow turbine Velocity triangle Diagram\r\n\r\nwhere,\r\n\r\nVw1 = Velocity of whirl at inlet\r\nVw2 = Velocity of whirl at outlet\r\nu1= Tangential velocity of whirl at inlet\r\nu2= Tangential velocity of whirl at outlet\r\nVf1 = Velocity of flow at inlet\r\nVf2 = Velocity of flow at Outlet\r\nV1 = Absolute velocity of water at the inlet of the runner\r\nV2 = Absolute velocity of water at the Outlet of the runner\r\nVr1 = Relative Velocity at Inlet of the runner\r\nVr2 = Relative Velocity at the outlet of the runner\r\n\u03a6 = Vane angle at the exit.\r\n\u03b8 = Vane angle at inlet\r\n\u03b1 = Guide vane angle\r\n\r\nThe velocity triangle at inlet and outlet of the Francis turbine is drawn in the same way as in case of inward flow creation turbine . as in case of Francis turbine, the discharge is radial at the outlet, the velocity of whirl at the outlet ( i.e. Vw2 ) will be zero. Hence velocity diagram for Francis turbine is shown below\r\n\r\nWe Know,\u00a0 absolute velocity at the outlet is 90\u00b0 i.e. \u03b2= 90\u00b0\r\n\r\nVelocity triangle Diagram for Francis turbine\r\n\r\nFlow ratio, Kf = Vf1 \/ \u221a2gH\r\n\r\nFlow ratio varies from 0.15 to 0.30\u00a0\r\n\r\nSpeed ratio, Ku= u1 \/ \u221a2gH\r\n\r\nSpeed ratio varies between 0.6 to 0.9\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe ratio of width (B1) to the diameter of the wheel (D1), n= B1\/D1\r\n\r\nn ratio varies from 0.1 to 0.45\u00a0\r\n\r\nSpecific speed (Ns): of a turbine is defined as the speed of a geometrically turbine which would develop unit power when working under a unit head.\u00a0\r\n\r\nequation of specific speed of the turbine\r\n\r\nWhere P = shaft power, and H = net head on the turbine\r\nSpecific speed plays an important role in the selection of the type of turbine. Or, The suitability of a turbine for a particular depends on (a) head of water (b) rotational speed (c) power developed, which together fix a parameter called \u2018specific speed\u2019.\r\nCavitation: \r\nThe formation, growth, and collapse of vapor filled cavities or a bubble in a flowing liquid due to local fall in fluid pressure is called cavitation. The critical value of cavitation factor (\u03c3c) is given by\r\n\u03c3c = ( Ha - Hv - Hs ) \/ H\r\nWhere, \r\n\r\nHa = atmospheric pressure head in meters of water,\r\nHv = vapour pressure in meters of water corresponding to the water temperature.\r\nH = working head of turbine (difference between head race and tail race levels in meters)\r\nHs = suction pressure head (or height of turbine inlet above tail race level) in meters.\r\nThe value of critical factor depends upon specific speed of the turbine.\r\nIf the value of \u03c3 is greater than \u03c3c then cavitation will not occurred in the turbine or pump.\r\nEffect of cavitation:\r\n(i) Roughening of the surface by pitting\r\n(ii) Increase vibration due to irregular collapse of cavities.\r\n(iii) The actual volume of liquid flowing through the machine is reduced.\r\n(iv) Reduce output power\r\n(v) Reduce efficiency\r\nMethod to avoid cavitation:\r\n(i) Runner\/turbine may be kept underwater\r\n(ii) Design cavitation free runner\r\n(iii) Selecting proper material, use stainless steel, alloy steel\r\n(iv) Blades coated with harder material\r\n(v) Selecting a runner of a proper specific speed\r\nEfficiencies Of Francis Turbines :\u00a0\r\n1. Hydraulic efficiency : \r\n\r\nIt is defined as the ratio of the power produced by the turbine runner and the power supplied by the water at the turbine inlet.\r\n\r\n2. Volumetric efficiency : \r\n\r\n \tIt is possible some water flows out through the clearance between the runner and casing without passing through the runner.\r\n \tVolumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio between the volume of water flowing through the runner and the total volume of water supplied to the turbine.\r\n\r\n3. Mechanical efficiency :\r\n\r\n The power produced by the runner is always greater than the power available at the turbine shaft. This is due to mechanical losses at the bearings, windage losses and other frictional losses.\r\n\r\n4. Overall efficiency : \r\n\r\nThis is the ratio of power output at the shaft and power input by the water at the turbine inlet.\r\n\r\n\r\nAdvantage of Francis Turbine :\r\n1. The difference in the operating head can be extra simply controlled in Francis turbine than in the Pelton wheel turbine.\r\n2. The ratio of utmost and least operating head can even be two in the case of Francis Turbine.\r\n3. The mechanical efficiency of the Pelton wheel decreases faster by wear than Francis turbine.\r\n4. Francis turbine variation in operating head can be more simply controlled.\r\n5. No head failure occurs still at the low discharge of water.\r\n6. The size of the runner and generator is small.\r\n7. Small changes in efficiency over time.\r\n8. Operating head can be utilized even when the variation in tailwater level is relatively large when compared to the total head.\r\nDisadvantage of Francis Turbine :\r\n1. The water which is not dirt-free can cause extremely rapid wear in high head Francis turbine.\r\n2. As spiral casing is stranded, the runner is not simply available. Therefore dismantle is hard.\r\n3. The repair and inspection is much harder reasonably.\r\n4. Cavitation is an ever-present hazard.\r\n5. Current losses are certain\r\n6. Head 50 percent lower can be a harmful effect on the efficiency as well as cavitation danger becomes more serious.\r\n\r\nApplication of Francis Turbine :\r\n\r\n \tElectricity production can be estimated with the help of flow rate and head.\r\n \tFrancis turbine may be designed for a wide range of head and flow.\r\n \tIt has high efficiency.\r\n \tThey may be used as Pump.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nThermal Engineering Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nFluid Mechanics - Notes , articles , Interview Que. &amp; Ans\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Francis Turbine &#8211; Diagram, Working, Parts , Advantages, Applications","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-08-11","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 30, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/workingoffrancisturbine-300x191.jpg","height":191,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-hydraulic-turbine/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/typesofhydraulicturbine-min-300x141.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Introduction To Hydraulic Turbine and Classification Of hydraulic turbine</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-hydraulic-turbine/">Introduction To Hydraulic Turbine and Classification Of hydraulic turbine</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction To Hydraulic Turbine and Classification Of hydraulic turbine  HYDRAULIC TURBINES —DEFINITION  The hydraulic turbine is a prime mover that uses the energy of flowing water and...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-hydraulic-turbine/" aria-label="View Post: Introduction To Hydraulic Turbine and Classification Of hydraulic turbine">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Introduction To Hydraulic Turbine and Classification Of hydraulic turbine","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-hydraulic-turbine\/","articleBody":"Introduction To Hydraulic Turbine and Classification Of hydraulic turbine\r\n\r\nHYDRAULIC TURBINES \u2014DEFINITION\r\n\r\n\r\nThe hydraulic turbine is a prime mover that uses the energy of flowing water and converts \u00a0is \u00a0into \u00a0the \u00a0mechanical \u00a0energy \u00a0in \u00a0the \u00a0form \u00a0of \u00a0rotation \u00a0of \u00a0the \u00a0runner. \u00a0(A prime mover is a machine which uses the raw energy of a substance and converts it into the mechanical energy.) Since the fluid medium is water, these turbines are also known \u00a0 as \u00a0 the \u00a0 \u2018 water \u00a0 turbines\u2019 . \u00a0 Hydraulic \u00a0 turbines \u00a0 coupled \u00a0 with \u00a0 hydro \u00a0 \u00a0\u2014 generators form the so \u00a0\u2014called \u2018 hydrounits\u2019 which are widely used now a days for generating electrical power.\r\n\r\n\r\nSee also:\u00a0 \r\nIntroduction to Hydraulic (Water) Turbine -Working Of Impulse and Reaction Turbine\r\n\r\ntypes of hydraulic turbine-min\r\n\r\n\r\nClassification of Hydraulic turbines:\r\n\r\n\r\n1) Based on type of energy at inlet to the turbine:\r\n\r\n \tImpulse Turbine\u00a0: The energy is in the form of kinetic form. e.g: Pelton wheel, Turbo wheel.\r\n \tReaction Turbine\u00a0: The energy is in both Kinetic and Pressure form. e.g: Tubular, Bulb, Propellar, Francis turbine.\r\n\r\nSee Also:\u00a0How Does Francis Turbine works? Main Parts of Francis Turbines\r\n\r\n\r\nExample Of Turbine Pelton Wheel\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n2) Based on direction of flow of water through the runner:\r\n\r\n \tTangential flow:\u00a0water flows in a direction tangential to path of rotational, i.e. Perpendicular to both axial and radial directions.\r\n \tRadial outward flow\u00a0e.g : Forneyron turbine.\r\n \tAxial flow :\u00a0Water flows parallel to the axis of the turbine. e.g: Girard, Jonval, Kalpan turbine.\r\n \tMixed flow :\u00a0Water enters radially at outer periphery and leaves axially. e.g : Modern Francis turbine.\r\n\r\n3) Based on the head under which turbine works:\r\n\r\n \tHigh head, impulse turbine. e.g : Pelton turbine.\r\n \tMedium head,reaction turbine. e.g : Francis turbine.\r\n \tLow head, reaction turbine. e.g : Kaplan turbine, propeller turbine.\r\n\r\n4) Based on the specific speed of the turbine:\r\n\r\n \tLow specific speed, impulse turbine. e.g : Pelton wheel.\r\n \tMedium specific speed, reaction turbine. e.g : Francis wheel.\r\n \tHigh specific speed, reaction turbine. e.g : Kaplan and Propeller turbine.\r\n\r\nClassification According to Specific Speed Of the turbine\r\n5) Based on the name of the originator:\r\n\r\n \tImpulse turbine \u2013 Pelton wheel, Girard, Banki turbine.\r\n \tReaction turbine \u2013 Forneyron, Jonval, Francis, Dubs, Deriaze, Thomson kalpan, Barker, Moody, Nagler, Bell.","headline":"Introduction To Hydraulic Turbine and Classification Of hydraulic turbine","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-08-11","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/typesofhydraulicturbine-min-300x141.png","height":141,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/flying-on-flapping-wings-projec/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/flyingflappingwingsusingquickreturnmechanism-300x157.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Flying On Flapping Wings By using Quick Return Mechanism</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/flying-on-flapping-wings-projec/">Flying On Flapping Wings By using Quick Return Mechanism</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Flying On Flapping Wings By using Quick Return Mechanism 
Ornithopter is an aircraft that flies by flapping its wing. The main objective of this project is to design an ornithopter by imitating the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/flying-on-flapping-wings-projec/" aria-label="View Post: Flying On Flapping Wings By using Quick Return Mechanism">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Flying On Flapping Wings By using Quick Return Mechanism","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/flying-on-flapping-wings-projec\/","articleBody":"Flying On Flapping Wings By using Quick Return Mechanism\u00a0\r\nOrnithopter is an aircraft that flies by flapping its wing. The main objective of this project is to design an ornithopter by imitating the flapping wing flight of large wing span birds. First phase of this project deals with simulation of flapping wing aerodynamics. Aerodynamics of flapping wing can be modeled within the framework of unsteady Navier-Stokes equation. Non-linear physics with multiple variables and time varying geometries pose great challenges for modeling. A 2D model of flapping wing in a static fluid medium has been simulated in CFX module of ANSYS workbench. The flapping wing mechanism is designed and fabricated. This has been used to experimentally determine the lift generated by flapping wing mechanism. Finally, a comparison was made between simulation and experimental results.\r\n\u00a0\r\nSee Also:\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\r\n1)\u00a0Inversions Of Single slider Crack mechanism-Rotary, Pendulum, Quick return Mechanism\r\n\r\n2)\u00a0Shaper Machine Drive Mechanism- How Shaper Machine Works\r\n\r\nFlying On Flapping Wings By using Quick Return Mechanism\r\n\r\nflapping wing mechanism","headline":"Flying On Flapping Wings By using Quick Return Mechanism","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-08-10","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/flyingflappingwingsusingquickreturnmechanism-300x157.jpg","height":157,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=262">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=261"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>261</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=262"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>262</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>263</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=264"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>264</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=265"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>265</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=264">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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