<!doctype html><html lang="en-US" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"><head>  <script defer src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-63955840-1"></script> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,CgkgIHdpbmRvdy5kYXRhTGF5ZXIgPSB3aW5kb3cuZGF0YUxheWVyIHx8IFtdOwoJICBmdW5jdGlvbiBndGFnKCl7ZGF0YUxheWVyLnB1c2goYXJndW1lbnRzKTt9CgkgIGd0YWcoJ2pzJywgbmV3IERhdGUoKSk7CgoJICAKCSAgCSAgZ3RhZygnY29uZmlnJywgJ1VBLTYzOTU1ODQwLTEnKTsKCSAgCgk="></script> <meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/www.gunkrazy.com-favicon-image.png"><link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"><style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style><title>Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering</title><meta name="robots" content="follow, index, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1, max-image-preview:large"/><link rel="canonical" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/" /><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /><meta property="og:type" content="website" /><meta property="og:title" content="Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering" /><meta property="og:url" content="//www.gunkrazy.com/" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Mechanical Engineering blog" /><meta property="fb:admins" content="https://www.facebook.com/sachin.thorat3" /><meta property="article:published_time" content="2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@thoratsachin027" /><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@thoratsachin027" /><meta name="twitter:label1" content="Time to read" /><meta name="twitter:data1" content="Less than a minute" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="rank-math-schema">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person","name":"Sachin Thorat","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/royal.mech.engg","https://twitter.com/thoratsachin027"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#logo","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","contentUrl":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","caption":"Mechanical Engineering blog","inLanguage":"en-US","width":"300","height":"300"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#logo","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","contentUrl":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","caption":"Mechanical Engineering blog","inLanguage":"en-US","width":"300","height":"300"}},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#website","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com","name":"Mechanical Engineering blog","publisher":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"//www.gunkrazy.com/?s={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#webpage","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com/","name":"Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering","datePublished":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","dateModified":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","about":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person"},"isPartOf":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#website"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#author","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=96&amp;d=wavatar&amp;r=g","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=96&amp;d=wavatar&amp;r=g","inLanguage":"en-US"}},{"@type":"Article","headline":"Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering","datePublished":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","dateModified":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","author":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#author"},"publisher":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person"},"name":"Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#richSnippet","isPartOf":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#webpage"},"inLanguage":"en-US","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#webpage"}}]}</script> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="5Sa35IchqdSspzqAS1DI0AQEde9mldI2FZu66psXg" /><meta name="msvalidate.01" content="0633F9DED879963ED766DB4D21411F2B" /><meta name="yandex-verification" content="6203245cb91cc415" /><meta name="p:domain_verify" content="1d54713710a5b65365ad80e5daccdb40" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Learn Mechanical Engineering &raquo; Feed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/feed/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Learn Mechanical Engineering &raquo; Comments Feed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/comments/feed/" /> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,Ci8qIDwhW0NEQVRBWyAqLwp3aW5kb3cuX3dwZW1vamlTZXR0aW5ncyA9IHsiYmFzZVVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9zLncub3JnXC9pbWFnZXNcL2NvcmVcL2Vtb2ppXC8xNS4wLjNcLzcyeDcyXC8iLCJleHQiOiIucG5nIiwic3ZnVXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3Mudy5vcmdcL2ltYWdlc1wvY29yZVwvZW1vamlcLzE1LjAuM1wvc3ZnXC8iLCJzdmdFeHQiOiIuc3ZnIiwic291cmNlIjp7ImNvbmNhdGVtb2ppIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2xlYXJubWVjaC5jb21cL3dwLWluY2x1ZGVzXC9qc1wvd3AtZW1vamktcmVsZWFzZS5taW4uanM/dmVyPTYuNy40In19OwovKiEgVGhpcyBmaWxlIGlzIGF1dG8tZ2VuZXJhdGVkICovCiFmdW5jdGlvbihpLG4pe3ZhciBvLHMsZTtmdW5jdGlvbiBjKGUpe3RyeXt2YXIgdD17c3VwcG9ydFRlc3RzOmUsdGltZXN0YW1wOihuZXcgRGF0ZSkudmFsdWVPZigpfTtzZXNzaW9uU3RvcmFnZS5zZXRJdGVtKG8sSlNPTi5zdHJpbmdpZnkodCkpfWNhdGNoKGUpe319ZnVuY3Rpb24gcChlLHQsbil7ZS5jbGVhclJlY3QoMCwwLGUuY2FudmFzLndpZHRoLGUuY2FudmFzLmhlaWdodCksZS5maWxsVGV4dCh0LDAsMCk7dmFyIHQ9bmV3IFVpbnQzMkFycmF5KGUuZ2V0SW1hZ2VEYXRhKDAsMCxlLmNhbnZhcy53aWR0aCxlLmNhbnZhcy5oZWlnaHQpLmRhdGEpLHI9KGUuY2xlYXJSZWN0KDAsMCxlLmNhbnZhcy53aWR0aCxlLmNhbnZhcy5oZWlnaHQpLGUuZmlsbFRleHQobiwwLDApLG5ldyBVaW50MzJBcnJheShlLmdldEltYWdlRGF0YSgwLDAsZS5jYW52YXMud2lkdGgsZS5jYW52YXMuaGVpZ2h0KS5kYXRhKSk7cmV0dXJuIHQuZXZlcnkoZnVuY3Rpb24oZSx0KXtyZXR1cm4gZT09PXJbdF19KX1mdW5jdGlvbiB1KGUsdCxuKXtzd2l0Y2godCl7Y2FzZSJmbGFnIjpyZXR1cm4gbihlLCJcdWQ4M2NcdWRmZjNcdWZlMGZcdTIwMGRcdTI2YTdcdWZlMGYiLCJcdWQ4M2NcdWRmZjNcdWZlMGZcdTIwMGJcdTI2YTdcdWZlMGYiKT8hMTohbihlLCJcdWQ4M2NcdWRkZmFcdWQ4M2NcdWRkZjMiLCJcdWQ4M2NcdWRkZmFcdTIwMGJcdWQ4M2NcdWRkZjMiKSYmIW4oZSwiXHVkODNjXHVkZmY0XHVkYjQwXHVkYzY3XHVkYjQwXHVkYzYyXHVkYjQwXHVkYzY1XHVkYjQwXHVkYzZlXHVkYjQwXHVkYzY3XHVkYjQwXHVkYzdmIiwiXHVkODNjXHVkZmY0XHUyMDBiXHVkYjQwXHVkYzY3XHUyMDBiXHVkYjQwXHVkYzYyXHUyMDBiXHVkYjQwXHVkYzY1XHUyMDBiXHVkYjQwXHVkYzZlXHUyMDBiXHVkYjQwXHVkYzY3XHUyMDBiXHVkYjQwXHVkYzdmIik7Y2FzZSJlbW9qaSI6cmV0dXJuIW4oZSwiXHVkODNkXHVkYzI2XHUyMDBkXHUyYjFiIiwiXHVkODNkXHVkYzI2XHUyMDBiXHUyYjFiIil9cmV0dXJuITF9ZnVuY3Rpb24gZihlLHQsbil7dmFyIHI9InVuZGVmaW5lZCIhPXR5cGVvZiBXb3JrZXJHbG9iYWxTY29wZSYmc2VsZiBpbnN0YW5jZW9mIFdvcmtlckdsb2JhbFNjb3BlP25ldyBPZmZzY3JlZW5DYW52YXMoMzAwLDE1MCk6aS5jcmVhdGVFbGVtZW50KCJjYW52YXMiKSxhPXIuZ2V0Q29udGV4dCgiMmQiLHt3aWxsUmVhZEZyZXF1ZW50bHk6ITB9KSxvPShhLnRleHRCYXNlbGluZT0idG9wIixhLmZvbnQ9IjYwMCAzMnB4IEFyaWFsIix7fSk7cmV0dXJuIGUuZm9yRWFjaChmdW5jdGlvbihlKXtvW2VdPXQoYSxlLG4pfSksb31mdW5jdGlvbiB0KGUpe3ZhciB0PWkuY3JlYXRlRWxlbWVudCgic2NyaXB0Iik7dC5zcmM9ZSx0LmRlZmVyPSEwLGkuaGVhZC5hcHBlbmRDaGlsZCh0KX0idW5kZWZpbmVkIiE9dHlwZW9mIFByb21pc2UmJihvPSJ3cEVtb2ppU2V0dGluZ3NTdXBwb3J0cyIscz1bImZsYWciLCJlbW9qaSJdLG4uc3VwcG9ydHM9e2V2ZXJ5dGhpbmc6ITAsZXZlcnl0aGluZ0V4Y2VwdEZsYWc6ITB9LGU9bmV3IFByb21pc2UoZnVuY3Rpb24oZSl7aS5hZGRFdmVudExpc3RlbmVyKCJET01Db250ZW50TG9hZGVkIixlLHtvbmNlOiEwfSl9KSxuZXcgUHJvbWlzZShmdW5jdGlvbih0KXt2YXIgbj1mdW5jdGlvbigpe3RyeXt2YXIgZT1KU09OLnBhcnNlKHNlc3Npb25TdG9yYWdlLmdldEl0ZW0obykpO2lmKCJvYmplY3QiPT10eXBlb2YgZSYmIm51bWJlciI9PXR5cGVvZiBlLnRpbWVzdGFtcCYmKG5ldyBEYXRlKS52YWx1ZU9mKCk8ZS50aW1lc3RhbXArNjA0ODAwJiYib2JqZWN0Ij09dHlwZW9mIGUuc3VwcG9ydFRlc3RzKXJldHVybiBlLnN1cHBvcnRUZXN0c31jYXRjaChlKXt9cmV0dXJuIG51bGx9KCk7aWYoIW4pe2lmKCJ1bmRlZmluZWQiIT10eXBlb2YgV29ya2VyJiYidW5kZWZpbmVkIiE9dHlwZW9mIE9mZnNjcmVlbkNhbnZhcyYmInVuZGVmaW5lZCIhPXR5cGVvZiBVUkwmJlVSTC5jcmVhdGVPYmplY3RVUkwmJiJ1bmRlZmluZWQiIT10eXBlb2YgQmxvYil0cnl7dmFyIGU9InBvc3RNZXNzYWdlKCIrZi50b1N0cmluZygpKyIoIitbSlNPTi5zdHJpbmdpZnkocyksdS50b1N0cmluZygpLHAudG9TdHJpbmcoKV0uam9pbigiLCIpKyIpKTsiLHI9bmV3IEJsb2IoW2VdLHt0eXBlOiJ0ZXh0L2phdmFzY3JpcHQifSksYT1uZXcgV29ya2VyKFVSTC5jcmVhdGVPYmplY3RVUkwocikse25hbWU6IndwVGVzdEVtb2ppU3VwcG9ydHMifSk7cmV0dXJuIHZvaWQoYS5vbm1lc3NhZ2U9ZnVuY3Rpb24oZSl7YyhuPWUuZGF0YSksYS50ZXJtaW5hdGUoKSx0KG4pfSl9Y2F0Y2goZSl7fWMobj1mKHMsdSxwKSl9dChuKX0pLnRoZW4oZnVuY3Rpb24oZSl7Zm9yKHZhciB0IGluIGUpbi5zdXBwb3J0c1t0XT1lW3RdLG4uc3VwcG9ydHMuZXZlcnl0aGluZz1uLnN1cHBvcnRzLmV2ZXJ5dGhpbmcmJm4uc3VwcG9ydHNbdF0sImZsYWciIT09dCYmKG4uc3VwcG9ydHMuZXZlcnl0aGluZ0V4Y2VwdEZsYWc9bi5zdXBwb3J0cy5ldmVyeXRoaW5nRXhjZXB0RmxhZyYmbi5zdXBwb3J0c1t0XSk7bi5zdXBwb3J0cy5ldmVyeXRoaW5nRXhjZXB0RmxhZz1uLnN1cHBvcnRzLmV2ZXJ5dGhpbmdFeGNlcHRGbGFnJiYhbi5zdXBwb3J0cy5mbGFnLG4uRE9NUmVhZHk9ITEsbi5yZWFkeUNhbGxiYWNrPWZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7bi5ET01SZWFkeT0hMH19KS50aGVuKGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7cmV0dXJuIGV9KS50aGVuKGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7dmFyIGU7bi5zdXBwb3J0cy5ldmVyeXRoaW5nfHwobi5yZWFkeUNhbGxiYWNrKCksKGU9bi5zb3VyY2V8fHt9KS5jb25jYXRlbW9qaT90KGUuY29uY2F0ZW1vamkpOmUud3BlbW9qaSYmZS50d2Vtb2ppJiYodChlLnR3ZW1vamkpLHQoZS53cGVtb2ppKSkpfSkpfSgod2luZG93LGRvY3VtZW50KSx3aW5kb3cuX3dwZW1vamlTZXR0aW5ncyk7Ci8qIF1dPiAqLwo="></script> <!--noptimize--><script id="learn-ready">
			window.advanced_ads_ready=function(e,a){a=a||"complete";var d=function(e){return"interactive"===a?"loading"!==e:"complete"===e};d(document.readyState)?e():document.addEventListener("readystatechange",(function(a){d(a.target.readyState)&&e()}),{once:"interactive"===a})},window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[];		</script>
		<!--/noptimize--><style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
		display: inline !important;
		border: none !important;
		box-shadow: none !important;
		height: 1em !important;
		width: 1em !important;
		margin: 0 0.07em !important;
		vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
		background: none !important;
		padding: 0 !important;
	}</style><link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.4' type='text/css' media='all' /><style id='rank-math-toc-block-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol{counter-reset:item}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li{display:block}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li:before{content:counters(item, ".") ". ";counter-increment:item}</style><style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}</style><style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}</style><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-income-school-style-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_6aa70931e213384c9a6255eeedb3f19f.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-style-min-width768-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_4097091fbbb660b667281e5052538af8.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='(min-width: 768px)' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-style-min-width960-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_1b82ae29fa8c6f6b1dda16beb19cfc46.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='(min-width: 960px)' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-style-min-width1200-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_90097e866176b4ced86c9b703df91b35.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='(min-width: 1200px)' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_605682d15b905afcca53b93514fbaeca.php?ver=2.3.1' type='text/css' media='all' /><style id='custom-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>.search-wrapper #search-icon{background:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/search-icon.png") center/cover no-repeat #fff;}.share-container .email-btn:before{background:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/envelope.svg") center/cover no-repeat;}.share-container .print-btn:before{background:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/print-icon.svg") center/cover no-repeat;}.externallinkimage{background-image:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/extlink.png")}body, body ul, body li, body td, body th, body p, body p.legal-disclaimer, body  input, body select, body optgroup, body textarea, body .entry-meta span, body.single .entry-meta .byline, .entry-content .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li a{ color: #4f4f4f; }body.home #page .hero-text-wrapper h2.hero-text{ color:#ffffff; }#content h1, #content h2:not(.widget-title, .hero-text, .section-header-text, .card-title), #content h3, #content .author-card .author-info a, #content h4, #content h5, #content h6, #content .header { color: #bf22b2; }body .article-card header p a{color:#ff392e;}body.home #page h2.section-header-text,#page .featured-categories-wrapper .category-card h2:before{ background-color:#d693c6;}#page .featured-categories-wrapper .category-card:hover h2:before{ opacity:0.5; transition:opacity 500ms;}body.home #page h2.section-header-text, body.home #page h2.card-title{ color:#ff392e;}body a, body a:visited, body a:focus, body a:active{ color: #ff392e; }body a:hover, body a:visited:hover, body a:focus, body a:active { color: #ff392e }.woocommerce #respond input#submit, #content .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background), #content button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content a.button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content a.button:visited:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content input[type='button']:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content input[type='reset'], #content input[type='submit'], #content .button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit) { background: #ff392e; }.woocommerce #respond input#submit, .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color), #page button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #page a.button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #page a.button:visited:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), input[type='button']:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), input[type='reset'], input[type='submit'], .button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit) { color: #f2f2f2; }.woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs::before, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li{border-color:#bababa;}#content hr, body .wp-block-separator{ background-color: #bababa; } #page aside#secondary .legal-info-container, #page aside#secondary .sidebar-ad{ border-top-color: #bababa;} #page .author-card{border-top-color: #bababa;border-bottom-color: #bababa;}#page .site-footer{border-top-color: #bababa;}@media (min-width: 960px){#page .site-content .widget-area{border-left-color:#bababa;}}#content #antibounce { background: #f0f0f0; }body #content #antibounce .antibounce-card .copy-wrapper p{ color: #000000; }body #content #antibounce .antibounce-card button{ background-color: #000000; }body #content #antibounce .antibounce-card button { color: #ffffff }
.article-card .image-container {
   
    background-size: contain;</style><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/11350" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /><meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.4" /><link rel='shortlink' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/' /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gunkrazy.com%2F" /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gunkrazy.com%2F&#038;format=xml" /><meta name="category" content="homepage" /><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"><link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Libre+Franklin:wght@400;800&family=Roboto+Condensed&display=swap" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'"><style>ins.adsbygoogle { background-color: transparent; padding: 0; }</style><script  async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-1685119944030639" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> </head><body class="home page-template-default page page-id-11350 aa-prefix-learn-"><div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a><header id="masthead" class="site-header desktop-toggle"><div class="inner-wrap"><div class="hamburger-wrapper desktop"> <button class="hamburger hamburger--squeeze menu-toggle" type="button" aria-label="Menu" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="hamburger-box"> <span class="hamburger-inner"></span> </span> <span class="label">MENU</span> </button></div><div class="site-branding"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home" itemprop="url"><img width="300" height="300" src="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png 300w, //www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></div><div class="search-wrapper"> <a href="#open" id="search-icon" style="background: url(//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/search-icon.png) center/cover no-repeat #fff;"><span class="sr-only">Search</span></a><div class="search-form-wrapper"><form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="//www.gunkrazy.com/"><style>.search-wrapper.search-active .search-field {
			width: 200px;
			display: inline-block;
			vertical-align: top;
		}
		.search-wrapper button[type="submit"] {
			display: inline-block;
			vertical-align: top;
			top: -35px;
			position: relative;
			background-color: transparent;
			height: 30px;
			width: 30px;
			padding: 0;
			margin: 0;
			background-image: url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/search-icon.png");
			background-position: center;
			background-repeat: no-repeat;
			background-size: contain;
		}
		.search-wrapper.search-active button[type="submit"] {
			display: inline-block !important;
		}</style><label for="s"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-field" class="search-field" placeholder="Search &hellip;" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit" style="display:none;"><span class="screen-reader-text"></span></button></form></div></div></div><nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation"><div class="menu-main-manu-container"><ul id="primary-menu" class="inner-wrap"><li id="menu-item-13454" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item menu-item-home menu-item-13454"><a href="http://www.gunkrazy.com">Home</a></li><li id="menu-item-13461" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-13461"><a target="_blank" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-subject-wise-basic-concept-notes/">Subject Wise Notes</a></li><li id="menu-item-13456" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-13456"><a target="_blank" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-projects/">Projects List</a></li><li id="menu-item-13457" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13457"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-projects/">Project and seminars</a> <button type='button' class='toggle-submenu'><span class='sr-only'>Submenu Toggle</span> </button><ul class='submenu'><li id="menu-item-13458" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13458"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-projects/">Mechanical Projects Report</a></li><li id="menu-item-13459" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13459"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/seminar-topics/">Mechanical Seminar</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-13460" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13460"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/cad-cam-software/">CAD Software</a></li><li id="menu-item-13462" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13462"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/exam-gate-ies/">GATE</a></li><li id="menu-item-13466" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-13466"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/career/">Career</a> <button type='button' class='toggle-submenu'><span class='sr-only'>Submenu Toggle</span> </button><ul class='submenu'><li id="menu-item-13467" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13467"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/interview-guide/">Interview Guide</a></li><li id="menu-item-13468" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13468"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/technical-questions/">Technical Questions</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></nav></header><div id="content" class="site-content"><div id="primary" class="content-area"><section class="featured-categories-wrapper"><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/jigs-and-fixture-design1-768x581.jpg')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-projects/"><h2 class="card-title">Index of Mechanical Projects</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/lathe-machine-operation-768x515.jpg')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-subject-wise-basic-concept-notes/"><h2 class="card-title">Mechanical Subjects notes</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CATIA-V5-Surface.jpg')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cad-software/"><h2 class="card-title">CAD Design</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Orbital-Welding-Process-Equipment-Application-min-1.png')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/manufacturing-technology-notes/"><h2 class="card-title">Manufacturing Technology Notes</h2> </a></article></section><main id="main" class="site-main"><section class="articles-wrapper"><h2 class="section-header-text">Recent Posts</h2><article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/time-operated-solar-tracking-system-projec/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/timeoperatedautomaticTiltingsolartrackingsystem-min.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to TIME OPERATED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM | Mechanical Project</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/time-operated-solar-tracking-system-projec/">TIME OPERATED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM | Mechanical Project</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>TIME OPERATED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM | Mechanical Project
ABSTRACT
Solar trackers are a nice addition to any solar panel array. They help increase the time that panels directly face the sun and...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/time-operated-solar-tracking-system-projec/" aria-label="View Post: TIME OPERATED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM | Mechanical Project">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"TIME OPERATED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM | Mechanical Project","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/time-operated-solar-tracking-system-projec\/","articleBody":"TIME OPERATED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM\u00a0| Mechanical Project\r\nABSTRACT\r\nSolar trackers are a nice addition to any solar panel array. They help increase the time that panels directly face the sun and allow them to produce their maximum power. Unfortunately they can be expensive to buy. We decided to make our own solar tracker to see if we could reduce the cost. We did not want to re-invent the wheel but wanted to make it more affordable. We started out small and came up with the idea of solar tracking using time instead of using a device that would sense where the sun is and move the panels toward it. The objective of this project is to control the position of a solar panel in accordance with the motion of sun and also clean the surface of the solar panel to increase the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell. Brief Methodology: This project is designed with solar panels, RTC, Microcontroller, Stepper Motor and its driving circuit with wiper. In this project RTC is used to find or the location of Sun.\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Renewable energy is rapidly gaining importance as an energy resource as fossil fuel prices Fluctuate. At the educational level, it is therefore critical for engineering and technology students To have an understanding and appreciation of the technologies associated with renewable Energy. One of the most popular renewable energy sources is solar energy. Many researches were conducted to develop some methods to increase the efficiency of Photo Voltaic systems (solar Panels). One such method is to employ a solar panel tracking system. This project deals with a RTC based solar panel tracking system. Solar tracking enables more energy to be generated because the solar panel is always able to maintain a perpendicular profile to the sun\u2019s rays. Development of solar panel tracking systems has been ongoing for several years now. As the sun Moves across the sky during the day, it is advantageous to have the solar panels track the Location of the sun, such that the panels are always perpendicular to the solar energy radiated by the sun. Another reason for the reduced efficiency of the solar cells is due to the dust particles Gets deposited on the panels over a period of time. In order to keep the panels clean we use Wipers at regular interval of time. This will tend to maximize the amount of power absorbed by PV Systems. It has been estimated that the use of a tracking system, over a fixed system, can increase the power output by 40% - 60%. The increase is significant enough to make tracking a viable preposition despite of the enhancement in system cost.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTIME OPERATED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM\r\n\r\n\r\nDesign requirements are:\r\n\u00a0\r\n1) during the time that the sun is up, the system must follow the sun\u2019s position in the sky.\u00a0\r\n2) This must be done with an active control, timed movements are useful. It should be totally automatic and simple to operate. The operator interference should be minimal and restricted to only when it is actually required.\r\n\r\nThe major components of this system are as follows.\r\n\r\n1) RTC (Real Time Clock)\r\n2) Microcontroller.\r\n3) Output mechanical transducer (stepper motor).\r\n4) Wiper\r\n\u00a0\r\nBlock Diagram\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nBlock Diagram Of Time Operated Solar Tracking System\r\n\r\n\r\nAPPLICATIONS\r\n1) Computer-controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of positioning systems. They are typically digitally controlled as part of an open loop system, and are simpler and more rugged than closed loop servo systems.\r\n\r\n2) Industrial applications are in high speed pick and place equipment and multi-axis machine CNC machines often directly driving lead screws or ball screws. In the field of lasers and optics they are frequently used in precision positioning equipment such as linear actuators, linear stages, rotation stages, goniometers, and mirror mounts. Other uses are in packaging machinery, and positioning of valve pilot stages for fluid control systems.\r\n\r\n3) \u00a0Commercially, stepper motors are used in floppy disk drives, flatbed scanners, computer printers, plotters, slot machines, and many more devices.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nSolar Energy , Solar Operated Projects\r\nRenewable Energy Sources , Power Generation Projects List - Abstract\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"TIME OPERATED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM | Mechanical Project","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-11-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/timeoperatedautomaticTiltingsolartrackingsystem-min.png","height":187,"width":250},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/vertical-axis-wind-turbine-mechanical-projects/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/verticalaxisturbinemechanicalproject-300x223.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE MECHANICAL PROJECT</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/vertical-axis-wind-turbine-mechanical-projects/">VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE MECHANICAL PROJECT</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE MECHANICAL PROJECT
ABSTRACT
                       We know that for windmills to operate there must be wind, but how do they work? Actually there are two...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/vertical-axis-wind-turbine-mechanical-projects/" aria-label="View Post: VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE MECHANICAL PROJECT">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE MECHANICAL PROJECT","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/vertical-axis-wind-turbine-mechanical-projects\/","articleBody":"VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE MECHANICAL PROJECT\r\nABSTRACT\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0We know that for windmills to operate there must be wind, but how do they work? Actually there are two types of windmills -- the horizontal axis windmills and the vertical axis windmills. The horizontal axis windmills have a horizontal rotor much like the classic Dutch four-arm windmill. The horizontal axis windmills primarily rely on lift from the wind. As stated in Bernoulli's Principle, \"a fluid will travel from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.\" It also states, \"as the velocity of a fluid increases, its density decreases.\" Based upon this principle, horizontal axis windmill blades have been designed much like the wings of an airplane, with a curved top. This design increases the velocity of the air on top of the blade thus decreasing its density and causing the air on the bottom of the blade to go towards the top ... creating lift. The blades are angled on the axis as to utilize the lift in the rotation. The blades on modern wind turbines are designed for maximum lift and minimal drag.\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 There are many types of windmills, such as: the tower mill, sock mill, sail windmill, water pump, spring mill, multi-blade, Darrieus, savonis, cyclo-turbine, and the classic four-arm windmill. All of the above windmills have their advantages. Some windmills, like the sail windmill, are relatively slow moving, have a low tip speed ratio and are not very energy efficient compared to the cyclo-turbine, but are much cheaper and money is the great equalizer.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 There have been many improvements to the windmill over the years. Windmills have been equipped with air breaks, to control speed in strong winds. Some vertical axis windmills have even been equipped with hinged blades to avoid the stresses at high wind speeds. Some windmills, like the cyclo-turbine, have been equipped with a vane that senses wind direction and causes the rotor to rotate into the wind. Wind turbine generators have been equipped with gearboxes to control [shaft] speeds. Wind turbines have also been equipped with generators which convert shaft power into electrical power. Many of the sails on windmills have also been replaced with propeller-like airfoils. Some windmills can also stall in the wind to control wind speed. But above all of these improvements, the most important improvement to the windmill was made in 1745 when the fantail was invented. The fantail automatically rotates the sails into the wind.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Another necessity for a windmill is the tower. There are many types of towers. Some towers have guy wire to support them and others don't. The towers without guy wires are called freestanding towers. Something to take into consideration about a tower is that it must support the weight of the windmill along with the weight of the tower. Towers are also subject to drag. \u00a0Scientists estimate that, by the 21st Century, ten percent of the world's electricity will come from windmills.\u00a0\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0If the efficiency of a wind turbine is increased, then more power can be generated thus decreasing the need for expensive power generators that cause pollution. This would also reduce the cost of power for the common people. The wind is literally there for the taking and doesn't cost any money. Power can be generated and stored by a wind turbine with little or no pollution. If the efficiency of the common wind turbine is improved and widespread, the common people can cut back on their power costs immensely.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Ever since the Seventh Century people have been utilizing the wind to make their lives easier. The whole concept of windmills originated in Persia. The Persians originally used the wind to irrigate farm land, crush grain and milling. This is probably where the term windmill came from. Since the widespread use of windmills in Europe, during the Twelfth Century, some areas such as the Netherlands have prospered from creating vast wind farms. The first windmills, however, were not very reliable or energy efficient. Only half the sail rotation was utilized. They were usually slow and had a low tip speed ratio but were useful for torque.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nVertical Wind Turbine Mechanical Project\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSince its creation, man has constantly tried to improve the windmill. As a result, over the years, the number of blades on windmills has decreased. Most modern windmills have 5-6 blades while past windmills have had 4~8 blades. Past windmill also had to be manually directed into the wind, while modern windmills can be automatically turned into the wind. The sail design \u00a0and materials used to create them have also changed over the years.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0In most cases the altitude of the rotor is directly proportional to its efficiency. As a matter of fact, a modern wind turbine should be at least twenty feet above and three hundred feet away from an obstruction, though it is even more ideal for it to be thirty feet above and five hundred feet away from any obstruction. Different locations have various wind speeds. Some places, such as the British Isles, have few inhabitants because of high wind speeds, yet they are ideal for wind generation. Did you know that the world's largest wind farm is located in California, and the total wind power generated there exceeds 1,400 megawatts of electricity? (A typical nuclear power plant generates 1,000 megawatts.)\r\n\r\nSPECIFICATIONS OF THE WIND TURBINE\r\n\u00a0\r\nBASE DIMENSIONS\r\n\u00a0\r\nHeight \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 111.6cm\r\nWidth \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a091.44cm\r\nBreadth \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 122cm\r\n\r\nBLADE DIMENSIONS\r\n\u00a0\r\nHeight \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a073cm\r\nDiameter \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0122cm\r\nThickness \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 0.1cm\r\nAngle \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a045 \u00b0\r\nAngle b\/w blades \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a060\u00b0\r\n\r\nSHAFT DIMENSIONS\r\nDiameter \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2.54cm\r\nLength \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a091.44cm\r\n\r\nPULLEY DIMENSIONS\r\nDiameter \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 28cm\r\nHole Diameter \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a02.54cm\r\nTotal Height of the assembly \u00a0 198cm\r\nCenter Distance of Pulley \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a033.5cm\r\n\r\nAdvantages\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\r\n\u2022 It is a renewable source of energy.\r\n\u2022 Wind power systems are non-polluting so it has no adverse influence on the environment.\r\n\u2022 Wind energy systems avoid fuel provision and transport.\r\n\u2022 On a small scale up to a few kilowatt system is less costly.\u00a0\r\n\u2022 On a large scale costs can be competitive conventional electricity and lower costs could be achieved by mass production.\u00a0\r\n\u2022 They are always facing the wind - no need for steering into the wind.\r\n\u2022 Have greater surface area for energy capture -can be many times greater.\r\n\u2022 Are more efficient in gusty winds \u2013 already facing the gust.\r\n\u2022 Can be installed in more locations - on roofs, along highways, in parking lots.\r\n\u2022 Can be scaled more easily - from mill watts to megawatts.\r\n\u2022 Can have low maintenance downtime - mechanisms at or near ground level.\r\n\u2022 Produce less noise - low speed means less noise\r\n\u2022 The rotor can take wind from every direction.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of vertical axis wind turbines\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a01) Some disadvantages that the VAWTs possess are that they have a tendency to stall under gusty winds. VAWTs have very low starting torque, as well as dynamic stability problems. The VAWTs are sensitive to off-design conditions and have a low installation height limiting to operation to lower wind speed environments.\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a02) The blades of a VAWT are prone to fatigue as the blade spins around the central axis. The vertically oriented blades used in early models twisted and bent as they rotated in the wind. This caused the blades to flex and crack. Over time the blades broke apart and sometimes leading to catastrophic failure.\u00a0\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a03) \u00a0Research programmers\u2019 (in 2011) have sought to overcome the inefficiencies associated with VAWTs by reconfiguration of turbine placement within wind farms. It is thought that, despite the lower wind-speed environment at low elevations, \"the scaling of the physical forces involved predicts that [VAWT] wind.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\nSimple , Easy mechanical projectsManually Hand Operated projectsAffordable low budget ProjectsMini low cost Projects\r\nWind Energy projects list , abstract\r\nRenewable Energy Sources , Power Generation Projects List - Abstract\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE MECHANICAL PROJECT","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-11-07","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/verticalaxisturbinemechanicalproject-300x223.jpg","height":223,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/thermoelectric-refrigeration-mechanical-projec/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/thermoelectricrefrigerationmechanicalprojects-300x126.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Thermoelectric Refrigeration | Mechanical Project Abstract</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/thermoelectric-refrigeration-mechanical-projec/">Thermoelectric Refrigeration | Mechanical Project Abstract</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Thermoelectric Refrigeration | Mechanical Project Abstract  SYNOPSIS  Thermoelectric couples are solid-state devices capable of generating electrical power from a temperature gradient, known as...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/thermoelectric-refrigeration-mechanical-projec/" aria-label="View Post: Thermoelectric Refrigeration | Mechanical Project Abstract">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Thermoelectric Refrigeration | Mechanical Project Abstract","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/thermoelectric-refrigeration-mechanical-projec\/","articleBody":"Thermoelectric Refrigeration | Mechanical Project Abstract\r\n\r\nSYNOPSIS\r\n\r\nThermoelectric couples are solid-state devices capable of generating electrical power from a temperature gradient, known as the Seebeck effect, or converting electrical energy into a temperature gradient, known as the Peltier effect.\r\n\r\nA typical thermoelectric module is composed of two ceramic substrates that serve as a housing and electrical insulation for P-type and N-type (typically Bismuth Telluride) elements between the substrates. Heat is absorbed at the cold junction by electrons as they pass from a low energy level in the p-type element, to a higher energy level in the n-type element. At the hot junction, energy is expelled to a thermal sink as electrons move from a high energy element to a lower energy element. A module contains several P-N couples that are connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThermoelectric Refrigeration -Principle\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTo assist the thermal designer in modeling thermoelectric coolers or Peltier modules, C&amp;R Techologies' tool suite provides built in routines for modeling either standard Bismuth Telluride coolers or modules manufactured from alternative semiconductor materials (in which case the user must provide the Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity, and thermal conductivity). The routines allow SINDA\/FLUINT to apply the appropriate source terms and internally adjust temperatures as needed in both steady state and transient simulations. The family of TEC routines provide the designer the ability to model single stage or multi-stage coolers, and calculate valuable sizing information regarding cooler performance.\r\n\r\nThe subroutine TEC1 provides simple 1D modeling methods for use in SINDA\/FLUINT while the routine TEC2 provides 3D modeling of the device in SINDA\/FLUINT and\/or our CAD-based Thermal Desktop GUI.\u00a0\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a substance under controlled conditions. \u00a0Refrigerator is a reversed heat engine or a heat pump which pumps heat from a cold body and delivers it to a hot body. \u00a0The substance which works in a heat pump to extract from a cold body and to deliver it to a hot body is called refrigerant. Refrigeration is a accomplished by various methods, such as the vapour compression system, absorption system, steam jet refrigeration cycle The vapour compression system of refrigeration cycle. \u00a0\r\n\r\nWorking Diagram Of Project:\r\n\r\n\r\nDiagram Of Thermoelectric Refrigeration\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES\r\n\r\n\r\n \tSimple in construction\r\n \tThis system is noiseless in operation\r\n \tIt is portable, so it can be transferred easily from one place to other place\r\n \tPower consumption is less\r\n \tMaintenance cost is low\r\n\r\n\r\nDISADVANTAGES\r\n\r\n\r\n \tIt does not purify air\r\n \tThere may be changing of coil once in a year\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nThermal Engineering Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nMachine Tool , Manufacturing Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )","headline":"Thermoelectric Refrigeration | Mechanical Project Abstract","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-11-07","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/thermoelectricrefrigerationmechanicalprojects-300x126.png","height":126,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-project-on-speed-vehicle-sensing/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/SPEEDVECHILESENSINGmechanicalProject.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to MECHANICAL PROJECT ON SPEED VEHICLE SENSING</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-project-on-speed-vehicle-sensing/">MECHANICAL PROJECT ON SPEED VEHICLE SENSING</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>MECHANICAL PROJECT ON SPEED VEHICLE SENSING   AIM:         This is an innovative project for the purpose of preventing accidents happens in the restricted roadways using communication...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-project-on-speed-vehicle-sensing/" aria-label="View Post: MECHANICAL PROJECT ON SPEED VEHICLE SENSING">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"MECHANICAL PROJECT ON SPEED VEHICLE SENSING","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/mechanical-project-on-speed-vehicle-sensing\/","articleBody":"MECHANICAL PROJECT ON SPEED VEHICLE SENSING\u00a0\r\n\r\nAIM:\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0This is an innovative project for the purpose of preventing accidents happens in the restricted roadways using communication technologies. The major objective of our project is to provide a safety system for our society.\r\n\r\nPROJECT DESCRIPTION:\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Nowadays communication is flourishing everywhere, it just spread all over the world. We could able to communicate with every nook and corner of the world. The micro controllers are helping to develop the communication field in a very quick manner. RF (Radio Frequency) is playing a very important role in communication systems. This Radio Frequency (RF) module consists of transmitters and receivers. \u00a0One of the features of the RF modules is its easy interface facility with the Micro Controller. Hence, we in our project aim to innovate an idea to use the RF modules for the automatic speed control for vehicles in high speed restricted areas.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSPEED VEHICLE SENSING\r\n\r\n\r\nOur project consists of the following devices:\u00a0\r\n(a) RF transmission Module\u00a0\r\n(b) RF reception module.\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe RF Transmission Module consists of\u00a0\r\n\r\n1) RF transmitter,\u00a0\r\n2) Micro controller (89C51),\r\n3) Power supply\r\n4) Encoder and\u00a0\r\n5) Keypad\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe RF Reception Module consists of\u00a0\r\n\r\n1) RF receiver module,\u00a0\r\n2) Micro controller (89c51),\r\n3) Power supply\r\n4) Decoder\u00a0\r\n5) Relay and\u00a0\r\n6) LCD unit\r\n\r\n(a) RF TRANSMISSION MODULE:\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The transmitter module is fitted in all vehicle high-speed restricted areas where we like to control the vehicle speed. In this the micro controller is programmed to generate the RF signal by RF transmitter module and it will be transmitting to the receiver unit by means of encoding data. Here encoder is interfaced with this module it is used to encode the transmitting data to the receiver station through wireless communication.\u00a0\r\n\r\n(b) RF RECEPTION MODULE:\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The receiver module is fitted in all automobiles in order to receive the RF signal which is transmitted from RF transmitter which is located in the high speed limit zone i.e.) high speed restricted areas .In this receiver section consists of the micro controller that is programmed to control the vehicle speed by means receiving data. For reception of transmitting data we use a decoder circuit that is used to decode the information and it is fed to micro controller for further controlling operations. If we entered in to the high-speed restricted area it will displays in the LCD display unit.\r\nRESULT:\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Thus using our project we prevent the \u00a0accidents happens in the roadways using communication technologies.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nDesign and Fabrication projects - Abstract , Report Download\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )","headline":"MECHANICAL PROJECT ON SPEED VEHICLE SENSING","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-11-07","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/SPEEDVECHILESENSINGmechanicalProject.jpg","height":220,"width":229},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/project-on-antilock-braking-system-used-for-car/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/ABS-antilockbrakingsystemMechanicalProject-270x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Project On Antilock Braking System used For Automobile Cars</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/project-on-antilock-braking-system-used-for-car/">Project On Antilock Braking System used For Automobile Cars</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Project On Anti-lock Braking System used For Automobile Cars
INTRODUCTION
                       Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) use electronic controls to maintain wheel rotation...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/project-on-antilock-braking-system-used-for-car/" aria-label="View Post: Project On Antilock Braking System used For Automobile Cars">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Project On Antilock Braking System used For Automobile Cars","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/project-on-antilock-braking-system-used-for-car\/","articleBody":"Project On\u00a0Anti-lock\u00a0Braking System used For Automobile Cars\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) use electronic controls to maintain wheel rotation under hard breaking that would otherwise lock a vehicle\u2019s wheels. Keeping the wheels rotating increases vehicle stability, especially when tire\/roadway friction is reduced or varying, as when the pavement is wet. Prior general understanding of the relationship between improved braking and safety, together with earlier specific literature on antilock braking, leads one to anticipate a complex interaction between ABS and safety. Test track evaluations have convincingly demonstrated the technical advantages of ABS under a wide variety of conditions. \u00a0A study analyzing historical traffic crash data for a non-ABS vehicle fleet predicted that universal ABS in Germany could diminish severe crashes by 10 to 15%. However, when taxi drivers in Munich were randomly assigned vehicles with and without ABS, no overall difference in crash rates between the two groups was observed, although each group experienced different types of crashes. Because the severity of crashes apparently induced by ABS was less than that for the crashes prevented, the study suggests that the ABS system led to a net reduction in harm. An analysis of Swedish insurance data uncovered associations between the rates of occurrence of different types of crashes and ABS. An analysis of Canadian insurance data found a 9% reduction in claim frequency, but a 10% increase in average claim severity. The Highway Loss Data Institute found no change associated with ABS in either the frequency or severity of traffic crashes. A study using police-reported crashes per registered vehicle reports a 6% to 8% reduction in crash risk due to ABS, while another study using fatal crashes finds an increase in risk to occupants of ABS equipped vehicles but a decrease in risk to other road users. The present paper aims at increasing understanding about the relationship between ABS and traffic safety by summarizing the results of two recent studies, augmenting these results with additional data and findings, and then comparing the results to other results in the literature. The first of the two studies examined how ABS affects the relative risk of crashes in general under different roadway, environmental, and other conditions using data on police reported crashes from two states. The second study was confined to two-car crashes, and examined the following two questions: How does ABS affect a vehicle\u2019s risk of crashing into a vehicle it is following? How does ABS affect a vehicle\u2019s risk of being struck in the rear? This study used data from five states. In the present paper the results of the first study are updated by including data from all five states.\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nABS-antilock braking system Mechanical Project\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Anti-lock braking system (ABS) is an automobile safety system that allows the wheels on a motor vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the road surface according to driver inputs while braking, preventing the wheels from locking up (ceasing rotation) and avoiding uncontrolled skidding. It is an automated system that uses the principles of threshold braking and cadence braking which were practiced by skillful drivers with previous generation braking systems. It does this at a much faster rate and with better control than a driver could manage.\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping distances on dry and slippery surfaces for many drivers; however, on loose surfaces like gravel or snow-covered pavement, ABS can significantly increase braking distance, although still improving vehicle control. Since initial widespread use in production cars, anti-lock braking systems have evolved considerably. Recent versions not only prevent wheel lock under braking, but also electronically control the front-to-rear brake bias. This function, depending on its specific capabilities and implementation, is known as electronic brake force distribution (EBD), traction control system, emergency brake assist, or electronic (ESC).\r\nAdvantages of Anti-Lock Brakes\r\n\r\nThe main benefits of an anti-lock brake system (ABS) include.\r\n\u2022\u00a0Stopping on ice.As mentioned above, an ABS prevents lock-ups and skidding, even in slippery conditions. Anti-lock brakes have been proven to save lives in some situations by helping drivers keep control of a vehicle.\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0Lower insurance costs.Because it is a thoroughly tested safety device with a track record of effectiveness, insurers often give customers specific discounts for having an ABS system on their vehicle.\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0Higher resale value.As a feature on a car or truck, an ABS raises the market value of the vehicle. Nowadays, where ABS technology has become standard on many vehicles, not having it could result in a lower price for resale.\r\n\r\n\u2022\u00a0Traction control. An ABS shares some of the infrastructure of a traction control system, where new technology helps ensure that each wheel has traction on the road. That makes it easy for manufacturers to install both of these features at the factory.\r\nDisadvantages of Anti-Lock Brakes\r\n\r\n\r\nDespite the fact that anti-lock brakes are proven to be a safety feature in most situations, and insurers consider them to significantly lower risk for a vehicle, not all drivers are sold on this option for a car or truck. Here are some of the down sides that drivers find in this kind of brake system.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Inconsistent stop times. Anti-lock brakes are made to provide for surer braking in slippery conditions. However, some drivers report that they find stopping distances for regular conditions are lengthened by their ABS, either because there may be errors in the system, or because the clunking or noise of the ABS may contribute to the driver not braking at the same rate.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Expense. An ABS can be expensive to maintain. Expensive sensors on each wheel can cost hundreds of dollars to fix if they get out of calibration or develop other problems. For some, this is a big reason to decline an ABS in a vehicle.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Delicate systems. It's easy to cause a problem in an ABS by messing around with the brakes. Problems include disorientation of the ABS, where a compensating brake sensor causes the vehicle to shudder, make loud noise or generally brake worse.\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )","headline":"Project On Antilock Braking System used For Automobile Cars","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-11-07","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/ABS-antilockbrakingsystemMechanicalProject-270x300.jpg","height":300,"width":270},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/integrated-drunk-and-drive-prevention/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/INTEGRATEDDRUNKANDDRIVEPREVENTIONSYSTEM-300x238.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to INTEGRATED DRUNK AND DRIVE PREVENTION SYSTEM</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/integrated-drunk-and-drive-prevention/">INTEGRATED DRUNK AND DRIVE PREVENTION SYSTEM</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>INTEGRATED DRUNK AND DRIVE PREVENTION SYSTEM
ABSTRACT                           As is needless to say; a majority of accidents, which occur, are due to drunk driving. As such, there...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/integrated-drunk-and-drive-prevention/" aria-label="View Post: INTEGRATED DRUNK AND DRIVE PREVENTION SYSTEM">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"INTEGRATED DRUNK AND DRIVE PREVENTION SYSTEM","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/integrated-drunk-and-drive-prevention\/","articleBody":"INTEGRATED DRUNK AND DRIVE PREVENTION SYSTEM\r\nABSTRACT\u00a0\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 As is needless to say; a majority of accidents, which occur, are due to drunk driving. As such, there is no effective mechanism to prevent this. Here we have designed an integrated system for the same purpose. Alcohol content in the driver\u2019s body is detected by means of an infrared breath analyzer placed at the steering wheel. An infrared cell directs infrared energy through the sample and any unabsorbed energy at the other side is detected. The higher the concentration of ethanol, the more infrared absorption occurs (in much the same way that a sunglass lens absorbs visible light, alcohol absorbs infrared light). Thus the alcohol level of the driver is continuously monitored and calibrated on a scale. When it exceeds a particular limit the fuel supply is cutoff.\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0If the device is removed also, the fuel supply will be automatically cut off or an alarm is sounded depending upon the requirement. This does not happen abruptly and special indicators are fixed at the back to avoid inconvenience to other drivers using the highway signals. Frame work for integration of sensors and control module in a scalable multi-agent system is provided .A SMS which contains the current GPS location of the vehicle is sent via a GSM module to the police control room to alert the police. The system is foolproof and the driver cannot tamper with it easily. Thus it provides an effective and cost effective solution for the problem of drunk driving in vehicles..\r\n\r\nWORKING\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n INTEGRATED DRUNK AND DRIVE PREVENTION SYSTEM\r\n\r\n\r\nThe infrared rays can be obtained with the help of ordinary infrared lamps. These have tungsten filament that can withstand heat up to 3000 c and they emit infrared light. In case the driver is drunk there will be a certain amount of alcohol in his breathe. This alcohol content in the breath will be relatively proportional to the amount of alcohol intake. The alcohol in the vapor state has the property of absorbing infra red light. \u00a0The infrared light emitted passes through the air medium and reaches the sensor [PNA4602M], which detects the loss of the infrared light due to the absorption of alcohol present in the surroundings. This sensor then measures the loss by comparing the received amount of radiations with a fixed parameter that is predefined. The sensor is calibrated in such a way that the amount of loss is directly equal to the amount of alcohol present in the atmosphere. The energy consumed by the IR system is very less. Also the detection need not take place continuously. It can be done at discrete intervals.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )","headline":"INTEGRATED DRUNK AND DRIVE PREVENTION SYSTEM","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-11-07","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/INTEGRATEDDRUNKANDDRIVEPREVENTIONSYSTEM-300x238.png","height":238,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=292">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=291"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>291</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=292"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>292</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>293</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=294"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>294</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=295"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>295</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=294">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. Read more about this portal or Sachin Thorat click on below button!</p> <button onclick="window.location.href='//www.gunkrazy.com/about-me/';">READ MORE</button></div><section id="custom_html-5" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h2 class="widget-title">Get Dialy Update On Email</h2><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><form style="border:1px solid #ccc;padding:3px;text-align:center;" action="https://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify" method="post" target="popupwindow" onsubmit="window.open('https://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify?uri=mechenggnet', 'popupwindow', 'scrollbars=yes,width=550,height=520');return true"><p>Enter your email address:</p><p><input type="text" style="width:140px" name="email"/></p><input type="hidden" value="mechenggnet" name="uri"/><input type="hidden" name="loc" value="en_US"/><input type="submit" value="Subscribe" /><p>Delivered by <a href="https://feedburner.google.com" target="_blank">FeedBurner</a></p></form></div></section><section id="categories-5" class="widget widget_categories"><h2 class="widget-title">Menu</h2><ul><li class="cat-item cat-item-103"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/automobile-engineering/">Automobile Engineering</a> (209)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-98"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/cad-cam-software/">CAD Design Software</a> (110)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-100"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/career/">Career in Mechanical</a> (57)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-101"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/exam-gate-ies/">Exam &#8211; GATE ,IES</a> (50)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-116"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/fabrication/">Fabrication Guide</a> (92)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-110"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/fluid-power-system/">Hydraulic and Pneumatic System</a> (59)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-115"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/production-management/">Industrial Engineering</a> (103)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-102"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/interview-guide/">Interview Guide</a> (23)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-99"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/machine-design/">Machine Design</a> (106)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-117"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/machine-tools/">Machine Shop</a> (103)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-109"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/manufacturing-engineering/">Manufacturing Technology</a> (154)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-113"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/material-science/">Material Science</a> (42)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-97"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-projects/">Mechanical Projects Report</a> (652)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-106"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/seminar-topics/">Mechanical Seminar</a> (85)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-107"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/automation-robotics/">Mechatronics</a> (36)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-111"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/measurement-science/">Metrology and Instrumentation</a> (61)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-108"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/power-engineering/">Power Engineering</a> (38)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-112"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-project-list/">Project Lists</a> (73)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-114"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/technical-questions/">Technical Questions</a> (139)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-105"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/theory-of-machine/">Theory Of Machine</a> (36)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-104"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/thermodynamics/">Thermal Engineering</a> (129)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/uncategorized/">Uncategorized</a> (1)</li></ul></section></aside></div></div><footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"><div class="inner-wrap footer-option-1"><div class="menu-footer-container"><ul id="footer-menu" class="inner-wrap"><li id="menu-item-11367" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home current-menu-item page_item page-item-11350 current_page_item menu-item-11367"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/" aria-current="page">Home</a></li><li id="menu-item-11368" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11368"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/blog/">Blog</a></li><li id="menu-item-11370" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11370"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/about-me/">About</a></li><li id="menu-item-11372" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11372"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/contact-us/">Contact</a></li><li id="menu-item-11369" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-11369"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/privacy/">Privacy</a></li><li id="menu-item-11373" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11373"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/terms-and-conditions_77/">Terms</a></li><li id="menu-item-11371" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11371"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/advertise/">Advertise</a></li></ul></div><div class="site-info"> &copy; 2025 Copyright Learn Mechanical Engineering</div></div></footer></div> <!--noptimize--><!--email_off--><style type='text/css'>.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:290px;height:32px;border-width:0px;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;background-color:#565656;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new:hover{background-color:#636363;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:14px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:10px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new:hover .mb-text{color:#ffffff;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new{width:90%}.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new .mb-text{font-size:11px}}
.maxbutton-55.maxbutton.maxbutton-solar-energy-solar-operated-projects{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:400px;height:28px;border:2px solid #505ac7;border-radius:8px 8px 8px 8px;background-color:#306026;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-55.maxbutton.maxbutton-solar-energy-solar-operated-projects:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-55.maxbutton.maxbutton-solar-energy-solar-operated-projects .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:7px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-55.maxbutton.maxbutton-solar-energy-solar-operated-projects:hover .mb-text{color:#505ac7;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-55.maxbutton.maxbutton-solar-energy-solar-operated-projects{width:90%}.maxbutton-55.maxbutton.maxbutton-solar-energy-solar-operated-projects .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
.maxbutton-36.maxbutton.maxbutton-renewable-energy-sources-power-generation-projects{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:600px;height:27px;border:2px solid #8c7c38;border-radius:25px 25px 25px 25px;background-color:#c9d856;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-36.maxbutton.maxbutton-renewable-energy-sources-power-generation-projects:hover{border-color:#a8437a;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-36.maxbutton.maxbutton-renewable-energy-sources-power-generation-projects .mb-text{color:#333333;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:14px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:7px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-36.maxbutton.maxbutton-renewable-energy-sources-power-generation-projects:hover .mb-text{color:#41a36e;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-36.maxbutton.maxbutton-renewable-energy-sources-power-generation-projects{width:90%}.maxbutton-36.maxbutton.maxbutton-renewable-energy-sources-power-generation-projects .mb-text{font-size:11px}}
.maxbutton-29.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-main{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:550px;height:28px;border:1px solid #212121;border-radius:20px 20px 20px 20px;background-color:rgba(237, 237, 33, 0.99);box-shadow:0px 1px 0px 0px #9b9904}.maxbutton-29.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-main:hover{border-color:#dd9933;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 1px 0px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-29.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-main .mb-text{color:#c61300;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:8px 0px 0px 2px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-29.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-main:hover .mb-text{color:#4bbac6;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-29.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-main{width:90%}.maxbutton-29.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-main .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
.maxbutton-63.maxbutton.maxbutton-simple-easy-mechanical-projects{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:250px;height:32px;border-width:0px;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;background-color:#c95074;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-63.maxbutton.maxbutton-simple-easy-mechanical-projects:hover{background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-63.maxbutton.maxbutton-simple-easy-mechanical-projects .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:5px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-63.maxbutton.maxbutton-simple-easy-mechanical-projects:hover .mb-text{color:#505ac7;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-63.maxbutton.maxbutton-simple-easy-mechanical-projects{width:90%}.maxbutton-63.maxbutton.maxbutton-simple-easy-mechanical-projects .mb-text{font-size:9px}}
.maxbutton-64.maxbutton.maxbutton-manually-hand-operated-projects{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:250px;height:30px;border-width:0px;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;background-color:#8fc44e;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-64.maxbutton.maxbutton-manually-hand-operated-projects:hover{background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-64.maxbutton.maxbutton-manually-hand-operated-projects .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:3px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-64.maxbutton.maxbutton-manually-hand-operated-projects:hover .mb-text{color:#505ac7;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-64.maxbutton.maxbutton-manually-hand-operated-projects{width:90%}.maxbutton-64.maxbutton.maxbutton-manually-hand-operated-projects .mb-text{font-size:9px}}
.maxbutton-65.maxbutton.maxbutton-affordable-low-budget-projects{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:250px;height:30px;border-width:0px;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;background-color:#bf4cae;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-65.maxbutton.maxbutton-affordable-low-budget-projects:hover{background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-65.maxbutton.maxbutton-affordable-low-budget-projects .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:4px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-65.maxbutton.maxbutton-affordable-low-budget-projects:hover .mb-text{color:#505ac7;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-65.maxbutton.maxbutton-affordable-low-budget-projects{width:90%}.maxbutton-65.maxbutton.maxbutton-affordable-low-budget-projects .mb-text{font-size:9px}}
.maxbutton-66.maxbutton.maxbutton-mini-low-cost-projects{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:200px;height:20px;border-width:0px;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;background-color:#ad5445;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-66.maxbutton.maxbutton-mini-low-cost-projects:hover{background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-66.maxbutton.maxbutton-mini-low-cost-projects .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:3px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-66.maxbutton.maxbutton-mini-low-cost-projects:hover .mb-text{color:#505ac7;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-66.maxbutton.maxbutton-mini-low-cost-projects{width:90%}.maxbutton-66.maxbutton.maxbutton-mini-low-cost-projects .mb-text{font-size:9px}}
.maxbutton-54.maxbutton.maxbutton-wind-energy-projects{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:400px;height:28px;border:2px solid #505ac7;border-radius:4px 4px 4px 4px;background-color:#572c70;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-54.maxbutton.maxbutton-wind-energy-projects:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-54.maxbutton.maxbutton-wind-energy-projects .mb-text{color:#e0e0e0;font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:7px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-54.maxbutton.maxbutton-wind-energy-projects:hover .mb-text{color:#505ac7;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-54.maxbutton.maxbutton-wind-energy-projects{width:90%}.maxbutton-54.maxbutton.maxbutton-wind-energy-projects .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
.maxbutton-37.maxbutton.maxbutton-thermal-engineering-projects{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:500px;height:28px;border:2px solid #505ac7;border-radius:25px 25px 25px 25px;background-color:#dc62f7;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-37.maxbutton.maxbutton-thermal-engineering-projects:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-37.maxbutton.maxbutton-thermal-engineering-projects .mb-text{color:#231377;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:7px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-37.maxbutton.maxbutton-thermal-engineering-projects:hover .mb-text{color:#9e8f3f;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-37.maxbutton.maxbutton-thermal-engineering-projects{width:90%}.maxbutton-37.maxbutton.maxbutton-thermal-engineering-projects .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
.maxbutton-31.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-projects{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:550px;height:28px;border:2px solid #505ac7;border-radius:25px 25px 25px 25px;background-color:#c1a026;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-31.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-projects:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-31.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-projects .mb-text{color:#212121;font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:7px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-31.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-projects:hover .mb-text{color:#42a58c;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-31.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-projects{width:90%}.maxbutton-31.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-projects .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
.maxbutton-33.maxbutton.maxbutton-automobile-projects{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:550px;height:28px;border:2px solid #c5e059;border-radius:20px 20px 20px 20px;background-color:#eded93;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-33.maxbutton.maxbutton-automobile-projects:hover{border-color:#4ec48f;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-33.maxbutton.maxbutton-automobile-projects .mb-text{color:#ff1e1e;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:7px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-33.maxbutton.maxbutton-automobile-projects:hover .mb-text{color:#873f36;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-33.maxbutton.maxbutton-automobile-projects{width:90%}.maxbutton-33.maxbutton.maxbutton-automobile-projects .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
.maxbutton-30.maxbutton.maxbutton-design-and-fabrication-projects{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:550px;height:28px;border:2px double #505ac7;border-radius:20px 20px 20px 20px;background-color:#4cbfa2;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-30.maxbutton.maxbutton-design-and-fabrication-projects:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-30.maxbutton.maxbutton-design-and-fabrication-projects .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:14px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:7px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-30.maxbutton.maxbutton-design-and-fabrication-projects:hover .mb-text{color:#505ac7;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-30.maxbutton.maxbutton-design-and-fabrication-projects{width:90%}.maxbutton-30.maxbutton.maxbutton-design-and-fabrication-projects .mb-text{font-size:11px}}
</style><!--/email_off--><!--/noptimize--> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_e1252650ea6bc63e5b6b533cf9f0380d.php?ver=1.4.1" id="income-school-js-js"></script> <!--noptimize--><script>!function(){window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[],advanced_ads_ready_queue.push=window.advanced_ads_ready;for(var d=0,a=advanced_ads_ready_queue.length;d<a;d++)advanced_ads_ready(advanced_ads_ready_queue[d])}();</script><!--/noptimize--><div style="display: none"></div></body></html>
<!--
Performance optimized by W3 Total Cache. Learn more: https://www.boldgrid.com/w3-total-cache/

Page Caching using Disk: Enhanced (Requested URI contains query) 

Served from: www.gunkrazy.com @ 2025-12-20 19:15:22 by W3 Total Cache
-->




