<!doctype html><html lang="en-US" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"><head>  <script defer src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-63955840-1"></script> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,CgkgIHdpbmRvdy5kYXRhTGF5ZXIgPSB3aW5kb3cuZGF0YUxheWVyIHx8IFtdOwoJICBmdW5jdGlvbiBndGFnKCl7ZGF0YUxheWVyLnB1c2goYXJndW1lbnRzKTt9CgkgIGd0YWcoJ2pzJywgbmV3IERhdGUoKSk7CgoJICAKCSAgCSAgZ3RhZygnY29uZmlnJywgJ1VBLTYzOTU1ODQwLTEnKTsKCSAgCgk="></script> <meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/www.gunkrazy.com-favicon-image.png"><link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"><style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style><title>Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering</title><meta name="robots" content="follow, index, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1, max-image-preview:large"/><link rel="canonical" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/" /><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /><meta property="og:type" content="website" /><meta property="og:title" content="Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering" /><meta property="og:url" content="//www.gunkrazy.com/" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Mechanical Engineering blog" /><meta property="fb:admins" content="https://www.facebook.com/sachin.thorat3" /><meta property="article:published_time" content="2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@thoratsachin027" /><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@thoratsachin027" /><meta name="twitter:label1" content="Time to read" /><meta name="twitter:data1" content="Less than a minute" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="rank-math-schema">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person","name":"Sachin Thorat","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/royal.mech.engg","https://twitter.com/thoratsachin027"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#logo","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","contentUrl":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","caption":"Mechanical Engineering blog","inLanguage":"en-US","width":"300","height":"300"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#logo","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","contentUrl":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","caption":"Mechanical Engineering blog","inLanguage":"en-US","width":"300","height":"300"}},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#website","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com","name":"Mechanical Engineering blog","publisher":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"//www.gunkrazy.com/?s={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#webpage","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com/","name":"Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering","datePublished":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","dateModified":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","about":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person"},"isPartOf":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#website"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#author","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=96&amp;d=wavatar&amp;r=g","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=96&amp;d=wavatar&amp;r=g","inLanguage":"en-US"}},{"@type":"Article","headline":"Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering","datePublished":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","dateModified":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","author":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#author"},"publisher":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person"},"name":"Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#richSnippet","isPartOf":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#webpage"},"inLanguage":"en-US","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#webpage"}}]}</script> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="5Sa35IchqdSspzqAS1DI0AQEde9mldI2FZu66psXg" /><meta name="msvalidate.01" content="0633F9DED879963ED766DB4D21411F2B" /><meta name="yandex-verification" content="6203245cb91cc415" /><meta name="p:domain_verify" content="1d54713710a5b65365ad80e5daccdb40" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Learn Mechanical Engineering &raquo; Feed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/feed/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Learn Mechanical Engineering &raquo; Comments Feed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/comments/feed/" /> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,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"></script> <!--noptimize--><script id="learn-ready">
			window.advanced_ads_ready=function(e,a){a=a||"complete";var d=function(e){return"interactive"===a?"loading"!==e:"complete"===e};d(document.readyState)?e():document.addEventListener("readystatechange",(function(a){d(a.target.readyState)&&e()}),{once:"interactive"===a})},window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[];		</script>
		<!--/noptimize--><style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
		display: inline !important;
		border: none !important;
		box-shadow: none !important;
		height: 1em !important;
		width: 1em !important;
		margin: 0 0.07em !important;
		vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
		background: none !important;
		padding: 0 !important;
	}</style><link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.4' type='text/css' media='all' /><style id='rank-math-toc-block-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol{counter-reset:item}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li{display:block}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li:before{content:counters(item, ".") ". ";counter-increment:item}</style><style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}</style><style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}</style><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-income-school-style-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_6aa70931e213384c9a6255eeedb3f19f.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-style-min-width768-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_4097091fbbb660b667281e5052538af8.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='(min-width: 768px)' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-style-min-width960-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_1b82ae29fa8c6f6b1dda16beb19cfc46.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='(min-width: 960px)' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-style-min-width1200-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_90097e866176b4ced86c9b703df91b35.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='(min-width: 1200px)' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_605682d15b905afcca53b93514fbaeca.php?ver=2.3.1' type='text/css' media='all' /><style id='custom-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>.search-wrapper #search-icon{background:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/search-icon.png") center/cover no-repeat #fff;}.share-container .email-btn:before{background:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/envelope.svg") center/cover no-repeat;}.share-container .print-btn:before{background:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/print-icon.svg") center/cover no-repeat;}.externallinkimage{background-image:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/extlink.png")}body, body ul, body li, body td, body th, body p, body p.legal-disclaimer, body  input, body select, body optgroup, body textarea, body .entry-meta span, body.single .entry-meta .byline, .entry-content .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li a{ color: #4f4f4f; }body.home #page .hero-text-wrapper h2.hero-text{ color:#ffffff; }#content h1, #content h2:not(.widget-title, .hero-text, .section-header-text, .card-title), #content h3, #content .author-card .author-info a, #content h4, #content h5, #content h6, #content .header { color: #bf22b2; }body .article-card header p a{color:#ff392e;}body.home #page h2.section-header-text,#page .featured-categories-wrapper .category-card h2:before{ background-color:#d693c6;}#page .featured-categories-wrapper .category-card:hover h2:before{ opacity:0.5; transition:opacity 500ms;}body.home #page h2.section-header-text, body.home #page h2.card-title{ color:#ff392e;}body a, body a:visited, body a:focus, body a:active{ color: #ff392e; }body a:hover, body a:visited:hover, body a:focus, body a:active { color: #ff392e }.woocommerce #respond input#submit, #content .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background), #content button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content a.button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content a.button:visited:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content input[type='button']:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content input[type='reset'], #content input[type='submit'], #content .button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit) { background: #ff392e; }.woocommerce #respond input#submit, .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color), #page button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #page a.button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #page a.button:visited:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), input[type='button']:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), input[type='reset'], input[type='submit'], .button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit) { color: #f2f2f2; }.woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs::before, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li{border-color:#bababa;}#content hr, body .wp-block-separator{ background-color: #bababa; } #page aside#secondary .legal-info-container, #page aside#secondary .sidebar-ad{ border-top-color: #bababa;} #page .author-card{border-top-color: #bababa;border-bottom-color: #bababa;}#page .site-footer{border-top-color: #bababa;}@media (min-width: 960px){#page .site-content .widget-area{border-left-color:#bababa;}}#content #antibounce { background: #f0f0f0; }body #content #antibounce .antibounce-card .copy-wrapper p{ color: #000000; }body #content #antibounce .antibounce-card button{ background-color: #000000; }body #content #antibounce .antibounce-card button { color: #ffffff }
.article-card .image-container {
   
    background-size: contain;</style><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/11350" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /><meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.4" /><link rel='shortlink' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/' /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gunkrazy.com%2F" /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gunkrazy.com%2F&#038;format=xml" /><meta name="category" content="homepage" /><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"><link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Libre+Franklin:wght@400;800&family=Roboto+Condensed&display=swap" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'"><style>ins.adsbygoogle { background-color: transparent; padding: 0; }</style><script  async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-1685119944030639" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> </head><body class="home page-template-default page page-id-11350 aa-prefix-learn-"><div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a><header id="masthead" class="site-header desktop-toggle"><div class="inner-wrap"><div class="hamburger-wrapper desktop"> <button class="hamburger hamburger--squeeze menu-toggle" type="button" aria-label="Menu" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="hamburger-box"> <span class="hamburger-inner"></span> </span> <span class="label">MENU</span> </button></div><div class="site-branding"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home" itemprop="url"><img width="300" height="300" src="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png 300w, //www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></div><div class="search-wrapper"> <a href="#open" id="search-icon" style="background: url(//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/search-icon.png) center/cover no-repeat #fff;"><span class="sr-only">Search</span></a><div class="search-form-wrapper"><form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="//www.gunkrazy.com/"><style>.search-wrapper.search-active .search-field {
			width: 200px;
			display: inline-block;
			vertical-align: top;
		}
		.search-wrapper button[type="submit"] {
			display: inline-block;
			vertical-align: top;
			top: -35px;
			position: relative;
			background-color: transparent;
			height: 30px;
			width: 30px;
			padding: 0;
			margin: 0;
			background-image: url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/search-icon.png");
			background-position: center;
			background-repeat: no-repeat;
			background-size: contain;
		}
		.search-wrapper.search-active button[type="submit"] {
			display: inline-block !important;
		}</style><label for="s"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-field" class="search-field" placeholder="Search &hellip;" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit" style="display:none;"><span class="screen-reader-text"></span></button></form></div></div></div><nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation"><div class="menu-main-manu-container"><ul id="primary-menu" class="inner-wrap"><li id="menu-item-13454" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item menu-item-home menu-item-13454"><a href="http://www.gunkrazy.com">Home</a></li><li id="menu-item-13461" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-13461"><a target="_blank" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-subject-wise-basic-concept-notes/">Subject Wise Notes</a></li><li id="menu-item-13456" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-13456"><a target="_blank" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-projects/">Projects List</a></li><li id="menu-item-13457" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13457"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-projects/">Project and seminars</a> <button type='button' class='toggle-submenu'><span class='sr-only'>Submenu Toggle</span> </button><ul class='submenu'><li id="menu-item-13458" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13458"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-projects/">Mechanical Projects Report</a></li><li id="menu-item-13459" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13459"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/seminar-topics/">Mechanical Seminar</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-13460" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13460"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/cad-cam-software/">CAD Software</a></li><li id="menu-item-13462" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13462"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/exam-gate-ies/">GATE</a></li><li id="menu-item-13466" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-13466"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/career/">Career</a> <button type='button' class='toggle-submenu'><span class='sr-only'>Submenu Toggle</span> </button><ul class='submenu'><li id="menu-item-13467" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13467"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/interview-guide/">Interview Guide</a></li><li id="menu-item-13468" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13468"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/technical-questions/">Technical Questions</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></nav></header><div id="content" class="site-content"><div id="primary" class="content-area"><section class="featured-categories-wrapper"><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/jigs-and-fixture-design1-768x581.jpg')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-projects/"><h2 class="card-title">Index of Mechanical Projects</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/lathe-machine-operation-768x515.jpg')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-subject-wise-basic-concept-notes/"><h2 class="card-title">Mechanical Subjects notes</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CATIA-V5-Surface.jpg')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cad-software/"><h2 class="card-title">CAD Design</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Orbital-Welding-Process-Equipment-Application-min-1.png')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/manufacturing-technology-notes/"><h2 class="card-title">Manufacturing Technology Notes</h2> </a></article></section><main id="main" class="site-main"><section class="articles-wrapper"><h2 class="section-header-text">Recent Posts</h2><article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-pipe-bending-machine-proejc/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/DesignandfabricationOfPipeBendingMachine-min-300x202.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Design and Fabrication Of Pipe Bending Machine Mechanical Project</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-pipe-bending-machine-proejc/">Design and Fabrication Of Pipe Bending Machine Mechanical Project</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Design and Fabrication Of Pipe Bending Machine Mechanical Project
Abstract:  As the name suggests this project is about fabrication of a machine that is used for bending of pipes.  My...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-pipe-bending-machine-proejc/" aria-label="View Post: Design and Fabrication Of Pipe Bending Machine Mechanical Project">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Design and Fabrication Of Pipe Bending Machine Mechanical Project","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/design-and-fabrication-of-pipe-bending-machine-proejc\/","articleBody":"Design and Fabrication Of Pipe Bending Machine Mechanical Project\r\nAbstract:\r\n\r\n\r\nAs the name suggests this project is about fabrication of a machine that is used for bending of pipes.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMy project is to design and construct a bending machine. This machine is used to bend steel into curve or other curvature shape. The size of the machine is very convenient for portable work. It is fully made by steel. Moreover it is easy to be carried and used at any time and any place.\r\n\r\n\r\nIntroduction:\r\nIn various fabrication works as well as in architectural work pipes are used in artistic ways. To bend these pipes into these artistic forms is not easy thing to be done manually. Using a particular machine specially developed for bending of pipes helps.\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0To build this machine many equipment or machine is used. By using all this equipment, process for making the project is faster and easier. I had also learned a proper method for operating all this machine and equipment. Choosing component material is very important, because it will affect the overall cost of the machine and the product quality. With this consideration, I had design this machine with the maximum quality and low in cost.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nDesign and Fabrication Of Pipe Bending Machine\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTypes Of Bending Machine:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tTube Bending\r\n \tCircle Bending\r\n \tBar Bending\r\n \tChannel Bending\r\n \tSquare Bending\r\n\r\n\r\nTube Bending:\r\n\r\n\r\nThe Forming Roller method of tube bending is recommended for all large bends. where the centerline radius is at least 4 times the outside diameter of the tube. It can also be successfully employed for bending pipe or heavy wall tubing to smaller radii and is the most practical method of bending very small diameter tubing. The Forming Roller and Radius Collar must be grooved to exactly fit the tube and the tube must not be allowed to slip during the bending operation as even a slight amount of slippage will cause distortion.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSQUARE BENDING:\r\n\r\nForming zero radius bends around square, rectangular, or other multi sided blocks employs the same principle used in scroll bending. Forming Nose \u201cleads\u201d material between corners of the block. Any number of zero radius bends can be obtained in one operation by this method in all types of solid materials. Both centered and off-center square eye can also be formed by following the same procedure outlined on. This method of bending is limited by the size of the square block and the ductility of the material. In general, when squares larger than 1\u201d are needed, they should be formed in progressive operations using the zero radius block.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCIRCLE BENDING:\r\n\u00a0\r\nThis operation is somewhat involved by the fact that most materials \u201cspring back\u201d after they have been formed. To compensate for this, it is often necessary to use a Radius Collar having a smaller diameter than that of the circle required. Actual size can best be determined by experiment, as the \u201cspring back\u201d varies in different materials. Material should be precut to exact length before forming.\r\n\r\nConstruction Details Of Pipe Bending Machine:\r\n\r\n\r\nIn the constructional part of the project work, a base frame structure is fabricated using Mild Steel bars.\u00a0\r\n\r\nFrame:\r\n\r\nA flat platform is formed on the top of this base structure.On this platform two mounting points are fixed. These mounting points are kept very robust in nature as they have to withstand huge lateral forces during working of the device. Set of combination of two numbers of affix-able meshing pulleys of various diameters are fabricated or machined.\u00a0\r\n\r\nSupporting Pulley:\r\n\r\nThe peripheral cross sectional area of pulleys in pairs in any set is kept same either semicircular or half square depending on the pipe to be bent like circular or square cross section. Other pipes can also be bent but for that special pulleys have to be made.\r\n\r\n\u00a0Hydraulic Jack:\r\n\r\nHydraulic jack with Semi Circular pulley as shown in figure is fixed on the frame in between two pulleys and below it by calculating working distance . Provision for Adjustment of jack should be there to achieve any type of shapes and curvature.\r\n\r\nSprings :\r\n\r\nQuick retraction springs are attached to hydraulic jack upper end for easy and fast retraction of jack shaft. Springs should be designated in such way that it will not add more pressure or force for upper movement of the hydraulic jack.\r\n\r\n\u00a0Working Of The Project:\r\nThe pipe is inserted between the pulleys and the Hydraulic jack pulley as shown in figure. The Bending Force is applied with hydraulic Jack when the handle is operated. Thus pipe is bent. For desired diameter of bending curve the pulleys are changed or altered.\r\n\r\nApplication:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThis type of device is very useful for any fabrication work shop.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Shop Projects List , Abstract\r\nMachine Tool , Manufacturing Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )","headline":"Design and Fabrication Of Pipe Bending Machine Mechanical Project","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-11-03","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/DesignandfabricationOfPipeBendingMachine-min-300x202.jpg","height":202,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fabrication-of-unconventional-air-compressor/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/unconventionalaircompressor-300x142.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to FABRICATION OF UNCONVENTIONAL COMPRESSOR FOR HEAVY TRUCK</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fabrication-of-unconventional-air-compressor/">FABRICATION OF UNCONVENTIONAL COMPRESSOR FOR HEAVY TRUCK</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>FABRICATION OF UNCONVENTIONAL COMPRESSOR FOR HEAVY TRUCK
(DEMO MODEL)
ABSTRACT  Today in various automobile industries they prefer unconventional parts to improve their productivity.  Scope...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fabrication-of-unconventional-air-compressor/" aria-label="View Post: FABRICATION OF UNCONVENTIONAL COMPRESSOR FOR HEAVY TRUCK">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"FABRICATION OF UNCONVENTIONAL COMPRESSOR FOR HEAVY TRUCK","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/fabrication-of-unconventional-air-compressor\/","articleBody":"FABRICATION OF UNCONVENTIONAL COMPRESSOR FOR HEAVY TRUCK\r\n(DEMO MODEL)\r\nABSTRACT\r\n\r\nToday in various automobile industries they prefer unconventional parts to improve their productivity.\r\n\r\nScope objective\r\n\u00a0\r\nNow they use unconventional air compressor in heavy vehicle such as tippers and trucks. Unlike standard air compressor it doesn\u2019t have crank shaft and connecting rod. It resembles the cycle foot pump. Operation is simple which indeed serve the purpose fruitfully.\r\n\r\nWorking principle\r\n\u00a0\r\nWhen vehicle travels on the road, vibration is created due to bumpy impact, imbalance tire wheel assembly or related to the mechanical condition of the vehicle. These vibration created is purely a force vibration which is an unwanted energy. We make use of these as prime mover to our system. Compressed air produced by operation of this system is mainly used for operation of pneumatic braking system, horn, air intake system.\r\n\r\nBesides above stated uses, it plays important role for hydraulic operated automobiles as it has no air producing system. In this case we are able to achieve whatever the pneumatic operation can be performed.\r\nHere main advantage is that in heavy vehicle damper requirement is neglected. Though there will be damper attached during manufacture but it can be taken out as and when the unconventional air compressor is implemented.\r\n\r\nIt is economical to use this unconventional air compressor in heavy vehicle. It can also helps in reduction of air pollution.\r\nDIAGRAM FOR UNCONVENTIONAL AIR COMPRESSOR\r\n\r\n\r\nUNCONVENTIONAL AIR COMPRESSOR MECHANICAL PROJECT\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAdvantages\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a01) Engine BHP will increased\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 2) Energy resources is properly utilized over here\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a03) Maintenance is very low\r\nDisadvantages\r\n1) Suitable for Indian bumpy roads\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Tool , Manufacturing Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nNon traditional machining Projects\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )","headline":"FABRICATION OF UNCONVENTIONAL COMPRESSOR FOR HEAVY TRUCK","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-11-03","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/unconventionalaircompressor-300x142.png","height":142,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fabrication-of-chainless-bicycle-shaf/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/fabricationofshaftdrivenbicyclemechancialproject-300x225.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to FABRICATION OF CHAINLESS BICYCLE (SHAFT DRIVEN BICYCLE)</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fabrication-of-chainless-bicycle-shaf/">FABRICATION OF CHAINLESS BICYCLE (SHAFT DRIVEN BICYCLE)</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>FABRICATION OF CHAINLESS BICYCLE (SHAFT DRIVEN BICYCLE)
ABSTRACT                        This project is developed for the users to rotate the back wheel of a two wheeler using propeller...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fabrication-of-chainless-bicycle-shaf/" aria-label="View Post: FABRICATION OF CHAINLESS BICYCLE (SHAFT DRIVEN BICYCLE)">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"FABRICATION OF CHAINLESS BICYCLE (SHAFT DRIVEN BICYCLE)","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/fabrication-of-chainless-bicycle-shaf\/","articleBody":"FABRICATION OF CHAINLESS BICYCLE (SHAFT DRIVEN BICYCLE)\r\nABSTRACT\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 This project is developed for the users to rotate the back wheel of a two wheeler using propeller shaft. Usually in two wheelers, chain and sprocket method is used to drive the back wheel. But in this project, the Engine is connected at the front part of the vehicle. The shaft of the engine is connected with a long rod. The other side of the long rod is connected with a set of bevel gears. The bevel gears are used to rotate the shaft in 90 o angle. The back wheel of the vehicle is connected with the bevel gear(driven). Thus the back wheel is rotated in perpendicular to the engine shaft. Thus the two wheeler will move forward. According to the direction of motion of the engine, the wheel will be moved forward or reverse. This avoids the usage of chain and sprocket method.\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0A shaft-driven bicycle is a bicycle that uses a drive shaft instead of a chain to transmit power from the pedals to the wheel. Shaft drives were introduced over a century ago, but were mostly supplanted by chain-driven bicycles due to the gear ranges possible with sprockets and derailleur. Recently, due to advancements in internal gear technology, a small number of modern shaft-driven bicycles have been introduced.\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Shaft-driven bikes have a large bevel gear where a conventional bike would have its chain ring. This meshes with another bevel gear mounted on the drive shaft. The use of bevel gears allows the axis of the drive torque from the pedals to be turned through 90 degrees. The drive shaft then has another bevel gear near the rear wheel hub which meshes with a bevel gear on the hub where the rear sprocket would be on a conventional bike, and canceling out the first drive torque change of axis.\r\n\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nFABRICATION OF UNCONVENTIONAL COMPRESSOR FOR HEAVY TRUCK\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe term Drive shaft is used to refer to a shaft, which is used for the transfer of motion from one point to another. Whereas the shafts, which propel (push the object ahead) are referred to as the propeller shafts. However the drive shaft of the automobile is also referred to as the propeller shaft because apart from transmitting the rotary motion from the front end to the rear end of the vehicle, these shafts also propel the vehicle forward. The shaft is the primary connection between the front and the rear end (engine and differential), which performs both the jobs of transmitting the motion and propelling the front end. Thus the terms Drive Shaft and Propeller Shafts are used interchangeably. In other words, a drive shaft is a longitudinal power transmitting, used in vehicle where the pedal is situated at the human feet. A drive shaft is an assembly of one or more tubular shafts connected by universal, constant velocity or flexible joints. The number of tubular pieces and joints depends on the distance between the two wheels.\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES\r\n\u00a0\r\n\u2022 Smooth driving\r\n\u2022 Easier to transport\r\n\u2022 Low cost of ownership\r\n\u2022 Cleaner\r\n\r\nAPPLICATIONS\r\n\r\n\u2022 Racing\r\n\u2022 Off-road riding\r\n\u2022 Cycling\r\n\r\nCONCLUSION\r\n\u00a0\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Firstly the project were unable to be completed with the drive shaft due to various problems around circumference of the bicycle ,later on this was realized to run successfully with two bevel gears at both end of the drive shaft.\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The presented work was aimed to reduce the wastage of human power (energy) on bicycle riding or any machine, which employs drive shafts; in general it is achieved by using light weight drive shaft with bevel gears on both sides designed on replacing chain transmission. The presented work also deals with design optimization i.e converting rotary motion in linear motion with aid of two bevel gears.\r\n\r\nReference Download Paper:\r\n1) http:\/\/www.ijeert.org\/pdf\/v2-i2\/7.pdf\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nDesign and Fabrication projects - Abstract , Report Download\r\nProject Sample report , Final report Download\r\nPedal Operated (Bicycle ) projects","headline":"FABRICATION OF CHAINLESS BICYCLE (SHAFT DRIVEN BICYCLE)","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-11-02","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/fabricationofshaftdrivenbicyclemechancialproject-300x225.jpg","height":225,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automatic-foot-dust-vacuum-cleaning/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/AutomaticFootDustVacuumcleaningMachineMechancialProject-300x167.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to AUTOMATIC FOOT DUST VACUUM CLEANING MACHINE | Mechanical Project</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automatic-foot-dust-vacuum-cleaning/">AUTOMATIC FOOT DUST VACUUM CLEANING MACHINE | Mechanical Project</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>AUTOMATIC FOOT DUST VACUUM CLEANING MACHINE | Mechanical Project  SYNOPSIS  This project deals with the fabrication of Automatic Foot Dust vacuum cleaning machine.  The aim of this project work...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automatic-foot-dust-vacuum-cleaning/" aria-label="View Post: AUTOMATIC FOOT DUST VACUUM CLEANING MACHINE | Mechanical Project">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"AUTOMATIC FOOT DUST VACUUM CLEANING MACHINE | Mechanical Project","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/automatic-foot-dust-vacuum-cleaning\/","articleBody":"AUTOMATIC FOOT DUST VACUUM CLEANING MACHINE | Mechanical Project\r\n\r\nSYNOPSIS\r\n\r\nThis project deals with the fabrication of Automatic Foot Dust vacuum cleaning machine. \u00a0The aim of this project work is to develop and modernized process for cleaning the foot dust automatically on\/off the machine.\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 It is very useful for cleaning the foot dust. It can be widely used in houses, hospitals, auditorium, shops, computer centers, etc. In modern days interior decorations are becoming an important role in our life. \u00a0Cleaning of foot dust is a very important one for our health and reduces the man power requirement. Every day children are playing games in the ground and their dress, foot, body having dust. They are clean all the dust containing before entering into the room or home. In our project foot dust are cleaned automatically by putting the step in the machine. \u00a0Hence our project is very useful in our day to day life.\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Automatic Foot Dust Cleaning Machine is very much useful in hospitals, houses, auditorium, shops, computer centers etc; it is very simple in construction and easy to operate. Anybody can operate this machine easily. It consists of large number of brush and this brush is used to clean the foot dust. Hence it is very useful in hospitals, houses, etc. \u00a0The time taken for cleaning is very less and the cost is also very less.Maintenance cost is less. There are several numbers of foot dust cleaning machine and are working under different principles and the cost is also very high.\r\n\r\nIn our project is very simple drive mechanism and easy to operate any persons and children. The size of the machine is also portable, so we can transfer from one place to other place very easily. In our Automatic foot dust cleaning machine is simple, all house holding device; even children can also operate it easily with safety. \u00a0It is very important one for each and every houses and hospitals etc.\r\n\r\n\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\r\n\r\n\r\nAutomatic Foot Dust Vacuum cleaning Machine Mechanical Project\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe automatic sensor operated foot dust cleaning machine is shown below igure. The main supply 230V A.C is given to the single phase induction motor. The motor is running its normal speed. The motor pulley is already connected to the main shaft pulley with the help of belt drive. The main shaft is rotating according to the speed of the motor and pulley dimension.\r\n\r\nThe two numbers of brushes are mounted on the main shaft. The brushes are rotated due to the rotation of the main shaft. This brushes cleaning the dust in the foot or shoes. IR sensor is used to sense the obstacle and this signal is given to the single phase induction \u00a0\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES\r\n\r\n\r\n \tManual effort is reduced.\r\n \tOperating time is less.\r\n \tCleaning and polishing can be done at same time.\r\n \tPower consumption is less.\r\n \tOperating Cost is less.\r\n \tDesign is very simple.\r\n \tEasy fabrication.\r\n \tIt occupies less floor area.\r\n \tInitial cost is less.\r\n \tNet weight is less.\r\n \tMaintenance cost less.\r\n \tIt can be used in various places\r\n \tSmoother operation.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAPPLICATIONS\r\n\r\n\r\n \tDomestic purpose.\r\n \tHospitals.\r\n \tAuditoriums.\r\n \tCultural centers.\r\n \tSchools.\r\n \tColleges.\r\n \tLarge scale industries.\r\n \tMedium scale industries.\r\n \tTheaters.\r\n\r\n\r\nLIMITATIONS\r\n\r\n\r\n \tSpeed of the motor is constant.\r\n \tPushing power is required to on the machine automatically.","headline":"AUTOMATIC FOOT DUST VACUUM CLEANING MACHINE | Mechanical Project","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-11-02","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/AutomaticFootDustVacuumcleaningMachineMechancialProject-300x167.png","height":167,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/vapor-compression-refrigeration-system-parts-working-cycle/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Diagramofvaporcompressionsystem-300x240.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Vapor Compression Refrigeration System | Basic, Working, Parts Of System</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/vapor-compression-refrigeration-system-parts-working-cycle/">Vapor Compression Refrigeration System | Basic, Working, Parts Of System</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Vapor Compression Refrigeration System | Basic, Working, Parts Of System, Advantages, and Disadvantages 
Introduction:  Vapor-compression refrigeration, in which the refrigerant undergoes phase...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/vapor-compression-refrigeration-system-parts-working-cycle/" aria-label="View Post: Vapor Compression Refrigeration System | Basic, Working, Parts Of System">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Vapor Compression Refrigeration System | Basic, Working, Parts Of System","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/vapor-compression-refrigeration-system-parts-working-cycle\/","articleBody":"Vapor Compression Refrigeration System | Basic, Working, Parts Of System, Advantages, and Disadvantages\u00a0\r\nIntroduction:\r\n\r\nVapor-compression refrigeration, in which the refrigerant undergoes phase changes, is one of the many refrigeration cycles and is the most widely used method for air-conditioning of buildings and automobiles. It is also used in domestic and commercial refrigerators, large-scale warehouses for chilled or frozen storage of foods and meats, refrigerated trucks and railroad cars, and a host of other commercial and industrial services. Oil refineries, petrochemical and chemical processing plants, and natural gas processing plants are among the many types of industrial plants that often utilize large vapor-compression refrigeration systems.\r\n\r\nWorking Of Vapor Compression Refrigeration System:\r\n\r\nThe figure shows the basic components of a vapor compression refrigeration system.\r\nAs shown in the figure the basic system consists of an evaporator, compressor, condenser and\u00a0an expansion valve. The refrigeration effect is obtained in the cold region as heat is extracted\u00a0by the vaporization of refrigerant in the evaporator. The refrigerant vapor from the\u00a0evaporator is compressed in the compressor to a high pressure at which its saturation\u00a0temperature is greater than the ambient or any other heat sink. Hence when the high pressure,\u00a0high-temperature refrigerant flows through the condenser, condensation of the vapor into\u00a0liquid takes place by heat rejection to the heat sink. To complete the cycle, the high-pressure\u00a0liquid is made to flow through an expansion valve. In the expansion valve the pressure and\u00a0temperature of the refrigerant decrease. This low pressure and low-temperature refrigerant\u00a0vapor evaporates in the evaporator taking heat from the cold region. It should be observed\u00a0that the system operates on a closed cycle. The system requires input in the form of\u00a0mechanical work. It extracts heat from a cold space and rejects heat to a high-temperature\u00a0heat sink.\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nVapor Compression Cycle -Working Diagram\r\n\r\n\r\nA refrigeration system can also be used as a heat pump, in which the useful output is the high-temperature heat rejected at the condenser. Alternatively, a refrigeration system can\u00a0be used for providing cooling in summer and heating in winter. Such systems have been built\u00a0and are available now\r\nVapor Compression Thermodynamic Cycle\r\nPV And TS Diagram For Vapor Compression System\r\n\r\n\r\nMost of the modern refrigerators work on this cycle, in Its simplest form, there are four fundamental operations required to complete one cycle.\r\n\r\n(a) Compression\r\n(b) Condensation\u00a0\r\n(c) Expansion\u00a0\r\n(d) Vaporization\u00a0\r\n\r\na) Compression\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe low-pressure Vapour in the dry state is drawn from the evaporator during the suction stroke of the compressor. During compression Stroke, the pressure and temperature increase until vapor temperature is greater than the temperature of condenser cooling medium (air or water)\u00a0\r\n\r\nAt point 1 in the diagram, the circulating refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor. From point 1 to point 2, the vapor is isentropically compressed (i.e., compressed at constant entropy) and exits the compressor as a superheated vapor.\r\n\r\nb) Condensation\u00a0\r\n\r\nWhen the high-pressure refrigerant vapor enters the condenser heat flows from the condenser to the cooling medium thus allowing the vaporized refrigerant to return to the liquid state.\r\n\r\nFrom point 2 to point 3, the vapor travels through part of the condenser which removes the superheat by cooling the vapor. Between point 3 and point 4, the vapor travels through the remainder of the condenser and is condensed into a saturated liquid. The condensation process occurs at essentially constant pressure.\r\n\r\n\u00a0c) Expansion\u00a0\r\n\r\nAfter condenser the liquid refrigerant is stored in the liquid receiver until needed. From the receiver it passes through an expansion valve where the pressure is reduced sufficiently to allow the vaporization of liquid at a low temperature of about -10\u00b0C.\u00a0\r\n\r\nBetween points 4 and 5, the saturated liquid refrigerant passes through the expansion valve and undergoes an abrupt decrease of pressure. That process results in the adiabatic flash evaporation and auto-refrigeration of a portion of the liquid (typically, less than half of the liquid flashes).\r\n\r\nd) Vaporization\r\n\r\nThe low-pressure refrigerant vapor after expansion in the expansion valve enters the evaporator or refrigerated space where a considerable amount of heat IS absorbed by it and refrigeration is furnished.\r\n\r\nBetween points 5 and 1, the cold and partially vaporized refrigerant travels through the coil or tubes in the evaporator where it is vaporized by the warm air (from the space being refrigerated) that a fan circulates across the coil or tubes in the evaporator.\r\n\r\nThe resulting refrigerant vapor returns to the compressor inlet at point 1 to complete the thermodynamic cycle.\r\n\r\nMain Parts Of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles:\r\n\r\n1. Evaporator\r\n\r\nIts function is to provide a heat transfer surface through which heat can pass from the refrigerated space into the vaporizing refrigerant.\r\n\r\nThis is generally a Fin &amp; Tube (Hair-Pin type) heat exchanger, similar to Air-Cooled Condensers.\r\n\r\n\u00a02. Suction Line\r\n\r\nIt carries the low-pressure vapor from the evaporator to suction inlet of the compressor.\r\n\r\n\u00a03. Compressor\r\n\r\nThe function of the compressor is to draw refrigerant vapor from the evaporator and to raise Its temperature and pressure to such a print to that it may be easily condensed with normally available condensing media. It also maintains a continuous flow of the refrigerant through the system.\r\n\r\nCompression Ratio = Absolute Discharge Pressure \/ Absolute Suction Pressure\r\n\r\nThe Capacity of a Compressor is determined by its Mass Flow rate (Lb\/Min) and not by Volume Flow(CFM).\r\n\r\nThe most common compressors used in chillers are reciprocating, rotary screw, centrifugal, and scroll compressors. Each application prefers one or another due to size, noise, efficiency and pressure issues.\r\n\r\n\u00a04. Discharge Line\r\n\r\nIt conveys the high pressure and high-temperature refrigerant from the compressor to the condenser.\r\n\r\n\u00a05. Condenser\r\n\r\nThe function of the condenser is to provide a heat transfer surface through which heat passes from the refrigerant to the condensing medium which is either water or air.\r\n\r\nTypes of Condensers:\r\n\u2022 Air-Cooled\r\n\u2022 Water-Cooled\r\n\r\n\u00a06. Liquid Receiver\r\n\r\nIt acts as, a reservoir that stores the liquid refrigerant coming from the condenser and supplies it to the evaporator according to the requirement.\r\n\r\n7. Liquid Line\r\n\r\nIt carries the liquid refrigerant from the receiver and conveys it to the expansion valve.\r\n\r\n8. Expansion valve\r\n\r\nFunction Of This valve is to Supply a proper amount of refrigerant to the evaporator after reducing its pressure considerably so that the refrigerant may take sufficient amount of heat from the refrigerating space during evaporation\r\n\r\nThe Metering Device converts the High Pressure and High-Temperature Liquid from Condenser to Low Pressure and Low-Temperature Liquid-Vapor mixture, which will be fed to the Evaporator.\r\n\r\nAn expansion valve is a component in refrigeration and air conditioning systems that controls the amount of refrigerant flow into the evaporator thereby controlling the superheat at the outlet of the evaporator.\r\n\r\nTypes of Expansion devices\r\n\r\n \tThermostatic EV\r\n \tCapillary tube\r\n \tHand operated EV\r\n \tAutomatic or Constant Pressure EV\r\n \tFloat expansion\r\n\r\nTypes of Vapor Compression Cycles :\u00a0\r\nWe have already disused that vapor compression cycle essentially consists of compression, condensation, throttling and evaporation. Many scientists have focused their attention to increase the coefficient of performance of the cycle. Through there are many cycles, yet the following are important from the subject point of view:\r\n\r\n1. Cycle with dry saturated vapor after compression,\r\n2. Cycle with wet vapor after compression,\r\n3. Cycle with superheated vapor after compression,\r\n4. Cycle with superheated vapor before compression, and\r\n5. Cycle with under cooling or sub cooling of refrigerant,\r\nAdvantages of Vapour Compression System :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tIt has a smaller size for the given capacity of refrigeration.\r\n \tIt has less running cost.\r\n \tIt can be employed over a large range of temperatures.\r\n \tThe coefficient of performance is quite high.\r\n \tLess time required to produce refrigerant effects.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Vapour Compression System :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tThe initial cost is high.\r\n \tThe prevention of leakage of the refrigerant is the major problem in the vapor compression system.\r\n \tMore wear and tear and noise due to Moving Parts\u00a0\r\n \tLiquid droplets in suction line may damages.\r\n\r\nMulti-Stage: In the case of a Refrigeration system very low-pressure refrigerant vapors (Evaporator pressure) are to be compressed to very high-pressure refrigerant vapors (Condenser pressure). As this pressure ratio is very high the size and work done required in case of a single-stage is more, thus COP decreases TO increase COP and reduce work done multi staging is needed.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of multi-staging in vapor compression system:\u00a0\r\n\r\nAdvantages of multi-staging in vapor compression system are :\r\n\r\n1. Work done per kg of refrigerant is reduces by using an intercooler\r\n2. Volumetric efficiency of compressor increases\r\n3. It reduces leakage of refrigerant\r\n4. It gives uniform torque, therefore, the smaller flywheel may be used\r\n5. Effective lubrication can be done\r\n6. Cost of compressor reduces\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nRAC \/ HVAC - Articles , Notes , Que and Answers\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Vapor Compression Refrigeration System | Basic, Working, Parts Of System","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-11-02","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 6, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Diagramofvaporcompressionsystem-300x240.jpg","height":240,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-hydraulic-water-turbine-working/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/impulseturbinePrinciple-270x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Introduction to Hydraulic (Water) Turbine -Working Of Impulse and Reaction Turbine</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-hydraulic-water-turbine-working/">Introduction to Hydraulic (Water) Turbine -Working Of Impulse and Reaction Turbine</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to Hydraulic (Water) Turbine -Working Of Impulse and Reaction Turbine
Introduction to Hydraulic (Water) Turbine   WATER (HYDRAULIC) TURBINES  Turbine is a machine wherein rotary...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-hydraulic-water-turbine-working/" aria-label="View Post: Introduction to Hydraulic (Water) Turbine -Working Of Impulse and Reaction Turbine">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Introduction to Hydraulic (Water) Turbine -Working Of Impulse and Reaction Turbine","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/introduction-to-hydraulic-water-turbine-working\/","articleBody":"Introduction to Hydraulic (Water) Turbine -Working Of Impulse and Reaction Turbine\r\nIntroduction to Hydraulic (Water) Turbine\u00a0\r\n\r\nWATER (HYDRAULIC) TURBINES\r\n\r\nTurbine is a machine wherein rotary motion is obtained by centrifugal forces, which result from a change in the direction of high velocity fluid jet that issues from a nozzle.\r\n\r\nWater turbine is a prime mover, which uses water as the working substance to generate power. A water turbine uses the potential and kinetic energy of water and converts it into usable mechanical energy. The fluid energy is available in the natural or artificial high level water reservoirs, which are created by constructing dams at appropriate places in the flow path of rivers. When water from the reservoir is taken to the turbine, transfer of energy takes place in the blade passages of the unit.\r\n\r\nHydraulic turbines in the form of water wheels have been used since ages; presently their application lies in the field of electric power generation. The mechanical energy made available at the turbine shaft is used to run an electric generator, which is directly coupled, to the turbine shaft. The power generated by utilizing the potential and kinetic energy of water has the advantages of high efficiency, operational flexibility, low wear tear, and ease of maintenance.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWater (hydraulic) turbines have been broadly classified as,\r\n1. Impulse\u00a0\r\n2. Reaction\r\nWorking Principle Of Hydraulic Turbine:\r\n\r\nHydraulic turbines are required to transform fluid energy into usable mechanical energy as efficiently as possible. Further depending on the site, the available fluid energy may vary in its quantum of potential and kinetic energy. Accordingly a suitable type of turbine needs to be selected to perform the required job.\r\n\r\nBased upon the basic operating principle, water turbines are categorized into impulse and reaction turbines depending on whether the pressure head available is fully or partially converted into kinetic energy in the nozzle.\r\n\r\nImpulse Turbine:\r\n\r\nImpulse Turbine wherein the available hydraulic energy is first converted into kinetic energy by means of an efficient nozzle. The high velocity jet issuing from the nozzle then strikes a series of suitably shaped buckets fixed around the rim of a wheel (Fig. ). The buckets change the direction of jet without changing its pressure. The resulting change in momentum sets buckets and wheel into rotary motion and thus mechanical energy is made available at the turbine shaft. The fluid jet leaves the runner with a reduced energy. An impulse turbine operates under atmospheric pressure, there is no change of static pressure across the turbine runner and the unit is often referred to as a free jet turbine.\u00a0\r\n\r\nImportant impulse turbines are: \r\n\r\nPelton wheel, Turgo-impulse wheel, Girad turbine, Banki turbine and Jonval turbine etc.,\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\r\nPelton wheel is predominantly used at present.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nimpulse turbine Principle\r\n\r\nReaction Turbine:\r\nReaction Turbine wherein a part of the total available hydraulic energy is transformed into kinetic energy before the water is taken to the turbine runner. A substantial part remains in the form of pressure energy. Subsequently both the velocity and pressure change simultaneously as water glides along the turbine runner. The flow from inlet to outlet of the turbine is under pressure and, therefore, blades of a reaction turbine are closed passages sealed from atmospheric conditions.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPrinciple Of Reaction Turbine\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAbove Figures illustrates the working principle of a reaction turbine in which water from the reservoir is taken to the hollow disc through a hollow shaft. The disc has four radial openings, through tubes, which are shaped as nozzles. When the water escapes through these tubes its pressure energy decreases and there is increase in kinetic energy relative to the rotating disc. The resulting reaction force sets the disc in rotation. The disc and shaft rotate in a direction opposite to the direction of water jet.\u00a0\r\n\r\nImportant reaction turbines are, Fourneyron, Thomson, Francis, Kaplan and Propellor turbines\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\r\nFrancis and Kaplan turbines are widely used at present.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nFluid Mechanics - Notes , articles , Interview Que. &amp; Ans\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Introduction to Hydraulic (Water) Turbine -Working Of Impulse and Reaction Turbine","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-11-01","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/impulseturbinePrinciple-270x300.jpg","height":300,"width":270},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=294">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=293"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>293</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=294"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>294</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>295</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=296"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>296</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=297"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>297</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=296">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. Read more about this portal or Sachin Thorat click on below button!</p> <button onclick="window.location.href='//www.gunkrazy.com/about-me/';">READ MORE</button></div><section id="custom_html-5" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h2 class="widget-title">Get Dialy Update On Email</h2><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><form style="border:1px solid #ccc;padding:3px;text-align:center;" action="https://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify" method="post" target="popupwindow" onsubmit="window.open('https://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify?uri=mechenggnet', 'popupwindow', 'scrollbars=yes,width=550,height=520');return true"><p>Enter your email address:</p><p><input type="text" style="width:140px" name="email"/></p><input type="hidden" value="mechenggnet" name="uri"/><input type="hidden" name="loc" value="en_US"/><input type="submit" value="Subscribe" /><p>Delivered by <a href="https://feedburner.google.com" target="_blank">FeedBurner</a></p></form></div></section><section id="categories-5" class="widget widget_categories"><h2 class="widget-title">Menu</h2><ul><li class="cat-item cat-item-103"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/automobile-engineering/">Automobile Engineering</a> (209)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-98"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/cad-cam-software/">CAD Design Software</a> (110)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-100"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/career/">Career in Mechanical</a> (57)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-101"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/exam-gate-ies/">Exam &#8211; GATE ,IES</a> (50)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-116"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/fabrication/">Fabrication Guide</a> (92)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-110"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/fluid-power-system/">Hydraulic and Pneumatic System</a> (59)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-115"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/production-management/">Industrial Engineering</a> (103)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-102"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/interview-guide/">Interview Guide</a> (23)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-99"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/machine-design/">Machine Design</a> (106)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-117"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/machine-tools/">Machine Shop</a> (103)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-109"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/manufacturing-engineering/">Manufacturing Technology</a> (154)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-113"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/material-science/">Material Science</a> (42)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-97"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-projects/">Mechanical Projects Report</a> (652)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-106"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/seminar-topics/">Mechanical Seminar</a> (85)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-107"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/automation-robotics/">Mechatronics</a> (36)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-111"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/measurement-science/">Metrology and Instrumentation</a> (61)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-108"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/power-engineering/">Power Engineering</a> (38)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-112"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-project-list/">Project Lists</a> (73)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-114"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/technical-questions/">Technical Questions</a> (139)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-105"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/theory-of-machine/">Theory Of Machine</a> (36)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-104"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/thermodynamics/">Thermal Engineering</a> (129)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/uncategorized/">Uncategorized</a> (1)</li></ul></section></aside></div></div><footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"><div class="inner-wrap footer-option-1"><div class="menu-footer-container"><ul id="footer-menu" class="inner-wrap"><li id="menu-item-11367" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home current-menu-item page_item page-item-11350 current_page_item menu-item-11367"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/" aria-current="page">Home</a></li><li id="menu-item-11368" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11368"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/blog/">Blog</a></li><li id="menu-item-11370" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11370"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/about-me/">About</a></li><li id="menu-item-11372" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11372"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/contact-us/">Contact</a></li><li id="menu-item-11369" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-11369"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/privacy/">Privacy</a></li><li id="menu-item-11373" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11373"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/terms-and-conditions_77/">Terms</a></li><li id="menu-item-11371" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11371"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/advertise/">Advertise</a></li></ul></div><div class="site-info"> &copy; 2025 Copyright Learn Mechanical Engineering</div></div></footer></div> <!--noptimize--><!--email_off--><style type='text/css'>.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:290px;height:32px;border-width:0px;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;background-color:#565656;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new:hover{background-color:#636363;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:14px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:10px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new:hover .mb-text{color:#ffffff;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new{width:90%}.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new .mb-text{font-size:11px}}
.maxbutton-46.maxbutton.maxbutton-machine-shop-projects{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:400px;height:28px;border:2px solid #505ac7;border-radius:8px 8px 8px 8px;background-color:#c6c6c6;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-46.maxbutton.maxbutton-machine-shop-projects:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-46.maxbutton.maxbutton-machine-shop-projects .mb-text{color:#dd3333;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:7px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-46.maxbutton.maxbutton-machine-shop-projects:hover .mb-text{color:#af4693;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-46.maxbutton.maxbutton-machine-shop-projects{width:90%}.maxbutton-46.maxbutton.maxbutton-machine-shop-projects .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
.maxbutton-31.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-projects{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:550px;height:28px;border:2px solid #505ac7;border-radius:25px 25px 25px 25px;background-color:#c1a026;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-31.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-projects:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-31.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-projects .mb-text{color:#212121;font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:7px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-31.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-projects:hover .mb-text{color:#42a58c;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-31.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-projects{width:90%}.maxbutton-31.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-projects .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
.maxbutton-29.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-main{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:550px;height:28px;border:1px solid #212121;border-radius:20px 20px 20px 20px;background-color:rgba(237, 237, 33, 0.99);box-shadow:0px 1px 0px 0px #9b9904}.maxbutton-29.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-main:hover{border-color:#dd9933;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 1px 0px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-29.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-main .mb-text{color:#c61300;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:8px 0px 0px 2px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-29.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-main:hover .mb-text{color:#4bbac6;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-29.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-main{width:90%}.maxbutton-29.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-main .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
.maxbutton-49.maxbutton.maxbutton-unconventional-machining-projects{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:400px;height:28px;border:2px solid #505ac7;border-radius:8px 8px 8px 8px;background-color:#203515;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-49.maxbutton.maxbutton-unconventional-machining-projects:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-49.maxbutton.maxbutton-unconventional-machining-projects .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:7px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-49.maxbutton.maxbutton-unconventional-machining-projects:hover .mb-text{color:#bbea5d;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-49.maxbutton.maxbutton-unconventional-machining-projects{width:90%}.maxbutton-49.maxbutton.maxbutton-unconventional-machining-projects .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
.maxbutton-30.maxbutton.maxbutton-design-and-fabrication-projects{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:550px;height:28px;border:2px double #505ac7;border-radius:20px 20px 20px 20px;background-color:#4cbfa2;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-30.maxbutton.maxbutton-design-and-fabrication-projects:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-30.maxbutton.maxbutton-design-and-fabrication-projects .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:14px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:7px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-30.maxbutton.maxbutton-design-and-fabrication-projects:hover .mb-text{color:#505ac7;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-30.maxbutton.maxbutton-design-and-fabrication-projects{width:90%}.maxbutton-30.maxbutton.maxbutton-design-and-fabrication-projects .mb-text{font-size:11px}}
.maxbutton-60.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-sample-report-final-report-download{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:450px;height:28px;border:2px solid #505ac7;border-radius:8px 8px 8px 8px;background-color:#db57c3;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-60.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-sample-report-final-report-download:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-60.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-sample-report-final-report-download .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:7px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-60.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-sample-report-final-report-download:hover .mb-text{color:#505ac7;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-60.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-sample-report-final-report-download{width:90%}.maxbutton-60.maxbutton.maxbutton-project-sample-report-final-report-download .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
.maxbutton-62.maxbutton.maxbutton-pedal-operated-bicycle-projects{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:400px;height:26px;border:2px solid #505ac7;border-radius:7px 7px 7px 7px;background-color:#4cc9ba;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-62.maxbutton.maxbutton-pedal-operated-bicycle-projects:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-62.maxbutton.maxbutton-pedal-operated-bicycle-projects .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:7px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-62.maxbutton.maxbutton-pedal-operated-bicycle-projects:hover .mb-text{color:#505ac7;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-62.maxbutton.maxbutton-pedal-operated-bicycle-projects{width:90%}.maxbutton-62.maxbutton.maxbutton-pedal-operated-bicycle-projects .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
.maxbutton-5.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-notes{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:450px;height:30px;border:1px double #505ac7;border-radius:20px 20px 20px 20px;background-color:#99cc51;box-shadow:0px 0px 0px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-5.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-notes:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 0px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-5.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-notes .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:8px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-5.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-notes:hover .mb-text{color:#505ac7;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-5.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-notes{width:90%}.maxbutton-5.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-notes .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
.maxbutton-14.maxbutton.maxbutton-refrigeration-and-air-conditioning-notes{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:500px;height:28px;border:1px solid #505ac7;border-radius:15px 15px 15px 15px;background-color:#74d83e;box-shadow:0px 0px 0px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-14.maxbutton.maxbutton-refrigeration-and-air-conditioning-notes:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 0px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-14.maxbutton.maxbutton-refrigeration-and-air-conditioning-notes .mb-text{color:#161616;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:8px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-14.maxbutton.maxbutton-refrigeration-and-air-conditioning-notes:hover .mb-text{color:#2e352f;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-14.maxbutton.maxbutton-refrigeration-and-air-conditioning-notes{width:90%}.maxbutton-14.maxbutton.maxbutton-refrigeration-and-air-conditioning-notes .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
.maxbutton-4.maxbutton.maxbutton-basic-booster{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:580px;height:30px;border-width:0px;border-radius:18px 18px 18px 18px;background-color:#9871b7;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-4.maxbutton.maxbutton-basic-booster:hover{background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-4.maxbutton.maxbutton-basic-booster .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:17px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:6px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-4.maxbutton.maxbutton-basic-booster:hover .mb-text{color:#505ac7;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-4.maxbutton.maxbutton-basic-booster{width:90%}.maxbutton-4.maxbutton.maxbutton-basic-booster .mb-text{font-size:13px}}
.maxbutton-25.maxbutton.maxbutton-fluid-mechanics-notes{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:500px;height:28px;border:1px solid #505ac7;border-radius:20px 20px 20px 20px;background-color:#466026;box-shadow:0px 0px 1px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-25.maxbutton.maxbutton-fluid-mechanics-notes:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 1px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-25.maxbutton.maxbutton-fluid-mechanics-notes .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:7px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-25.maxbutton.maxbutton-fluid-mechanics-notes:hover .mb-text{color:#505ac7;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-25.maxbutton.maxbutton-fluid-mechanics-notes{width:90%}.maxbutton-25.maxbutton.maxbutton-fluid-mechanics-notes .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
.maxbutton-17.maxbutton.maxbutton-thermal-engineering-notes{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:500px;height:30px;border:1px solid #505ac7;border-radius:20px 20px 20px 20px;background-color:#add1a1;box-shadow:0px 0px 0px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-17.maxbutton.maxbutton-thermal-engineering-notes:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 0px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-17.maxbutton.maxbutton-thermal-engineering-notes .mb-text{color:#208715;font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:7px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-17.maxbutton.maxbutton-thermal-engineering-notes:hover .mb-text{color:#542148;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-17.maxbutton.maxbutton-thermal-engineering-notes{width:90%}.maxbutton-17.maxbutton.maxbutton-thermal-engineering-notes .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
</style><!--/email_off--><!--/noptimize--> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_e1252650ea6bc63e5b6b533cf9f0380d.php?ver=1.4.1" id="income-school-js-js"></script> <!--noptimize--><script>!function(){window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[],advanced_ads_ready_queue.push=window.advanced_ads_ready;for(var d=0,a=advanced_ads_ready_queue.length;d<a;d++)advanced_ads_ready(advanced_ads_ready_queue[d])}();</script><!--/noptimize--><div style="display: none"></div></body></html>
<!--
Performance optimized by W3 Total Cache. Learn more: https://www.boldgrid.com/w3-total-cache/

Page Caching using Disk: Enhanced (Requested URI contains query) 

Served from: www.gunkrazy.com @ 2025-12-20 17:14:20 by W3 Total Cache
-->




