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INTRODUCTION: -
The psychrometry is that branch of engineering science, which deals with the study of moist air i.e., dry air mixed with water...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-psychometric-processes-learnmech/" aria-label="View Post: Introduction To Psychometric Processes &#8211; Learnmech">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Introduction To Psychometric Processes &#8211; Learnmech","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/introduction-to-psychometric-processes-learnmech\/","articleBody":"Introduction To Psychometric Processes - Learnmech\r\nINTRODUCTION: -\r\nThe psychrometry is that branch of engineering science, which deals with the study of moist air i.e., dry air mixed with water vapour or humidity. It also includes the study of behaviors of dry air and water vapour mixture under various sets of conditions. Thought the earth\u2019s\r\natmosphere is a mixture of gases including nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide, yet for the purpose of psychrometry, it is considered to be a mixture of dry air and water vapour only.\r\n\r\nRead also :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tPsychrometry and Gas Mixtures | Interview Question and Answers\r\n \tWhat is Psychometric Chart - Psychometric chart Free Download\r\n\r\nPSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES: -\r\nThe various psychometric process involved in air conditioning to vary the psychometric properties of air according to the requirements are as below: -\r\n\r\n1. Sensible heating,\r\n2. Sensible cooling,\r\n3. Humidification and dehumidification,\r\n4. Cooling and adiabatic humidification,\r\n5. Cooling and humidification by water injection,\r\n6. Heating and humidification,\r\n7. Humidification by steam injection,\r\n8. Adiabatic chemical dehumidification,\r\n9. Adiabatic mixing of air streams.\r\n\r\npsychometric processes\r\n\r\nSENSIBLE HEATING: -\r\n\r\nThe heating air without any change in its specific humidity is known as sensible heating. Let air at temperature tdl passes over a heating coil temperature td3 . It may be noted that the temperature of air leaving the heating coil will be less than td3. The process of sensible heating, on the psychometric chart, is shown by a horizontal line 1-2 extending from left to right as. The point 3 presents the surface temperature of the heating coil.\r\n\r\nSENSIBLE COOLING: -\r\n\r\nThe cooling of air, without any change in its specific humidity, is known as sensible cooling. Let air at temperature tdl passes over a cooling coil of temperature td3 . It may be noted that the temperature of air leaving the cooling coil will be more than td3.The process of sensible cooling on the psychometric chart, is shown by a horizontal line 1-2 extending from right to left. The point 3 represents the surface temperature of the cooling coil.\r\n\r\nHUMIDIFICATION AND DEHUMIDIFICATION: -\r\n\r\nThe addition of moisture to the air, without change in its dry bulb temperature, is known as humidification. Similarly, removal of moisture from the air, with out change in its dry bulb temperature is known as dehumidification process is shown on the psychometric chart.\r\n\r\nIt may be noted that in humidification, the relative humidity increases from \u03a61 to \u03a62 and specific humidity also increases from W1 to W2 as shown. Similarly, in dehumidification, the relative humidity decreases from \u03a61 to \u03a62 and specific humidity also decreases from W1 to\r\nW2.\r\nIt may be noted that in humidification, change in enthalpy is shown by the intercept ( h2 \u2013 h1) on the psychometric chart. Since the dry bulb temperature of air during the humidification remains constant, therefore, its sensible heat also remains constant. It is thus obvious that the\r\nchange in enthalpy per kg of dry air due to the increased moisture content equal to (W2 \u2013 W1) kg per kg of dry air is considered causes a latent heat transfer ( LH) .\r\n\r\nCOOLING AND DEHUMIDIFICATION: -\r\n\r\nThis process is generally used in summer air conditioning to cool and dehumidify the air,. The air is passed over a cooling coil through a cold-water spray. In this process, the dry bulb temperature as well as the specific humidity of air decreases. The final relative humidity of\r\nthe air is generally higher than that of the entering air. The dehumidification of air is only possible when the effective surface of the cooling coil is less than the dew point temperature of the entering the coil. The effective surface of the coil is known as apparatus dew point.\r\n\r\nCOOLING WITH ADIABATIC HUMIDIFICATION: -\r\n\r\nWhen the air is passed through an insulated chamber having sprays of water maintained at a temperature higher than the dew point temperature of entering air, but lower than its dry bulb temperature of entering air equal to the wet bulb temperature of the entering air then the air is said to be cooled and humidified. Since no heat is supplied or rejected from the spray water as the same water is recirculated again and again. Therefore, in this case, a condition of adiabatic saturation will be reached. The temperature of spray water will reach the\r\nthermodynamic wet bulb temperature of the air entering the spray water. This process is shown by line 1-3 on the psychometric chart. The path along the constant wet bulb temperature line or constant enthalpy line.\r\n\r\nIn an ideal case i.e when the humidification is perfect, the final condition of the air will be point 3. In actual practice, perfect humidification is never achieved. Therefore, the final condition of air at outlet is represented by point 2 on the line 1-3.\r\n\r\nCOOLING AND HUMIDIFICATION BY WATER INJECTION (EVAPORATIVE COOLING): -\r\n\r\nLet water at a temperature tl is injected into the flowing stream of dry air. The final condition of air depends upon the amount of water evaporation. When the water is injected at a temperature equal to the wet bulb temperature of the entering air. When the process follows\r\nthe path of constant wet bulb temperature line.\r\n\r\nHEATING AND HUMIDIFICATION: -\r\n\r\nThe process is generally used in winter air conditioning to warm and humidify the air. It is the reverse process of cooling and dehumidification. When air is passed through a humidifier having spray water temperature higher than the dry bulb temperature of the entering air, the unsaturated air will reach the condition of saturation and thus the air becomes hot. The heat of vaporization of water is absorbed from the spray water itself and hence it gets cooled. In this way, the air becomes heated and humidified . The process of heating and humidification is shown by line 1-2 on the psychometric chart as shown. The air enters at condition 1 and leaves at condition 2. In this process, the dry bulb temperature as well as specific humidity of air increases. The final relative humidity of the air can be lower or higher than that of air increases. The final relative humidity of the air can be lower or higher than that of the entering air.\r\n\r\npsychometric processes 2\r\n\r\nHEATING AND HUMIDIFICATION BY STEAM INJECTION: -\r\n\r\nThe steam is normally injected into the air in order to increase its specific humidity as shown. This process is used for the air conditioning of textile mills where high humidity is to be maintained. The dry bulb temperature of air changes very little during this process, as\r\nshown on the psychometric chart.\r\n\r\nHEATING AND DEHUMIDIFICATION \u2013ADIABATIC CHEMICAL DEHUMIDIFICATION: -\r\n\r\nThis process is mainly used in industrial air conditioning and can also used for some comfort air conditioning installations requiring either a low relative humidity or low dew point temperature in the room.\r\n\r\nIn this process, the air is passed over chemicals, which have an affinity for moisture. As the air comes in contact with have an affinity for moisture. As the air comes in contact with these chemicals, the moisture gets condensed out of the air and gives up its latent heat. Due to the condensation, the specific humidity decreases and the heat of condensation supplies sensible heat for heating the air and thus increasing its dry bulb temperature. The process, which is the reverse of adiabatic saturation process, is shown by the line 1-2 on the psychometric chart as shown. The path followed during the process is along the constant wet bulb temperature line or constant enthalpy line.\r\n\r\nADIABATIC MIXING OF TWO AIR STREAMS: -\r\n\r\nWhen two quantities of air having different enthalpies and different specific humilities are mixed. The final condition of the air mixture depends upon the masses involved, and on the enthalpy and specific humidity of each of the constituent masses, which enter the mixtutre.\r\nNow consider two air streams 1 and 2 mixing adiabatically as shown.\r\n\r\nLet m1 = Mass of air entering at 1,\r\nh1 = Enthalpy of air entering at 1,\r\nW1 = Specific humidity of air entering at 1,\r\nm2 , h2 , W2 = Corresponding values of air entering at 2, and\r\nm3 , h3 , W3 = Corresponding values of the mixture leaving at 3.\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0m1\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0h3 \u2013 h2\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 W3 \u2013 W2\r\n________ = ______________ = ___________\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0m2\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0h1 \u2013 h3\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0W1 \u2013 W3\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nRAC \/ HVAC - Articles , Notes , Que and Answers\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Introduction To Psychometric Processes &#8211; Learnmech","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-06-02","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/psychometric-processes-300x166.gif","height":166,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/testing-and-welding-inspection/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/weld-bend-test-300x155.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Testing and Inspection Methods Of Welding Joints</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/testing-and-welding-inspection/">Testing and Inspection Methods Of Welding Joints</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Testing and Inspection Methods Of Welding Joints
TESTING AND INSPECTION METHODS:  Destructive Tests
 Tension test
 Nick-Break test
 Bend test
 Hardness test
 Fatigue test
 Impact...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/testing-and-welding-inspection/" aria-label="View Post: Testing and Inspection Methods Of Welding Joints">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Testing and Inspection Methods Of Welding Joints","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/testing-and-welding-inspection\/","articleBody":"Testing and Inspection Methods Of Welding Joints\r\nTESTING AND INSPECTION METHODS:\r\n\r\n \tDestructive Tests\r\n \tTension test\r\n \tNick-Break test\r\n \tBend test\r\n \tHardness test\r\n \tFatigue test\r\n \tImpact test\r\n\r\n1) WELD HARDNESS TEST\r\n\r\n \tBrinell, Rockwell, Vickers and Knoop hardness tests can be applicable to welds.\r\n \tHardness testing of welds is performed on ground, polished, or polished and etched cross-section of the joint area.\r\n \tIndentations are made in the specific areas of interests, including the weld center line, face or root regions of the deposit, the HAZ, and the base metal.\r\n\r\n2) TENSILE TEST\r\n\r\n \tThis is used to find tensile strength and ductility properties of the weld. Two end of specimen is held in a tensile testing machine and load is applied on it. During the test elongation of gauge length marked initially are measure by load dial.\r\n \tThe extension caused will remain as it is and specimen can not regain its original shape even after removal of load.\r\n \tIt is important that the tensile properties of the base metal, the weld metal, the bond between the base and the weld, and the heat-affected zone conform to the design requirements.\r\n \tTensile strength of the welded joint is obtained by pulling specimens to failure. Tensile strength is determined by dividing the maximum load required during testing by the cross-sectional area.\r\n \tThe result will be in units of tension per cross-sectional area. This test is nearly always required as part of the mechanical testing when qualifying welding procedure specifications for groove welds.\r\n\r\n3) WELD BEND TEST\r\n\r\n \tThe transverse bend test is sensitive to the relative strengths of the weld metal, the HAZ, and the base metal.\r\n \tThis is when the most of the deformation takes place in the weaker of the two materials which therefore experiences excessive localized deformation that may result in premature failure.\r\n\r\nweld bend test\r\nNondestructive tests (NDT)\r\n\r\n \tVisual examinations\r\n \tRadiography testing\r\n \tGamma-ray X-Ray\r\n \tMagnetic testing\r\n \tUltrasonic inspection\r\n \tPenetrant examinations\r\n \tStethoscope test\r\n \tEddy-Current Inspection\r\n \tDestructive test\r\n\r\n1) EDDY CURRENT EXAMINATION\r\n\r\n \tA coil carrying an alternating current is placed close to the item to be examined, inducing an eddy current in the specimen. Defects in the specimen will interrupt this eddy current flow and these perturbations can be detected by a second, search coil. The coils can be placed either side of a thin plate-like sample or can be wound to give side- by-side coils in a single probe.\r\n \tThese may be shaped to fit in the bore or around the outside of pipes and tubes and in these applications the process lends itself to automation. The process has been developed over recent years to make it more portable and simpler to use.\r\n \tIt is also possible for the depth of surface cracks to be determined. It is of limited use for interrogating welds, however, being most commonly used in the examination of continuously welded tube.\r\n\r\n2) ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION\r\n\r\n \tA \u2018sound\u2019 wave emitted from a transmitter is bounced off an object and this reflection captured by a receiver. The direction and distance of the object can be determined by measuring the elapsed time between transmission and detection of the \u2018echo\u2019.\r\n \tIn welded components this is usually done by moving a small probe, containing both transmitter and receiver, over the item to be examined and displaying the echo on an oscilloscope screen.\r\n \tThe probe transmits a beam of ultrasound that passes through the metal and is reflected back from any defects.\r\n \tDeeply buried defects such as lack of fusion, lack of penetration and cracks in addition to volumetric defects such as slag entrapment and porosity are all easily detected.\r\n\r\nULTRASONIC EXAMINATION\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\n\r\n\u2022 It is very good for the detection of planar defects and cracks.\r\n\u2022 It can easily determine defect depth.\r\n\u2022 It is readily portable.\r\n\u2022 Access is required to one side only.\r\n\u2022 There are none of the health and safety problems associated with the radiographic technique.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Very skilled operators are required.\r\n\u2022 Surface breaking defects are difficult to detect.\r\n\u2022 Accurate sizing of small (&lt;3 mm) defects is difficult or impossible.\r\n\r\n3) RADIO-GRAPHIC EXAMINATION\r\n\r\n \tThe rays travel in straight lines and cannot be deflected or reflected by mirrors or lenses; they have wavelengths that enable the radiation to penetrate many materials, including most metals. They will, however, damage living tissue and therefore present some health and safety problems.\r\n \tThe radiation, either X-rays from a suitable source or gamma rays from a radioactive isotope, is absorbed as it passes through the material. This absorption increases as the density of the material increases so that if a photographic film is placed on the side\r\nopposite the radiation source, any less dense areas will appear as darker areas on the film to give a shadow picture of the internal features of the test sample once the film has been processed.\r\n \tThus voids, porosity, slag, cracks defects can be detected\r\n \tA welded joint a suitable source of radiation, a film in a light-proof cassette and some method of processing the film are required.\r\n \tThe radiation can be produced from an Xray tube, the energy generally being described by the voltage and current at which the tube is operated.\r\n \tThese may vary from 20 kV to 30MV and 10 to 30mA, Gamma radiation is produced by the decay of a naturally occurring or manufactured radioactive isotope. The isotopes decay over a period of time, a measure of the longevity of the source being the half life, the length of time taken for the source to decay to half of its initial intensity.\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\n\u2022 A permanent record is available.\r\n\u2022 Both buried and surface defects can be detected and the technique is particularly good for finding volumetric defects such as slag and porosity.\r\n\u2022 The equipment is portable, particularly the gamma ray sources.\r\n\u2022 All materials can be examined.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages:\r\n\r\n\u2022 The capital cost of equipment is high. Health and safety considerations \u2013 large areas may need to be closed off during\r\nradiography or enclosures must be provided in which the radiography is carried out.\r\n\u2022 There are problems in detecting planar defects and fine cracks if these are normal to the beam.\r\n\u2022 There is a limitation on the thickness that can be radio graphed and defects easily detected.\r\n\u2022 Skilled and experienced radiographers are required.\r\n\r\n4) WELD PENETRANT EXAMINATION\r\n\r\n \tLiquid-penetrated examination is a highly sensitive, nondestructive method for detecting minute discontinuities(flaws) such as cracks, and porosity, which are open to the surface of the material being inspected..\r\n \tThe applied surface must be cleaned from dirt and film. So, discontinuities must be free from dirt, rust, grease, or paint to enable the penetrant to enter the surface opening.\r\n \tA liquid penetrant is applied to the surface of the part to be inspected. The penetrant remains on the surface and seeps into any surface opening. The penetrant is drawn into the surface opening by capillary action. The parts may be in any position when tested. After sufficient penetration time elapsed, the surface is cleaned and excess penetrate is removed.\r\n \tThe penetrate is usually a red color; therefore, the indication shows up brilliantly against the white background. Even small defects maybe located\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\n\u2022 It can be used on both ferrous and non-ferrous metals.\r\n\u2022 It is very portable.\r\n\u2022 Large areas can be examined very quickly.\r\n\u2022 It can be used on small parts with complex geometry.\r\n\u2022 It is simple, cheap and easy to use and interpret.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages:\r\n\u2022 It will only detect defects open to the surface.\r\n\u2022 Careful surface preparation and cleanliness are required.\r\n\u2022 It is not possible to retest a component indefinitely.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMachine Tool Articles , notes , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nWelding projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nSimple , Easy mechanical projectsManually Hand Operated projectsAffordable low budget ProjectsMini low cost Projects\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Testing and Inspection Methods Of Welding Joints","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-06-02","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/weld-bend-test-300x155.jpg","height":155,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal no-thumb"><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/weld-quality-importance-factor-affecting-on-weld-quality/">Weld Quality | Importance , Factor Affecting On Weld Quality</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Weld Quality | Importance , Factor Affecting On Weld Quality
INTRODUCTION:
Weld quality, concept, meaning, definition, importance, and factors affecting it. If the strength of the weld obtained is...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/weld-quality-importance-factor-affecting-on-weld-quality/" aria-label="View Post: Weld Quality | Importance , Factor Affecting On Weld Quality">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Weld Quality | Importance , Factor Affecting On Weld Quality","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/weld-quality-importance-factor-affecting-on-weld-quality\/","articleBody":"Weld Quality | Importance , Factor Affecting On Weld Quality\r\nINTRODUCTION:\r\nWeld quality, concept, meaning, definition, importance, and factors affecting it. If the strength of the weld obtained is equal to the strength of base metal and weld does not contain any defect than its called good weld.\r\n\r\n \tTo ensure quality welds, it is important to have a quality weld inspection program in place. In order to do so, a company must understand how to evaluate weld characteristics, determine weld quality.\r\n \tIf the strength of weld obtained is equal to the strength of base metal and weld does not contain any defect then it is called a good weld\r\n \tThe weld quality is directly related to weld design, magnitude of residual stresses &amp; strain set up by welding heat, layout of welded joint, quality of base metal and quality of work preparation and fit ups.\r\n\r\nGOOD WELD QUALITY IS:\r\n\r\n \tUniform filling of the weld.\r\n \tWidth of weld is equal through out its length.\r\n \tWeld is free from any type of defect.\r\n \tWeld is made by using tools, equipments &amp; consumables suggested by the designer.\r\n \tWeld is found correct in all respect under suggested inspection and testing\r\n \tQuality of weld is such that it can satisfy all its service requirements.\r\n\r\nIMPORTANCE OF WELD QUALITY:\r\n\r\n \tThere are a number of reasons to inspect a weld, the most fundamental of which is to determine whether its quality is good enough for its intended application.\r\n \tTo evaluate the quality of a weld, it is necessary to have a form of measurement to compare its characteristics and a qualified individual to perform the evaluation.\r\n \tIt is not practical to evaluate quality without some form of specified acceptance criteria.It's also not practical for a person who is not well-versed in the necessary procedures to perform this task.\r\n \tWelding is one of the most critical operations within ship construction. When welds fail, often the whole structure fails.\r\n \tA good quality of weld can satisfy the need of insurance companies they demands that the weld should fulfill following requirements as regards the weld quality.\r\n\r\n1. welding method\r\n2. electrode type\r\n3. weld design\r\n4. equipment used\r\n5. parent metal\r\n6. edge preparation\r\n7. welding temperature\r\n8. weld testing method\r\n\r\n \tGood quality weld provide safety during the service life of welded equipments so that accident can be prevented.\r\n\r\nFACTORS AFFECTING WELD QUALITY:\r\nFollowing factors affects the weld quality of weld in fabricated products made by arc and gas welding\r\n\r\nDimensional defects\r\n\r\n1. poor design\r\n2. incorrect dimensions.\r\n3. Incorrect shape of weld\r\n\r\nStructural discontinuity\r\n\r\n1. blow holes\r\n2. inclusions\r\n3. incomplete filling\r\n4. cracks\r\n\r\nDefective properties\r\n\r\n1. less strength\r\n2. less ductility\r\n3. improper hardness\r\n4. less impact strength\r\n5. Less corrosion resistance.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMachine Tool Articles , notes , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nWelding projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Weld Quality | Importance , Factor Affecting On Weld Quality","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-06-02","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"","height":0,"width":0},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-cnc-machines-classification-of-cnc-machines/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/layout-of-CNC-Machines-300x155.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Types Of CNC Machines | Classification of CNC Machines</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-cnc-machines-classification-of-cnc-machines/">Types Of CNC Machines | Classification of CNC Machines</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Types Of CNC Machines | Classification of CNC Machines
What is CNC Machines : 
“CNC is a self-contained NC system for a single machine tool which uses a dedicated minicomputer, controlled by the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-cnc-machines-classification-of-cnc-machines/" aria-label="View Post: Types Of CNC Machines | Classification of CNC Machines">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types Of CNC Machines | Classification of CNC Machines","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-cnc-machines-classification-of-cnc-machines\/","articleBody":"Types Of CNC Machines | Classification of CNC Machines\r\nWhat is CNC Machines :\u00a0\r\n\u201cCNC is a self-contained NC system for a single machine tool which uses a dedicated minicomputer, controlled by the instruction stored in its memory, to perform all the basic numerical control functions. \u201d\r\nAs per EIA\u201cThe numerical control system where a dedicated stored program computer is used to perform some or all basic functions in accordance with control programs stored in Random Access Memory of the computer\u201d\r\n\r\nRead More :Classification of Numerical Control CNC Machines\r\n\r\nlayout of CNC Machines\r\nTypes of CNC machines:\r\n1. CNC Mills: \r\n\r\nThese machining centers use computer controls to cut different materials. They are able to translate programs consisting of specific number and letters to move the spindle to various locations and depths. Used to make 3D prototypes, moulds, cutting dies, printing plates and sights.\r\n\r\n2. CNC Lathes: \r\n\r\nThey cut metal that is often turning at fast speeds. CNC lathes are able to make fast, precision cuts using indexable tools and drills with complicated programs. Normally, they cannot be cut on manual lathes. They often include 12 tool holders and coolant pumps to cut down on tool wear.\r\n\r\n3. Turning Centre: \r\n\r\nTurning Centers are capable of executing many different types of lathe cutting operations simultaneously on a rotating part.\r\n\r\n4. CNC Grinder: \r\n\r\nGrinding metal process uses a coated wheel that slowly removes metal to create a part. Through the years, grinding was done on a manual machine, but with the advent of CNC technology, the grinding process has advanced\r\n\r\n5. CNC Drilling: \r\n\r\nDrilling is commonly used for mass production. The drilling machine (drilling press) is used to create or enlarge holes. Drilling machine for different jobs; the\r\n\r\nbench drill: For drilling holes through raw materials such as wood, plastic and metal The\r\npillar drill: A larger version that stands upright on the floor. As the bench drill, it can be used to drill larger pieces of materials and produce bigger holes.\r\n\r\n6. CNC Boring: \r\n\r\nProcess of enlarging an existing hole or internal cylindrical surface. This can be accomplished on a lathe or a machine tool specifically designed for the process, such as a horizontal boring machine.\r\n\r\n7. Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM):\r\n\r\n Wire EDM machines utilize a very thin wire (.0008 to .012in.) as an electrode. The wire is stretched between diamond guides and carbide that conduct current to the wire and cuts the part like a band saw. Material is removed by the erosion caused by a spark that moves horizontally with the wire.\r\n\r\n8. Laser Cutting Machines: \r\n\r\nThe machine utilizes an intense beam of focused laser light to cut the part. Material under the beam experiences a rapid rise in temperature and is vaporized. Laser cuts with a minimum of distortion, no mechanical cutting forces.\r\n\r\nThe advantages of CNC over NC machines are:\r\n\r\n \tMore flexibility\r\n \tReduce data reading error\r\n \tOnline editing of program\r\n \tDiagnostic\r\n \tConversion of units\r\n \tIntegration with DNC systems\r\n \tThe disadvantages of CNC over NC machines are:\r\n \tHigh initial cost\r\n \tHigher maintenance cost\r\n \tSkilled CNC personal\r\n \tNot suitable for long run applications\r\n \tMachine have to be installed in air-conditioned places\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nComputer integrated manufacturing Notes , Articles , Interview Que and Ans\r\nCAD Software | CAD Tutorials\r\nMachine Tool Articles , notes , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Types Of CNC Machines | Classification of CNC Machines","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-06-02","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/layout-of-CNC-Machines-300x155.jpg","height":155,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-fabrication-technology-classification-of-fabrication-processes/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/classification-of-fabrication-processes-300x269.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Fabrication Technology | Classification of Fabrication Processes</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-fabrication-technology-classification-of-fabrication-processes/">What is Fabrication Technology | Classification of Fabrication Processes</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Fabrication Technology | Classification of Fabrication Processes
DEFINITION OF FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY
It is defined as a different field of engineering involves joining together quite no....</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-fabrication-technology-classification-of-fabrication-processes/" aria-label="View Post: What is Fabrication Technology | Classification of Fabrication Processes">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Fabrication Technology | Classification of Fabrication Processes","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-fabrication-technology-classification-of-fabrication-processes\/","articleBody":"What is Fabrication Technology | Classification of Fabrication Processes\r\nDEFINITION OF FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY\r\nIt is defined as a different field of engineering involves joining together quite no. of smaller component in structural construction machine, building etc. this component can be joined by temporary fastening like bolts, screws, but joining them permanently involves the use of forging, riveting and welding techniques.\r\nIMPORTANCE OF FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY:\r\nMainly all critical structures are produce by fabrication technology like, boiler, pressure vessel, ships, offshore, structure, bridges, storage tanks, rocket parts, sphere etc are produce speedily, easily and economically.\r\n\r\n1. Ship building\r\n2. Thermal and nuclear power plant\r\n3. Oil pipe line construction\r\n4. Process plant\r\n5. Automobile industry\r\n6. Aerospace industry\r\n7. Bridges construction\r\n\r\nDIFFERENCE BETWEEN FABRICATION WORK AND MANUFACTURING PROCESS :-\r\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\tFabrication workManufacturing process\n\n\n\n\n\tIts process of joining two parts of metal and\nnon metal.It is process for making desire shape and size of\nproducts without removal of metal\n\n\n\tAim of fab. Is to prepare and accurate quantity\nworksAim is the process to produce quality shape and size\nof the parts\n\n\n\tWastage of metal is avoided by this workWastage is more compare to the fab.\n\n\n\tLarge size product can be produceSmall parts can be produce\n\n\n\tThis includes processes like welding, brazing,\nsoldering etc.This includes processes like casting, forming,\nmachining etc.\n\n\n\n\r\n\r\nCLASSIFICATION OF FABRICATION PROCESS:\r\n\r\n classification of fabrication processes\r\nDIFFERENT FABRICATION PROCESS:\r\n(1) Welding:\r\n\r\nProcess by which two similar or dissimilar metals can be joined by heating them to a suitable temperature with or without application of pressure and with or without filler metal.\r\n\r\nIt is desired that weld shall be as nearly as possible identical in composition and properties with the parent metal to attain highest corrosion resistance..... .it is of two type\r\n\r\n1. Fusion or non pressure welding.\r\n2. Pressure welding or plastic welding.\r\n\r\nMERITS AND DEMERITS OF WELDING\r\n\r\nA) Merits\r\n\r\n \tcost of equipment is less and cheap process.\r\n \tpermanent joint is achieved.\r\n \tAlmost all similar and dissimilar metals can be joined.\r\n \tWelding provides flexibility in joint design.\r\n \tSpeedy production with less cost.\r\n \tDesired length can be achieved and larger parts can be produced.\r\n\r\nB) Demerits:\r\n\r\n \tSometimes preheating and edge preparation required..\r\n \tResidual stresses are developed.\r\n \tSkill welder is required, safety required.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0What are the major welding application\r\n\r\n(2) Soldering:\r\n\r\nSoldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the workpiece. Soldering differs from welding in that soldering does not involve melting the work pieces. Soldering completes in following stages.\r\n\r\na) Wetting\r\nb) Flowing\r\nc) Bonding\r\n\r\nSoldering is used for,\r\n\r\n \tSealing, as in automotive radiators or tin cans.\r\n \tElectrical Connections.\r\n \tJoining thermally sensitive components.\r\n \tJoining dissimilar metals.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0Differences between Welding, Soldering and Brazing\r\n\r\n(3) Brazing:\r\n\r\nBrazing is a metal-joining process whereby a filler metal is heated above melting point and distributed between two or more close-fitting parts by capillary action. The filler metal is brought slightly above its melting (liquidus) temperature while protected by a suitable atmosphere, usually a flux. It then flows over the base metal (known as wetting) and is then cooled to join the workpieces together.\r\n\r\nDepending upon the method of heating, brazing can be classified as\r\n1. Torch brazing\r\n2. Dip brazing\r\n3. Furnace brazing\r\n4. Induction brazing\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\n\r\n \tDissimilar metals which can not be welded can be joined by brazing.\r\n \tVery thin metals can be joined.\r\n \tMetals with different thickness can be joined easily.\r\n \tIn brazing thermal stresses are not produced in the work piece. Hence there is no distortion.\r\n \tUsing this process, carbides tips are brazed on the steel tool holders.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages:\r\n\r\n \tBrazed joints have lesser strength compared to welding.\r\n \tJoint preparation cost is more.\r\n \tCan be used for thin sheet metal sections.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0Joining Process-Welding | Interview Question and Answers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMachine Tool Articles , notes , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nWelding projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nProduct Ideas , Innovative Machine Ideas Projects\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"What is Fabrication Technology | Classification of Fabrication Processes","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-05-31","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/classification-of-fabrication-processes-300x269.jpg","height":269,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-3d-surface-modelling-types-of-surfaces/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/surface-modelling-300x136.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is 3D Surface Modelling | Types Of Surfaces</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-3d-surface-modelling-types-of-surfaces/">What is 3D Surface Modelling | Types Of Surfaces</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is 3D Surface Modelling | Types Of Surfaces
 Define Surface Model
Surface models are created by connecting various surface elements to represent part geometry. A surface model can be built...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-3d-surface-modelling-types-of-surfaces/" aria-label="View Post: What is 3D Surface Modelling | Types Of Surfaces">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is 3D Surface Modelling | Types Of Surfaces","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-3d-surface-modelling-types-of-surfaces\/","articleBody":"What is 3D Surface Modelling | Types Of Surfaces\r\n Define Surface Model\r\nSurface models are created by connecting various surface elements to represent part geometry. A surface model can be built from a wire frame model by defining the surfaces. They hold the description of an object in terms of points, edges and faces between the edges. Surface modeling systems are able to calculate surface intersections and surface areas and some systems are capable of producing shaded images and removing hidden lines automatically.\r\nSurface models may be constructed using a large variety of surface features often provided by many CAD systems. The plane is the most basic feature to represent a surface element. More complex shapes can be defined by tabulated cylinders, ruled surface, surface of revolution, surface sculptured, sweep surface and fillet-surfaces.\r\n\r\n surface modelling\r\n3D Surface Model\r\nA surface model can be used to represent the surface profile of these objects.\r\n\r\n1. Surface models are created using points, lines, and planes.\r\n2. It is more complete and less ambiguous representation than its wire frame model\r\n3. It is an extension of a wire frame model with additional information.\r\n4. A wire frame model can be extracted from a surface model by deleting all surface entities\r\n5. Databases of surface models are centralized.\r\n6. Hence, manipulation of surface entities in one view is automatically reflected in the other views.\r\n7. Surface models can be shaded and represented with hidden lines\r\n\r\nApplications of surface models.\r\n\r\n1. Calculation of mass properties\r\n2. Checking interference between mating parts\r\n3. Generating cross-sectioned views\r\n4. Generating finite element mesh\r\n5. Generating NC tool paths for continuous path machining.\r\n\r\nTypes Of Surfaces\r\n\r\n1) 3dface\r\n\r\nAllows creation of three or four sided surfaces by picking points in a clockwise or counter clockwise manner\r\nMust have three corners but not more than four\r\n\r\n2)3dmesh\r\n\r\n \tMesh is defined in rows and columns\r\n \tEach vertex is given an xyz coordinate\r\n\r\n3)Edgesurf\r\n\r\n \tConstruct a 3d mesh between 4 edges\r\n \tEdges can be lines, plines, splines or arcs\r\n \tEnds must meet precisely\r\n\r\n4)Rulesurf\r\n\r\nObjects can be points, lines, arcs, circles, polylines, splines, enclosed objects or a single plane Useful for surfacing holes, fillets, or flat surfaces--be sure to select both on same end Tabsurf.\r\n\r\n5)Revsurf\r\n\r\n \tDraw a profile and rotate that profile around an axis to create a symmetrical object\r\n \tPath curve can be lines, arcs, etc.\r\n \tRotation axis can be a line or an open polyline.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nCAD Software | CAD Tutorials\r\nComputer integrated manufacturing Notes , Articles , Interview Que and Ans\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\nCAD \/ CAM Projects List - Abstract , Report Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"What is 3D Surface Modelling | Types Of Surfaces","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-05-31","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/surface-modelling-300x136.jpg","height":136,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=38">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=37"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>37</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=38"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>38</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>39</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=40"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>40</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=41"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>41</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=40">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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