<!doctype html><html lang="en-US" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"><head>  <script defer src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-63955840-1"></script> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,CgkgIHdpbmRvdy5kYXRhTGF5ZXIgPSB3aW5kb3cuZGF0YUxheWVyIHx8IFtdOwoJICBmdW5jdGlvbiBndGFnKCl7ZGF0YUxheWVyLnB1c2goYXJndW1lbnRzKTt9CgkgIGd0YWcoJ2pzJywgbmV3IERhdGUoKSk7CgoJICAKCSAgCSAgZ3RhZygnY29uZmlnJywgJ1VBLTYzOTU1ODQwLTEnKTsKCSAgCgk="></script> <meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/www.gunkrazy.com-favicon-image.png"><link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"><style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style><title>Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering</title><meta name="robots" content="follow, index, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1, max-image-preview:large"/><link rel="canonical" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/" /><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /><meta property="og:type" content="website" /><meta property="og:title" content="Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering" /><meta property="og:url" content="//www.gunkrazy.com/" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Mechanical Engineering blog" /><meta property="fb:admins" content="https://www.facebook.com/sachin.thorat3" /><meta property="article:published_time" content="2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@thoratsachin027" /><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@thoratsachin027" /><meta name="twitter:label1" content="Time to read" /><meta name="twitter:data1" content="Less than a minute" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="rank-math-schema">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person","name":"Sachin Thorat","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/royal.mech.engg","https://twitter.com/thoratsachin027"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#logo","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","contentUrl":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","caption":"Mechanical Engineering blog","inLanguage":"en-US","width":"300","height":"300"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#logo","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","contentUrl":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","caption":"Mechanical Engineering blog","inLanguage":"en-US","width":"300","height":"300"}},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#website","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com","name":"Mechanical Engineering blog","publisher":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"//www.gunkrazy.com/?s={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#webpage","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com/","name":"Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering","datePublished":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","dateModified":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","about":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person"},"isPartOf":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#website"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#author","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=96&amp;d=wavatar&amp;r=g","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=96&amp;d=wavatar&amp;r=g","inLanguage":"en-US"}},{"@type":"Article","headline":"Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering","datePublished":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","dateModified":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","author":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#author"},"publisher":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person"},"name":"Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#richSnippet","isPartOf":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#webpage"},"inLanguage":"en-US","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#webpage"}}]}</script> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="5Sa35IchqdSspzqAS1DI0AQEde9mldI2FZu66psXg" /><meta name="msvalidate.01" content="0633F9DED879963ED766DB4D21411F2B" /><meta name="yandex-verification" content="6203245cb91cc415" /><meta name="p:domain_verify" content="1d54713710a5b65365ad80e5daccdb40" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Learn Mechanical Engineering &raquo; Feed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/feed/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Learn Mechanical Engineering &raquo; Comments Feed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/comments/feed/" /> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,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"></script> <!--noptimize--><script id="learn-ready">
			window.advanced_ads_ready=function(e,a){a=a||"complete";var d=function(e){return"interactive"===a?"loading"!==e:"complete"===e};d(document.readyState)?e():document.addEventListener("readystatechange",(function(a){d(a.target.readyState)&&e()}),{once:"interactive"===a})},window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[];		</script>
		<!--/noptimize--><style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
		display: inline !important;
		border: none !important;
		box-shadow: none !important;
		height: 1em !important;
		width: 1em !important;
		margin: 0 0.07em !important;
		vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
		background: none !important;
		padding: 0 !important;
	}</style><link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.4' type='text/css' media='all' /><style id='rank-math-toc-block-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol{counter-reset:item}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li{display:block}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li:before{content:counters(item, ".") ". ";counter-increment:item}</style><style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}</style><style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}</style><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-income-school-style-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_6aa70931e213384c9a6255eeedb3f19f.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-style-min-width768-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_4097091fbbb660b667281e5052538af8.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='(min-width: 768px)' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-style-min-width960-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_1b82ae29fa8c6f6b1dda16beb19cfc46.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='(min-width: 960px)' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-style-min-width1200-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_90097e866176b4ced86c9b703df91b35.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='(min-width: 1200px)' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_605682d15b905afcca53b93514fbaeca.php?ver=2.3.1' type='text/css' media='all' /><style id='custom-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>.search-wrapper #search-icon{background:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/search-icon.png") center/cover no-repeat #fff;}.share-container .email-btn:before{background:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/envelope.svg") center/cover no-repeat;}.share-container .print-btn:before{background:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/print-icon.svg") center/cover no-repeat;}.externallinkimage{background-image:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/extlink.png")}body, body ul, body li, body td, body th, body p, body p.legal-disclaimer, body  input, body select, body optgroup, body textarea, body .entry-meta span, body.single .entry-meta .byline, .entry-content .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li a{ color: #4f4f4f; }body.home #page .hero-text-wrapper h2.hero-text{ color:#ffffff; }#content h1, #content h2:not(.widget-title, .hero-text, .section-header-text, .card-title), #content h3, #content .author-card .author-info a, #content h4, #content h5, #content h6, #content .header { color: #bf22b2; }body .article-card header p a{color:#ff392e;}body.home #page h2.section-header-text,#page .featured-categories-wrapper .category-card h2:before{ background-color:#d693c6;}#page .featured-categories-wrapper .category-card:hover h2:before{ opacity:0.5; transition:opacity 500ms;}body.home #page h2.section-header-text, body.home #page h2.card-title{ color:#ff392e;}body a, body a:visited, body a:focus, body a:active{ color: #ff392e; }body a:hover, body a:visited:hover, body a:focus, body a:active { color: #ff392e }.woocommerce #respond input#submit, #content .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background), #content button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content a.button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content a.button:visited:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content input[type='button']:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content input[type='reset'], #content input[type='submit'], #content .button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit) { background: #ff392e; }.woocommerce #respond input#submit, .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color), #page button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #page a.button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #page a.button:visited:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), input[type='button']:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), input[type='reset'], input[type='submit'], .button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit) { color: #f2f2f2; }.woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs::before, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li{border-color:#bababa;}#content hr, body .wp-block-separator{ background-color: #bababa; } #page aside#secondary .legal-info-container, #page aside#secondary .sidebar-ad{ border-top-color: #bababa;} #page .author-card{border-top-color: #bababa;border-bottom-color: #bababa;}#page .site-footer{border-top-color: #bababa;}@media (min-width: 960px){#page .site-content .widget-area{border-left-color:#bababa;}}#content #antibounce { background: #f0f0f0; }body #content #antibounce .antibounce-card .copy-wrapper p{ color: #000000; }body #content #antibounce .antibounce-card button{ background-color: #000000; }body #content #antibounce .antibounce-card button { color: #ffffff }
.article-card .image-container {
   
    background-size: contain;</style><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/11350" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /><meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.4" /><link rel='shortlink' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/' /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gunkrazy.com%2F" /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gunkrazy.com%2F&#038;format=xml" /><meta name="category" content="homepage" /><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"><link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Libre+Franklin:wght@400;800&family=Roboto+Condensed&display=swap" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'"><style>ins.adsbygoogle { background-color: transparent; padding: 0; }</style><script  async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-1685119944030639" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> </head><body class="home page-template-default page page-id-11350 aa-prefix-learn-"><div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a><header id="masthead" class="site-header desktop-toggle"><div class="inner-wrap"><div class="hamburger-wrapper desktop"> <button class="hamburger hamburger--squeeze menu-toggle" type="button" aria-label="Menu" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="hamburger-box"> <span class="hamburger-inner"></span> </span> <span class="label">MENU</span> </button></div><div class="site-branding"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home" itemprop="url"><img width="300" height="300" src="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png 300w, //www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></div><div class="search-wrapper"> <a href="#open" id="search-icon" style="background: url(//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/search-icon.png) center/cover no-repeat #fff;"><span class="sr-only">Search</span></a><div class="search-form-wrapper"><form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="//www.gunkrazy.com/"><style>.search-wrapper.search-active .search-field {
			width: 200px;
			display: inline-block;
			vertical-align: top;
		}
		.search-wrapper button[type="submit"] {
			display: inline-block;
			vertical-align: top;
			top: -35px;
			position: relative;
			background-color: transparent;
			height: 30px;
			width: 30px;
			padding: 0;
			margin: 0;
			background-image: url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/search-icon.png");
			background-position: center;
			background-repeat: no-repeat;
			background-size: contain;
		}
		.search-wrapper.search-active button[type="submit"] {
			display: inline-block !important;
		}</style><label for="s"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-field" class="search-field" placeholder="Search &hellip;" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit" style="display:none;"><span class="screen-reader-text"></span></button></form></div></div></div><nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation"><div class="menu-main-manu-container"><ul id="primary-menu" class="inner-wrap"><li id="menu-item-13454" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item menu-item-home menu-item-13454"><a href="http://www.gunkrazy.com">Home</a></li><li id="menu-item-13461" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-13461"><a target="_blank" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-subject-wise-basic-concept-notes/">Subject Wise Notes</a></li><li id="menu-item-13456" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-13456"><a target="_blank" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-projects/">Projects List</a></li><li id="menu-item-13457" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13457"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-projects/">Project and seminars</a> <button type='button' class='toggle-submenu'><span class='sr-only'>Submenu Toggle</span> </button><ul class='submenu'><li id="menu-item-13458" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13458"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-projects/">Mechanical Projects Report</a></li><li id="menu-item-13459" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13459"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/seminar-topics/">Mechanical Seminar</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-13460" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13460"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/cad-cam-software/">CAD Software</a></li><li id="menu-item-13462" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13462"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/exam-gate-ies/">GATE</a></li><li id="menu-item-13466" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-13466"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/career/">Career</a> <button type='button' class='toggle-submenu'><span class='sr-only'>Submenu Toggle</span> </button><ul class='submenu'><li id="menu-item-13467" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13467"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/interview-guide/">Interview Guide</a></li><li id="menu-item-13468" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13468"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/technical-questions/">Technical Questions</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></nav></header><div id="content" class="site-content"><div id="primary" class="content-area"><section class="featured-categories-wrapper"><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/jigs-and-fixture-design1-768x581.jpg')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-projects/"><h2 class="card-title">Index of Mechanical Projects</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/lathe-machine-operation-768x515.jpg')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-subject-wise-basic-concept-notes/"><h2 class="card-title">Mechanical Subjects notes</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CATIA-V5-Surface.jpg')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cad-software/"><h2 class="card-title">CAD Design</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Orbital-Welding-Process-Equipment-Application-min-1.png')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/manufacturing-technology-notes/"><h2 class="card-title">Manufacturing Technology Notes</h2> </a></article></section><main id="main" class="site-main"><section class="articles-wrapper"><h2 class="section-header-text">Recent Posts</h2><article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/knuckle-joint/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/knuckle-joint-diagram-300x221.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Knuckle Joint &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Design Calcuation, Applications</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/knuckle-joint/">Knuckle Joint &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Design Calcuation, Applications</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Knuckle Joint 
A knuckle joint is used to connect two rods which are under the action of tensile loads. However, if the joint is guided, the rods may support a compressive load.  A knuckle joint...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/knuckle-joint/" aria-label="View Post: Knuckle Joint &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Design Calcuation, Applications">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Knuckle Joint &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Design Calcuation, Applications","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/knuckle-joint\/","articleBody":"Knuckle Joint \r\nA knuckle joint is used to connect two rods which are under the action of tensile loads. However, if the joint is guided, the rods may support a compressive load.\r\n\r\nA knuckle joint may be readily disconnected for adjustments or repairs.\r\n\r\nIts use may be found in the link of a cycle chain, tie rod joint for roof truss, valve rod joint with the eccentric rod, pump rod joint, tension link in bridge structure, and lever and rod connections of various types.\r\nConstruction of Knuckle Joint :\u00a0\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tIn the knuckle joint (the two views of which are shown in Fig.), one end of one of the rods is made into an eye and the end of the other rod is formed into a fork with an eye in each of the fork legs.\r\n \tThe knuckle pin passes through both the eye hole and the fork holes and may be secured by means of a collar and taper pin or spilt pin. The knuckle pin may be prevented from rotating in the fork by means of a small stop, pin, peg, or snug.\r\n \tIn order to get a better quality of joint, the sides of the fork and eye are machined, the hole is accurately drilled and the pin turned. The material used for the joint may be steel or wrought iron.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nparts of knuckle joint\r\nKnuckle Joint Parts :\u00a0\r\nKnuckle Joint has mainly three components \u2013 \r\n\r\n \tEye, \r\n \tFork and\r\n \t Pin as shown in Figure\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe eye is formed on one of the rods and the fork is formed on the other. The eye fits inside the fork and the pin is passed through both the fork and the eye. This pin is secured in its place by means of a split pin. The ends of the rods are made octagonal to some distance for better grip and are made a square for some portion before it is forged to make the eye and fork shapes.\r\n\r\nknuckle joint diagram\r\nEmpirical relations are required to design a Knuckle joint.\r\nThe dimensions of various parts of the knuckle joint are fixed by empirical relations as given below. It may be noted that all the parts should be made of the same material i.e. mild steel or wrought iron.\r\n\r\nWhen d= Diameter of rod\r\n1. Diameter of knuckle pin d1=d\r\n2. Outer diameter of eye d2=2d\r\n3. Diameter of knuckle pinhead or collar d3=1.5d\r\n4. Thickness of single eye rod t=1.25d\r\n5. Thickness of double eye rod t1=1.25d\r\n6. Thickness of knuckle pinhead or collar t2=1.25d\r\nDesign of Knuckle joint\r\nFailure of rod in tension\r\n\r\nRod may fail in tension due to tensile load\r\nTensile strength of rod, P = \/4 x\u00b2 x \r\n\r\nFrom this equation diameter of the rod may obtain\r\n\r\nDiameter of knuckle pin in shearing\r\n\r\nSince the pin is in double shear, the Shearing strength of pin P =\/4 x 1\u00b2 x \r\n\r\nValue of d1 can be found here 1=d\r\n\r\nFix the dimensions using empirical relations;\r\n\r\nDia. Of pin = 1 =d\r\nOuter dia. Of single or double eye = 2 =2d\r\nDia. Of knuckle pinhead and collar =3 = 1.5d\r\nThickness of single eye = t = 1.25d\r\nThickness of fork =1 = 0.75d\r\nThickness of collar pin =t2 = 0.5d\r\n\r\nChecking the failure of a single eye in tension\r\n = p\/(d2-d1) x t\r\n\r\nChecking the failure of a single eye in crushing\r\n = p\/d1 x t\r\n\r\nChecking the failure of a single eye in shear\r\n = p\/(d2-d1) x t\r\n\r\nChecking the failure of the double eye in tension\r\n= p\/2(d2-d1) x t1\r\n\r\nChecking the failure of the double eye in crushing\r\n= p\/2d1 x t1 Checking the failure of the double eye in shear\r\n = p\/2(d2-d1) x t1\r\nAdvantages of Knuckle Joint are :\r\n\r\n \t\u00a0Simple to design and manufacture.\r\n \tFewer parts \u2013 less cost more reliability.\r\n \t Simple to assemble and dismantle\r\n \tKnuckle joint can withstand large tensile loads\r\n \tContains good mechanical rigidity\r\n \tEasy to manufacture and set up.\r\n \tDesign is simple and easy.\r\n\r\nKnuckle Joint Disadvantage:\r\n\r\n \tIt is not suitable for large compressive loads.\r\n \tPermit angular movement in only one plane.\r\n\r\nApplications of Knuckle joint:\r\n\r\n \tLink of cycle chain\r\n \tTie rod joints for roof truss\r\n \tValve rod joint for eccentric rod pump rod joint\r\n \tTension link in bridge structure\r\n \tLever and rod connection of various types.\r\n \tswing arm of two-wheeler\r\n \tConnection of link rod of leaf springs in multi-axle vehicles\r\n \tPiston, Piston Pin, Connecting Rod\r\n \tConnections of leaf spring with chassis\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDifference Between Knuckle Joint and cotter Joint\r\n\n\n\n\n\tSr. No.Knuckle JointCotter Joint\n\n\n\n\n\t1.Can take only a tensile load.Can take tensile &amp; compressive load.\n\n\n\t2.Can permit angular movement between rods.Cannot permit angular movement.\n\n\n\t3.Subjected to bearing failure.Not subjected to bearing failure.\n\n\n\t4.No taper or clearance was provided.taper or clearance provided.\n\n\n\t5.Application: tie bar, links of bicycle chain,\njoint for rail shifting mechanism.Application: cotter foundation bolt, joining two rods with a pipe, joining piston rod with c\/s head\n\n\n\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nQuestion and Answers :\u00a0\r\n1. Explain with a neat diagram about \u201c failure of knuckle pin in bending\"\r\n\r\nAns: Actual practice, the knuckle pin is loose in forks in order to permit angular movement of one with respect to the other, therefore the pin is subjected to bending in addition to shearing. By making the diameter of the knuckle.\r\n\r\npin equal to the diameter of the rod (i.e., d1 = d), a margin of strength is provided to allow for the bending of the pin.\r\n\r\nIn case, the stress due to bending is taken into account, it is assumed that the load on the pin is uniformly distributed along the middle portion (i.e. the eye end) and varies uniformly over the forks as shown in Fig. Thus in the forks, a load P\/2 acts through a distance of t1 \/ 3 from the inner edge and the bending moment will be maximum at the center of the pin. The value of the maximum bending moment is given by\r\n\r\nfailure of knuckle joint pin\r\n\r\n2. What are some real-life applications of the Knuckle Joint?\r\n\r\n \tLink of the suspension bridge\r\n \tValve mechanism of reciprocating engine\r\n \tBicycle chain\r\n \tFulcrum of lever\r\n \tTractor wheel alignment parts\r\n \tRobotic arms\r\n\r\n3. Which material is used for manufacturing of knuckle joint?\r\n\r\nknuckle joint, all parts like Fork end, Knuckle pin, Taper pin, Collar and Eye end used material is Steel and Wrought Iron.\r\n\r\n4. What is a knuckle joint?\r\n\r\nKnuckle joint is a type of mechanical joint used in structures, to connect two intersecting cylindrical rods, whose axes lie on the same plane. It permits some angular movement between the cylindrical rods (in their plane). It is specially designed to withstand tensile loads.\r\n\r\nParts of a Knuckle Joint:\r\n\r\nA typical knuckle joint has the following parts:\r\n\r\nFork end\r\n\r\nEye end\r\n\r\nKnuckle pin\r\n\r\nCollar\r\n\r\nTaper pin","headline":"Knuckle Joint &#8211; Parts, Diagram, Design Calcuation, Applications","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2021-11-07","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"November 7, 2021","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/knuckle-joint-diagram-300x221.png","height":221,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/plastic-types-uses/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/types-of-plastics-293x300.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Plastic Material &#8211; Types , Properties , Applications</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/plastic-types-uses/">Plastic Material &#8211; Types , Properties , Applications</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Plastic Material 
Definition Of Plastics :   i) Plastics: Plastics are basically, the synthetic organic materials of high molecular weight, which can be moulded into any desired shape by the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/plastic-types-uses/" aria-label="View Post: Plastic Material &#8211; Types , Properties , Applications">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Plastic Material &#8211; Types , Properties , Applications","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/plastic-types-uses\/","articleBody":"Plastic Material \r\nDefinition Of Plastics :\u00a0\r\n\r\ni) Plastics: Plastics are basically, the synthetic organic materials of high molecular weight, which can be moulded into any desired shape by the application of heat and pressure in the presence of catalyst.\r\nii) Polymers: Many units or monomers joined together to form a long chain structure called polymers.\r\nProperties of plastics. \r\nFollowing are the properties of plastics- \r\n\r\n1. Impact strength \r\n2. Abrasion resistance. \r\n3. Heat resistance \r\n4. Mechanical strength. \r\n5. Rigidity. \r\n6. Chemical stability \r\n7. Fire resistance \r\n8. Flow property at elevated tempt. \r\n9. Dielectric strength \r\n10. Density \r\n11. Flammability \r\n12. Toxicity \r\n13. Vicat hardness \r\n14. Tensile strength\r\nTypes of Plastics :\r\nTwo types of polymeric materials are :\r\n\r\nA) Thermoplastic and B) Thermosetting plastic\r\n\r\nA) Thermoplastics are-\r\n1. Polythene\r\n2. Polypropylene\r\n3. Polystyrene\r\n4. Nylon\r\n5. Acrylics\r\n6. Polycarbonates\r\n7. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene\r\n8. Polyvinylchloride\r\n\r\nB) Thermosetting plastic:\r\n\r\nPlastics using thermosetting resins\r\n(i) Phenol-formaldehyde resins\r\n(ii) Urea-formaldehyde resins\r\n(iii) Melamine-formaldehyde resins\r\n(iv) Polyester resins\r\n(v) Epoxy resins\r\n(vi) Silicone resins\r\n\r\ntypes of plastics\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThermosetting plastic:\r\n\r\n \tThese have three-dimensional networks of molecules and will not soften when heated and thereby it can not be reused again. Alternatively, these plastic materials acquire a permanent shape when heated and pressed and thus cannot be easily softened by reheating.\r\n \tThose plastics which are hardened by heat, affecting a non-reversible chemical change are called thermosetting. In other words, we can say that they acquire a permanent shape when heated and pressed and cannot be softened by reheating. They are also known as heat-setting or thermosets.\r\n \tThermosetting plastics are made from chains that have been linked together, referred to as cross-linked. These have a three-dimensional network of molecules and will not soften when heated. They are particularly insoluble, fireproof, and usually hard and brittle. These plastics cannot be reused. E.g. epoxy resins, amino resins, phenolics, silicon.\r\n\r\nTypes of Thermosetting Plastics\r\nThe following are the various types of thermosetting plastics :\r\n1. Phenolic resins: \r\n\r\n \tThe most important of the phenolic resins is phenol formaldehyde.\r\n \tIt is obtained by condensing the phenol with formaldehyde in the presence of a catalyst.\r\n \tIt is popularly known by its trade name of Bakelite\r\n \tIt is a hard, rigid, and scratch-resistant material.\r\n \tIt is highly resistant to heat, water, non-oxidizing acids, salts, and many organic solvents.\r\n \tIt possesses excellent electrical insulating properties.\r\n \tIt is one of the cheapest materials of all the thermosetting resins.\r\n \tIt is used in manufacturing handles for cooking pots, knobs, toilet seats, bottle caps, dials, telephone parts, cabinets for radio and television, electrical components like switches, plugs, switchboards, etc.\r\n \tIt is also used as a binder in paints and varnishes and as an adhesive for grinding wheels.\r\n\r\n2. Amino resins: \r\n\r\n \tThe two important amino resins are urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde.\r\n \tThese are condensation products obtained by the reaction of urea or melamine with formaldehyde.\r\n \tThe amino resins can be produced in a wide range of colors and are hard, rigid, and durable.\r\n \tThey possess good electrical properties and are heat and scratch-resistant.\r\n \tThe urea-formaldehyde is widely used in domestic electrical fittings such as switch covers, plug tops, socket bases, and lamp sockets.\r\n \tIt is also used for cabinets, toilet seats, buttons, and clock cases.\r\n \tThe melamine-formaldehyde, due to the good flowability of melamine, is principally used for molded cups, plates, saucers, bowls, etc. Both the resins are used as coatings and adhesives.\r\n\r\n3. Furane resins:\r\n\r\n \t The furane resins are obtained when waste farm products such as cottonseeds, rice hulls, corncobs are processed with certain acids.\r\n \tThese resins are dark in color, water-resistant, and have good electrical properties.\r\n \tThese are used as core sand binders and as hardening additives for gypsum plaster.\r\n\r\n4. Silicon resins: \r\n\r\n \tThe silicon resins differ from most other resins which are based on the carbon atom.\r\n \tThe silicone resins have silicon and oxygen chains which are linked to various organic groups such as methyl side groups.\r\n \tThe silicon resins may be in the form of liquids, semi-solids (like greases), rubbers, and solids.\r\n \tThe liquid silicones or silicon oils possess great wetting power for metals, low surface tension, and show very small changes in viscosity with temperature.\r\n \tThese are used as high-temperature lubricants, anti-foaming agents, water-repellent finishes for leather and textiles heat transfer media, damping, and hydraulic fluids. They are also used in cosmetics and polishes.\r\n \tThe silicones in the semi-solid form (i.e., silicon greases) are modified silicon oils and are obtained by adding fillers like silica, carbon black, etc.\r\n \tThe silicones in the rubber form have high abrasion resistance, stability at high temperatures and remain flexible even at very low temperatures. They are mostly used in gaskets, insulations, and as additives in other rubbers.\r\n \tSolid silicones possess good electrical insulating properties and outstanding heat resistance. They are mostly used in high voltage insulators, high-temperature insulating foams, and moldings that require high thermal stability.\r\n\r\n5. Epoxy resins: \r\nThe epoxy resins are obtained from certain special types of organic chemicals, specifically epichlorohydrin and bisphenol (double phenol).\r\n\r\n \tThese are cured or cross-linked by the addition of a hardener.\r\n \tThe cured epoxy resins have low shrinkage, good flexibility, excellent chemical resistance, and electrical insulating properties.\r\n \tThese are used for surface coatings, adhesives for glass and metals, and laminating materials used in electrical equipment\r\n \tThe molds made from epoxy resins are employed for the production of components for aircraft and automobiles.\r\n\r\n6. Polyester resins: \r\nThe polyester resins are obtained by the reaction between a dihydric alcohol and a dibasic acid.\r\n\r\nThey are divided into the following three groups:\r\n(a) Saturated polyesters,\r\n(b) Unsaturated polyesters, and\r\n(c) Alkyds.\r\n\r\n \tThe saturated polyesters are obtained by reacting glycol with saturated dibasic acid.\r\n \tThey are good fiber-forming materials and are converted into commercial fibers.\r\n \tSuch fibers have high scratch resistance, high crease, and wrinkle resistance.\r\n \tThey are mostly used for making synthetic fibers like terylene, dacron, etc. The unsaturated polyesters are made by reacting glycol with unsaturated dibasic acid (like maleic anhydride).\r\n \tThey have good flexural strength and can withstand temperatures up to 1450C.\r\n \tThey are good resistance to water but possess low resistance to acids and alkalis.\r\n \tThese are generally used in safety helmets, air-craft battery boxes, motor car body components, etc.\r\n \tThe alkyds are produced by reacting polyhydric alcohol (like glycerol) with polybasic acid (like phthalic anhydride) in correct proportions in the presence of heat and catalyst (CO2 gas).\r\n \tThe alkyd resins are modified either by oil (drying or non-drying) or fatty acids.\r\n \tThe drying oil-modified alkyds are used as a coating material in numerous formulations.\r\n \tThe acid or oil-modified alkyds are hard, dimensionally stable and resistance to corrosion and acids.\r\n \tThey are used for making good insulators, aircraft, and automobile parts, sheets, rods, tubes, switches, gears, circuit-break insulators, etc.\r\n\r\n7. Polyurethanes: \r\nThe polyurethanes are obtained, commercially, by treating di-isocynate and diol.\r\n-They have excellent resistance to abrasion and solvents.\r\n- These are used as coatings, films, foams, adhesives, and elastomers.\r\nApplications of thermosetting plastic materials:\r\n1. It is used in foundry and in transformers as an insulating material\r\n2. Radio cabinets\r\n3. Knife handles\r\n4. Vacuum cleaner parts\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThermoplastic:\r\n These are composed of linear and long-chain straight or slightly branched molecules. They can be re-softened and re-melted by the application of heat and pressure. The materials which can be re-melted to manufacture fresh new products are called thermoplastics.\r\nDifferent Thermoplastics Materials\r\n1) POLYETHYLENE \r\n2) POLYPROPYLENE \r\n3) POLYSTYRENE \r\n4) POLYVINYL CHLORIDE\r\n5) POLYMETHYLMETHADRYLATE \r\n6) POLYCARBONATE \r\n7) ABS POLYMERS \r\n8) ALPHATE POLYAMIDE HOMOPOLYMERS (NYLONS) \r\n9) POLYVINYL ACETATE (PVA)\r\n1) POLYETHYLENE\r\nAlternative Names: Polythene, Polyurethane, Polymethylene \r\nPrincipal Variants: LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE, MDPE, UHMWPE \r\n\r\nKey application Properties of Polyethylene : \r\n\r\n \tEasy process ability, toughness &amp; Flexibility, Reasonable clarity of thin films. Excellent electrical insulation characteristics, low cost \r\n \tLower softening point, susceptibility to environmental stress cracking, susceptibility to oxidation, opacity in bulk, low hardness, rigidity and tensile strength, high gas permeability\r\n \tExcellent chemical resistance, no solvent at room temperature. \r\n \tWill dissolve in hydrocarbon and other solvents of similar solubility parameters as the melting point is approached.\r\n\r\nKey Processing Properties of Polyethylene :\r\n\r\n \tDoes not absorb water\r\n \tUsual molding creates are easy flow \r\n \tGood stability to processing temp provided oxygen is absent \r\n \tShrinkage is high and depends on the type, cooling gate, and part thickness.\r\n\r\nFew Typical Applications of Polyethylene : \r\n\r\n \tLDPE main market is film but is widely used for piping, wire covering. and roto-molded products \r\n \tMDPE's important application is the electrical and chemical industry. \r\n \tHDPE \r\n \tLLDPE is mainly used in film applications.\r\n\r\n2) POLYPROPYLENE\r\nAlternative Name: Polypropylene \r\nPrincipal Variants: Available in isotactic form (a regular crystalline structure ) used in injection &amp; extrusion applications. The other variant, static (an irregular amorphous form) used in bituminous compositions and for carpet backing). \r\n\r\nKey Application Properties of Polypropylene: \r\n\r\n \tLow specific gravity and high softening point.\r\n \tVirtual freedom from stress cracking.\r\n \tHigher brittle point. \r\n \tVery low water absorption, very good electrical insulation characteristics.\r\n \tExcellent chemical &amp; solvent resistance. \r\n \tNo solvent at room temperature.\r\n\r\nKey Processing Properties of Polypropylene:\r\n\r\n \tDoes not absorb water\r\n \tFlow path to wall thickness ratio 175:1 are possible on 1mm wall thickness section (For easy flow grades, 350:1)\r\n \tGood thermal stability in the absence of oxygen. No intermediate purging material is required.\r\n \tHigh molding shrinkage\r\n\r\nFew Typical Applications of Polypropylene: \r\n\r\n \tHousehold goods, car components, Toys, Medical equipment, luggage, integral hinges. \r\n \tUsed as packaging material in film &amp; fiber form\r\n\r\n3) POLYSTYRENE \r\nAlternative Names: Polyphenyl ethane, Polyphenyl ethylene\r\n\r\nKey Application properties of Polystyrene : \r\n\r\n \tRigidity, transparency, low moisture absorption, low density \r\n \tExcellent electrical insulation characteristics \r\n \tDissolved in a wide range of solvents like hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, ketones (but not acetones), some esters, and oils.\r\n\r\nKey Processing Properties of Polystyrene : \r\n\r\n \tMelts are of medium viscosity but highly pseudoplastic \r\n \tFlow path-ratio; for GPPS-150:1. For HIPS-130:1 \r\n \tGood thermal stability of processing temp.\r\n\r\nFew typical applications of Polystyrene :\r\n\r\n \tFor GPPS: Toys, containers, Tape cassettes, disposable tumblers, display Products \r\n \tFor HIPS: Appliance housing, furniture components, egg box, dairy product containers, refrigerator liners \r\n \tFor EPS: for insulation &amp; packaging.\r\n\r\n4) POLYVINYL CHLORIDE \r\n\r\nAlternative Names: PVC, Poly-1-Chlorethylene, Polychloroethane, Vinyl \r\n\r\nPrincipal Variants: \r\n\r\nUPVC unplasticized PVC-a rigid material, PVC Plasticized PVC contains plasticizers &amp; flexible or rubbery. \r\n\r\nKey Application Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride: \r\n\r\n \t(For UPVC): Rigid &amp; good hydrocarbon resistance, low water absorption \r\n \tGood weathering resistance &amp; low flammability \r\n \tVery good chemical resistance and dissolved by cyclohexanone, dichloroethanes nitrobenzene.\r\n\r\nKey Processing Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride:\r\n\r\n \tDoes not absorb water \r\n \tUPVC melts are vicious, flow path ratio 60:1 \r\n \tViscosity of PPVC depends on plasticizer level \r\n \tDegradation rapid at elevated temp lacks thermal stability. \r\n \tNever allow the polymer to mix with polyacetals since combinations are at elevated temp. may lead to explosions. \r\n \tLow shrinkage.\r\n\r\nFew Typical Applications of Polyvinyl Chloride:\r\n\r\n \t(For UPVC) : Used in building like window frames, gutters, piping, wall \r\n \tCladding: Used in chemical plants and for blow molded bottles \r\n \t(For PPVC): Used for wire covering, vinyl leather cloth and upholstery Wall\/paper finishers, play balls &amp; toys, garden hose clotting mine belting \r\n \tVinyl chloride: vinyl acetate copolymers used for flooring compositions and, for gramophone records.\r\n\r\n5) ACRYLIC \r\nAlternative Names: Acrylic, PMMA \r\n\r\nKey Application Properties of Acrylic : \r\n\r\n \tHigh transparency and high transition properties. \r\n \tExcellent weathering resistance. \r\n \tHard and rigid with low moisture absorption\r\n \tGood electrical resistance at low frequencies \r\n \tAttached by mineral acids but resist to alkalis, water, and most aqueous inorganic salt solutions.\r\n\r\nKey Processing Properties of Acrylic: \r\n\r\n \tTo be stored in a dry place.\r\n \tHigh melt viscosity, flow path ratio 100-150:1\r\n \tLimited thermal stability\r\n\r\nFew typical applications of Acrylic:\r\n\r\n \tUsed where high weather ability and high optical clarity are required\r\n \tCar lamp covers, dashboard fittings, street light fittings\r\n \tBatch tubs and other sanitary fittings\r\n \tSign boards and lighting fittings\r\n \tDentures, spare part surgery, contact lenses \r\n\r\n6) POLYCARBONATE \r\nAlternative Names: Polycarbonate of bis-phenol A \r\n\r\nKey Application Properties of Polycarbonate : \r\n\r\n \tToughness, rigidity, transparency, heat resistance, self-extinguishing, notch Sensitive\r\n \tGood electrical insulation characteristics, limited resistance to electrical tracking &amp; arching.\r\n \tLimited resistance to hydrolyzing agents but \u2013 good resistance to oxygen \r\n \tNot resistant to caustic soda, caustic potash, ammonia &amp; many aromatic amines.\r\n\r\nKey Processing Properties of\u00a0Polycarbonate : \r\n\r\n \tShould be stored in a dry area \r\n \tGood thermal stability \r\n \tHigh melt viscosities. Flow path ratio 30-70: 1 \r\n \tMoulding shrinkage is slightly higher than amorphous materials.\r\n\r\nFew Typical Applications of\u00a0Polycarbonate: \r\n\r\n \tWidely used in electronics \u2013 electrical engineering, medical side, glazing &amp; tough glazing applications. \r\n \tUsed in Cameras, domestic mixers &amp; other kitchen equipment, Audio compact discs. \r\n \tBlends (with PBT) used for Car bumpers, front ends, using &amp; other components \r\n\r\n7) ABS POLYMERS \r\nAlternative Names: Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS Copolymer, ABS Terpolymer\r\n\r\nKey Application Properties: \r\n\r\n \tToughness, rigidity, and good surface appearance.\r\n \tResistance to alkalis and acids but not concentrated oxidizing acids\r\n \tCan be dissolved by many aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, esters, and ketones.\r\n\r\nKey Processing Properties: \r\n\r\n \tTendency to absorb water (0-3%), must be stored under dry condition\r\n \tAvoid excessive screw rotation speed and backpressure during molding.\r\n \tFlow path to wall thickness ratio 80-150:1\r\n \tLow molding shrinkage due to the amorphous nature of the polymer.\r\n\r\nFew typical Applications:\r\n\r\n \tLike instrumental panels, armrests grills\r\n \tBusiness machine housings\r\n \tLuggage, Garden equipment\r\n\r\n8) ALPHATE POLYAMIDE HOMOPOLYMERS \r\n\r\nAlternative Names: Nylons, Polyamides\r\n\r\nKey Applications Properties: \r\n\r\n \tToughness with rigidity, abrasion resistance\r\n \tGood hydrocarbon resistance, fair good heat resistance, high water absorption tendency\r\n \tElectrical insulation properties fair or high frequencies\r\n \tGood resistance to hydrocarbons\r\n \tFormic acid, glacial acetic acid, phenols, and cresols are solvents.\r\n\r\n9) ACETAL POLYMERS \r\nAlternative Names: Polyacetal, Polytormaldehyde, Polyoxymethylene \r\n\r\nKey Application Properties of Acetal Polymers : \r\n\r\n \tBetter fatigue endurance, stiffness, creep resistance, and water resistance\r\n \tInferior Impact toughness, abrasion resistance\r\n \tLow co-efficient of friction\r\n \tVery good resistance to organic chemicals with no solvents below 700 C\r\n\r\nKey Processing Properties: \r\n\r\n \tHygroscopic in nature, so essential to thoroughly dry when using. \r\n \tMelts are very fluid, because of low melt viscosity and melt elasticity, it is difficult to handle extrudates. \r\n \tAt high processing, temp oxidation can occur. \r\n \tMolding shrinkage is much high.\r\n\r\nFew Typical Applications: \r\n\r\n \tWidely used for high engineering applications, \r\n \tParticularly valuable where toughness and abrasion resistance are important.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nApplications of thermoplastic materials:\r\n1. Copper wire insulation\r\n2. Water tubes\r\n3. Polystyrene,\r\n4. PVC\r\n5. Polyethylene\r\n6. Copper wire insulation,\r\n7. Water tubes,\r\n8. Nursing bottles,\r\n9. Ice cube trays,\r\n10. Toys,\r\n11. Combs,\r\n12. Photographic films,\r\n13. Hose etc.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDifference between thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics.\r\n\n\n\n\n\tSr. No. ThermoPlastic \/ Thermo softening plastics Thermosetting plastics\n\n\n\n\n\t1.The plastics who possess linear long-chain structures without cross-linkages are called Thermo softening plastics. It is also called as Thermoplastic .The plastics that possess a three-dimensional complicated structure with cross-linkages are called as thermosetting plastics.\n\n\n\t2.They are formed by additional polymerization.They are formed by condensation polymerization.\n\n\n\t3.They consist of polymers of smaller molecular weight.They consist of polymers of higher molecular weight.\n\n\n\t4.They are softer, weaker &amp; less brittle.They are harder, stronger &amp; more brittle.\n\n\n\t5.They have low tensile strength.They have high tensile strength.\n\n\n\t6.Their intermolecular bonds are weak.Their inter molecular bonds are strong covalent bonds\n\n\n\t7.They soften on heating.They do not soften on heating.\n\n\n\t8.They are soluble in an organic solvent.They are insoluble in organic solvent.\n\n\n\t9.They can be reshaped and reused.They cannot be reshaped and reused.\n\n\n\t10.They can be reclaimed from the waste.They cannot be reclaimed from the waste.\n\n\n\t11.Examples- Polythene, Polystyrene, PVC, TeflonExamples- Bakelite, Polyester, Nylon66, Urea-formaldehyde, Silicon plastic.\n\n\n\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nQuestion and Answers :\r\n1. What is thermoplastic? State its two properties.\u00a0\r\n\r\nAns:\r\n\r\nThermoplastics:\r\n\r\nPlastics can be easily softened again and again by heating. They can be reprocessed safely. They retain their plasticity at high temperatures. They can be heated and reshaped by pressing many times. On cooling they become hard. They can be easily shaped into tubes, sheets, films, and many other shapes as per the need.\r\n\r\nFollowing are the properties of Thermoplastics:\u00a0\r\n\r\ni. They are highly plastic\r\nii. They are easily molded or shaped.\r\niii. They have a low melting point\r\niv. As they can be repeatedly used so they have good resale value.\r\nv. Soluble in some organic solvent\r\nvi. Softer and less strong\r\n\r\n2. What is thermosetting plastic? write properties and use of Epoxy resins.\r\n\r\nAnswer: \r\n\r\nThermosetting plastic\r\ni) Once hardened and set they do not soften with the application of heat\r\nii) They are formed by condensation polymerization.\r\niii) They have a three-dimensional network structure.\r\niv) They are usually hard, strong, and more brittle.\r\nv) They are insoluble in almost all organic solvents.\r\nvi) They cannot be reused and do not have resale value\r\nvii) They can be used at a comparatively higher temperature without damage.\r\n\r\nProperties of Epoxy\r\n\r\ni. It is very tough \r\nii. Chemical resistant\r\niii. Electrical resistant \r\niv. Low shrinkage\r\nv. Good adhesion to metal and glass \r\nvi. Good resistance to wear and impact\r\nvii. Dimensionally stable\r\nviii. Transparent with creamy color\r\n\r\nApplications of Epoxy \r\n\r\ni. Electrical molding \r\nii. Sinks\r\niii. Laminated tooling\r\n iv. Adhesives\r\nv. Protective coatings \r\nvi. Housing for electrical parts\r\nvii. In transformer as an insulating material\r\n\r\n3. What are the basic types of plastics? Give two applications of each\r\n\r\ni) Thermoplastics\r\nApplications:- electrical parts, knobs, toys, bearings, gears, machine slides, rope, bowls, plates,\r\ndishpans, flexible tubing, squeeze bottles, bottles, hospital equipment, etc.\r\n\r\nii) Thermosetting Plastics\r\nApplications:- aircraft and automobile parts, boat bodies, electrical insulators, furniture, shoe, glass\r\nand silver polishes.\r\n\r\n4. What are the properties of ABS?\r\n\r\nProperties of ABS\r\n\r\nAcrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) is a type of Thermoplastic type of plastic. This is made up of chain molecules. ABS can be molded and remolded in any shape. This plastic is comparatively soft and less strong and chemically less inert. The heat resistance is low and cannot be used at higher temperatures. It has Good impact resistance, Rigidity, strength and toughness, and moderate heat resistance.\u00a0\r\n\r\nApplications of ABS\r\n\r\n \tToys\r\n \tRefrigerator Linning material \r\n \tLawn and Garden equipment\r\n \tHighway Safety devices \r\n \tAutomobile Parts\r\n \tHoses\r\n \tMoulded parts\r\n\r\n5. Give two properties and related applications of plastics.\r\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\tSr. no. PropertiesApplications\n\n\n\n\n\t1.Low specific gravity &amp; high tensile strength.In aircraft, motorcars &amp; structural industries.\n\n\n\t2.Combination with metals.Wheels of automobiles plastics cover dashboards.\n\n\n\t3.Resistance to wear &amp; tear &amp; abrasion resistance.For making machinery parts such as gears pulleys.\n\n\n\t4.Poor electrical conductivity.In the electronic industry.\n\n\n\t5.High Chemical resistance &amp; corrosion resistance.In Chemical industries, PVC plastic is used in place of stainless steel.\n\n\n\t6.Bad conductor of Heat.Handles of electric irons, kettles, pressure cookers, frying pan, etc.\n\n\n\t7.Hard &amp; shock-absorbing capacity.In machinery to reduce noise &amp; vibrations.\n\n\n\t8.Clear, transparent, translucent, opaque nature.Decorative knobs for radio, automobile &amp; household appliances, windscreens for automobiles, aircraft, optical lenses, etc.\n\n\n\t9.WaterproofWater bottles, raincoats, buckets,\nwater tanks etc.\n\n\n\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Plastic Material &#8211; Types , Properties , Applications","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2021-11-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"November 6, 2021","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/types-of-plastics-293x300.png","height":300,"width":293},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/hydraulic-seals/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/o-ring-diagram-274x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Hydraulic seals &#8211; Definition, Types, Diagram , Function, Failure, Application</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/hydraulic-seals/">Hydraulic seals &#8211; Definition, Types, Diagram , Function, Failure, Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to Seals :
Oil under pressure is moving in every hydraulic circuit. Since oil is a liquid it has the tendency to 'leak' through every gas/slot it finds during movement. This leakage of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/hydraulic-seals/" aria-label="View Post: Hydraulic seals &#8211; Definition, Types, Diagram , Function, Failure, Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Hydraulic seals &#8211; Definition, Types, Diagram , Function, Failure, Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/hydraulic-seals\/","articleBody":"Introduction to Seals :\r\nOil under pressure is moving in every hydraulic circuit. Since oil is a liquid it has the tendency to 'leak' through every gas\/slot it finds during movement. This leakage of oil results in (bad effects of leakage)\r\n\r\n \tLoss of efficiency of the hydraulic circuit.\r\n \tDuring leakage, oil is coming out without doing any work hence is the loss of power.\r\n \tSometimes there is a temperature rise due to leakage.\r\n \tHydraulic oil is costly and hence when it is leaked there is a loss of money (monitory loss )\r\n \tIf leaked oil is dropped on hot surfaces then there is a possibility of fire. Hence there are fire hazards due to leakage.\r\n \tWhen leaked oil falls on the ground, it becomes slippery and there is the possibility of an accident.\r\n\r\nSeal Definition: \r\nThe seal is an agent or element which prevents leakage of oil from hydraulic elements and protects the system from dust and dirt. A mechanical seal is a device that helps join systems or mechanisms together by preventing leakage.\r\nClassification Of Seals :\r\nAccording to the nature of the application:\r\n\r\na. The types of seals used in hydraulic circuits are static seals and dynamic seals\r\nStatic seals:-\r\n The seals used between the mating parts that do not move relative to each other are termed as static seals. These seals are compressed between two rigidly connected parts. These seals make leak-proof joints because of pressure applied in tightening the bolts. Under pressure, the seal material flows and fills the irregularities in the surface making the joint leak-proof. A static seal may often termed as a gasket and is usually cut from compressible flat sheet material like paper, cork, rubber, or asbestos. The thickness is ranging from 0.25 mm to 3 mm. The figure shows a static flange joint and rubber seal molded in a metal ring. An O-ring static seal is the simple and most versatile seal used for static applications. The O-ring can be made circular, rectangular, or U-ring in cross-section.\r\nDynamic seals:- \r\nThe seal between the mating parts that move relative to each other is called as dynamic seals. These seals are subjected to wear as one of the mating part rubs against the seal. These seals prevent leakage around a moving component. Ex. Piston rings, O- ring on rotating and reciprocating shafts.\r\n\r\nTypes of dynamic seals \r\n\r\n1) O-ring \r\n\r\n2) Lipped seals \r\n\r\n3) Piston cup packing \r\n\r\n4) Piston rings \r\n\r\n5) Wiper rings\r\n\r\nAccording to Degree of Sealing ( Extent of Sealing ):\r\n\r\n1. Positive seal: when sealing is required for 100% leak-proof and no oil is allowed to leak.\r\n2. Non-positive seal: when sealing is allowed minute amount of oil leakage for lubrication of spools and moving parts of valves.\r\n\r\nClassification of seals based on shape:-\r\n\r\na) \u2018O\u2019 Ring seal\r\nb) \u2018V\u2019 Ring seal\r\nc) U-packing seal\r\nd) T- ring seal\r\ne) Cup seal\r\nO\u2019 Ring Seal:\r\nThe figure shows an \u2018O\u2019 ring seal. These are the most common and simple seal with a circular cross-sections like \u2018O\u2019. Hence called O-ring is used as a static as well as dynamic seal. The material used for O-Ring is a synthetic rubber and is specified by its ID\/OD. The round cross-section is non-positive seals. O-rings are fitted with back ring the following figure depicts sealing of cylinder and piston by using \u2018O\u2019-ring with the backup ring.\r\n\r\nFig. depicts the sealing of the cylinder and piston by using o- ring with the backup ring.\r\n\r\n o ring diagram\r\n'V' Ring Seal :\r\nV-ring seal is also called ' V ' packaging. It is commonly used in hydraulic systems. These seals are available in pieces to facilitate assembly and specific size. It has a cross-section resembling to letter 'V'. There is male and female adapter at the extreme ends as shown. In between V- seal rings can be assembled.\r\n\r\nThese are made up of fluorocarbon reinforced with cotton, asbestos, or are made up of neoprene reinforced with asbestos.\r\n\r\n v shape seal\r\nU- Packing Seal :\r\nU packing seal is most versatile in various applications and used ad ID or OD piston seals. U packings are available in rectangular cross-section shape to suit piston seals.\r\n\r\n \tU-packing with long lips: Suitable for eccentric operations.\r\n \tU-packing with short lips: Suitable for a pressure system.\r\n\r\nU-packaging is usually made up of leather or fabric reinforced rubber. These seals are balanced seals and no staking like a V-ring seal is required.\r\n\r\n u cup seal\r\nT-ring Seals :\r\nThese are very modern seals. These seals can be installed as 'o'- ring. But these seals are equally effective as static as well as dynamic seals. T- ring seals can be used on road as well as a piston.\r\n\r\n T ring seal\r\nCup seals :\r\nThese seals are most commonly used with the piston as shown in fig. These seals can take higher pressures up to 700 bar. The material used for these seals is polyurethane or leather. For low-pressure applications, neoprene is used.\r\n\r\n cup seal\r\nThe function of Each Type of Seal :\u00a0\r\nThe function of each type of seal:\r\n1) Positive seals do not allow any leakage whereas non-positive seal permits a small amount of internal leakage.\r\n2) \u2018O\u2019 ring is a static seal that gives very effective sealing at high pressure.\r\n3) Quad ring seal is quite versatile and can be used as a static seal as well as for rotary and reciprocating motion.\r\n4) V- Packing seal is capable of holding almost all pressure.\r\n5) U-Packing seal is used in various dynamic sealing.\r\n6) Cup Packing seal is exclusively used to seal pistons in both low and high pressure hydraulic and pneumatic applications.\r\n7) Composite seals is a combination of various types and are available in the form of sets used for special application.\r\nFactors for seal selection:\r\n1) Type of fluid used in the system\r\n2) Maximum temperature of the system in working condition\r\n3) Functional reliability expected\r\n4) Cost of seal\r\n5) Working pressure of the system\r\n6) Environmental condition\r\nPurpose of Oil Seal.\r\n1) To stop leakage of oil\r\n2) To maintain the pressure\r\n3) To keep out contamination in the system\r\n4) To enhance the working life of the system\r\n5) To enhance the functional reliability of components over a longer period\r\nGeneral functions of seals\u00a0\r\n1) To stop leakage of oil.\r\n2) To maintain the pressure\r\n3) To keep out contamination in the system.\r\n4) To enhance the functional reliability of the components over a longer period.\r\n5) To enhance the working life of the system.\r\nReasons for seal failure :\u00a0\r\n1) Incompatibility of seal material with oil.\r\n2) Low speed of actuators\r\n3) If seals are not correctly installed then there is a possibility of seal failure.\r\n4) High temperature of the oil can burn the seals.\r\n5) If the seal is excessively squeezed then it can fail.\r\nFactors to be considered for selection of seal\r\n1. Shaft Speed\r\n\r\nThe maximum allowable shaft speed is a function of the shaft finish, runout, housing bore and shaft concentricity, type of fluid being sealed, and the type of oil seal material.\r\n\r\n2. Temperature\r\n\r\nThe temperature range of the mechanism in which the seal is installed must not exceed the temperature range of the seal elastomer.\r\n\r\n3. Pressure\r\n\r\nMost conventional oil seals are designed only to withstand very low-pressure applications (about 8 psi or less). If additional internal pressure is present or anticipated, pressure relief is necessary.\r\n\r\n4. Shaft Hardness\r\n\r\nLonger seal life can be expected with shafts having a Rockwell (RC) hardness of 30 or more. When exposed to abrasive contamination, the hardness should be increased to RC 60.\r\n\r\n5. Shaft Surface Finish\r\n\r\nMost effective sealing is obtained with optimum shaft surface finishes. The sealing efficiency is affected by the direction of the finish tool marks and the spiral lead. Best sealing results are obtained with polished or ground shafts with concentric (no spiral lead) finish marks. If you must use shafts with spiral finish leads, they should lead toward the fluid when the shaft rotates.\r\n\r\n6. Concentricity\r\n\r\nWhen the bore and shaft centers are misaligned, seal life will be shortened because the wear will be concentrated on one side of the sealing lip.\r\n\r\n7. Shaft and Bore Tolerances\r\n\r\nThe best seal performance is achieved when the close shaft and bore tolerances are present. Other factors include shaft eccentricity, end play, and vibration.\r\n\r\n8. Runout\r\n\r\nRunout must be kept to a minimum. Movement of the center of rotation is usually caused by bearing wobble or shaft whip. When coupled with misalignment, this problem is compounded. Contrary to popular belief and common practice, the installation of flexible couplings cannot correct or compensate for misalignment.\r\n\r\n9. Lubricant\r\n\r\nSeals perform much better and longer when they are continuously lubricated with oil that has the correct viscosity for the application and that is compatible with the seal lip elastomer material. The consideration of seal incompatibility, particularly with certain additives and some synthetic lubricants, should not be ignored.\r\nCauses of failure\r\n1. Improper installation is a major cause of hydraulic seal failure. The important things to watch during seal installation are (a) cleanliness, (b) protecting the seal from nicks and cuts, and (c) proper lubrication\r\n\r\n2. Hydraulic system contamination is another major factor in hydraulic seal failure\r\n3. Chemical breakdown of the seal material.\r\n4. heat degradation problems may involve reducing sea life.\r\nFailure reasons for seals:\r\n(a) Excessive clearance: Excessive clearance between moving parts causes extrusion of the O-ring and other rings and reduces the performance of the seal.\r\n(b) Fluid temperature: High working temperature of the fluid may cause seal abrasion.\r\n(c) Damaged or worn out parts: Causes improper fitting of the seal.\r\n(d) Incompatibility of the seal material and oil: When the oil is improperly selected with respect to the type of oil.\r\n(e) Excessive side loads\/overloading: It causes wobbling of the piston rod and dislocates the seals.\r\n(f) Vibrations: Caused due to bent shaft, broken vane, misaligned or damaged bearing, defective coupling, etc.\r\nApplication of seals:\r\n\r\n \tStatic Seals: These seals are used in reservoirs, gearboxes, body and casing\/cover assembling of storage tanks, etc.\r\n \tDynamic seals: These seals are used in applications where mating parts are having relative motion. Hence the applications like piston and cylinder, rotating shaft and body, oscillating or limited rotary hydraulic motors.\r\n \tCup seals are used where seals have to withstand higher operating pressure up to 700 bar. v- packing and u packing seals are used as ID rod or OD piston seal.\r\n \tO ring is used as static as well as dynamic seal.\r\n \tGeneral Applications where these all seals for different purposes are: Hydraulic pump, hydraulic motors, hydraulic actuators, valves, filter, reservoir\r\n\r\nMaterial Used For Seals :\u00a0\r\nTwo materials of seals used in hydraulic systems.\r\n\r\n1) Metallic seal-like Aluminum alloy.\r\n2) Non-metallic seal-like Synthetic rubber.","headline":"Hydraulic seals &#8211; Definition, Types, Diagram , Function, Failure, Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-10-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"October 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/o-ring-diagram-274x300.jpg","height":300,"width":274},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/slotter-machine/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/slotting-machine-construction-300x207.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Slotter Machine &#8211; Types, Parts, Operations, Diagram, Specification</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/slotter-machine/">Slotter Machine &#8211; Types, Parts, Operations, Diagram, Specification</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to Slotting Machine :
The slotter or slotting machine is also a reciprocating type of machine tool similar to a shaper. It may be considered as a vertical shaper. The machine operates...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/slotter-machine/" aria-label="View Post: Slotter Machine &#8211; Types, Parts, Operations, Diagram, Specification">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Slotter Machine &#8211; Types, Parts, Operations, Diagram, Specification","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/slotter-machine\/","articleBody":"Introduction to Slotting Machine :\r\nThe slotter or slotting machine is also a reciprocating type of machine tool similar to a shaper. It may be considered as a vertical shaper. The machine operates in a manner similar to the shaper, however, the tool moves vertically rather than in a horizontal direction. The job is held stationary. The slotter has a vertical ram and a hand or power operated rotary table.\r\n\r\nslotting machine construction\r\nCommon types of slotting machine\r\n1. Puncher slotting machine\r\n2. General production slotting machine\r\n3. Precision tool room slotting machine\r\n4. Keyseater slotting machine\r\nPuncher slotters\r\nThis puncher slotter is a really rigid and heavy machine that has been designed for removing a large percentage of metal from castings and forgings. The stroke length of the puncher slotter is large sufficiently. It can be anywhere ranging between two thousand to eighteen hundred meters. The Ram of the puncher slotter is driven usually by the meshing of the spiral pinion with cut rack teeth on the ram\u2019s underside. Pinion here gets driven by reversible electric variable speeds motor that is very similar to a planer. Electrical gears control the feed.\r\nPrecision slotters\r\nThis slotter is a machine that is lighter when compared to puncher plotters. They can operate at really high speeds. The machine has been designed for taking the light cuts which present an accurate finish. Using the special jigs, the machine is capable of handling a large number of tasks on a production basis.\r\nClassification of slotting machine:\r\n1.Punch slotting machine\r\n\r\n \tHeavy duty\r\n \tLarge casting frame\r\n \tLarge stroke\r\n\r\n2.Production slotting machine\r\n\r\n \tGeneral production machine\r\n \tCommon type\r\n \tMechanism \u2013 Slotted disc, Connecting ram\r\n\r\n3.Precision Tool Room slotting machine\r\n\r\n \tLight duty machine\r\n \tHigh speed\r\n\r\nSlotter Machine Diagram :\u00a0\r\nparts of slotter machine\r\nPrincipal parts of a Slotting machine :\r\nThe figure shows a slotter and its various parts. The main parts of a slotter are discussed as under:\r\n\r\n1. Bed or Base\r\n\r\nIt is made up of cast iron. It supports columns, tables, ram, driving mechanisms, etc. The top of the bed carries horizontal ways along which the worktable can traverse.\r\n\r\n2. Table\r\n\r\nIt holds the workpiece and is adjustable in longitudinal and crosswise directions. The table can be rotated about its center.\r\n\r\n3. Handwheels\r\n\r\nThey are provided for rotating the table and for the longitudinal and cross traverse. The column is the vertical member. They are made up of cast iron and it houses the driving mechanism. The vertical front face of the column is accurately finished for providing ways along which the ram moves up and down.\r\n\r\n4. Ram\r\n\r\nIt is provided to reciprocate vertically up and down. At its bottom, it carries the cutting tool. It is similar to the ram of a shaper; but it is more massive and moves vertically, at right angle to the worktable, instead of having the horizontal motion of a shaper.\r\n\r\n5. Cross-slide\r\n\r\nIt can be moved parallel to the face of the column. The circular work-table is mounted on the top of the cross-slide.\r\nWorking Principle of the Slotting machine:-\r\nThe slotting machine is a reciprocating machine tool in which, The vertical slide holding the cutting tool is reciprocated by a crank and connecting rod mechanism, The job, to be machined, is mounted directly or in a vice on the work table. Like shaping machines, in the slotting machines also the fast cutting motion is imparted to the tool and the feed motions to the job. In the slotting machine, in addition to the longitudinal and cross feeds, a rotary feed motion is also provided in the work table.\r\nMechanism:\r\nThe mechanism of the slotting machine can be available in two forms which include:\r\nHydraulic drive:\r\nIn this mechanism, a speed motor is a drive-by a hydraulic pump that delivers oil at a constant pressure to the line. It also contains a regulating valve that pushes oil under pressure to each end on the piston alternately and allows oil from the opposite end of the piston to return to the reservoir. The piston pushed is connected to the ram by piston rod as the ram carries the cutting tool. Trip dogs and pilot valves aid the distribution of oil to each end of the piston.\r\n\r\nThe ram moves a complete stroke (forward and return) by a trip dog which will trip the pilot valve that operates the regulating valve. The regulating valve will push the oil to the other side of the piston and the motion of the ram will reversed. The ram stroke length will depend upon the position of the trip dogs which can be changed. This is done by unclamping and moving the trip dogs to the desired position.\r\nVariable speed motor drive:\r\nSlotter machine with this mechanism, the speed is obtained by different gear present in the gearbox whilst, the shaft rotates with the aid of an electric motor. It is basically used in modern large slotting machines.\r\n\r\nslotter machine drive\r\nApplication of slotting machines\r\n1. It is used for machining vertical surfaces\r\n2. It is used angular or inclined surfaces\r\n3. It is used to cut slots, splines, keyways for both internal and external jobs such as machining internal and external gears\r\n4. It is used for works as machining concave, circular, semi-circular, and convex surfaces\r\n5. It is used for shaping internal and external forms or profiles\r\n6. It is used for machining of shapes which are difficult to produce on a shaper\r\n7. It is used for internal machining of blind holes\r\n8. It is used for machining dies and punches\r\nSlotting machine operations\r\nOperations which can be performed on the slotting machine are, cutting of:\r\n1. Internal grooves or keyways\r\n2. Internal gears\r\n3. Recesses\r\n4. Concave, circular and convex surfaces etc\r\nTypes of slotter tools\r\nA typical set of slotter cutting tools includes the following:\r\n1. Roughing\r\n2. Finishing\r\n3. Right hand\r\n4. Left hand\r\n5. Keyway\r\n6. Scriber\r\nSpecifications of slotting machine\r\nSlotters Size:\r\nIt is given by\r\n\r\n1. Maximum length of stroke of slotter ram (mm) e.g 400mm\r\n2. Diameter of rotary table (mm) e.g.915mm\r\n3. Longitudinal movement of the table(mm) e.g 762 mm\r\n4. Cross Movement of the table (mm) e.g 559 mm\r\n5. Motor power (H.P) e.g 7.5 HP\r\n6. Number of speed 9\r\n7. Floor space required 3050 mm x 1800mm\r\nSlotter specifications:\r\n1. Maximum length of stroke of slotter ram (mm)\r\n2. Diameter of the work table\r\n3. Type of drive\r\n4. Maximum table travel\r\n5. Power input required\r\n6. Floor space required\r\n7. No.of speeds available\r\n8. No.of feeds available\r\nAdvantages and disadvantages of a slotting machine:\r\nAdvantages of Slotting machine\r\nThe following stated below represent the benefits of a slotter machine:\r\n\r\n \tA single-point cutting tool is used.\r\n \tLow-cost machine.\r\n \tAccurate surface finish.\r\n \tHigh machine efficiency.\r\n \tLow maintenance.\r\n \tThe machine is light.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of slotting machine\r\n\u00a0The following stated below are the disadvantages of slotting machines:\r\n\r\n \tRequired a skillful person to operate it.\r\n \tRigid in construction.","headline":"Slotter Machine &#8211; Types, Parts, Operations, Diagram, Specification","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-09-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"September 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/slotting-machine-construction-300x207.png","height":207,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/air-suspension/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/air-suspension-system-Diagram-300x250.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Air Suspension System &#8211; Diagram, Parts, Working, Types, Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/air-suspension/">Air Suspension System &#8211; Diagram, Parts, Working, Types, Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Air Suspension System
Air springs are used in air suspension systems. The installation and configuration of air suspension systems varies for different makes and models but the underlying principle...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/air-suspension/" aria-label="View Post: Air Suspension System &#8211; Diagram, Parts, Working, Types, Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Air Suspension System &#8211; Diagram, Parts, Working, Types, Advantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/air-suspension\/","articleBody":"Air Suspension System\r\nAir springs are used in air suspension systems. The installation and configuration of air suspension systems varies for different makes and models but the underlying principle remains the same. The metal spring (coil or leaf) is removed, and an airbag also referred to as an air spring, is inserted or fabricated to fit in the place of the factory spring. When air pressure is supplied to the airbag, the suspension can be adjusted either up or down (lifted or lowered).\r\n\r\nAir spring is nothing but flexible bellows, usually made from textile-reinforced rubber, containing compressed air which is used to carry the load on vehicles. The air pressure inflates the bellows and raises the chassis from the axle. Air springs have elasticity or \"springiness\" when it is compressed. It is used on many heavy-duty trucks, trailers, and buses on the road today.\r\n\r\nRead also: Air Brake System-Parts, Working, Diagram, Principle, Advantages\r\nCharacteristics of air springs:\r\n1. They are soft if the vehicle is not loaded but the stiffness increases when the load is increased by increasing the air pressure inside the chamber. So, it gives the optimum riding comfort when the vehicle is lightly loaded and fully loaded conditions.\r\n2. The height of the vehicle is kept constant by varying the air pressure whenever the load variation occurs.\r\n3. Air springs increase vehicle stability by absorbing road shock.\r\n4. Air spring systems are designed to maximize safe load-carrying capacity, stability, and overall ride quality.\r\nTypes Of Air Spring\u00a0 :\r\nThree basic types of air springs are available as follows.\r\n\r\n \tthe double-convoluted,\r\n \tthe tapered-sleeve, an\r\n \tthe rolling-sleeve.\r\n\r\nThe double-convoluted design looks like small tyres kept one over the other. These type of air springs generally has more load capacity, a shorter stroke, and a more progressive spring rate which is best suited for use on most front suspensions where the spring sits considerably inboard of the suspension's load point. This has the effect of multiplying load capacity requirements while dividing travel requirements.\r\n\r\nTapered- and rolling-sleeve air springs are smaller in diameter with a longer stroke and a more linear spring rate. They are best suited for most rear-end applications because there has more travel requirements and fewer load-capacity requirements.\r\n\r\nDevices for controlling the air pressure and compressors for compressing air are required in the air spring suspensions. These systems generally employ small, electric, or engine-driven air compressors which sometimes fill an on-board air receiver tank that stores compressed air for use in the future without delay. But the suspension system is more complex. The electronically modulated air suspension is incorporated along with air spring in modern vehicles.\r\nTypes of air suspension:\r\nThe following are different types of air suspension systems based on the design of air spring used.\r\n\r\n \tBellow type air suspension\u00a0\r\n \tPiston type air suspension\r\n \tElongated bellows air suspension\r\n\r\n(i) Bellow type air suspension (Spring):\r\nThis type of spring consists of rubber bellows. The bellows are made into circular sections having two convolutions for proper functioning as shown in Figure. So, a bellow type air suspension replaces the coil spring.\r\n\r\nbellow type air spring\r\n(ii) Piston type air suspension (Spring):\r\nThis spring has a metal-air container in the form of an inverted drum. The drum is connected to the frame. A sliding piston is connected to the lower wishbone. A flexible diaphragm provides a seal. The diaphragm is tightly connected at its outer circumference to the lip of the drum and at the center to the piston as shown in Figure\r\n\r\npiston type air spring\r\n(iii) Elotlgated bellows air spring:\r\nWhen this system of suspension is employed to the rear axle of the vehicle, then elongated bellows are used. These bellows are of approximately rectangular in shape but they are with semi-circular ends having generally two convolutions. These elbows are arranged between the rear axle and the frame of the vehicle. To resist the torques and thrusts, the radius rods are used at the rear axle.\r\n\r\nelongated bellows air spring\r\nAir Suspension System :\u00a0\r\nDiagram Of Air Suspension System :\u00a0\r\nair suspension system Diagram\r\nComponents Of Air Suspension System :\u00a0\r\nThe components of the air suspension system are:\r\n\r\n \tAir filter\r\n \tAir Accumulator\r\n \t Relief valve \r\n \tAir spring\u00a0\r\n \t Lift control valve\r\n \tReturn valve \r\n \tSupply line\r\n\r\nConstruction of Air Suspension : \r\nThe layout of an air suspension system has been shown in Fig. The four air springs, which may be either the bellows-type or the piston type, are mounted on the same position where generally the coil springs are mounted. It also consists of an air compressor, air accumulator, relief valve, lift control valve, leveling valve, and pipeline.\r\nWorking of Air Suspension : \r\nAn air compressor takes the atmospheric air through a filter and compresses it to a pressure of about 240 MPa, at which pressure the air in the accumulator tank is maintained, which is also provided with a safety relief valve. This high-pressure air goes through the lift control valve and the leveling valves, to the air springs as shown. Each air spring is filled with compressed air which supports the weight of the vehicle. The air gets further compressed and absorbs the shock when the wheel encounters a bump on the road.\r\nDifference Between Air Suspension System And Rigid Suspension System\r\n\n\n\n\n\tAir Suspension SystemRigid Suspension System\n\n\n\n\n\t1. In this system air springs or air bellows are used1. In this system leaf spring or coil spring or both are used.\n\n\n\t2. In air suspension system wheel deflection is controlled by automatic control devices.2 In this system there is no automatic control device.\n\n\n\t3. Increased riding comfort and decreased noise level.3 Riding comfort is less as compared to the air suspension system.\n\n\n\t4. The springing rate varies much less between the laden and unladen conditions, as compared with that of conventional springs.4. The springing rate is more as compared to the air suspension system.\n\n\n\t5. Stiffness of the system increases with an increase in deflection.5. Stiffness of the system decreases with an increase in deflection.\n\n\n\t6. Application: Volvo bus, Luxury cars6. Application: Heavy and medium-duty vehicles, passenger cars, etc.\n\n\n\t7. Reduced fatigue to the driver and passenger.7. More fatigue to the driver and passenger as compared to the air suspension system.\n\n\n\t8. It consists of Compressor, reservoir, leveling valve, air springs or air bellows, etc.8. It consists of leaf spring, coil spring, shock absorber, shackle joint, bracket, etc.\n\n\n\n\r\nAdvantages of air suspension:\r\nThe advantage of air suspension is as follows:\r\n1) A variable space for wheel deflection is put to optimum use by virtue of the automatic control devices\r\n2) Because the vehicle altitude is also constant, changes in head lamp alignment due to varying loads are avoided.\r\n3) The spring rate varies much less between the laden and unladen conditions, as compared with that of conventional steel spring. It reduces the dynamic loading.\r\n4) The improved standard of ride comfort and noise reduction attend with air springs reduces both driver and passenger fatigue.\r\nDisadvantages of Air Suspension System :\u00a0\r\nDisadvantages of an air suspension system are as follows\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tHigher initial cost\r\n \tOccupies more space.\r\n \tThe maintenance cost is more.\r\n \tDue to lack of friction damping is necessary due to road shocks.\r\n\r\nApplication of Air suspension System : \r\nThe air suspension system is used in Modern Buses, Volvo, passenger cars, and trucks for comfort ride.","headline":"Air Suspension System &#8211; Diagram, Parts, Working, Types, Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-09-19","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"September 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/air-suspension-system-Diagram-300x250.jpg","height":250,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/frl-unit/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/FRL-unit-used-in-pneumatic-system-300x287.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to FRL Unit &#8211; Function, Diagram, Construction, Working, Symbol, Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/frl-unit/">FRL Unit &#8211; Function, Diagram, Construction, Working, Symbol, Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>FRL unit
Filter, Pressure Regulator, and Lubricator are combined in a unit. These three units together are called FRL units or Service units. Compressed air from compressor comes in FRL unit...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/frl-unit/" aria-label="View Post: FRL Unit &#8211; Function, Diagram, Construction, Working, Symbol, Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"FRL Unit &#8211; Function, Diagram, Construction, Working, Symbol, Advantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/frl-unit\/","articleBody":"FRL unit\r\nFilter, Pressure Regulator, and Lubricator are combined in a unit. These three units together are called FRL units or Service units. Compressed air from compressor comes in FRL unit wherein, the air is filtered, controlled, and lubricated. Such prepared and controlled air is delivered to the pneumatic system.\r\nFunction of FRL Unit:-\r\n1. Filter: \r\n\r\ni) To prevent entrance of solid contaminants to the system.\r\nii)To condensate and remove the water vapour that is present in the air.\r\niii) To arrest submicron particles that may pose a problem in the system components.\r\n\r\n2. Regulator: \r\n\r\nTo regulate the incoming pressure to the system so that the desired air pressure is capable of flowing at a steady condition.\r\n\r\n3. Lubricator: \r\n\r\nTo provide lubrication for mating components of valves, cylinders etc.by forming a mist of oil and air.\r\n\r\nFRL unit used in pneumatic system\r\nWorking of the FRC unit:\r\nFRC unit means Filter Regulator Combine unit.\r\nMost of the pneumatic system uses FRL unit. The main elements of the FRL unit are Filter, Regulator, and Lubricator.\r\n\r\n1. Filter: \r\n\r\nAir enters the inlet port of the air filter through angled louvers. The centrifugal action of the rotating air causes the larger pieces of dirt and water particles to be thrown against the inner wall of the filter bowl. These contaminants then flow down into the bottom of the filter bowl.\r\nA baffle prevents turbulent air from splashing water on to the filter element. The air then passes through the filter element, where the fine dirt particles are filtered out. The compressed air then exits through the outer port to the regulator.\r\n\r\n2. Relieving or Venting Type Pressure regulator: \r\n\r\nOutlet pressure is sensed by a diaphragm preloaded with an adjustable pressure setting spring. The compressed air, which flows through a controlled cross-section at the valve seat, acts on the other side of the diaphragm. The diaphragm has a large surface area exposed to secondary (outlet) pressure and is quite sensitive to its fluctuations. The movement of the diaphragm regulates the pressure.\r\n\r\n3. Lubricator: \r\n\r\nAs air enters the lubricator, its velocity is increased by a venture ring. The pressure at the venture ring will be lower than the atmospheric pressure and the pressure on the oil is atmospheric. Due to this pressure difference between the upper chamber and lower chamber, oil will be drawn up in a riser tube. Oil droplets mix with the incoming air and form a fine mist. The needle valve is used to adjust the pressure difference across the oil jet and hence the oil flow rate. The air \u2013\r\nthe oil mixture is forced to swirl as it leaves the central cylinder so that large particles of oil goes back to bowl and only the mist goes to outlet.\r\nFRL Symbols :\u00a0\r\n FRL Unit symbol\r\nAIR FILTERS\r\nWhat are Air Filters?\r\n\r\nFunctions: The function of air filters is to remove all foreign matter and allow dry, clean air to flow without restriction to the regulator and then on to the lubricator.\r\n\r\nFilters are available in wide ranges starting from a fine mesh wire cloth (which only strains out heavier foreign particles) to elements made of synthetic materials (which are designed to remove very small particles).\r\nUsually in-line filter elements can remove contaminants in the 5 to 50 pm range.\r\nFactors Affecting Selection of Filters\r\nWhile selecting the filters, the following factors at least should be taken into account:\r\n1. Size of particles to be filtered from the system.\r\n2. The capacity of the filter.\r\n3. Accessibility and maintainability.\r\n4. Life of the Filter.\r\n5. Ability to drain the condensate.\r\n\r\nair filter diagram\r\nConstruction of Air Filter :\u00a0\r\nThe construction and operation of a typical cartridge-type filter system is illustrated in Fig. (a).\r\n\r\nIt consists of the filter cartridge, deflector, plastic bowl, baffle, water drain valve, etc.\r\nWorking of Filter : \r\nThe air to be filtered is allowed downward with a swirling motion that forces the moisture and the heavier particles to fall down. The deflector used in the filter mechanically separates the contaminants before they pass through the cartridge filter. The filter cartridge provides a random zig-zag passage for the airflow. This type of airflow arrests the solid particles in the cartridge passage.\r\nThe water vapor gets condensed inside the filter and is collected at the bottom of the filter bowl. Also, heavier foreign particles that are separated from the air are collected at the bottom of the bowl. Then the accumulated water and other solid particles at the bottom of the filter bowl are drained off with the use of an on-off drain valve located at the bottom of the filter bowl.\r\nAIR PRESSURE REGULATOR\r\nWhat are Air Pressure Regulators?\r\n\r\nFunction: \r\n\r\nThe function of the air pressure regulator is to regulate the pressure of the incoming compressed air so as to achieve the desired air pressure at a steady condition.\r\n\r\nThe compressed air leaving the compressor should be properly prepared before it goes into the circuit. The air should have the proper operating pressure for the circuit. The improper fluctuating pressure level in the piping system can adversely affect the operating characteristics of the system components such as valves, cylinders, etc.\u00a0 Therefore, air pressure regulators are fitted to ensure the constant supply pressure irrespective of the pressure fluctuations in the compressor unit.\r\n\r\nFor example, the line from the compressor may carry a pressure of 10 bar, the air pressure regulator can reduce this pressure to 0 bar to any point between the full line pressure and zero pressure.\r\n\r\nThus the air pressure regulators act as pressure guards by preventing pressure surges or drops from entering the air circuits.\r\n\r\nTypes: The two types of air pressure regulators are :\r\n1. Diaphragm-type regulator, and\r\n2. Piston-type regulator.\r\n\r\nair pressure regulator diagram\r\nConstruction of Air Pressure Regulator :\u00a0\r\nThe construction and operation of a typical diaphragm-type air pressure regulator is illustrated in Fig. (a).\r\n\r\nIt consists of a diaphragm, valve, main and dampening springs, etc. Usually, the diaphragm is made of oil-resistant synthetic rubber with a nylon cloth reinforcements.\r\nWorking of air Pressure Regulator :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tThe diaphragm allows the proper amount of movement for opening and closing at the valve seat. When the adjusting screw is in the fully retracted position, the valve is closed.\r\n \tWhen the adjusting screw is turned to compress the adjusting and dampening springs, the valve is opened. Thus the air is allowed from the inlet port to the outlet port. The pressure of the outlet air depends upon the size of the valve opening that is maintained. This is determined by the compression of the adjustable spring. Higher the spring compression, more will be the amount of opening and hence more the pressure and vice versa.\r\n \tThe vent-holes are provided to let out the undesirable excessive outlet pressure, if any, into the atmosphere. The dampening spring is provided to act as a dampening device needed to stabilize the pressure.\r\n\r\nAIR LUBRICATOR\u00a0\r\nWhat is an Air Lubricator?\r\n\r\nFunction : The function of an air lubricator is to add a controlled amount of oil with air to ensure proper lubrication of internal moving parts of pneumatic components.\r\n\r\nThe lubricator adds the lubrication oil in the form of a fine mist to reduce the friction and wear of the moving parts of pneumatic components such as valves, packings used in air cylinders, etc.\r\nAt the same time excessive lubrication is also undesirable. Excessive lubrication may result\r\n\r\n(i) malfunction components,\r\n(ii) increased environmental problems, and\r\n(iii) seizing of components after prolonged downtime.\u00a0\r\n\r\nWhat is the best type of Lubricant for a Pneumatic System?\r\n\r\n1. Generally a good-quality, light-grade spindle oil is used in pneumatic systems.\r\n2. Sometimes, a mixture of 50% kerosene and 50% SAE 30 oil is also used as a lubricant.\r\n\r\nAir Lubricator diagram\r\nConstruction and Operation Of Air Lubricator :\r\nThe construction and operation of a typical force-feed type air lubricator are illustrated in Fig. Its operation is similar to the principle of simple carburetor used in the petrol engines to obtain an air-fuel mixture.\r\n\r\nAs the air to be lubricated enters into the inlet pipe, the venturi ring located in the pipe increases its velocity of low. It causes a local reduction in the upper chamber. This pressure differential between upper and lower chambers causes suction of lubrication oil from the oil reservoir to the upper chamber. Now the oil in the form of mist is sprayed in the air stream and the air-oil mixture is obtained. This air-oil mixture is forced to swirl as it leaves the central cylinder causing more oil particles to be spread out of the air stream. The amount of oil dropping into the upper chamber can be controlled by a needle valve.\r\nAdvantages of FRL Units:\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tFRL Units ensure clean air delivery to pneumatic system parts hence system blockage may be avoided.\r\n \tLubrication causes better life of parts.\u00a0\r\n \tRegulator devices avoid pressure drop or rise so that leakages and parts damages may be avoided.\r\n \tEquipment Lifetime may increase.\r\n \tInstallation is easy.\r\n \tEasy to maintenance and servicing.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of FRL Units :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tIf FRL Unit is placed in the place of heavy vibration then it may damage the Unit.\r\n \tPiping materials without flexibility, such as steel tube piping, are prone to be affected by excess moment loads and vibrations from the piping side. Use flexible tubing in between to avoid such effects.","headline":"FRL Unit &#8211; Function, Diagram, Construction, Working, Symbol, Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2020-07-18","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"July 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/FRL-unit-used-in-pneumatic-system-300x287.jpg","height":287,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=4">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=3"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>3</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=4"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>4</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>5</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=6"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>6</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=7"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>7</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=6">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. Read more about this portal or Sachin Thorat click on below button!</p> <button onclick="window.location.href='//www.gunkrazy.com/about-me/';">READ MORE</button></div><section id="custom_html-5" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h2 class="widget-title">Get Dialy Update On Email</h2><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><form style="border:1px solid #ccc;padding:3px;text-align:center;" action="https://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify" method="post" target="popupwindow" onsubmit="window.open('https://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify?uri=mechenggnet', 'popupwindow', 'scrollbars=yes,width=550,height=520');return true"><p>Enter your email address:</p><p><input type="text" style="width:140px" name="email"/></p><input type="hidden" value="mechenggnet" name="uri"/><input type="hidden" name="loc" value="en_US"/><input type="submit" value="Subscribe" /><p>Delivered by <a href="https://feedburner.google.com" target="_blank">FeedBurner</a></p></form></div></section><section id="categories-5" class="widget widget_categories"><h2 class="widget-title">Menu</h2><ul><li class="cat-item cat-item-103"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/automobile-engineering/">Automobile Engineering</a> (209)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-98"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/cad-cam-software/">CAD Design Software</a> (110)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-100"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/career/">Career in Mechanical</a> (57)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-101"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/exam-gate-ies/">Exam &#8211; GATE ,IES</a> (50)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-116"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/fabrication/">Fabrication Guide</a> (92)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-110"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/fluid-power-system/">Hydraulic and Pneumatic System</a> (59)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-115"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/production-management/">Industrial Engineering</a> (103)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-102"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/interview-guide/">Interview Guide</a> (23)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-99"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/machine-design/">Machine Design</a> (106)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-117"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/machine-tools/">Machine Shop</a> (103)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-109"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/manufacturing-engineering/">Manufacturing Technology</a> (154)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-113"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/material-science/">Material Science</a> (42)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-97"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-projects/">Mechanical Projects Report</a> (652)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-106"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/seminar-topics/">Mechanical Seminar</a> (85)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-107"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/automation-robotics/">Mechatronics</a> (36)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-111"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/measurement-science/">Metrology and Instrumentation</a> (61)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-108"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/power-engineering/">Power Engineering</a> (38)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-112"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-project-list/">Project Lists</a> (73)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-114"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/technical-questions/">Technical Questions</a> (139)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-105"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/theory-of-machine/">Theory Of Machine</a> (36)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-104"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/thermodynamics/">Thermal Engineering</a> (129)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/uncategorized/">Uncategorized</a> (1)</li></ul></section></aside></div></div><footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"><div class="inner-wrap footer-option-1"><div class="menu-footer-container"><ul id="footer-menu" class="inner-wrap"><li id="menu-item-11367" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home current-menu-item page_item page-item-11350 current_page_item menu-item-11367"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/" aria-current="page">Home</a></li><li id="menu-item-11368" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11368"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/blog/">Blog</a></li><li id="menu-item-11370" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11370"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/about-me/">About</a></li><li id="menu-item-11372" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11372"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/contact-us/">Contact</a></li><li id="menu-item-11369" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-11369"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/privacy/">Privacy</a></li><li id="menu-item-11373" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11373"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/terms-and-conditions_77/">Terms</a></li><li id="menu-item-11371" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11371"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/advertise/">Advertise</a></li></ul></div><div class="site-info"> &copy; 2025 Copyright Learn Mechanical Engineering</div></div></footer></div> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_e1252650ea6bc63e5b6b533cf9f0380d.php?ver=1.4.1" id="income-school-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/js/jquery.datatables.min.js?ver=2.3.1" id="tablepress-datatables-js"></script> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,CmpRdWVyeShmdW5jdGlvbigkKXsKdmFyIERUX2xhbmd1YWdlPXsiZW5fVVMiOnt9fTsKJCgnI3RhYmxlcHJlc3MtNjAnKS5EYXRhVGFibGUoeyJsYW5ndWFnZSI6RFRfbGFuZ3VhZ2VbImVuX1VTIl0sIm9yZGVyIjpbXSwib3JkZXJDbGFzc2VzIjpmYWxzZSwic3RyaXBlQ2xhc3NlcyI6WyJldmVuIiwib2RkIl0sInBhZ2luZ1R5cGUiOiJzaW1wbGUifSk7Cn0pOwo="></script><!--noptimize--><script>!function(){window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[],advanced_ads_ready_queue.push=window.advanced_ads_ready;for(var d=0,a=advanced_ads_ready_queue.length;d<a;d++)advanced_ads_ready(advanced_ads_ready_queue[d])}();</script><!--/noptimize--><div style="display: none"></div></body></html>
<!--
Performance optimized by W3 Total Cache. Learn more: https://www.boldgrid.com/w3-total-cache/

Page Caching using Disk: Enhanced (Requested URI contains query) 

Served from: www.gunkrazy.com @ 2025-12-13 15:26:22 by W3 Total Cache
-->




