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class="excerpt"><p>Error in Measurement | types of errors in measurement
INTRODUCTION TO ERROR IN MEASUREMENT :
The measurement of a quantity is based on some International fundamental standards. These fundamental...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/error-in-measurement-types-of-errors-in-measurement/" aria-label="View Post: Error in Measurement | types of errors in measurement">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Error in Measurement | types of errors in measurement","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/error-in-measurement-types-of-errors-in-measurement\/","articleBody":"Error in Measurement | types of errors in measurement\r\nINTRODUCTION TO ERROR IN MEASUREMENT :\r\nThe measurement of a quantity is based on some International fundamental standards. These fundamental standards are perfectly accurate, while others are derived from these. These derived standards are not perfectly accurate in spite of all precautions. In general, measurement of any quantity is done by comparing with derived standards which themselves are not perfectly accurate. So, the error in the measurement is not only due to error in methods but also due to standards (derived) not being perfectly accurate. Thus, the measurement with 100% accuracy is not possible with any method.\r\nError in the measurement of a physical quantity is its deviation from actual value. If an experimenter knew the error, he or she would correct it and it would no longer be an error. In other words, the real errors in experimental data are those factors that are always vague to some extent and carry some amount of uncertainty. A reasonable definition of experimental uncertainty may be taken as the possible value the error may have. The uncertainty may vary a great deal depending upon the circumstances of the experiment. Perhaps it is better to speak of experimental uncertainty instead of experimental error because the magnitude of an error is uncertain.\r\nAt this point, we may mention some of the types of errors that cause uncertainty is an experimental in measurement. First, there can always be those gross blunders in apparatus or instrument construction which may invalidate the data. Second, there may be certain fixed errors which will cause repeated readings to be in error by roughly some amount but for some unknown reasons. These are sometimes called systematic errors. Third, there are the random errors, which may be caused by personal fluctuation, random electronic fluctuation in apparatus or instruments, various influences of friction, etc.\r\nCLASSIFICATION OF ERRORS\r\nErrors will creep into all measurement regardless of the care which is exerted. But it is important for the person performing the experiment to take proper care so that the error can be minimized. Some of the errors are of random in nature, some will be due to gross blunder on the part of the experimenter and other will be due to the unknown reasons which are constant in nature.\r\n\r\nThus, we see that there are different sources of errors and generally errors are classified mainly into three categories as follows:\r\n(a) Gross errors\r\n(b) Systematic errors\r\n(c) Random errors\r\n\r\ntypes of error in measurement\r\n\r\nGross Errors\r\nThese errors are due to the gross blunder on the part of the experimenters or observers. These errors are caused by mistake in using instruments, recording data and calculating measurement results. For example: A person may read a pressure gage indicating 1.01 N\/m2 as 1.10 N\/m2. Someone may have a bad habit of memorizing data at a time of reading and writing a number of data together at later time. This may cause error in the data. Errors may be made in calculating the final results. Another gross error arises when an experimenter makes use (by mistake) of an ordinary flow meter having poor sensitivity to measure low pressure in a system.\r\n\r\nSystematic Errors\r\nThese are inherent errors of apparatus or method. These errors always give a constant deviation. On the basis of the sources of errors, systematic errors may be divided into following sub-categories :\r\n\r\nConstructional Error\r\nNone of the apparatus can be constructed to satisfy all specifications completely. This is the reason of giving guarantee within a limit. Therefore, a manufacturers always mention the minimum possible errors in the construction of the instruments.\r\n\r\nErrors in Reading or Observation\r\nFollowing are some of the reasons of errors in results of the indicating instruments :\r\n(a) Construction of the Scale : There is a possibility of error due to the division of the scale not being uniform and clear.\r\n(b) Fitness and Straightness of the Pointer : If the pointer is not fine and straight, then it always gives the error in the reading.\r\n(c) Parallax : Without a mirror under the pointer there may be parallax error in reading.\r\n(d) Efficiency or Skillness of the Observer : Error in the reading is largely dependent upon the skillness of the observer by which reading is noted accurately.\r\n\r\nDetermination Error\r\nIt is due to the indefiniteness in final adjustment of measuring apparatus. For example, Maxwell Bridge method of measuring inductances, it is difficult to find the differences in sound of head phones for small change in resistance at the time of final adjustment. The error varies from person to person.\r\nError due to Other Factors\r\nTemperature Variation -Variation in temperature not only changes the values of the parameters but also brings changes in the reading of the instrument. For a consistent error, the temperature must be constant.\r\nEffect of the Time on Instruments -\u00a0There is a possibility of change in calibration error in the instrument with time. This may be called ageing of the instrument.\r\nEffect of External Electrostatic and Magnetic Fields -\u00a0These electrostatic and magnetic fields influence the readings of instruments. These effects can be minimized by proper shielding.\r\n\r\nMechanical Error -\u00a0Friction between stationary and rotating parts and residual torsion in suspension wire cause errors in instruments. So, checking should be applied. Generally, these errors may be checked from time to time.\r\n\r\nRandom Errors\r\nAfter corrections have been applied for all the parameters whose influences are known, there is left a residue of deviation. These are random error and their magnitudes are not constant. Persons performing the experiment have no control over the origin of these errors. These errors are due to so many reasons such as noise and fatigue in the working persons. These errors may be either positive or negative. To these errors the law of probability may be applied. Generally, these errors may be minimized by taking average of a large number of readings.","headline":"Error in Measurement | types of errors in measurement","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-12-12","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/types-of-error-in-measurement-300x141.jpg","height":141,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/solar-still-water-purifying-mechanical-project/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/solar-still-300x263.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Solar still &#8211; Water Purifying Mechanical Project</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/solar-still-water-purifying-mechanical-project/">Solar still &#8211; Water Purifying Mechanical Project</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Solar still - Water Purifying Mechanical Project
ABSTRACTThe purpose of this project is to design a water distillation system that can purify water from nearly any source, a system that is...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/solar-still-water-purifying-mechanical-project/" aria-label="View Post: Solar still &#8211; Water Purifying Mechanical Project">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Solar still &#8211; Water Purifying Mechanical Project","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/solar-still-water-purifying-mechanical-project\/","articleBody":"Solar still - Water Purifying Mechanical Project\r\nABSTRACTThe purpose of this project is to design a water distillation system that can purify water from nearly any source, a system that is relatively cheap, portable, and depends only on renewable solar energy.The motivation for this project is the limited availability of clean water resources and the abundance of impure water available for potential conversion into potable water, In addition, there are many coastal locations where seawater is abundant but potable water is not available. Our project goal is to efficiently produce clean drinkable water from solar energy conversion. Distillation is one of many processes that can be used for water purification. This requires an energy input as heat, electricity and solar radiation can be the source of energy. When Solar energy is used for this purpose, it is known as Solar water Distillation. Solar Distillation is an attractive process to produce portable water using free of cost solar energy. This energy is used directly for evaporating water inside a device usually termed a \u201eSolar Still\u201f. Solar stills are used in cases where rain, piped, or well water is impractical, such as in remote homes or during power outages. Different versions of a still are used to desalinate seawater, in desert survival kits and for home water Purification. For people concerned about the quality of their municipally-supplied drinking water and unhappy with other methods of additional purification available to them, solar distillation of tap water or brackish groundwater can be a pleasant, energy efficient option.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nsolar still\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSolar Distillation is an attractive alternative because of its simple technology, non-requirement of highly skilled labour for maintenance work and low energy consumption. The use of solar thermal energy in seawater desalination applications has so far been restricted to small-scale systems in rural areas. The reason for this has mainly been explained by the relatively low productivity rate compared to the high capital cost. However, the coming shortage in fossil fuel supply and the growing need for fresh waterin order to support increasing water and irrigation needs, have motivated further development of water desalination and purification by renewable energies.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWater Purification:- \r\nIt is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants,suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. The goal is to produce water fit for a specific purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water),but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacological, chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and distillation, biological processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon, chemical processes such as inoculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nOptions for water purification:-\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThere are four possible ways of purifying water for drinking purpose:-\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n1. Distillation\r\n2. Filtration\r\n3. Chemical Treatment\r\n4. Irradiation Treatment\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBenefits of Distillation:-\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFinally we decided to go by distillation method owing to the following benefits:-\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n1. It produces water of high quality.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n2. Maintenance is almost negligible.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n3. Any type of water can be purified into potable water by means of this process\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n4. The system will not involve any moving parts and will not require electricity to Operate.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n5. Wastage of water will be minimum.","headline":"Solar still &#8211; Water Purifying Mechanical Project","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-12-11","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/solar-still-300x263.jpg","height":263,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/green-nanotechnology-in-automobiles-mechanical-seminar-report/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/nano-technology-300x238.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Green Nanotechnology in Automobiles- Mechanical Seminar Report</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/green-nanotechnology-in-automobiles-mechanical-seminar-report/">Green Nanotechnology in Automobiles- Mechanical Seminar Report</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Green Nanotechnology in Automobiles- Mechanical Seminar Report
GREEN ENGINEERING:  Green Engineering is the design, commercialization and use of processes and products that are feasible and...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/green-nanotechnology-in-automobiles-mechanical-seminar-report/" aria-label="View Post: Green Nanotechnology in Automobiles- Mechanical Seminar Report">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Green Nanotechnology in Automobiles- Mechanical Seminar Report","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/green-nanotechnology-in-automobiles-mechanical-seminar-report\/","articleBody":"Green Nanotechnology in Automobiles- Mechanical Seminar Report\r\nGREEN ENGINEERING:\r\n\r\n \tGreen Engineering is the design, commercialization and use of processes and products that are feasible and economical while:\r\n \tReducing the generation of pollution at the source.\r\n \tMinimizing the risk to human health and the environment.\r\n \tGreen engineering embraces the concept that decisions to protect human health and the environment can have the greatest impact and cost effectiveness when applied early to the design and development phase of a process or product.\r\n\r\nThe principles of green engineering are as follows:\r\n\r\n1) Engineer processes and products holistically, use system analysis and integrate environmental impact assessment tools.\r\n2) Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while protecting human health and well being.\r\n3) Use life cycle thinking in all engineering activities.\r\n4) Ensure that all material and energy inputs and outputs areas inherently safe and benign as possible.\r\n5) Minimize depletion of natural resources.\r\n6) Strive to prevent waste.\r\n7) Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being cognizant of local geography aspirations and cultures.\r\n8) Create engineering solutions beyond current and dominant technologies; improve, innovate and invent (technologies) to achieve sustainability.\r\n9) Actively include communities and stakeholders in development of engineering solutions.\r\n\r\n nano technology\r\n\r\n GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY\r\n\r\nGreen nanotechnology is the development of clean technologies, \"to minimize potential environmental and human health risks associated with the manufacture and use of nanotechnology products, and to encourage replacement of existing products with new nano-products that are more environmentally friendly throughout their lifecycle.\"\r\nNanotechnology is an emerging field that has great potential for use in commercial, defence and security applications. Nanomaterials and the manufacturing techniques used to create\u00a0them, however, may pose adverse environmental, health and safety effects. One of the\r\nchallenges facing this new industry is the design of nano-materials and nano-manufacturing methods that provide maximum efficiency while minimizing these hazards. Merging green chemistry and nano-science will provide opportunities to meet these challenges and to\r\ndevelop sustainable technologies and materials.\r\n\r\nOur goals are to implement the principles of green nano-science to:\r\n\r\n(1) Design environmentally benign nano-particles, test for putative toxicity and redesign as necessary; we are developing methods to prepare libraries of functionalized metal nano-particles in which the size, shape and functionality can be widely varied. We will study the accumulation of nano particles within organisms and the impacts of these nano particles on viability, gene expression and development. These data will be used to guide the development of more benign nano particles for a wide range of applications. The surface of these nano particles will be modified which will direct self-assembly, tune electronic or optical coupling, and further enhance the biologically safety of these nano particles.\r\n\r\n(2) Develop greener methods for large-scale nano-particle production through green nano-manufacturing technologies; we will identify acceptable nano particle formation reactions that can be carried out in a single solvent phase and that will permit control of particle size.\r\nFrom these studies we will scale up production and develop an integrated micro-reactor platform for deploying the single solvent phase chemistry. We are also exploring gas phase production of ceramic nano particles in micro-reactors to produce materials that should expand our capabilities to produce novel devices for sensors and medicine.\r\n\r\n(3) Discover efficient approaches for using nano particles in the development of novel nano devices; Nano materials are driving innovation in optical and electronic devices, however, realizing the full potential of nano scale matter in device technologies requires the integration of the nano-scale building blocks with other components of the device. Nano structures can also be important precursors in the low-cost and greener manufacture of more traditional micro scale devices and to exotic new materials. Thus, developing environmentally-benign assembly methods and identifying approaches to interface nano materials with macroscopic structures are being explored to produce greener, high performance devices and nano structured materials.\r\n\r\nDownload Report :\r\n\r\nGreen Nanotechnology Seminar Report For Mechanical Students\u00a0","headline":"Green Nanotechnology in Automobiles- Mechanical Seminar Report","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-12-07","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/nano-technology-300x238.jpg","height":238,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-hexagonal-cutting-lathe-machine/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/hexagonal-cuttinr-lathe-machine-300x193.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Design and Fabrication of Hexagonal Cutting Lathe Machine</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-hexagonal-cutting-lathe-machine/">Design and Fabrication of Hexagonal Cutting Lathe Machine</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Design and Fabrication of Hexagonal Cutting Lathe Machine
Abstract
The concept of a new product includes product requirement functions, possible behavior form/structure and associated properties....</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-hexagonal-cutting-lathe-machine/" aria-label="View Post: Design and Fabrication of Hexagonal Cutting Lathe Machine">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Design and Fabrication of Hexagonal Cutting Lathe Machine","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/design-and-fabrication-of-hexagonal-cutting-lathe-machine\/","articleBody":"Design and Fabrication of Hexagonal Cutting Lathe Machine\r\nAbstract\r\nThe concept of a new product includes product requirement functions, possible behavior form\/structure and associated properties. Properties include material assembly-level tolerance, critical surface roughness and hardness, parameter and critical dimension. We are making the Hexagonal cutting lathe machine in which hexagonal cutting should be introduced in a new way, this pattern should be make first with proper allowances and\r\ntolerances after that casting of the pattern, aluminum is used for the casting so that weight can be reduced and so as cost. After casting machining should be done in a proper manner, operations to do so are turning, shaping, drilling, and boring so that rough\r\nsurfaces will be extracted. To making hexagonal cutting into reality a live tool is used (The tool which we are using is single point cutting tool). With the live tool other things are also needed which are bearings, spur gears one of 26 teeth and two of 13 teeth and some nuts and bolts for holding the assembly.\r\nIntroduction\r\nThe principal of lathe machine is that it holds the work between two strong supports called as centers or chuck which revolves. The chuck is mounted on the main spindle of the machine. The cutting tool is rigidly supported in the tool post and it is fed against the rotating job. The job rotates in the axis and the tool moved either parallel or to an inclination with the axis as such a cylindrical, taper, square and spherical surface is produced. Now we are introducing a hexagonal cutting on lathe machine. The machine we are talking about is 14\u201d prototype lathe machine, which produces hexagonal cutting from feeding of round pipes with the help of three single point cutting tools. The cutting\r\ntools revolve around its own axis. The mechanism we used in this is a gear mechanism which helps the chuck to revolve and the cutting tools, a motor which helps to give the power to run this whole machine. This whole product is made by casting and pattern making and machining process.\r\nA lathe may or may not have a stand (or legs), which sits on the floor and elevates the lathe bed to a working height. Some lathes are small and sit on a workbench or table, and do not\u00a0have a stand.\r\n\r\nAlmost all lathes have a bed, which is (always) a horizontal beam (although CNC lathes commonly have an inclined or vertical beam for a bed to ensure that chips, falls free of the\u00a0bed). Woodturning lathes specialized for turning large bowls often have no bed or tail stock, merely a free-standing headstock and a cantilevered tool rest.\r\n\r\n hexagonal cutting lathe machine\r\n\r\nAt one end of the bed (almost always the left, as the operator faces the lathe) is a headstock. The headstock contains high-precision spinning bearings. Rotating within the bearings is a horizontal axle, with an axis parallel to the bed, called the spindle. Spindles are often hollow, and have exterior threads and\/or an interior Morse taper on the \u201cinboard\u201d (i.e. facing to the right \/ towards\u00a0the bed) by which work-holding accessories may be mounted to the spindle. Spindles may also have exterior threads and\/or an\r\ninterior taper at their \u201coutboard\u201d (i.e. facing away from the bed) end, and\/or may have a hand-wheel or other accessory mechanism on their outboard end. Spindles are powered, and impart motion to the work piece. The spindle is driven, either by foot power from a flywheel or by a belt or gear drive to a power source. In most modern lathes this power source is an integral electric motor, often either in the headstock, to the left of the headstock, or beneath the headstock, concealed in the stand.\r\n\r\nPrinciple\r\nThe principle of this machine is similar to the ordinary lathe machine because it is the prototype of lathe machine although it is a Hexagonal cutting lathe machine. It\u2019s construction or design is based on lathe machine it has spindle which act as a center\r\nand spur gears which rotate the centers and the tool. Tool is fixed parallel to the center where job has to be fixed the name of this machine is given so because of its special cutting purpose i.e. hexagonal cutting it is achieve because of synchronization of speed of tool and the job or work piece. Synchronization is done by revolving two gears in a same direction and one gear in a opposite direction two gears are of small size and one is of large size the tool we used for special cutting is single point cutting tool with front round shapes. It is a revolutionary step in the history of a mankind so far because of this cutting cannot be achieved on any ordinary lathe machine. That's why it is Hexagonal cutting lathe machine.\r\n\r\nProcedure to Perform Hexagonal Turning On lathe\r\n1. Take the job of 12 mm external diameter which can fit into the spindle.\r\n2. Note that the material is of aluminum.\r\n3. Fit it into the spindle tightly so that the vibration negligible.\r\n4. The cutters we used are single point cutting tool which are 3 in number and fixed at 1200 angle.\r\n5. Now motor revolves the pulley at 8000 rpm, pulley revolves the idle gear at 4000 rpm and the idle gear revolves the major gear at 2000 rpm which are in the ratio of 2:1.\r\n6. Major gear revolves one full rotation and in the meantime small gears makes twice the rotation.\r\n7. The ratio 2:1 helps us in achieving the hexagonal cutting.\r\n8. The pieces which have six sides is called hexagonal piece.","headline":"Design and Fabrication of Hexagonal Cutting Lathe Machine","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-12-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/hexagonal-cuttinr-lathe-machine-300x193.jpg","height":193,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/scada-application-what-is-scada-used-for/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/scada-300x190.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to SCADA Application | What is SCADA used For</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/scada-application-what-is-scada-used-for/">SCADA Application | What is SCADA used For</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>SCADA Application | What is SCADA used For
 Introduction:
SCADA is widely used in different areas from chemical, gas, water, communications and power systems.  The list of applications of SCADA...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/scada-application-what-is-scada-used-for/" aria-label="View Post: SCADA Application | What is SCADA used For">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"SCADA Application | What is SCADA used For","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/scada-application-what-is-scada-used-for\/","articleBody":"SCADA Application | What is SCADA used For\r\n Introduction:\r\nSCADA is widely used in different areas from chemical, gas, water, communications and power systems. \r\n\r\nThe list of applications of SCADA can be listed as follows.\r\n1. Electric power generation, transmission and distribution: Electric utilities use SCADA\r\nsystems to detect current flow and line voltage, to monitor the operation of circuit breakers, and to take sections of the power grid online or offline.\r\n2. Water, Waste Water Utilities and Sewage: State and municipal water utilities use SCADA to monitor and regulate water flow, reservoir levels, pipe pressure and other factors.\r\n3. Buildings, facilities and environments: Facility managers use SCADA to control HVAC,\r\nrefrigeration units, lighting and entry systems.\r\n4. Oil and Gas Trans &amp; Distributions:\r\n5. Wind Power Generation\r\n6. Communication Networks:\r\n7. Industrial Plans and Process Control:\r\n8. Manufacturing: SCADA systems manage parts inventories for just-in-time manufacturing, regulate industrial automation and robots, and monitor process and quality control.\r\n9. Mass transit and Railway Traction: Transit authorities use SCADA to regulate electricity to subways, trams and trolley buses; to automate traffic signals for rail systems; to track and locate trains and buses; and to control railroad crossing gates.\r\n10. Traffic signals: SCADA regulates traffic lights, controls traffic flow and detects out-of-order signals.\r\n\r\nscada\r\n\r\nSCADA in Power Systems:\r\n\r\nSCADA is widely used in power systems. The applications for SCADA keep increasing day after day.\r\n\r\nSome of the applications are\r\n\r\n \tComprehensive operational planning and control\r\n \tFuel resource scheduling\r\n \tOptimum power flow\r\n \tNetwork security\r\n \tEconomic dispatch\r\n \tGeneration dispatch control\r\n\r\nExpected Benefits of SCADA for Power Systems\r\n\r\n \tImproved quality of service\r\n \tImproved reliability\r\n \tReduced operating costs\r\n \tMaintenance \/Expansion of customer base\r\n \tAbility to defer capacity addition projects\r\n \tHigh value service providers\r\n \tImproved information for engineering decision\r\n \tvalue added services\r\n \tFlexible billing option\r\n \tImproved customer information access\r\n \tReduced system implementation costs\r\n\r\nTypical features of a substation SCADA system are as under\r\n\r\n \tSubstation parameter monitoring\r\n \tControlling electrical network components remotely\r\n \tSafety tagging\r\n \tHigh resolution time stamping\r\n \tSequence of event reporting for post event analysis\r\n \tAdditional features of substation control system\r\n \tDemand side management\r\n \tVolt\/VAR control\r\n \tPreventive maintenance\r\n \tFault detection isolation and restoration\r\n\r\nSCADA for Power Utility Network:\r\nThe aim of power network utilities(PNU) software is to provide the electrical utility with tools which will enhance the operation of the system in a very cost effective way.in the present scenario of low budgets for power utilities to produce and distribute quality power at the minimum cost.This goal can be achieved by proper operation of the electrical network and at the same time having real time data about state of the network.This real time data can then be used for supervisory controlled changes of the network parameters with effective guidance from distribution automation tools.The PNU software\r\nutilizes the real time SCADA data.the real time network topology network component details &amp; user defined strategies to achieve the above mentioned goals.PNU uses a combination of mathematical and logical techniques to provide the user with a host of applications for the purpose of distribution automation.\r\n\r\nFeatures of Power Network Utilities\r\n\r\n \tComponent Modeling\r\n \tState Estimation\r\n \tBad data suppression\r\n \tContingency analysis\r\n \tFault isolation\/islanding\r\n \tLoad shedding\r\n \tVolt\/Var scheduling\r\n \tDispatcher power flow\r\n \tShort circuit analysis\r\n \tNetwork topology processor","headline":"SCADA Application | What is SCADA used For","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-12-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/scada-300x190.png","height":190,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-phosphating-application-of-phosphating/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Phosphating-300x159.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Phosphating | Application Of Phosphating</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-phosphating-application-of-phosphating/">What is Phosphating | Application Of Phosphating</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Phosphating | Application Of Phosphating
What is Phosphating  Phosphating is the process of converting a steel surface to iron phosphate. This is mostly used as a pretreatment method in...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-phosphating-application-of-phosphating/" aria-label="View Post: What is Phosphating | Application Of Phosphating">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Phosphating | Application Of Phosphating","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-phosphating-application-of-phosphating\/","articleBody":"What is Phosphating | Application Of Phosphating\r\nWhat is Phosphating \r\n\r\nPhosphating is the process of converting a steel surface to iron phosphate. This is mostly used as a pretreatment method in conjunction with another method of corrosion protection. A layer of phosphate coating typically includes iron, zinc or manganese crystals.\r\n\r\nPhosphate coatings are usually applied to carbon steel, low-alloy steel and cast iron. The coating is formed with a solution of iron, zinc or manganese phosphate salts in phosphoric acid, and is applied by either spraying the solution onto the substrate, or immersing the substrate into the solution. When steel or iron parts are placed in the phosphoric acid, this causes a metal reaction which locally depletes the hydronium (H3O+) ions, raises the pH, and causes the dissolved salt to fall out of the solution and precipitate on the surface. The acid and metal reaction also creates iron phosphate, which may be deposited.\r\n\r\nFor paint and powder coatings, a phosphate coating has two main functions. First, the coating provides improved paint and powder coating adhesion since the phosphate crystals act as organic coating anchoring sites. Second, the phosphate layer acts as a corrosion barrier should the organic coating get scratched. In rust creep testing, the rust creep is reduced when phosphate is present under the paint\r\nlayer or powder coat layer compared to no conversion layer under the organic coating.\r\nPhosphate can be used as a stand-alone coating for other purposes such as lubricity in parts forming but the other functions are beyond the scope of this report.\r\nThe most common phosphating chemistries are iron phosphate, zinc phosphate, and manganese phosphate. There are also other phosphating chemistries such as Plaforizing&#x2122; which are non-traditional in their chemistry and application since they are single step and typically an organo-phosphate that react with both the organic contaminants and the metal surface.\r\nThe main thrust in recent years for improving the phosphate process is to reduce the temperature requirements for the phosphate bath. Some chemistries have been developed that work well at room temperature. In general, there has been a trend from high temperatures, 90 F to 200 F, to much lower temperatures, 70 F to 140 F, resulting in energy savings.\r\n\r\n Phosphating\r\n\r\nThe following is a typical phosphating procedure:\r\n\r\n \tCleaning the surface\r\n \tRinsing\r\n \tSurface activation\r\n \tPhosphating\r\n \tRinsing\r\n \tNeutralizing rinse (optional)\r\n \tDrying\r\n\r\nThe main uses of phosphating are:\r\n\r\n \tCorrosion protection in conjunction with organic coatings, such as paints and polymer films\r\n \tFacilitation of cold-forming processes, such as wire drawing and tube drawing, or deep drawing\r\n \tCorrosion protection in conjunction with oils and waxes protection with no subsequent treatment\r\n \tImproving anti-friction properties, such as break-in, wear resistance, anti-galling and coefficient of friction\r\n \tProviding strong adhesion bonding for subsequent painting or other organic coating\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"What is Phosphating | Application Of Phosphating","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-12-03","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Phosphating-300x159.jpg","height":159,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=145">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=144"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>144</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=145"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>145</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>146</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=147"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>147</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=148"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>148</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=147">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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