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What is Nondestructive testing (NDT)
Nondestructive testing (NDT) is the process of inspecting, testing, or evaluating materials, components...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/non-destructive-testing-ndt-testing-procedure-of-ndt/" aria-label="View Post: Non Destructive Testing | NDT Testing | Procedure Of NDT">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Non Destructive Testing | NDT Testing | Procedure Of NDT","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/non-destructive-testing-ndt-testing-procedure-of-ndt\/","articleBody":"Non Destructive Testing | NDT Testing | Procedure Of NDT\r\nWhat is Nondestructive testing (NDT)\r\nNondestructive testing (NDT) is the process of inspecting, testing, or evaluating materials, components or assemblies for discontinuities, or differences in characteristics without destroying the serviceability of the part or system. In other words, when the inspection or test is completed the part can still be used.\r\n\r\nIn contrast to NDT, other tests are destructive in nature and are therefore done on a limited number of samples (\"lot sampling\"), rather than on the materials, components or assemblies actually being put into service.\r\n\r\nThese destructive tests are often used to determine the physical properties of materials such as impact resistance, ductility, yield and ultimate tensile strength, fracture toughness and fatigue strength, but discontinuities and differences in material characteristics are more effectively found by NDT.\r\n\r\nToday modern nondestructive tests are used in manufacturing, fabrication and in-service inspections to ensure product integrity and reliability, to control manufacturing processes, lower production costs and to maintain a uniform quality level. During construction, NDT is used to ensure the quality of materials and joining processes during the fabrication and erection phases, and in-service NDT inspections are used to ensure that the products in use continue to have the integrity necessary to ensure their usefulness and the safety of the public.\r\n\r\nIt should be noted that while the medical field uses many of the same processes, the term \"nondestructive testing\" is generally not used to describe medical applications.\r\n\r\nNDT is a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component or system without causing damage. Because NDT does not permanently alter the article being inspected, it is a highly-valuable technique that can save both money and time in product evaluation, troubleshooting, and research.\r\nMethods of NDT include , Types of NDT :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tMagnetic Particle Testing (MT)\r\n \tLiquid Penetrant Testing (PT)\r\n \tRadiographic Testing (RT)\r\n \tUltrasonic Testing (UT)\r\n \tElectromagnetic Testing (ET)\r\n \tVisual Testing (VT)\r\n \tAcoustic Emission Testing (AE)\r\n \tGuided Wave Testing (GW)\r\n \tLaser Testing Methods (LM)\r\n \tLeak Testing (LT)\r\n \tMagnetic Flux Leakage (MFL)\r\n \tNeutron Radiographic Testing (NR)\r\n \tThermal\/Infrared Testing (IR)\r\n \tVibration Analysis (VA)\r\n\r\nNDT TYPE\r\n\r\nProcedure Of NDT\u00a0\r\n\r\nLiquid penetrant method:\r\nIn this method the surfaces to be inspected should be free from any coatings, paint, grease. dirt, dust, etc., therefore, should be cleaned with an appropriate way. Special care should be taken not to give additional damage to the surface to be inspected during the cleaning process.\r\nOtherwise, the original nature of surface could be disturbed and the results could be erroneous with the additional interferences of the surface features formed during the cleaning process.\r\nSurface cleaning can be performed with alcohol. Special chemicals like cleaner-remover can also be applied if needed. In the experiment, only cleaner-remover will be sufficient. Subsequent to surface cleaning, the surface is let to dry for 2 minutes. Commercially available cans of liquid penetrant dyes with different colors are used to reveal the surface defects.\r\n\r\nSteps used in the experiment:\r\n\r\n1. Clean the surface with alcohol and let surface dry for 5 min.\r\n2. Apply the liquid penetrant spray (red can) to the surface and brush for further penetration. Then, wait for 20 min.\r\n3. Wipe the surface with a clean textile and subsequently apply remover spray (blue can) to remove excess residues on the surface and wait for a few min.\r\n4. Apply the developer spray (yellow can) at a distance of about 30cm from the surface. The developer will absorb the penetrant that infiltrated to the surface features such as cracks, splits, etc., and then reacted with it to form a geometric shape which is the negative of the\r\ngeometry of the surface features from which the penetrant is sucked.\r\n5. The polymerized material may be collected on a sticky paper for future evaluation and related documentation, if needed.","headline":"Non Destructive Testing | NDT Testing | Procedure Of NDT","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-12-02","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/NDT-TYPE-300x161.jpg","height":161,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal no-thumb"><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/solid-state-welding-types-of-solid-welding/">Solid State Welding &#8211; Types Of Solid State Welding</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Solid State Welding (SSW) - Types Of Solid State Welding Process 
Solid State Welding is a welding process, in which two work pieces are joined under a pressure providing an intimate contact...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/solid-state-welding-types-of-solid-welding/" aria-label="View Post: Solid State Welding &#8211; Types Of Solid State Welding">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Solid State Welding &#8211; Types Of Solid State Welding","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/solid-state-welding-types-of-solid-welding\/","articleBody":"Solid State Welding (SSW) - Types Of Solid State Welding Process\u00a0\r\nSolid State Welding is a welding process, in which two work pieces are joined under a pressure providing an intimate contact between them and at a temperature essentially below the melting point of the parent material. Bonding of the materials is a result of diffusion of their interface atoms.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Solid State Welding: \r\n\r\n \tWeld (bonding) is free from microstructure defects (pores, non-metallic inclusions, segregation of alloying elements)\r\n \tMechanical properties of the weld are similar to those of the parent metals\r\n \tNo consumable materials (filler material, fluxes, shielding gases) are required\r\n \tDissimilar metals may be joined (steel - aluminum alloy steel - copper alloy).\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Solid State Welding: \r\n\r\n \tThorough surface preparation is required (degreasing, oxides removal, brushing\/sanding)\r\n \tExpensive equipment.\r\n\r\nThe following processes are related to Solid State welding: \r\n\r\n \tForge Welding (FOW)\r\n \tCold Welding (CW)\r\n \tFriction Welding (FRW)\r\n \tExplosive Welding (EXW)\r\n \tDiffusion Welding (DFW)\r\n \tUltrasonic Welding (USW)\r\n\r\nForge Welding (FOW)\r\nForge Welding is a Solid State Welding process, in which low carbon steel parts are heated to about 1800\u00b0F (1000\u00b0C) and then forged (hammered).\r\nPrior to Forge Welding, the parts are scarfed in order to prevent entrapment of oxides in the joint.\r\n\r\nForge Welding is used in general blacksmith shops and for manufacturing metal art pieces and welded tubes.\r\n\r\n forge welding process\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Forge Welding: \r\n\r\n \tGood quality weld may be obtained;\r\n \tParts of intricate shape may be welded;\r\n \tNo filler material is required.\r\n \tDisadvantages of Forge Welding: \r\n \tOnly low carbon steel may be welded;\r\n \tHigh level of the operators skill is required;\r\n \tSlow welding process;\r\n \tWeld may be contaminated by the coke used in heating furnace.\r\n\r\nCold Welding (CW)\r\nCold Welding is a Solid State Welding process, in which two work pieces are joined together at room temperature and under a pressure, causing a substantial deformation of the welded parts and providing an intimate contact between the welded surfaces.\r\n\r\nAs a result of the deformation, the oxide film covering the welded parts breaks up, and clean metal surfaces reveal. Intimate contact between these pure surfaces provide a strong and defectless bonding.\r\n\r\n Cold welding in steel and indium\r\n\r\nAluminum alloys, Copper alloys, low carbon steels, Nickel alloys, and other ductile metals may be welded by Cold Welding.\r\n\r\nCold Welding is widely used for manufacturing bi-metal steel - aluminum alloy strips, for cladding of aluminum alloy strips by other aluminum alloys or pure aluminum (Corrosion protection coatings). Bi-metal strips are produced by Rolling technology. Presses are also used for Cold Welding.\r\n\r\nCold Welding may be easily automated.\r\n\r\nFriction Welding (FRW)\r\nFriction Welding is a Solid State Welding process, in which two cylindrical parts are brought in contact by a friction pressure when one of them rotates. Friction between the parts results in heating their ends. Forge pressure is then applied to the pieces providing formation of the joint.\r\n\r\nCarbon steels, Alloy steels, Tool and die steels, Stainless steels, Aluminum alloys, Copper alloys, Magnesium alloys, Nickel alloys, Titanium alloys may be joined by Friction Welding.\r\n\r\nExplosive Welding (EXW)\r\nExplosive Welding is a Solid State Welding process, in which welded parts (plates) are metallurgically bonded as a result of oblique impact pressure exerted on them by a controlled detonation of an explosive charge.\r\n\r\nOne of the welded parts (base plate) is rested on an anvil, the second part (flyer plate) is located above the base plate with an angled or constant interface clearance.\r\nExplosive charge is placed on the flyer plate. Detonation starts at an edge of the plate and propagates at high velocity along the plate.\r\nThe maximum detonation velocity is about 120% of the material sonic velocity.\r\nThe slags (oxides, nitrides and other contaminants) are expelled by the jet created just ahead of the bonding front.\r\n\r\n explosive welding diagram\r\n\r\nMost of the commercial metals and alloys may be bonded (welded) by Explosive Welding.\r\n\r\nDissimilar metals may be joined by Explosive Welding:\r\n\r\n \tCopper to steel;\r\n \tNickel to steel;\r\n \tAluminum to steel;\r\n \tTungsten to steel;\r\n \tTitanium to steel;\r\n \tCopper to aluminum.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Explosive Welding \r\n\r\n \tLarge surfaces may be welded;\r\n \tHigh quality bonding: high strength, no distortions, no porosity, no change of the metal microstructure;\r\n \tLow cost and simple process;\r\n \tSurface preparation is not required.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Explosive Welding: \r\n\r\n \tBrittle materials (low ductility and low impact toughness) cannot be processed;\r\n \tOnly simple shape parts may be bonded: plates, cylinders;\r\n \tThickness of flyer plate is limited - less than 2.5\u201d (63 mm);\r\n \tSafety and security aspects of storage and using explosives.\r\n\r\nExplosive Welding is used for manufacturing clad tubes and pipes, pressure vessels, aerospace structures, heat exchangers, bi-metal sliding bearings, ship structures, weld transitions, corrosion resistant chemical process tanks.\r\n\r\nDiffusion Welding (DFW)\r\nDiffusion Welding is a Solid State Welding process, in which pressure applied to two work pieces with carefully cleaned surfaces and at an elevated temperature below the melting point of the metals. Bonding of the materials is a result of mutual diffusion of their interface atoms.\r\n\r\nIn order to keep the bonded surfaces clean from oxides and other air contaminations, the process is often conducted in vacuum.\r\nNo appreciable deformation of the work pieces occurs in Diffusion Welding.\r\n\r\nDiffusion Welding is often referred more commonly as Solid State Welding (SSW).\r\n\r\nDiffusion Welding is able to bond dissimilar metals, which are difficult to weld by other welding processes: \r\n\r\n \tSteel to tungsten;\r\n \tSteel to niobium;\r\n \tStainless steel to titanium;\r\n \tGold to copper alloys.\r\n\r\nDiffusion Welding is used in aerospace and rocketry industries, electronics, nuclear applications, manufacturing composite materials.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Diffusion Welding: \r\n\r\n \tDissimilar materials may be welded (Metals, Ceramics, Graphite, glass);\r\n \tWelds of high quality are obtained (no pores, inclusions, chemical segregation, distortions).\r\n \tNo limitation in the work pieces thickness.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Diffusion Welding: \r\n\r\n \tTime consuming process with low productivity;\r\n \tVery thorough surface preparation is required prior to welding process;\r\n \tThe mating surfaces must be precisely fitted to each other;Relatively high initial investments in equipment.\r\n\r\nUltrasonic Welding (USW)\r\nUltrasonic Welding is a Solid State Welding process, in which two work pieces are bonded as a result of a pressure exerted to the welded parts combined with application of high frequency acoustic vibration (ultrasonic).\r\nUltrasonic vibration causes friction between the parts, which results in a closer contact between the two surfaces with simultaneous local heating of the contact area. Interatomic bonds, formed under these conditions, provide strong joint.\r\n\r\nUltrasonic cycle takes about 1 sec. The frequency of acoustic vibrations is in the range 20 to 70 KHz.\r\nThickness of the welded parts is limited by the power of the ultrasonic generator.\r\n\r\nUltrasonic Welding is used mainly for bonding small work pieces in electronics, for manufacturing communication devices, medical tools, watches, in automotive industry.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Ultrasonic Welding: \r\n\r\n \tDissimilar metals may be joined;\r\n \tVery low deformation of the work pieces surfaces;\r\n \tHigh quality weld is obtained;\r\n \tThe process may be integrated into automated production lines;\r\n \tModerate operator skill level is enough.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Ultrasonic Welding: \r\n\r\n \tOnly small and thin parts may be welded;\r\n \tWork pieces and equipment components may fatigue at the reciprocating loads provided by ultrasonic vibration;\r\n \tWork pieces may bond to the anvil.\r\n\r\nPROCESS VARIATIONS\r\n\r\n \tCW: process is performed at room temperature using high forces to create substantial deformation (up to 95 per cent) in the parts to be joined. Surfaces require degreasing and scratch-brushing for good bonding characteristics.\r\n \tCold pressure spot welding: for sheet-metal fabrication using suitably shaped indenting tools.\r\n \tForge welding: the material is heated in a forge or oxyacetylene ring burners. Hand tools and anvil used to hammer together the hot material to form a solid state weld. Commonly associated with the blacksmith\u2019s trade and used for decorative and architectural work.\r\n \tThermocompression bonding: performed at low temperatures and pressures for bonding wires to electrical circuit boards.\r\n \tUSW: hardened probe introduces a small static pressure and oscillating vibrations at the joint face disrupting surface oxides and raising the temperature through friction and pressure to create a bond. Can also perform spot welding using similar equipment.\r\n \tUltrasonic Seam Welding (USEW): ultrasonic vibrations imparted through a roller traversing the joint line.\r\n \tUltrasonic soldering: uses an ultrasonic probe to provide localized heating through high frequency oscillations. Eliminates the need for a flux, but requires pre-tinning of surfaces.\r\n \tUltrasonic insertion: for introducing metal inserts into plastic parts for subsequent fastening operations.\r\n \tUltrasonic staking: for light assembly work in plastics.\r\n \tFRW: the two parts to be welded, one stationary and one rotating at high speed (up to 3000 rpm), have their joint surfaces brought into contact. Axial pressure and frictional heat at the interface create a solid state weld on discontinuation of rotation and on cooling.\r\n \tFriction stir welding: uses the frictional heat to soften the material at the joint area using a wear resistant rotating tool.\r\n \tEXW: uses explosive charge to supply energy for a cladding sheet-metal to strike the base sheetmetal causing plastic flow and a solid state bond. Bond strength is obtained from the characteristic wavy interlocking at the joint face. Can also be used for tube applications.\r\n \tDFW: The surfaces of the parts to be joined are brought together under moderate loads and temperatures in a controlled inert atmosphere or vacuum. Localized plastic deformation and atomic interdiffusion occurs at the joint interface, creating the bond after a period of time.\r\n\r\n \tSuperplastic diffusion bonding: can integrate DFW with superplastic forming to produce complex fabrications.","headline":"Solid State Welding &#8211; Types Of Solid State Welding","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-12-01","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"","height":0,"width":0},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/blow-mould-tool-design-and-manufacturing-process-for-1litre-pet-bottle/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/blow-moulding-dies-and-punch-179x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Blow Mould Tool Design and Manufacturing Process for 1litre Pet Bottle</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/blow-mould-tool-design-and-manufacturing-process-for-1litre-pet-bottle/">Blow Mould Tool Design and Manufacturing Process for 1litre Pet Bottle</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Blow Mould Tool Design and Manufacturing Process for 1litre Pet Bottle
Abstract:  The concepts of Blow molding is a process used to produce hollow objects from thermoplastic. The basic blow...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/blow-mould-tool-design-and-manufacturing-process-for-1litre-pet-bottle/" aria-label="View Post: Blow Mould Tool Design and Manufacturing Process for 1litre Pet Bottle">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Blow Mould Tool Design and Manufacturing Process for 1litre Pet Bottle","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/blow-mould-tool-design-and-manufacturing-process-for-1litre-pet-bottle\/","articleBody":"Blow Mould Tool Design and Manufacturing Process for 1litre Pet Bottle\r\nAbstract: \r\n\r\nThe concepts of Blow molding is a process used to produce hollow objects from thermoplastic. The basic blow molding process has two fundamental phases. First, a parson (or a perform) of hot plastic resin in a somewhat tubular shape is created. Second, compressed air is used to expand the hot perform and press it against mould cavities. The pressure is held until the plastic cools. Blow molding process is used for which has thin wall sections.In this thesis, blow mould design is to be done for a bottle having 0.5mm thickness. This thickness cannot be filled in pressure injection molding. So blow molding is considered for pet bottle design. The mould is prepared by first modeling the part, extracting core &amp; cavity and generating CNC program. Blow mould tool design is done in Pro\/Engineer according to HASCO standards. A prototype of the pet bottle using blow mould design is also included.\r\n\r\nIntroduction\r\n\r\nBottle \r\n\r\nA bottle is a rigid container with a neck that is narrower than the body and a \"mouth.Bottles are often made of glass, clay, plastic, aluminum or other impervious materials, and typically used to store liquids such as water, milk, soft drinks, ink, chemicals and etc. A device applied in the bottling line to seal the mouth of a bottle is termed an external bottle cap,. The bottle has developed over millennia of use, with some of the earliest examples appearing in China, Phoenicia, Rome and Crete. Bottles are often recycled according to the SPI recycling code for the material. Some regions have a legally mandated deposit which is refunded after returning the bottle to the retailer. \r\n\r\nPlastic Bottle\r\nPlastic bottles range from very small sample bottles to large carboys. The plastic is strain oriented in the stretch blow molding manufacturing process.\r\n\r\nHollow Plastic Molds And Molding Type\r\n\r\nInjection Molding\r\nWhen it comes to Injection Molding, the melted plastic will be forced into special mold cavities. When they cool down, the mold is removed. In plastic injection molding, heated plastic and is fed into the mold, which forms into the part as it cools\r\n\r\nBlow Molding\r\nThis process is pretty much comparable with injection molding but the only difference is that, in this case, heated liquid plastic vertically pours out of barrel-like pot into molten tubes., the vacuum part is created. Most bottles, tubes or containers are formed with this type of molding. Hot plastic resin is combined with a pressurized gas to fill and press the mold cavity, forming a hollow part.\r\n\r\nCompression Molding\r\nThis process also deals with plastic mold processes, but it involves pressing of solid plastic slugs between highly hot mold halves. Thus the parts created air-cooled afterwards. This molding process can also result in \"flash lines\" of extra plastic, like with regular injection molding.\r\n\r\nFilm Insert Molding\r\nThis molding technique literally imbeds images underneath the exterior of molded parts. At this point, materials akin to film or fabric will be slotted into the mold. Then plastic will be injected.\r\n\r\nBlow Mould Extraction\r\nThis process is cheaper and quicker than permanent or sand mould casting. Most of the automobile parts like fuel pump, carburetor bodies, Horn heater, wipers, brackets, steering wheels, hubs and crank cases are made with this process. \r\n\r\nCore: The core which is the male portion of the mold forms the internal shape of the molding. \r\n\r\nCavity: The cavity which is the female portion of the mold, gives the molding its external form. core &amp; cavity extraction in Pro\/Engineer\r\n\r\n \tFile \u2013 new- manufacturing- core and cavity-OK\r\n \tImport reference model and assemble by using Default option\r\n\r\nSelect parting surface option and create parting surface\r\nSelect mould volume option from menu manager \u2013 select done \u2013 select parting surface option \u2013 select split option then it separates the volume into two half\u2019s.\r\n\r\n blow moulding dies and punch\r\n\r\nManufacturing Process\r\nBy designed the mould tool for air PET BOTTLE, with the parameters now we can manufacture the air PET BOTTLE according to the dimensions. The flow chart of the manufacturing process of the air PET BOTTLE is given below. \r\n\r\nRaw material \r\n\r\nHot die steels are most commonly used mould tool materials. they have Excellent toughness, ductility and harden ability .Used for vary large dies especially in thickness greater than 200mm .Also used for hot and warm forging and in extrusion tooling such as intricate dies and also dummy block ,liners, etc.\r\n\r\nConclusion\r\nIn my project I have modeled a pet bottle in CATIAV5. The manufacturing process for pet bottle is stretch blow moulding. I have designed total die for the pet bottle under the guidance of expert. I have also prepared prototype for the bottle and the free form. To validate the strength of the bottle, structural analysis is done on two models of pet bottle by applying pressure in the bottle when soft drink is taken. For the both models the analyzed stress values are less than the permissible value. I conclude that this design of pet bottle withstands the pressures when soft drink is filled in the bottle. The pressure values are taken from standards of Coco \u2013 Cola Company. I have completed blow moulding die according to standards. The design is ready for production.\r\nReference And Download :\r\nhttp:\/\/www.iosrjournals.org\/iosr-jmce\/papers\/vol8-issue1\/B0811221.pdf","headline":"Blow Mould Tool Design and Manufacturing Process for 1litre Pet Bottle","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-12-01","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/blow-moulding-dies-and-punch-179x300.jpg","height":300,"width":179},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-cad-types-of-cad-computer-aided-design/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/cad-software-300x187.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is CAD | Types Of CAD | Computer Aided Design</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-cad-types-of-cad-computer-aided-design/">What is CAD | Types Of CAD | Computer Aided Design</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is CAD | Types Of CAD | Computer Aided Design
Introduction To Cad / What is CAD
Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided design and drafting (CADD), is the use of computer...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-cad-types-of-cad-computer-aided-design/" aria-label="View Post: What is CAD | Types Of CAD | Computer Aided Design">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is CAD | Types Of CAD | Computer Aided Design","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-cad-types-of-cad-computer-aided-design\/","articleBody":"What is CAD | Types Of CAD | Computer Aided Design\r\nIntroduction To Cad \/ What is CAD\r\nComputer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided design and drafting (CADD), is the use of computer technology for the process of design and design-documentation. Computer Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer. CADD software, or environments, provide the user with input-tools for the purpose of streamlining design processes; drafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes. CADD output is often in the form of electronic files for print or machining operations.\r\n\r\nCADD environments often involve more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey information, such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-specific conventions.\r\nCAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves, surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) objects.The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1960s. CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry.\r\n\r\nThe design of geometric models for object shapes, in particular, is often called computer-aided geometric design (CAGD).\r\nCurrent computer-aided design software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting systems to 3D solid and surface modellers. Some CAD software is capable of dynamic mathematic modeling, in which case it may be marketed as CADD \u2014 computer-aided design and drafting.\r\n\r\ncad-software\r\n\r\nTypes of CAD Software\r\n\r\n2D CAD\r\nTwo-dimensional, or 2D, CAD is used to create flat drawings of products and structures. Objects created in 2D CAD are made up of lines, circles, ovals, slots and curves. 2D CAD programs usually include a library of geometric images; the ability to create Bezier curves, splines and polylines; Among the most popular 2D CAD programs are AutoCAD, CADkey, CADDS 5, and Medusa.\r\n\r\n3D CAD\r\nThree-dimensional (3D) CAD programs come in a wide variety of types, intended for different applications and levels of detail. Some 3D CAD programs include Autodesk Inventor, CoCreate Solid Designer, Pro\/Engineer SolidEdge, SolidWorks, Unigraphics NX and VX CAD, CATIA V5.\r\n\r\n3D Wireframe and Surface Modeling\r\nCAD programs that feature 3D wireframe and surface modeling create a skeleton-like inner structure of the object being modeled. A surface is added on later. These types of CAD models are difficult to translate into other software and are therefore rarely used anymore.\r\n\r\nSolid Modeling\r\nSolid modeling in general is useful because the program is often able to calculate the dimensions of the object it is creating. Many sub-types of this exist. Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) CAD uses the same basic logic as 2D CAD","headline":"What is CAD | Types Of CAD | Computer Aided Design","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-11-30","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/cad-software-300x187.png","height":187,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/solidworks-2019-sp0-is-now-available-to-download-solidworks-student/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/solidworks-student-edition-300x158.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Solidworks 2019 SP0 is now Available to Download | Solidworks student</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/solidworks-2019-sp0-is-now-available-to-download-solidworks-student/">Solidworks 2019 SP0 is now Available to Download | Solidworks student</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Solidworks 2019 SP0 is now Available to Download | Solidworks student
What is New In Solidworks 2019 
SOLIDWORKS 2019 contains many exciting improvements and new capabilities that help you...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/solidworks-2019-sp0-is-now-available-to-download-solidworks-student/" aria-label="View Post: Solidworks 2019 SP0 is now Available to Download | Solidworks student">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Solidworks 2019 SP0 is now Available to Download | Solidworks student","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/solidworks-2019-sp0-is-now-available-to-download-solidworks-student\/","articleBody":"Solidworks 2019 SP0 is now Available to Download | Solidworks student\r\nWhat is New In Solidworks 2019\u00a0\r\nSOLIDWORKS 2019\u00a0contains many exciting improvements and new capabilities that help you design, present, and communicate your ideas faster and easier. Here are some of the key improvements:\r\n\r\nCreate and work with large assemblies much faster. SOLIDWORKS 2019 is significantly faster when working with large assemblies. Whether you\u2019re just viewing your design or adding new components and subassemblies, you\u2019ll notice a significant difference in performance. And full support of the latest graphics cards results in a dramatic frame rate increase, meaning a better viewing experience.\r\n\r\nEasier way to experience your designs in AR\/VR.\u00a0We\u2019ve simplified the path from SOLIDWORKS to Augmented and Virtual Reality with a new option called Extended Reality (XR).\r\n\r\nNew design possibilities through the use of mesh modeling. Create incredibly detailed textures on your 3D models in seconds by automatically converting 2D textures into 3D geometry. And use automatic 2D curve generation to create parametric surfaces when smoothing out mesh geometry created from scan data and topology optimization studies.\r\n\r\nInteract with SOLIDWORKS in new ways. Improvements to the Touch user interface include sketch recognition for splines and slots as well as gestures recognition for copy, select and drag, and 3D rotate lock. Support for the Microsoft Surface Dial is also included.\r\n\r\n3D Markup makes collaboration faster, easier and more intuitive. Pen\/Touch users can now draw directly on the 3D model to communicate ideas quickly; similar to what you would do with a screen shot image capture. These 3D markups stay with the model, makingit easier to communicate issues directly in the CAD model.\r\n\r\nMore powerful simulation capabilities.\u00a0Topology Optimization provides Stress and Frequency constraints\/goals when optimizing parts.\r\n\r\nSheet metal improvements that speed design and manufacturing.\u00a0Enhancements to the Tab and Slot tool include default through all cuts for slots, options to customize slot size and corner shapes during feature creation, the ability to select non-linear edges along which to create tabs versus merely linear edges, and the ability to group tab and slot features so that all the selected tab and slot features can be made uniform and modified as a group versus individually. In addition for sheet metal, when you assign a custom material to a sheet metal part, you can link sheet metal parameters, such as K factor and thickness, to the material. If you change the material, the sheet metal parameters also update automatically.\r\n\r\nIn addition to enhancements that improve design, many enhancements have been added to improve manufacturing including:\r\n\r\nSmarter machining with SOLIDWORKS CAM\/Machinist.\u00a0Corner Slow Down and Arc. Feed-rate allows slowdown when approaching sharp corners and arcs. Create machine-specific machining strategies. Tooling improved with support for tapered shanks and more parameters.\r\n\r\nImproved workflows for technical documentation with SOLIDWORKS Composer. SOLIDWORKS PDM integration enables access to PDM functionality directly from the ribbon within SOLIDWORKS Composer. Import PMI data directly from SOLIDWORKS models into SOLIDWORKS Composer. New icons, new commands and support for five new languages.\r\n\r\nIncreased productivity and flexibility with SOLIDWORKS Inspection. Improved Bill of Characteristics with new grid layout and group\/ungroup. Additional extraction options to include hole tables for use on complex parts. Integration with SOLIDWORKS PDM to manage and organize inspection projects and deliverables.\r\n\r\nHow to download solidworks 2019\r\n\r\nSolidworks 2019 service pack for\u00a0 SOLIDWORKS PDM, is now available to Subscription Service customers.\u00a0\r\n\r\nTo download, \u00a0\r\n\r\n \tlog into the SOLIDWORKS Customer Portal at\u00a0https:\/\/customerportal.solidworks.com\u00a0and\r\n \tClick Download Software and\r\n \tUpdates to access the update.\r\n \tYou will need your SOLIDWORKS Customer Portal login details to download SOLIDWORKS.\u00a0\r\n\r\nsolidworks student edition\r\n\r\nTo Get Student Version :\r\n\r\nThree types of Student Products\r\na. Student Design Kit (SDK):\r\nIf you have obtained a SDK-ID from your local reseller then you can go to www.SOLIDWORKS.com\/SDK and fill out the form shown below to start the download process. You will receive your serial number via email. Note: Please check your junk mail if you do not see it within an hour of submitting the form.\r\n\r\nb. Student Engineering Kit (SEK):\r\nIf your school is eligible then they should have received this serial number as well as an SEK-ID from your Local reseller. Once you have obtained both of these, you can go to www.SOLIDWORKS.com\/SEK and fill out the form shown below to start the download process.\r\n\r\nc. Student Edition (SE):\r\nThese licenses can be purchased online through a Local Reseller or the SOLIDWORKS Student Store (https:\/\/store.solidworks.com\/studentstore\/default.php).If you requested an online download instead of the DVDs then you will receive installation instructions via email.","headline":"Solidworks 2019 SP0 is now Available to Download | Solidworks student","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-11-26","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/solidworks-student-edition-300x158.jpg","height":158,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-stepper-motor-types-application-advantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Stepper-Motor-Construction-300x270.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Stepper Motor | Types , Application , Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-stepper-motor-types-application-advantages/">What is Stepper Motor | Types , Application , Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Stepper Motor | Types , Application , Advantages
What is Stepper Motor
A stepper motor is a type of DC motor that works in discrete steps. It is a synchronous brushless motor where a full...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-stepper-motor-types-application-advantages/" aria-label="View Post: What is Stepper Motor | Types , Application , Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Stepper Motor | Types , Application , Advantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-stepper-motor-types-application-advantages\/","articleBody":"What is Stepper Motor | Types , Application , Advantages\r\nWhat is Stepper Motor\r\nA stepper motor is a type of DC motor that works in discrete steps. It is a synchronous brushless motor where a full rotation is divided into a number of steps. The two main components of a stepper motor are the rotor and the stator. The rotor is the rotating shaft and the stator consists of electromagnets that form the stationary part of the motor. When a discrete DC voltage is applied, the stepper motor rotates in a particular angle called the step angle; thus a stepper motor is manufactured with steps per revolution of 12, 24, 72, 144, 180 and 200, with a corresponding step angle of 30,15, 5, 2.5, 2 and 1.8. It can be operated with or without a feedback control.\r\n\r\nA stepper motor is a particular type of DC motor that does not rotate continuously. Instead, a full rotation is divided into a number of equal steps. A stepper motor consists of phases, which are multiple coils that are organized into groups. By applying the energy from the input voltage to each phase in a sequence, the stepper motor rotates by taking one step at a time. Thus a stepper motor converts electrical energy or an input digital pulse into mechanical shaft rotation.\r\n\r\nA stepper motor works under the principle of electromagnetism. A permanent magnet or soft iron is used as the rotor and is surrounded by electromagnetic stators. The poles of the rotor and stator may be teethed. When voltage is applied at the terminals, the rotor aligns itself with the stator or moves to have a minimum gap with the stator due to the magnetic effect. The stators are energized in a sequence and the rotor moves accordingly, giving a full rotation that is divided into a discrete number of steps with a particular step angle.\r\nStepper Motor Construction :\r\nA stepper motor consists of a permanent magnet sandwiched between the two rotor halves (causing axial polarity), which make up the spinning part of the motor, placed into a stator housing where the stator coils of wire make up the different motor phases. With a 2 phase stepper motor, each phase has four coils. The phase is magnetized where the A and A- phases (or B and B-)are magnetized at the same time, so that both A phases are magnetized as one pole, and both A- phases are magnetized as the opposite pole because the winding direction of the A phase is opposite the winding direction of the A- phase.\r\n\r\n Stepper Motor Construction\r\n\r\nThe rotor is connected to the motor shaft, which gives the output rotation and torque of the motor when voltage and current pulses are applied to the motor windings. The bearings on either side of the rotor allow for smooth rotation with little friction and wearing. The bearings are placed into their designated spaces in the front and rear endcaps, which allow for concentricity of the rotor inside the stator. Perfect alignment of the rotor and the stator is very important because the airgap between them, where the motor torque is generated, must be equal on all sides and is only a few nanometers wide \u2013 thinner than a strand of hair.\r\n\r\nTypes of Stepper Motor:\r\nThere are three main types of stepper motors, they are:\r\n\r\n \tPermanent magnet stepper\r\n \tHybrid synchronous stepper\r\n \tVariable reluctance stepper\r\n\r\nPermanent Magnet Stepper Motor: Permanent magnet motors use a permanent magnet (PM) in the rotor and operate on the attraction or repulsion between the rotor PM and the stator electromagnets.\r\n\r\nVariable Reluctance Stepper Motor: Variable reluctance (VR) motors have a plain iron rotor and operate based on the principle that minimum reluctance occurs with minimum gap, hence the rotor points are attracted toward the stator magnet poles.\r\n\r\nHybrid Synchronous Stepper Motor: Hybrid stepper motors are named because they use a combination of permanent magnet (PM) and variable reluctance (VR) techniques to achieve maximum power in a small package size.\r\nStepper motor system\r\nA stepper motor system consists of three basic elements, often combined with some type of user interface (host computer, PLC or dumb terminal):\r\n\r\n \tIndexers\r\n \tThe indexer (or controller) is a\u00a0microprocessor\u00a0capable of generating step pulses and direction signals for the driver. In addition, the indexer is typically required to perform many other sophisticated command functions.\r\n \t\r\n \tDrivers\r\n \tThe driver (or amplifier) converts the indexer command signals into the power necessary to energize the motor windings. There are numerous types of drivers, with different voltage and current ratings and construction technology. Not all drivers are suitable to run all motors, so when designing a motion control system the driver selection process is critical.\r\n \t\r\n \tStepper motors\r\n \tThe stepper motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses into mechanical shaft rotation. Advantages of step motors are low cost, high reliability, high torque at low speeds and a simple, rugged construction that operates in almost any environment. The main disadvantages in using a stepper motor is the resonance effect often exhibited at low speeds and decreasing torque with increasing speed.\r\n\r\nAdvantages Of Stepper Motors\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tLow cost for control achieved\r\n \tHigh torque at startup and low speeds\r\n \tRuggedness\r\n \tSimplicity of construction\r\n \tCan operate in an open loop control system\r\n \tLow maintenance\r\n \tLess likely to stall or slip\r\n \tWill work in any environment\r\n \tCan be used in robotics in a wide scale.\r\n \tHigh reliability\r\n \tThe rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse.\r\n \tThe motor has full torque at standstill (if the windings are energized)\r\n \tPrecise positioning and repeatability of movement since good stepper motors have an accuracy of 3\u20135% of a step and this error is non-cumulative from one step to the next.\r\n \tExcellent response to starting\/stopping\/reversing.\r\n \tVery reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor. Therefore, the life of the motor is simply dependent on the life of the bearing.\r\n \tThe motors response to digital input pulses provides open-loop control, making the motor simpler and less costly to control.\r\n \tIt is possible to achieve very low-speed synchronous rotation with a load that is directly coupled to the shaft.\r\n \tA wide range of rotational speeds can be realized as the speed is proportional to the frequency of the input pulses.\r\n\r\nApplications Of Stepper Motors :\r\n\r\n \tIndustrial Machines\u00a0\u2013 Stepper motors are used in automotive gauges and machine tooling automated production equipments.\r\n \tSecurity\u00a0\u2013 new surveillance products for the security industry.\r\n \tMedical\u00a0\u2013 Stepper motors are used inside medical scanners, samplers, and also found inside digital dental photography, fluid pumps, respirators and blood analysis machinery.\r\n \tConsumer Electronics\u00a0\u2013 Stepper motors in cameras for automatic digital camera focus and zoom functions.","headline":"What is Stepper Motor | Types , Application , Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-11-25","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Stepper-Motor-Construction-300x270.jpg","height":270,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=146">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=145"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>145</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=146"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>146</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>147</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=148"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>148</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=149"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>149</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=148">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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