<!doctype html><html lang="en-US" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"><head>  <script defer src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-63955840-1"></script> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,CgkgIHdpbmRvdy5kYXRhTGF5ZXIgPSB3aW5kb3cuZGF0YUxheWVyIHx8IFtdOwoJICBmdW5jdGlvbiBndGFnKCl7ZGF0YUxheWVyLnB1c2goYXJndW1lbnRzKTt9CgkgIGd0YWcoJ2pzJywgbmV3IERhdGUoKSk7CgoJICAKCSAgCSAgZ3RhZygnY29uZmlnJywgJ1VBLTYzOTU1ODQwLTEnKTsKCSAgCgk="></script> <meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/www.gunkrazy.com-favicon-image.png"><link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"><style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style><title>Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering</title><meta name="robots" content="follow, index, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1, max-image-preview:large"/><link rel="canonical" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/" /><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /><meta property="og:type" content="website" /><meta property="og:title" content="Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering" /><meta property="og:url" content="//www.gunkrazy.com/" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Mechanical Engineering blog" /><meta property="fb:admins" content="https://www.facebook.com/sachin.thorat3" /><meta property="article:published_time" content="2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@thoratsachin027" /><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@thoratsachin027" /><meta name="twitter:label1" content="Time to read" /><meta name="twitter:data1" content="Less than a minute" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="rank-math-schema">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person","name":"Sachin Thorat","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/royal.mech.engg","https://twitter.com/thoratsachin027"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#logo","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","contentUrl":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","caption":"Mechanical Engineering blog","inLanguage":"en-US","width":"300","height":"300"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#logo","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","contentUrl":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","caption":"Mechanical Engineering blog","inLanguage":"en-US","width":"300","height":"300"}},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#website","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com","name":"Mechanical Engineering blog","publisher":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"//www.gunkrazy.com/?s={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#webpage","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com/","name":"Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering","datePublished":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","dateModified":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","about":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person"},"isPartOf":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#website"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#author","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=96&amp;d=wavatar&amp;r=g","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=96&amp;d=wavatar&amp;r=g","inLanguage":"en-US"}},{"@type":"Article","headline":"Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering","datePublished":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","dateModified":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","author":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#author"},"publisher":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person"},"name":"Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#richSnippet","isPartOf":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#webpage"},"inLanguage":"en-US","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#webpage"}}]}</script> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="5Sa35IchqdSspzqAS1DI0AQEde9mldI2FZu66psXg" /><meta name="msvalidate.01" content="0633F9DED879963ED766DB4D21411F2B" /><meta name="yandex-verification" content="6203245cb91cc415" /><meta name="p:domain_verify" content="1d54713710a5b65365ad80e5daccdb40" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Learn Mechanical Engineering &raquo; Feed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/feed/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Learn Mechanical Engineering &raquo; Comments Feed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/comments/feed/" /> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,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"></script> <!--noptimize--><script id="learn-ready">
			window.advanced_ads_ready=function(e,a){a=a||"complete";var d=function(e){return"interactive"===a?"loading"!==e:"complete"===e};d(document.readyState)?e():document.addEventListener("readystatechange",(function(a){d(a.target.readyState)&&e()}),{once:"interactive"===a})},window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[];		</script>
		<!--/noptimize--><style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
		display: inline !important;
		border: none !important;
		box-shadow: none !important;
		height: 1em !important;
		width: 1em !important;
		margin: 0 0.07em !important;
		vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
		background: none !important;
		padding: 0 !important;
	}</style><link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.3' type='text/css' media='all' /><style id='rank-math-toc-block-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol{counter-reset:item}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li{display:block}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li:before{content:counters(item, ".") ". ";counter-increment:item}</style><style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}</style><style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}</style><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-income-school-style-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_6aa70931e213384c9a6255eeedb3f19f.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-style-min-width768-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_4097091fbbb660b667281e5052538af8.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='(min-width: 768px)' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-style-min-width960-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_1b82ae29fa8c6f6b1dda16beb19cfc46.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='(min-width: 960px)' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-style-min-width1200-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_90097e866176b4ced86c9b703df91b35.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='(min-width: 1200px)' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_605682d15b905afcca53b93514fbaeca.php?ver=2.3.1' type='text/css' media='all' /><style id='custom-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>.search-wrapper #search-icon{background:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/search-icon.png") center/cover no-repeat #fff;}.share-container .email-btn:before{background:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/envelope.svg") center/cover no-repeat;}.share-container .print-btn:before{background:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/print-icon.svg") center/cover no-repeat;}.externallinkimage{background-image:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/extlink.png")}body, body ul, body li, body td, body th, body p, body p.legal-disclaimer, body  input, body select, body optgroup, body textarea, body .entry-meta span, body.single .entry-meta .byline, .entry-content .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li a{ color: #4f4f4f; }body.home #page .hero-text-wrapper h2.hero-text{ color:#ffffff; }#content h1, #content h2:not(.widget-title, .hero-text, .section-header-text, .card-title), #content h3, #content .author-card .author-info a, #content h4, #content h5, #content h6, #content .header { color: #bf22b2; }body .article-card header p a{color:#ff392e;}body.home #page h2.section-header-text,#page .featured-categories-wrapper .category-card h2:before{ background-color:#d693c6;}#page .featured-categories-wrapper .category-card:hover h2:before{ opacity:0.5; transition:opacity 500ms;}body.home #page h2.section-header-text, body.home #page h2.card-title{ color:#ff392e;}body a, body a:visited, body a:focus, body a:active{ color: #ff392e; }body a:hover, body a:visited:hover, body a:focus, body a:active { color: #ff392e }.woocommerce #respond input#submit, #content .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background), #content button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content a.button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content a.button:visited:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content input[type='button']:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content input[type='reset'], #content input[type='submit'], #content .button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit) { background: #ff392e; }.woocommerce #respond input#submit, .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color), #page button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #page a.button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #page a.button:visited:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), input[type='button']:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), input[type='reset'], input[type='submit'], .button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit) { color: #f2f2f2; }.woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs::before, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li{border-color:#bababa;}#content hr, body .wp-block-separator{ background-color: #bababa; } #page aside#secondary .legal-info-container, #page aside#secondary .sidebar-ad{ border-top-color: #bababa;} #page .author-card{border-top-color: #bababa;border-bottom-color: #bababa;}#page .site-footer{border-top-color: #bababa;}@media (min-width: 960px){#page .site-content .widget-area{border-left-color:#bababa;}}#content #antibounce { background: #f0f0f0; }body #content #antibounce .antibounce-card .copy-wrapper p{ color: #000000; }body #content #antibounce .antibounce-card button{ background-color: #000000; }body #content #antibounce .antibounce-card button { color: #ffffff }
.article-card .image-container {
   
    background-size: contain;</style><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/11350" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /><meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.3" /><link rel='shortlink' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/' /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gunkrazy.com%2F" /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gunkrazy.com%2F&#038;format=xml" /><meta name="category" content="homepage" /><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"><link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Libre+Franklin:wght@400;800&family=Roboto+Condensed&display=swap" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'"><style>ins.adsbygoogle { background-color: transparent; padding: 0; }</style><script  async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-1685119944030639" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> </head><body class="home page-template-default page page-id-11350 aa-prefix-learn-"><div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a><header id="masthead" class="site-header desktop-toggle"><div class="inner-wrap"><div class="hamburger-wrapper desktop"> <button class="hamburger hamburger--squeeze menu-toggle" type="button" aria-label="Menu" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="hamburger-box"> <span class="hamburger-inner"></span> </span> <span class="label">MENU</span> </button></div><div class="site-branding"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home" itemprop="url"><img width="300" height="300" src="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png 300w, //www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></div><div class="search-wrapper"> <a href="#open" id="search-icon" style="background: url(//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/search-icon.png) center/cover no-repeat #fff;"><span class="sr-only">Search</span></a><div class="search-form-wrapper"><form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="//www.gunkrazy.com/"><style>.search-wrapper.search-active .search-field {
			width: 200px;
			display: inline-block;
			vertical-align: top;
		}
		.search-wrapper button[type="submit"] {
			display: inline-block;
			vertical-align: top;
			top: -35px;
			position: relative;
			background-color: transparent;
			height: 30px;
			width: 30px;
			padding: 0;
			margin: 0;
			background-image: url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/search-icon.png");
			background-position: center;
			background-repeat: no-repeat;
			background-size: contain;
		}
		.search-wrapper.search-active button[type="submit"] {
			display: inline-block !important;
		}</style><label for="s"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-field" class="search-field" placeholder="Search &hellip;" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit" style="display:none;"><span class="screen-reader-text"></span></button></form></div></div></div><nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation"><div class="menu-main-manu-container"><ul id="primary-menu" class="inner-wrap"><li id="menu-item-13454" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item menu-item-home menu-item-13454"><a href="http://www.gunkrazy.com">Home</a></li><li id="menu-item-13461" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-13461"><a target="_blank" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-subject-wise-basic-concept-notes/">Subject Wise Notes</a></li><li id="menu-item-13456" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-13456"><a target="_blank" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-projects/">Projects List</a></li><li id="menu-item-13457" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13457"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-projects/">Project and seminars</a> <button type='button' class='toggle-submenu'><span class='sr-only'>Submenu Toggle</span> </button><ul class='submenu'><li id="menu-item-13458" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13458"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-projects/">Mechanical Projects Report</a></li><li id="menu-item-13459" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13459"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/seminar-topics/">Mechanical Seminar</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-13460" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13460"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/cad-cam-software/">CAD Software</a></li><li id="menu-item-13462" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13462"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/exam-gate-ies/">GATE</a></li><li id="menu-item-13466" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-13466"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/career/">Career</a> <button type='button' class='toggle-submenu'><span class='sr-only'>Submenu Toggle</span> </button><ul class='submenu'><li id="menu-item-13467" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13467"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/interview-guide/">Interview Guide</a></li><li id="menu-item-13468" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13468"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/technical-questions/">Technical Questions</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></nav></header><div id="content" class="site-content"><div id="primary" class="content-area"><section class="featured-categories-wrapper"><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/jigs-and-fixture-design1-768x581.jpg')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-projects/"><h2 class="card-title">Index of Mechanical Projects</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/lathe-machine-operation-768x515.jpg')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-subject-wise-basic-concept-notes/"><h2 class="card-title">Mechanical Subjects notes</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CATIA-V5-Surface.jpg')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cad-software/"><h2 class="card-title">CAD Design</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Orbital-Welding-Process-Equipment-Application-min-1.png')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/manufacturing-technology-notes/"><h2 class="card-title">Manufacturing Technology Notes</h2> </a></article></section><main id="main" class="site-main"><section class="articles-wrapper"><h2 class="section-header-text">Recent Posts</h2><article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/gear-shaping-gear-shaper-working-principle-gear-manufacturing/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/gear-shaping-process-300x278.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Gear Shaping &#8211; Types, Working, Diagram, Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/gear-shaping-gear-shaper-working-principle-gear-manufacturing/">Gear Shaping &#8211; Types, Working, Diagram, Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Gear Shaping:
A ‘generated’ surface, whether it is curved or straight, is produced by continuous motion of a point, a line or a surface. The direction in which the generating point travels...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/gear-shaping-gear-shaper-working-principle-gear-manufacturing/" aria-label="View Post: Gear Shaping &#8211; Types, Working, Diagram, Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Gear Shaping &#8211; Types, Working, Diagram, Advantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/gear-shaping-gear-shaper-working-principle-gear-manufacturing\/","articleBody":"Gear Shaping:\r\nA \u2018generated\u2019 surface, whether it is curved or straight, is produced by continuous motion of a point, a line or a surface. The direction in which the generating point travels determines the shape produced. The simplest example is the generation of a cylinder on a lathe. The cutting point of the tool generates a circle when the workpiece is rotated. As the tool is led axially, the cylindrical component is produced.\r\n\r\nRead More: Types Of Gears, Material Used For Gears, Design Specification and Application\r\nTypes Of Gear Shaping :\u00a0\r\nGear shaping is one of the gear generating methods. In this process gear tooth are accurately sized and shaped by cutting them by a multipoint cutting tool. \r\n\r\nVarious gear shaping processes are listed and then described below :\r\n\r\n(a) Gear cutting by gear shaper.\r\n(b) Rack planning process.\r\n(c) Hobbing process.\r\n\r\ngear shaping process\r\n\r\nThe geometrical accuracy of the circular component depends on:\r\n\r\n(a) The trueness of the workpiece rotation.\r\n\r\n(b) Parallelism of the tool movement with the work- spindle axis.\r\n\r\n(c) The effect of tool wear.\r\n\r\nIt does not depend on the form of a tool profile. Besides, the process is continuous.\r\nGear Shaper machine\r\nIn gear shapers, the above generating principle is applied in the following way\r\n\r\nThe cutter is hardened disc-shaped and slightly dished at the bottom (ground with top rake and clearance) to facilitate cutting. The teeth have the desired tooth profile and pressure angle.\r\n\r\ngear shaping machine\r\n\r\nThe cutter is reciprocated with the required cutting speed for stock removal along the face of the workpiece and is gradually fed radially to plunge if for correct teeth depth utilizing a cam. A relieving mechanism enables the cutter to clear the work on non-cutting or return stroke.\r\n\r\nThe continuous generation motion is obtained by feeding cutter to full depth and rotating the cutter and the workpiece slowly in the exact ratio of their respective number of teeth by means of a chain of gears including change gears. The cutter is considered as the driving gear and the workpiece as the driven member, exact transmission of motion being affected by an external link of the gear train.\r\n\r\nThe workpiece gear is fully generated when the cutter has plunged to correct tooth depth (set previously) into the workpiece and the teeth are cut fully and uniformly over the entire periphery of the workpiece gear. The machine comes to rest automatically after the workpiece gear is fully cut.\r\n\r\ngear shaper principle\r\n\r\nThe cutting action of a pinion type of cutter to generate a gear is shown clearly in Fig. The principle of cutting gear by the generating method has the advantage that with a particular module of DP cutter it is possible to cut accurately gears having identical modules or DP, but different numbers of teeth. This makes the generating process functionally superior and economical for the manufacture of gears.\r\n\r\nThus in brief, it could be seen that since an involute gear will roll with any other involute gear of the same normal base pitch and hence this principle has been utilized in the gear shaper (a method of gear manufacture). In this cutter is made in the form of pinion provided with relieved cutting edges, both cutter and work are given rotary motions about their respective axes to simulate the conditions obtaining, had both members been complete gears rolling together at the correct center distance.\r\n\r\nThis is achieved by gearing the cutter to the work in the same ratio as the numbers of teeth in the cutter and the finished work. Cutting is effected by imparting axial reciprocating motion to the cutter coincident with its rolling action, the length of stroke of the ram being slightly more than the width of the blank.\r\nPinion cutter gear shaping process.\r\nIn this method instead of rack cutter, a pinion cutter having formed similar to gear to be produced is used\r\nGear shaping is used for cutting spur and herringbone gears etc.\r\n\r\nPinion cutter gear shaping process\r\n\r\nPrinciple:- Teeth are produced with the help of reciprocating and rotating cutter with the rotating motion of the workpiece\r\n\r\nSetup:-\r\nGear shaping cutter receives the reciprocating motion which is the principal movement. It reciprocates at a rate of 50 to 450 strokes per minute. Both cutter and workpiece rotate with the same speed. The radial movement is given to cutter when it is to be fed into the depth of cut.\r\n\r\nWorking:-\r\n\r\n1) Cutter is fed into full depth with cutter reciprocating and blank stationery\r\n2) Both cutter and blank slowly rotate about their axis at high speed\r\n3) At same time cutter is feed to the workpiece\r\nGear Shaping by Rack Shaped Cutter\r\nIn this method, gear cutting is done by a rack shaped cutter called rack type cutter. The principle is illustrated in Figure. The working is similar to the shaping process done by gear type cutter.\r\n\r\nGear Shaping by Rack Shaped Cutter\r\n\r\nThe process involves rotation (low rpm) of the gear blank as the rack type cutter reciprocates along a vertical line. Cutting is done only in the downward stroke, the upward stroke is only a return movement. The main difference of this method with the previous one is that once the full length of the rack is utilized the gear cutting of operation is stopped to bring the gear blank to its starting position so that another pass of gear cutting can be started. So this operation is intermittent for cutting larger gears having a large number of teeth over their periphery.\r\nAdvantages Of Gear Shaping :\r\nMain advantages of the gear shaping process are described below :\r\n(a) Shorter product cycle time and suitable for making medium and large-sized gears in mass production.\r\n(b) Different types of gears can be made except worm and worm wheels.\r\n(c) Close tolerance in gear cutting can be maintained.\r\n(d) Accuracy and repeatability of the gear tooth profile can be maintained comfortably.\r\n(e) For the same value of gear tooth module a single type of cutter can be used irrespective of the number of teeth in the gear.\r\nDisadvantages of gear shaping:-\r\n\r\n \tNot Suitable for internal gears\r\n \tOwing to the reciprocating action of the cutter, there is no cutting on the return stroke in the gear shaper.\r\n \tWorms &amp; Worm wheels cannot be generated on gear shapers.\r\n \tThe rate of production is lower than the gear hobbing process due to periodical indexing hence\r\n \tMore machining time.\r\n\r\nApplications of gear shaping:-\r\n1) Cutting spur gears\r\n2) Cutting herringbone gears\r\n3) Rachets gears\r\n4) Splines\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nMachine Tool Articles , notes , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Gear Shaping &#8211; Types, Working, Diagram, Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-19","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 6, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/gear-shaping-process-300x278.jpg","height":278,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/horizontal-boring-machine-parts-working-of-boring-machine/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/horizontal-boring-machine-300x164.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Horizontal Boring Machine &#8211; Parts , Working of Boring Machine</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/horizontal-boring-machine-parts-working-of-boring-machine/">Horizontal Boring Machine &#8211; Parts , Working of Boring Machine</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Horizontal Boring Machine - Parts , Working of Boring Machine
Horizontal Boring Machine:  The horizontal boring mill is also known as horizontal boring, drilling and milling machine, and is...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/horizontal-boring-machine-parts-working-of-boring-machine/" aria-label="View Post: Horizontal Boring Machine &#8211; Parts , Working of Boring Machine">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Horizontal Boring Machine &#8211; Parts , Working of Boring Machine","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/horizontal-boring-machine-parts-working-of-boring-machine\/","articleBody":"Horizontal Boring Machine - Parts , Working of Boring Machine\r\nHorizontal Boring Machine:\r\n\r\nThe horizontal boring mill is also known as horizontal boring, drilling and milling machine, and is intended to perform operations on relatively large pieces which cannot be rotated easily, are irregular and unsymmetrical, and require operations on many surfaces.\r\n\r\nFig.\u00a0 shows the main features of a horizontal boring machine. It also indicates the relative movements of its sliding and rotating elements. It may be noted that the main spindle can be rotated in either direction. It is possible to feed the main spindle axially. The work table can be traversed along and across the machine bed.\r\n\r\n horizontal boring machine\r\n\r\nIt is possible to machine a flat surface square with bored hole in one setting of workpiece by mounting facing head over the spindle.\r\n\r\nThe four basic types of machines are described below:\r\n\r\ni. Table-Type Machine:\r\n\r\nIt is perhaps the most familiar machine and consists of headstock, column, base, table, saddle, end support and bed. The headstock can be raised and lowered, the spindle moved in and out, and the out board bearing moved up and down. The table and its saddle can be moved in two directions, so as to position the work conveniently. The end-support column can be positioned along the bed towards or away from the headstock.\r\n\r\nii. Floor-Type Machine:\r\n\r\nIt consists of headstock, column, column base, run way, end support runway and floor plate. The chief difference between this and the table-type machine is the spindle movement. The machine is used for heavier work. During the operation, the work is stationary and the spindle end support is traversed along the run-way past the work.\r\n\r\niii. Planer Type Machine:\r\n\r\nIt consists of headstock, column, column base runway, end support, end support run-way, table and bed. This type resembles with the table-type, but the work supporting mechanism is different. It has a reciprocating table very similar to the planer which makes it most suitable for big and long jobs.\r\n\r\niv. Multiple Head Type:\r\n\r\nIt consists of headstocks (two to four), columns (two), bed, table and cross-rails. This machine resembles the planer miller. It may have two, three or four headstocks, all of which may be swiveled for angular cuts. It is the only machine that can do vertical as well as horizontal boring of milling, e.g., boring and milling of V- type diesel engine blocks.\r\nBoring Tools:\r\nBoring tools are held in boring tool holders which may be either fixed or rotating type. Fixed holders are used in work-rotating machines and rotating holders in tool rotating machines. Size of boring bar should be such as to provide maximum rigidity and also permit sufficient clearance for disposal of chips. Normally boring bar diameter is taken as 0.7 x bore diameter. It should have minimum overhang.\r\n\r\nVarious types of boring tool holders are:\r\n\r\ni. Adjustable Boring Bars:\r\n\r\nThese are built with cartridges (to hold throwaway type inserts) adjustable in axial and radial directions by set screws.\r\n\r\nii. Damped Boring Bars:\r\n\r\nIn it, dampers are provided at the feed end to absorb vibrations.\r\n\r\niii. Line Boring Bars:\r\n\r\nThese are used for long bores and can accommodate fly cutters, tool blocks, cartridges etc. These are supported at the feed end in suitable bearings.\r\n\r\niv. Boring Head:\r\n\r\nIt is more rigid boring tool holder and is used for roughing and finishing of large bore (100 to 500 mm). Provision to offset cutting axially and radially exists. Two cutters can be mounted radially at 180\u00b0 to have balanced cutting.\r\n\r\nv. Boring and Facing Heads:\r\n\r\nThis enables boring of large bores and facing of seating surfaces at right angles to the bore. Radial tool feeding facility also exists.","headline":"Horizontal Boring Machine &#8211; Parts , Working of Boring Machine","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-19","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/horizontal-boring-machine-300x164.jpg","height":164,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/artificially-intelligent-robots-used-in-industrial-automation/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/terminator-Ai-Robots-concept-from-Hollywood-movies-216x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Artificially Intelligent Robots used in Industrial Automation</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/artificially-intelligent-robots-used-in-industrial-automation/">Artificially Intelligent Robots used in Industrial Automation</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Artificially Intelligent Robots used in Industrial Automation
What is Artificially Intelligent Robots :
Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) is a branch of computer science that aims to create...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/artificially-intelligent-robots-used-in-industrial-automation/" aria-label="View Post: Artificially Intelligent Robots used in Industrial Automation">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Artificially Intelligent Robots used in Industrial Automation","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/artificially-intelligent-robots-used-in-industrial-automation\/","articleBody":"Artificially Intelligent Robots used in Industrial Automation\r\nWhat is Artificially Intelligent Robots :\r\nArtificial Intelligence ( AI ) is a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines. It has become an essential part of the technology industry.\r\n\r\nResearch associated with artificial intelligence is highly technical and specialized. The core problems of artificial intelligence include programming computers for certain traits such as:\r\n\r\n \tKnowledge\r\n \tReasoning\r\n \tProblem solving\r\n \tPerception\r\n \tLearning\r\n \tPlanning\r\n \tAbility to manipulate and move objects\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENT BASED AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING\r\n\r\nIntelligent robots are third generation robots, broadly termed as adaptive and communicating robots. intelligent robots equipped with one or more advanced external sensors, interfaced with other machines, and communicating with other computers.\r\n\r\nInterfaced with machine vision, proximity and other sensor systems (i.e. tactile, force, torque) the robot can acquire randomly positioned and oriented work pieces, inspect them for gross defects, transport them to assigned position in relation to other work pieces, do insertions or other mating functions; performing fastening operations, and finally verify acceptable completion of these intermediate assembly process.\r\n\r\nterminator - Ai Robots concept from Hollywood movies\r\n\r\nThe major functional elements of an intelligent robot system are:\r\n\r\n(a) The capability of a robot system to adapt to its immediate environment by sensing changes or differences from some pre-specified standard conditions and by computing, in real time, the necessary corrections for trajectories and\/or manipulative actions.\r\n\r\n(b) The capability of interacting and communicating with associated devices and with other computers so that smoothly integrated manufacturing system can be implemented, incorporating fail safe procedures and alternate courses of actions to maintain production continuity.\r\n\r\nIndustrial robots have been steadily developing as key components in factory automation. Recent trends indicate an increasing need to improve the engineering of certain aspects of robotics including teaching (the robot), adaptability to a system (including expansion of the system), and a robot support system.\r\n\r\nThe uses of industrial robots have expanded from the initial duties of material handling, spot welding, arc welding and painting to assembling, sealing, deburring and inspection. In addition to the use of robots in manufacturing industries as a high-performance terminal device for factory automation, various robots are used in non-manufacturing industries, like inspection robot in nuclear power industry and service robots in tertiary industries.\r\n\r\nThe software servo system has initiated a trend to adopt total digital servo system in order to increase precision. New control logics are being applied to improve response and path accuracy. Programmable controllers enable improve operability and expandability. The higher performance and increased functions make robots less easy to operate and maintain the teaching process more complicated and time-consuming.\r\nTeaching Methods of Intelligent Robots:\r\nVarious teaching methods of intelligent robot are:\r\n\r\n(i) Direct Teaching:\r\n\r\nSince a robot can be led directly to the necessary position and posture, the direct teaching method is simpler. Operation by way of a joy stick handle attached to the operation panel is the easiest method, after direct teaching has been initiated.\r\n\r\n(ii) Expert System Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology:\r\n\r\nWith this system, details of the work know how is stored into an intelligent data base in advance. The operator inputs basic common conditions such as, in the case of arc welding, the material type, thickness, etc. If the welding path is input, then all work conditions are determined based on the basic common conditions such as, in the case of arc welding, the material type, thickness, etc.\r\n\r\nIf the welding path is input, then all work conditions are determined based on the basic conditions stored in the intelligent data base. The teaching data is automatically created on an expert level (level of the intelligent data base). If an expert tries to improve the quality of the intelligent data base, users of the data base can work at the expert level.\r\n\r\n(iii) Off-Line Teaching:\r\n\r\nIn this method, the teaching data for other robots is used, numerical values and commands are entered from the keyboard, or graphics are entered in conversation form with the CRT screen. In all cases, data for work conditions, which is associated with its knowhow, must be entered in the same manner as in the expert system.\r\n\r\n(iv) \u201cComputer Aided Design\/Computer Aided Manufacturing\u201d (CAD\/CAM) System:\r\n\r\nIn this system the intelligent robot work data is prepared from CAD data from the first designing process. This system is a kind of off-line teaching system. Since an actual robot is not used to input data for path creation, the coordinates system data must be corrected and simulation is necessary before loading the created data.\r\n\r\nintelligent robot are inevitable for application in fields where the work is extremely difficult or impossible for human beings to perform.\r\n\r\nSome of such examples are:\r\n\r\nWork requiring speed, precision or function exceeding human ability, or that which requires entering a sterile environment, vacuum, outer space, the sea floor or around a nuclear reactor, places that a man cannot enter easily or at all.\r\n\r\nAssembly in the optical industry, needs high precision which is extremely difficult for humans to perform. Electronic parts are manufactured in a sterile room where only robots can work as humans are considered to be source of dust.\r\n\r\nArtificial Intelligent in Manufacturing :\r\n\r\nAI finds use in a number of businesses including gaming, bank, retail, business, and authorities, and is slowly becoming pervasive in the production field, facilitating the automation of industries. AI-pushed machines are paving an easier course to the future by supplying a sponsor of benefits - offering fresh opportunities, improving production efficiencies, and getting machine discussion nearer to the individual discussion.\r\n\r\nThe automation of knowledge is driving the Next Industrial Revolution -based work; by making fresh ways to automate tasks, we could rebuild the way humans and devices socialize and reside, to generate an electronic economy that is better, more powerful.\r\n\r\nAI assists beat several built-in problems which have been plaguing the sector: to integration problems, decision complexity, and information overload, from a shortage of expertise. Adopting AI on the shop ground enables companies to completely change their procedures. Permit seem at what AI is supporting the production sector to reach.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Method Automatic for Humans: As the shop-floor is taken over by AI and performs individual jobs that are monotonous and typical, employees may reach focus on advanced and elaborate undertakings. While AI takes treatment of menial labor, people may concentrate on driving innovation and directing their company to newer levels.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Round-the-time Production: The use of robots and AI is particularly appealing in commercial manufacturing as they revolutionize mass production. Robots are capable of delivering higher quantities of quality guarantee, optimizing the production model, raising capability, building automation solutions eliminating human error and do-ing jobs that are repetitive.\r\n\r\nOperating Conditions: With a few bad luck happening on the shop floor, a change towards AI indicates fewer folks have to carry too laborious and hazardous function out. As humans are replaced by robots and execute undertakings that are high-risk and mundane, the number of workplace casualties will plummet all across.","headline":"Artificially Intelligent Robots used in Industrial Automation","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-18","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/terminator-Ai-Robots-concept-from-Hollywood-movies-216x300.jpg","height":300,"width":216},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/hot-dip-galvanizing-principle-of-galvanizing-types/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/hot-dip-galvanizing-300x211.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Hot Dip Galvanizing &#8211; Principle Of Galvanizing ,types</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/hot-dip-galvanizing-principle-of-galvanizing-types/">Hot Dip Galvanizing &#8211; Principle Of Galvanizing ,types</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Hot Dip Galvanizing - Principle Of Galvanizing ,types
What is Galvanizing :
Galvanizing is the process which employs an electrochemical action for providing a coating of highly corrosion resistant...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/hot-dip-galvanizing-principle-of-galvanizing-types/" aria-label="View Post: Hot Dip Galvanizing &#8211; Principle Of Galvanizing ,types">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Hot Dip Galvanizing &#8211; Principle Of Galvanizing ,types","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/hot-dip-galvanizing-principle-of-galvanizing-types\/","articleBody":"Hot Dip Galvanizing - Principle Of Galvanizing ,types\r\nWhat is Galvanizing :\r\nGalvanizing is the process which employs an electrochemical action for providing a coating of highly corrosion resistant material on the surface of another metal. The galvanizing process is widely used for providing a coating of zinc on iron and steel.\r\n\r\nIt is very much low cost process and widely used for corrosion resistant coating on sheet metal, household items for daily used made from iron and steel e.g. buckets, tubs and other containers. Galvanized is also done on machine parts, tools, ships tanks and wires etc.\r\n\r\nGalvanized pipes, metal sheets and wires are probably the most popular galvanized items which find wide applications both in industrial use as well as in articles made for domestic use. There are number of techniques can be employed for galvanizing of zinc to the metal surface.\r\n\r\nTechniques Used in Galvanizing :\r\n\r\nThe following are the main techniques used for galvanizing of zinc:\r\nHot-Dipping Galvanizing:\r\nIt is the cheapest of the galvanizing techniques employed in mass production.\r\n\r\nHot Dipping Galvanizing Process :\r\n\r\nThe first step in applying this process is thorough cleaning of the items to be galvanized. This involves decreasing etc. depending upon the condition of work-surfaces. The main idea is to obtain an absolutely clean surface. If the item to be galvanized is sheet metal, it is annealed after surface cleaning and then cooled in an oxide free atmosphere. The sheet is then dipped in the bath.\r\n\r\nhot dip galvanizing\r\n\r\nIf uniform thickness of coating is required then sheets are drawn through set of rollers immediately following the coating process. This process drives away the excess zinc and allows only the required amount of zinc to remain on the surface. Without this process the coating thickness cannot be controlled. This is followed by drying, and then the sheets are ready for shipment.\r\n\r\nIn another method of galvanizing instead of dipping the article in hot zinc bath, hot zinc is made to flow over the surface of the article. This process suits well for galvanizing extremely large surface of iron and steel sheet.\r\n\r\nApplications of Galvanizing:\r\n1. To galvanized sheet metal.\r\n\r\n2. To galvanized house-hold items such as buckets, tubs and other containers.\r\n\r\n3. To galvanized machine parts, tools, ships, tanks and wires.\r\n\r\n4. Metal pipes and wires are most popular galvanized items which find application in industrial use as well as in articles made for domestic use.","headline":"Hot Dip Galvanizing &#8211; Principle Of Galvanizing ,types","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-18","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/hot-dip-galvanizing-300x211.jpg","height":211,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-group-technology-definition-advantages-and-disadvantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/GROUP-TECHNOLOGY-300x274.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Group Technology &#8211; Definition , Advantages and Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-group-technology-definition-advantages-and-disadvantages/">What is Group Technology &#8211; Definition , Advantages and Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Group Technology - Definition , Advantages and Disadvantages
Definition of Group Technology:  GT can be defined as “It is the realization that many problems are similar, and that by...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-group-technology-definition-advantages-and-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: What is Group Technology &#8211; Definition , Advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Group Technology &#8211; Definition , Advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-group-technology-definition-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"What is Group Technology - Definition , Advantages and Disadvantages\r\nDefinition of Group Technology:\r\n\r\nGT can be defined as \u201cIt is the realization that many problems are similar, and that by grouping similar problems, a single solution can be found to a set of problems thus saving time and effort\u201d\r\n\r\nThe definition of GT is although quite broad, one usually relates GT to production flow analysis only. GT can be applied in different area of production system. For component design, it is obvious that many components have a similar shape. These similar components can be grouped into design families and a new design can be created by simply modifying an existing design from the same family. By using this concept, composite components can be identified\r\n\r\nGroup technology is an approach to organising manufacture which can be applied in any industry (machining, welding, foundry, press work, forging, plastic moulding, etc.) where small-batch variety production is used. In this articles we will discuss group technology process , advantages and disadvantages , application of GT.\r\n\r\nSee Also:\u00a0Flexible Manufacturing System- Types Of Flexible Manufacturing System\r\nWhat is Group Technology\r\nThe basic approach enables all aspects of manufacturing, from design, through estimating and planning, to production, to be rationalised. It forms the basis for the development of computer-aided procedures and flexible automation.\r\n\r\nGroup technology is a manufacturing philosophy or principle whose basic concept is to identify and bring together related or similar parts and processes, to take advantage of the similarities which exist, during all stages of design and manufacture.\r\n\r\nIf parts can be classified into families, and machines arranged into groups, then the handling of parts during manufacture can be easily done by robot.\r\n\r\nIt must be understood that there exists relationship between finished products and the parts from which they are made. While assemblies may bear little relation to each other, the subassemblies from which they are constructed will exhibit some like features. By exploiting the similarities which exist among such a population of parts, group technology sets out to reduce the time and cost of manufacture.\r\n\r\nThe main theme is thus to identify somehow from the large variety of parts those families which require similar manufacturing operations. Cells are created to manufacture defined types and size ranges of parts.\r\n\r\nGROUP TECHNOLOGY\r\n\r\nGroups of machines, chosen for each family are situated together in a group layout, in such a way that parts flow from one machine to the next in sequence of operation. It is not-necessary for every part to visit each machine, but the machines in a cell should ideally be capable of carrying out all the operations required in the family.\r\n\r\nIt may be remembered that in a functional layout, all like machines are grouped at one place and thus a product has to move a lot of distance in a zig-zag manner. But in a cell layout, various machines are arranged so that product flows from one machine to the next in sequence.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Group Technology:\r\nThe advantages of group technology are:\r\n\r\n(i) Better lead times result in fast response and more reliable delivery.\r\n\r\n(ii) Material handling is reduced considerably.\r\n\r\n(iii) Robots can be easily used for material handling.\r\n\r\n(iv) Better space utilisation.\r\n\r\n(v) Smaller variety of tools, jigs and fixtures.\r\n\r\n(vi) Improved quality and less scrap.\r\n\r\n(vii) Output is improved due to improved resource utili\u00adsation.\r\n\r\n(viii) Work in progress and finished stock levels are re\u00adduced.\r\n\r\n(ix) Simplified estimating, accounting and work man\u00adagement.\r\n\r\n(x) Improved plant replacement decisions.\r\n\r\n(xi) Improved job satisfaction, morale and communica\u00adtion.\r\n\r\n(xii) Reduced product design variety.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Group Technology:\r\n\r\nThe disadvantages of group technology are:\r\n\r\n(i) Additional cost of implementation of this system.\r\n\r\n(ii) Rate of change in product range and mix.\r\n\r\n(iii) Difficulties with out-of-cell operations.\r\n\r\n(iv) Coexistence with non-cellular systems.\r\n\r\nUses of Group Technology:\r\n\r\nSurvey of product and use of group technology:\r\n\r\nGroup technology technique can be conveniently followed using a classification system. In any assembly, a variety of parts exist. These varieties of parts can be-segregated in three broad areas, viz.\r\n\r\n(i) Standard and proprietary parts (like nuts, bolts, screws, keys, washers, etc.)\r\n\r\n(ii) Similar parts (like shafts, gears, bearings, levers, etc.)\r\n\r\n(iii) Product specific parts (like gear box, bed, saddle, etc.)\r\n\r\nIt may be noted that the group technology is not concerned with categories (i) and (iii) but relates to category (ii). The aim thus is to group the range of parts under category (ii) in some way, for the purpose of manufacture.\r\n\r\nSeveral types of classification systems have been devised and one has to carefully consider the system based on his needs. An organisation with a wide range of products needs a complex detailed system but same is not good for the one dealing with limited range. Provision should always be made for future likely growth and classification system chosen must keep this requirement in view.","headline":"What is Group Technology &#8211; Definition , Advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-17","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/GROUP-TECHNOLOGY-300x274.jpg","height":274,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-ferrite-cementite-pearlite-martensite-austenite/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/phase_diagram_large-300x225.gif')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Ferrite, Cementite, Pearlite , Martensite, Austenite</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-ferrite-cementite-pearlite-martensite-austenite/">What is Ferrite, Cementite, Pearlite , Martensite, Austenite</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Ferrite, Cementite, Pearlite , Martensite, Austenite - Constituents of Iron and Steel
The different microscopic constituents of iron and steel which commonly occur are:  1. Ferrite  2....</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-ferrite-cementite-pearlite-martensite-austenite/" aria-label="View Post: What is Ferrite, Cementite, Pearlite , Martensite, Austenite">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Ferrite, Cementite, Pearlite , Martensite, Austenite","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-ferrite-cementite-pearlite-martensite-austenite\/","articleBody":"What is Ferrite, Cementite, Pearlite , Martensite, Austenite - Constituents of Iron and Steel\r\nThe different microscopic constituents of iron and steel which commonly occur are:\r\n\r\n1. Ferrite\r\n\r\n2. Cementite\r\n\r\n3. Pearlite\r\n\r\n4. Martensite\r\n\r\n5. Austenite\r\n\r\n6. Troostite\r\n\r\n7. Sorbite.\r\n\r\nThe other constituents comprise the three allotropic forms of nearly pure iron, graphite and slag.\r\n\r\nIron and Steel Phase Diagram\r\n\r\nRead More:\u00a0Introduction to Iron-Carbon Equilibrium Diagram | Structures in Fe-C Diagram\r\n\r\n1. Ferrite:\r\n\r\nIron which contains little or no carbon is called ferrite. It is very soft and ductile and is known as alpha iron by the metallurgists. Ferrite is present to some extent in a great range of steels, particularly those low in carbon content, and it is also present, in soft cast iron. Ferrite does not harden when cooled rapidly. It forms smaller crystals when cooled from a bright red heat at a rapid rate.\r\n\r\n2. Cementite:\r\n\r\nThis is a definite carbide of iron (Fe3C) which is extremely hard, being harder than ordinary hardened steel or glass. Cementite increases generally with the proportion of carbon present, and the hardness and also the brittleness of cast iron is believed to be due to this substance.\r\n\r\nIt contains 6.6 percent carbon and occurs either in the form of a network or in globular or massive form, depending on the analysis of the steel and the heat treatment to which it is subjected. It is magnetic below 25\u00b0C. Its presence in iron or steel decreases the tensile strength but increases the hardness and cutting qualities.\r\n\r\n3. Pearlite:\r\n\r\nPearlite is the name given to a mixture of about 87.5 percent ferrite and 12.5 percent cementite. It consists of alternate layers of ferrite and cementite in steel. Under high magnification the ferrite and cementite can be seen to be arranged in alternate laminations or plates.\r\n\r\nWhen seen in the microscope the surface has appearance like mother of pearl, hence the name pearlite. The thickness of alternate plates and the distance between them is governed by the rate of cooling, slow cooling produces a coarser structure than rapid cooling. Pearlite is eutectoid of steel.\r\n\r\nIt has been found that the proportion of pearlite increases from nothing in the case of pure carbonless iron upto 100%, or saturation, for steel containing 0.90% of carbon thus a 0.3 percent carbon steel will consist of about 33 percent pearlite and rest ferrite. It is the characteristic of soft steels that they contain ferrite and pearlite, and the hardness increases with the proportion of pearlite. Hard steels are mixtures of pearlite and cementite.\r\n\r\n4. Martensite:\r\n\r\nIt is hard brittle mass of fibrous or needle like structure and is the chief constituent of hardened steel. The vickers pyramid numeral is anything upto 900 for an original carbon content of 0.9 percent. It has been found that martensite is produced by the rapid quenching of high carbon steel from a slightly higher temperature than the maximum temperature of critical interval. It is not as tough as austenite. It differs from austenite in being magnetic.\r\n\r\n5. Austenite:\r\n\r\nIt is a solid solution of iron-carbon which is stable only within a particular range of composition and temperature, and is non-magnetic. On cooling below 700\u00b0C it is completely transformed into ferrite which is magnetic and cementite to form the eutectoid pearlite, together with free ferrite or free cementite, depending on whether the carbon content is less or greater than 0.87 percent respectively.\r\n\r\nIt is formed when carbon steel with more than 1.1 percent carbon is quenched rapidity from about 1000\u00b0C. The amount of austenite increases with the proportion of carbon, 0 upto 1.1 percent carbon, upto 70 percent for 1.6 to 1.8 percent carbon. Austenitic steels cannot be hardened by usual heat treatment methods and are non-magnetic.\r\n\r\n6. Troostite:\r\n\r\nIt is a structure in steel (consisting of very finely divided iron carbide in what is known at \u201calpha-iron\u201d) produced either by tempering a martensitic steel at between 250 and 450\u00b0C or by quenching steel at a speed insufficient to suppress the thermal change point fully. The structure produced by the latter method should be more accurately termed very fine pearlite.\r\n\r\n7. Sorbite:\r\n\r\nIt is a structure which consists of evenly distributed carbide of iron particles in a mass of ferrite, formed when a fully hardened steel is tempered at between 550 and 650\u00b0C. A sorbitic structure is characterised by strength and a high degree of toughness.","headline":"What is Ferrite, Cementite, Pearlite , Martensite, Austenite","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-17","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/phase_diagram_large-300x225.gif","height":225,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=189">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=188"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>188</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=189"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>189</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>190</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=191"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>191</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=192"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>192</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=191">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. Read more about this portal or Sachin Thorat click on below button!</p> <button onclick="window.location.href='//www.gunkrazy.com/about-me/';">READ MORE</button></div><section id="custom_html-5" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h2 class="widget-title">Get Dialy Update On Email</h2><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><form style="border:1px solid #ccc;padding:3px;text-align:center;" action="https://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify" method="post" target="popupwindow" onsubmit="window.open('https://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify?uri=mechenggnet', 'popupwindow', 'scrollbars=yes,width=550,height=520');return true"><p>Enter your email address:</p><p><input type="text" style="width:140px" name="email"/></p><input type="hidden" value="mechenggnet" name="uri"/><input type="hidden" name="loc" value="en_US"/><input type="submit" value="Subscribe" /><p>Delivered by <a href="https://feedburner.google.com" target="_blank">FeedBurner</a></p></form></div></section><section id="categories-5" class="widget widget_categories"><h2 class="widget-title">Menu</h2><ul><li class="cat-item cat-item-103"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/automobile-engineering/">Automobile Engineering</a> (209)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-98"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/cad-cam-software/">CAD Design Software</a> (110)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-100"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/career/">Career in Mechanical</a> (57)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-101"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/exam-gate-ies/">Exam &#8211; GATE ,IES</a> (50)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-116"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/fabrication/">Fabrication Guide</a> (92)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-110"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/fluid-power-system/">Hydraulic and Pneumatic System</a> (59)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-115"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/production-management/">Industrial Engineering</a> (103)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-102"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/interview-guide/">Interview Guide</a> (23)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-99"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/machine-design/">Machine Design</a> (106)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-117"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/machine-tools/">Machine Shop</a> (103)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-109"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/manufacturing-engineering/">Manufacturing Technology</a> (154)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-113"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/material-science/">Material Science</a> (42)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-97"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-projects/">Mechanical Projects Report</a> (652)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-106"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/seminar-topics/">Mechanical Seminar</a> (85)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-107"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/automation-robotics/">Mechatronics</a> (36)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-111"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/measurement-science/">Metrology and Instrumentation</a> (61)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-108"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/power-engineering/">Power Engineering</a> (38)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-112"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-project-list/">Project Lists</a> (73)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-114"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/technical-questions/">Technical Questions</a> (139)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-105"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/theory-of-machine/">Theory Of Machine</a> (36)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-104"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/thermodynamics/">Thermal Engineering</a> (129)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/uncategorized/">Uncategorized</a> (1)</li></ul></section></aside></div></div><footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"><div class="inner-wrap footer-option-1"><div class="menu-footer-container"><ul id="footer-menu" class="inner-wrap"><li id="menu-item-11367" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home current-menu-item page_item page-item-11350 current_page_item menu-item-11367"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/" aria-current="page">Home</a></li><li id="menu-item-11368" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11368"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/blog/">Blog</a></li><li id="menu-item-11370" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11370"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/about-me/">About</a></li><li id="menu-item-11372" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11372"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/contact-us/">Contact</a></li><li id="menu-item-11369" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-11369"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/privacy/">Privacy</a></li><li id="menu-item-11373" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11373"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/terms-and-conditions_77/">Terms</a></li><li id="menu-item-11371" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11371"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/advertise/">Advertise</a></li></ul></div><div class="site-info"> &copy; 2025 Copyright Learn Mechanical Engineering</div></div></footer></div> <!--noptimize--><!--email_off--><style type='text/css'>.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:290px;height:32px;border-width:0px;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;background-color:#565656;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new:hover{background-color:#636363;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:14px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:10px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new:hover .mb-text{color:#ffffff;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new{width:90%}.maxbutton-69.maxbutton.maxbutton-more-resources-new .mb-text{font-size:11px}}
.maxbutton-5.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-notes{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:450px;height:30px;border:1px double #505ac7;border-radius:20px 20px 20px 20px;background-color:#99cc51;box-shadow:0px 0px 0px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-5.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-notes:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 0px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-5.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-notes .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:8px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-5.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-notes:hover .mb-text{color:#505ac7;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-5.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-notes{width:90%}.maxbutton-5.maxbutton.maxbutton-manufacturing-notes .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
.maxbutton-4.maxbutton.maxbutton-basic-booster{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:580px;height:30px;border-width:0px;border-radius:18px 18px 18px 18px;background-color:#9871b7;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-4.maxbutton.maxbutton-basic-booster:hover{background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 2px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-4.maxbutton.maxbutton-basic-booster .mb-text{color:#ffffff;font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:17px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:bold;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:6px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-4.maxbutton.maxbutton-basic-booster:hover .mb-text{color:#505ac7;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-4.maxbutton.maxbutton-basic-booster{width:90%}.maxbutton-4.maxbutton.maxbutton-basic-booster .mb-text{font-size:13px}}
.maxbutton-22.maxbutton.maxbutton-machine-tool-notes{position:relative;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:480px;height:28px;border:1px solid #505ac7;border-radius:15px 15px 15px 15px;background-color:#ee2;box-shadow:0px 0px 1px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-22.maxbutton.maxbutton-machine-tool-notes:hover{border-color:#505ac7;background-color:white;box-shadow:0px 0px 1px 0px #333333}.maxbutton-22.maxbutton.maxbutton-machine-tool-notes .mb-text{color:#545454;font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:15px;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;line-height:1em;box-sizing:border-box;display:block;background-color:unset;padding:7px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #505ac7}.maxbutton-22.maxbutton.maxbutton-machine-tool-notes:hover .mb-text{color:#27536b;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #333333}@media only screen and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:480px){.maxbutton-22.maxbutton.maxbutton-machine-tool-notes{width:90%}.maxbutton-22.maxbutton.maxbutton-machine-tool-notes .mb-text{font-size:12px}}
</style><!--/email_off--><!--/noptimize--> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_e1252650ea6bc63e5b6b533cf9f0380d.php?ver=1.4.1" id="income-school-js-js"></script> <!--noptimize--><script>!function(){window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[],advanced_ads_ready_queue.push=window.advanced_ads_ready;for(var d=0,a=advanced_ads_ready_queue.length;d<a;d++)advanced_ads_ready(advanced_ads_ready_queue[d])}();</script><!--/noptimize--><div style="display: none"></div></body></html>
<!--
Performance optimized by W3 Total Cache. Learn more: https://www.boldgrid.com/w3-total-cache/

Page Caching using Disk: Enhanced (Requested URI contains query) 

Served from: www.gunkrazy.com @ 2025-08-19 13:29:37 by W3 Total Cache
-->




