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Introduction to PID Controller :   PID Controller is a most common control algorithm used in industrial automation and applications and more...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-pid-controller-used-for-industrial-automation/" aria-label="View Post: What is PID Controller used for Industrial Automation">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is PID Controller used for Industrial Automation","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-pid-controller-used-for-industrial-automation\/","articleBody":"What is PID Controller used for Industrial Automation\r\nIntroduction to PID Controller :\u00a0\r\n\r\nPID Controller is a most common control algorithm used in industrial automation and applications and more than 95% of the industrial controllers are of PID type. PID controllers are used for more precise and accurate control of various parameters.\r\n\r\nMost often these are used for the regulation of temperature, pressure, speed, flow and other process variables. Due to robust performance and functional simplicity, these have been accepted by enormous industrial applications where a more precise control is the foremost requirement.\r\n\r\nWhat is PID Controller?\r\nA combination of proportional, integral and derivative actions is more commonly referred as PID action and hence the name, PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller. These three basic coefficients are varied in each PID controller for specific application in order to get optimal response.\r\n\r\nIt gets the input parameter from the sensor which is referred as actual process variable. It also accepts the desired actuator output, which is referred as set variable, and then it calculates and combines the proportional, integral and derivative responses to compute the output for the actuator.\r\n\r\nIn a control loop an error is calculated by taking difference between the desired value and the obtained value. It is called as error. If correction is applied proportional to the error, then the controller is called as Proportional Controller. If correction is applied based on the integral value of the error signal then the controller is called as Integral Controller. Similarly if correction is based on the derivative of the error signal it is called as Derivative Controller. If correction is based on all the above correction factor then the controller is called as PID controller (Proportional - Integral - Derivative). In the same way PI and PD controllers are obtained.\r\n\r\nPID controller diagram\r\n\r\nEach controllers have different effects on the system and the selection of controller depends on the application.\r\n\r\nPID controller is a common Industrial controller. It gives robust performance in wide range of operating condition. There are three coefficients viz Proportional, Derivative, and Integral, controlling these values optimum response is obtained.\r\n\r\nP Controller\r\nIt provides stable operation but always maintains the steady state error. Speed of the response is increased when the proportional constant increases.\r\n\r\nI Controller\r\nIt limits the speed of response and affects stability of the system. Speed of the response is increased by decreasing integral gain\r\n\r\nD Controller\r\nI-controller doesn\u2019t have the capability to predict the future behavior of error. So it reacts normally once the set point is changed. D-controller overcomes this problem by anticipating future behavior of the error. Its output depends on rate of change of error with respect to time, multiplied by derivative constant. It gives the kick start for the output thereby increasing system response.\r\n\r\nAdvantages Of PID Controller :\u00a0\r\n\r\nPID is one of the many control techniques used in industry. Its advantages are as follows:\r\n\r\n \tEven if you do not wish to waste any time in creating a mathematical model of a system, you can still use a PID controller with it by tuning it with trial and error.\r\n \tPID is not heavy on hardware, therefore it can be implemented on cheap hardware also. For e.g. arduino Uno can run a couple of PID loops very efficiently\r\n \tPID controller once designed, then its further tuning doesn't require a skilled personnel\r\n\r\nApplication Of PID Controller :\u00a0\r\nPID controllers have wide variety of applications manufacturing industry. Some of them are listed as follows.\r\n\r\n \tPID control is used in automatic car steering when it is integrated with Fuzzy Logic\r\n \tIn movement detection system of modern seismometer\r\n \tIn water\/oil level monitoring in tanks\r\n \tHead positioning of a disk drive\r\n \tAutomated inspection and quality control\r\n \tManufacturing process control: CNC machine tools\r\n \tChemical process control: flow control, temperature control\r\n \tAutomatic control of material handling equipments\r\n \tAutomatic packaging and dispatch\r\n \tTo ensure safety during manufacturing operations","headline":"What is PID Controller used for Industrial Automation","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/pid-controller-digram-300x110.jpg","height":110,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-matlab-matlab-programming-language/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/matlab-programming-langauge-300x192.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Matlab &#8211; Matlab Programming Language</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-matlab-matlab-programming-language/">What is Matlab &#8211; Matlab Programming Language</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Matlab - Matlab Programming Language
What is Matlab ?   MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-matlab-matlab-programming-language/" aria-label="View Post: What is Matlab &#8211; Matlab Programming Language">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Matlab &#8211; Matlab Programming Language","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-matlab-matlab-programming-language\/","articleBody":"What is Matlab - Matlab Programming Language\r\nWhat is Matlab ?\u00a0\r\n\r\nMATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. \r\n\r\nTypical uses include:\r\n\r\n \tMath and computation\r\n \tAlgorithm development\r\n \tModeling, simulation, and prototyping\r\n \tData analysis, exploration, and visualization\r\n \tScientific and engineering graphics\r\n \tApplication development, including Graphical User Interface building\r\n\r\nMATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar noninteractive language such as C or Fortran.\r\n\r\nThe name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects, which together represent the state-of-the-art in software for matrix computation.\r\nMATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and analysis.\r\nMATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.\r\nThe MATLAB System\r\nThe MATLAB system consists of five main parts:\r\nThe MATLAB language.\r\nThis is a high-level matrix\/array language with control flow statements, functions, data structures, input\/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both \"programming in the small\" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and \"programming in the large\" to create complete large and complex application programs.\r\n\r\nThe MATLAB working environment.\r\nThis is the set of tools and facilities that you work with as the MATLAB user or programmer. It includes facilities for managing the variables in your workspace and importing and exporting data. It also includes tools for developing, managing, debugging, and profiling M-files, MATLAB's applications.\r\n\r\nHandle Graphics.\r\nThis is the MATLAB graphics system. It includes high-level commands for two-dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It also includes low-level commands that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete Graphical User Interfaces on your MATLAB applications.\r\n\r\nThe MATLAB mathematical function library.\r\nThis is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.\r\n\r\nThe MATLAB Application Program Interface (API).\r\nThis is a library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with MATLAB. It include facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.\r\n\r\nWhat is the programming language for MATLAB ?\r\n\r\nMATLAB is a programming language in and of itself.\r\n\r\nHowever, various parts of MATLAB and the associated development environment are written in C (the core framework), C++ (I know that the Parallel computing part is written in C++, I assume other parts are as well) and Java (most of the interfaces).\r\n\r\nHistorically, MATLAB was written in FORTRAN, and this legacy still manifests itself in several ways today (indexing starting at 1 is a prime example).\r\n\r\nMATLAB can also call functions written in a large number of other languages \u2014 on top of those already mentioned, it can run code written in C#, Python and Perl \u2014 I think there\u2019s also support for interfacing with Mathematical as well.\r\n\r\n MATLAB Programming Language\r\n\r\nMatlab is a product of Matworks. It is a simulation tool. Matlab is a programming language to perform simulation.\r\n\r\nThough whole product Matlab is developed on Java platform. It is is higher level language. Due to its advanced cross compiler. It can transfer Matlab code into other languages.\r\n\r\nSO, once user has completed its work in Matlab is can generate .dll files, C,C++, Java codes of its language. And those files can be used in other software as library files also.\r\n\r\nMain purpose of Matlab is to make the simulation work platform independent.","headline":"What is Matlab &#8211; Matlab Programming Language","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/matlab-programming-langauge-300x192.jpg","height":192,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-fuel-cell-types-of-fuel-cell/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/220px-Proton_Exchange_Fuel_Cell_Diagram.svg_.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Fuel Cell &#8211; Types of Fuel Cell</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-fuel-cell-types-of-fuel-cell/">What is Fuel Cell &#8211; Types of Fuel Cell</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Fuel Cell - Types of Fuel Cell
What is Fuel Cell ?   A fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen or another fuel to cleanly and efficiently produce electricity. If hydrogen is the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-fuel-cell-types-of-fuel-cell/" aria-label="View Post: What is Fuel Cell &#8211; Types of Fuel Cell">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Fuel Cell &#8211; Types of Fuel Cell","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-fuel-cell-types-of-fuel-cell\/","articleBody":"What is Fuel Cell - Types of Fuel Cell\r\nWhat is Fuel Cell ?\u00a0\r\n\r\nA fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen or another fuel to cleanly and efficiently produce electricity. If hydrogen is the fuel, electricity, water, and heat are the only products. Fuel cells are unique in terms of the variety of their potential applications; they can provide power for systems as large as a utility power station and as small as a laptop computer.\r\n\r\nHOW FUEL CELLS WORK\r\nFuel cells work like batteries, but they do not run down or need recharging. They produce electricity and heat as long as fuel is supplied. A fuel cell consists of two electrodes\u2014a negative electrode (or anode) and a positive electrode (or cathode)\u2014sandwiched around an electrolyte. A fuel, such as hydrogen, is fed to the anode, and air is fed to the cathode. In a hydrogen fuel cell, a catalyst at the anode separates hydrogen molecules into protons and electrons, which take different paths to the cathode. The electrons go through an external circuit, creating a flow of electricity. The protons migrate through the electrolyte to the cathode, where they unite with oxygen and the electrons to produce water and heat.\r\n\r\n Proton Exchange Fuel Cell Diagram\r\nTypes of fuel cells\r\n\r\nClassification based on type of electrolyte\r\n\r\n \tPhosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC)\r\n \tPolymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)\r\n \tAlkaline fuel cell (AFC)\r\n \tMolten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC)\r\n \tSolid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n different types of fuel cell\r\n\r\nFuel cells come in many varieties; however, they all work in the same general manner. They are made up of three adjacent segments: the anode, the electrolyte, and the cathode. Two chemical reactions occur at the interfaces of the three different segments. The net result of the two reactions is that fuel is consumed, water or carbon dioxide is created, and an electric current is created, which can be used to power electrical devices, normally referred to as the load.\r\n\r\nProton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)\r\n\r\nPolymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells\u2014also called proton exchange membrane fuel cells\u2014deliver high power density and offer the advantages of low weight and volume compared with other fuel cells. PEM fuel cells use a solid polymer as an electrolyte and porous carbon electrodes containing a platinum or platinum alloy catalyst. They need only hydrogen, oxygen from the air, and water to operate. They are typically fueled with pure hydrogen supplied from storage tanks or reformers.\r\n\r\nAlkaline fuel cells\r\nAlkaline fuel cells (AFCs) were one of the first fuel cell technologies developed, and they were the first type widely used in the U.S. space program to produce electrical energy and water on-board spacecraft. These fuel cells use a solution of potassium hydroxide in water as the electrolyte and can use a variety of non-precious metals as a catalyst at the anode and cathode. In recent years, novel AFCs that use a polymer membrane as the electrolyte have been developed. These fuel cells are closely related to conventional PEM fuel cells, except that they use an alkaline membrane instead of an acid membrane. The high performance of AFCs is due to the rate at which electro-chemical reactions take place in the cell. They have also demonstrated efficiencies above 60% in space applications.\r\n\r\nMolten carbonate fuel cells\r\nMolten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) are currently being developed for natural gas and coal-based power plants for electrical utility, industrial, and military applications. MCFCs are high-temperature fuel cells that use an electrolyte composed of a molten carbonate salt mixture suspended in a porous, chemically inert ceramic lithium aluminum oxide matrix. Because they operate at high temperatures of 650\u00b0C (roughly 1,200\u00b0F), non-precious metals can be used as catalysts at the anode and cathode, reducing costs.\r\n\r\nSolid oxide fuel cells\r\nSolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) use a hard, non-porous ceramic compound as the electrolyte. SOFCs are around 60% efficient at converting fuel to electricity. In applications designed to capture and utilize the system's waste heat (co-generation), overall fuel use efficiencies could top 85%.\r\n\r\nSOFCs operate at very high temperatures\u2014as high as 1,000\u00b0C (1,830\u00b0F). High-temperature operation removes the need for precious-metal catalyst, thereby reducing cost. It also allows SOFCs to reform fuels internally, which enables the use of a variety of fuels and reduces the cost associated with adding a reformer to the system.","headline":"What is Fuel Cell &#8211; Types of Fuel Cell","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-27","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/220px-Proton_Exchange_Fuel_Cell_Diagram.svg_.png","height":233,"width":220},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/evaporative-condenser-construction-and-working-benefits/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Evaporative-Condenser-construction-and-working-300x263.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Evaporative Condenser &#8211; Construction and Working , Benefits</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/evaporative-condenser-construction-and-working-benefits/">Evaporative Condenser &#8211; Construction and Working , Benefits</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Evaporative Condenser - Construction and Working , Advantages 
An evaporative condenser is a condenser integrated into a cooling tower which rejects the latent heat of condensation of refrigerant...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/evaporative-condenser-construction-and-working-benefits/" aria-label="View Post: Evaporative Condenser &#8211; Construction and Working , Benefits">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Evaporative Condenser &#8211; Construction and Working , Benefits","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/evaporative-condenser-construction-and-working-benefits\/","articleBody":"Evaporative Condenser - Construction and Working , Advantages\u00a0\r\nAn evaporative condenser is a condenser integrated into a cooling tower which rejects the latent heat of condensation of refrigerant (Ammonia\/Freon) through a coil to the surroundings by means of evaporation.\r\nWater sprayed onto the coil exchanges heat with the refrigerant. A small quantity of water is evaporated into the air thereby cooling the remaining water cascading to the basin at the bottom. Post evaporation the saturated air passes through the drift eliminators and then forced out using a fan.\r\n\r\nConstruction And Working Of Evaporative Condenser :\r\n\r\nIn evaporative condensers, both air and water are used to extract heat from the condensing refrigerant. Figure shows the schematic of an evaporative condenser. Evaporative condensers combine the features of a cooling tower and water-cooled condenser in a single unit. In these condensers,\u00a0the water is sprayed from top part on a bank of tubes carrying the refrigerant and air is induced upwards. There is a thin water film around the condenser tubes from which evaporative cooling takes place. The heat transfer coefficient for evaporative cooling is very large. Hence, the refrigeration system can be operated at low condensing temperatures (about 11 to 13 K above the wet bulb temperature of air). The water spray counter current to the airflow acts as cooling tower. The role of air is primarily to increase the rate of evaporation of water. The required air flow rates are in the range of 350 to 500 m3\/h per TR of refrigeration capacity.\r\n\r\nDiagram of Evaporative Condenser\r\n\r\nEvaporative Condenser construction and working\r\n\r\nBenefits Of Evaporative Condenser\r\n\r\n \tContinuous coil without welded joints\r\n \tRobust corrosion resistant structural material for long life\r\n \tLarge diameter laminar flow nozzles for clog free operation.\r\n \tAir Flow - Parallel at coil side and cross at fill side for efficient heat transfer\r\n \tOptimized spray water flow to coil for maximum heat transfer","headline":"Evaporative Condenser &#8211; Construction and Working , Benefits","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-27","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Evaporative-Condenser-construction-and-working-300x263.jpg","height":263,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-structural-engineer-structure-design-software/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/What-is-Structural-engineer-300x219.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Structural engineer &#8211; Structure Design Software</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-structural-engineer-structure-design-software/">What is Structural engineer &#8211; Structure Design Software</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Structural engineer - Structure Design Software
What is Structural Engineer ?
Structural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research structural components and structural systems to...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-structural-engineer-structure-design-software/" aria-label="View Post: What is Structural engineer &#8211; Structure Design Software">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Structural engineer &#8211; Structure Design Software","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-structural-engineer-structure-design-software\/","articleBody":"What is Structural engineer - Structure Design Software\r\nWhat is Structural Engineer ?\r\nStructural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research structural components and structural systems to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants. Their work takes account mainly of safety, technical, economic and environmental concerns, but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors.\r\n\r\nStructural engineering is usually considered a specialty discipline within civil engineering, but it can also be studied in its own right. In the United States, most practicing structural engineers are currently licensed as civil engineers, but the situation varies from state to state. Some states have a separate license for structural engineers which is required to design special or high risk structures such as schools, hospitals, or skyscrapers.In the United Kingdom, most structural engineers in the building industry are members of the Institution of Structural Engineers rather than the Institution of Civil Engineers.\r\n\r\nTypical structures designed by a structural engineer include buildings, towers, stadia and bridges. Other structures such as oil rigs, space satellites, aircraft and ships may also be designed by a structural engineer.Most structural engineers are employed in the construction industry, however there are also structural engineers in the aerospace, automobile and shipbuilding industries. In the construction industry, they work closely with architects, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, quantity surveyors, and construction managers.\r\n\r\nStructural engineers ensure that buildings and bridges are built to be strong enough and stable enough to resist all appropriate structural loads (e.g., gravity, wind, snow, rain, seismic (earthquake), earth pressure, temperature, and traffic) in order to prevent or reduce loss of life or injury. They also design structures to be stiff enough to not deflect or vibrate beyond acceptable limits. Human comfort is an issue that is regularly considered in the limits. Fatigue is also an important consideration for bridges and for aircraft design or for other structures which experience a large number of stress cycles over their lifetimes. Consideration is also given to durability of materials against possible deterioration which may impair performance over the design lifetime.\r\n\r\nStructural design is a systematic and iterative process that involves:\r\n\r\n1) Identification of intended use and occupancy of a structure \u2013 by owner\r\n\r\n2) Development of architectural plans and layout \u2013 by architect\r\n\r\n3) Identification of structural framework \u2013 by engineer\r\n\r\n4) Estimation of structural loads depending on use and occupancy\r\n\r\n5) Analysis of the structure to determine member and connection design forces\r\n\r\n6) Design of structural members and connections\r\n\r\n7) Verification of design\r\n\r\n8) Fabrication &amp; Erection \u2013 by steel fabricator and contractor\r\n\r\n9) Inspection and Approval \u2013 by state building official\r\n\r\nStructure Design and analysis Software\u00a0\r\n\r\nStructural Engineers use many software depending on the purpose.\r\n\r\nWhat is Structural engineer\r\n\r\nSTAAD Pro:\u00a0 STAAD Pro is one of the most widely used structural analysis and design software. It supports several steel, concrete and timber design codes.\r\n\r\nSAP2000 :\u00a0\u00a0Computers and Structures, Inc. (CSI) is a structural and earthquake engineering software company founded in 1975 and based in Walnut Creek, California with additional office location in New York.The structural analysis and design software CSI produce include SAP2000, CSiBridge, ETABS, SAFE, PERFORM-3D, and CSiCOL.\r\n\r\nETABS: It is an integrated software package for the structural analysis and design of buildings\r\n\r\nRevit Structure and Architecture\u00a0 for Building Information Modelling including features for architectural design, MEP and structural engineering, and construction.\r\n\r\nMATLAB\u00a0 is used by structural engineers for analyzing structural and foundation problems using series of arrays. Mathematical simulation is done.\r\n\r\nI would recommend (separating the software that I think you should learn into specific knowledge areas) the following:\r\n\r\n-CAD \u2192 AutoCAD (2D &amp; 3D)\r\n-BIM \u2192 Revit and ArchiCAD\r\n-Structural Analysis --&gt; SAP2000, Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis\r\n\r\n-Steel structures (BIM and detailing) \u2192 TEKLA\r\n\r\n-General FEA \u2192 Z88, ANSYS, COMSOL\r\n-Civil Engineering\/Surveying \u2192 Autodesk Civil 3D\r\n-Microsoft Office\r\n-Programming: Learning a programming language is also useful (e.g. Python, MATLAB, C++).","headline":"What is Structural engineer &#8211; Structure Design Software","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-26","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/What-is-Structural-engineer-300x219.jpg","height":219,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/physical-properties-of-aluminium-aluminium-uses-and-application/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/aluminium-pipe-ok-300x206.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Physical Properties Of Aluminium &#8211; Aluminium Uses and Application</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/physical-properties-of-aluminium-aluminium-uses-and-application/">Physical Properties Of Aluminium &#8211; Aluminium Uses and Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Physical Properties Of Aluminium - Aluminium Uses and Application
What is Aluminium :  Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft,...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/physical-properties-of-aluminium-aluminium-uses-and-application/" aria-label="View Post: Physical Properties Of Aluminium &#8211; Aluminium Uses and Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Physical Properties Of Aluminium &#8211; Aluminium Uses and Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/physical-properties-of-aluminium-aluminium-uses-and-application\/","articleBody":"Physical Properties Of Aluminium - Aluminium Uses and Application\r\nWhat is Aluminium :\r\n\r\nAluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less common in the mantle below. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite.\r\n\r\n aluminium pipe - product\r\n\r\nPhysical and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium :\r\n\r\n(i) Pure aluminium has silvery colour and lustre, while the commercial grades show a characteristic bluish tinge.\r\n\r\n(ii) The high purity aluminium has a much greater resistance to corrosion than the ordinary steel.\r\n\r\n(iii) It is ductile and malleable.\r\n\r\n(iv) Its specific gravity is 2.7.\r\n\r\n(v) In proportion to its weight it is quite strong.\r\n\r\n(vi) Melting point = 658\u00b0C, boiling point = 2057\u00b0C.\r\n\r\n(vii) Its electrical resistivity is 2.669 micro ohms\/cm3\u00a0at 20\u00b0C.\r\n\r\n(viii) Its tensile strength varies from 95 to 157 MN\/m2.\r\n\r\n(ix) It is a good conductor of heat and electricity.\r\n\r\n(x) It forms useful alloys with iron, copper, zinc and other metals.\r\n\r\n(xi) It is unaffected by ordinary atmospheric influences but is corroded in sea water. It is soluble in solutions of caustic alkalies and in hydrochloric acid. When there is an excess of silicon present in the metal it does not withstand atmospheric actions.\r\n\r\n(xii) Aluminium is electron positive to most other metals e.g., iron, chromium, zinc, copper, nickel, tin, lead etc. Care is necessary therefore, to prevent it from coming into metallic contact with other metals under conditions where moisture is present in order to avoid electrolytic action i.e., corrosion.\r\n\r\nUses of Aluminium \/ Application of Aluminium :\r\n\r\n1. Because of its softness and difficulty of making sound castings, little pure aluminium is used in the cast form. The largest quantity is employed after it has been mechanically worked in some manner, as by rolling, wire drawing, drop forging or extruding. After being rolled into sheets, it may be stamped into a variety of shapes.\r\n\r\n2. It is employed, often alloyed with small amounts of other metals, in the manufacture of furniture, rail-road and trolley cars, automobile bodies and pistons, electric cables and bus bars, rivets, kitchen utensils and collapsible tubes for pastes.\r\n\r\n3. In a finely divided flake form, aluminium is employed as a pigment in paint. Aluminium paint is used as a priming coat for wood, as a protective coat for metals.\r\n\r\n4. Aluminium is used in deoxidizing molten iron and steel, especially in the top of the ingot when steel is poured in the ingot mould. In a similar manner it is used to prepare the metals from their oxides by heating a mixture of powdered aluminium and the oxide of the metal to be reduced. The mixture is known as Thermit.\r\n\r\n5. Aluminium foil is used as silver paper for packing chocolates etc.\r\n\r\nAnnealing of Aluminium:\r\n\r\nAluminium sheet which has been hardened by cold working, such as hammering or rolling can be annealed by heating it to about 350\u00b0C and afterwards cooling in air or water. The period of heating need only be for a few minutes. As a rough guide to correct temperature of heating for annealing, the surface may be rubbed, during the heating process, with a dry matchstick from time to time, the heating being stopped when wood begins to char.\r\n\r\nThe annealing of aluminium wire for electrical purposes require more care, since the aim is to obtain a high electrical conductivity by obtaining the correct structure. For high conductivity a long exposure at a lower temperature, namely 250\u00b0C to 300\u00b0C appears to give the best results. In passing, it may be remarked that the aluminium alloys require higher annealing temperature, from about 350\u00b0C to 400\u00b0C.","headline":"Physical Properties Of Aluminium &#8211; Aluminium Uses and Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-25","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/aluminium-pipe-ok-300x206.jpg","height":206,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=187">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=186"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>186</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=187"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>187</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>188</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=189"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>189</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=190"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>190</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=189">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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