<!doctype html><html lang="en-US" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"><head>  <script defer src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-63955840-1"></script> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,CgkgIHdpbmRvdy5kYXRhTGF5ZXIgPSB3aW5kb3cuZGF0YUxheWVyIHx8IFtdOwoJICBmdW5jdGlvbiBndGFnKCl7ZGF0YUxheWVyLnB1c2goYXJndW1lbnRzKTt9CgkgIGd0YWcoJ2pzJywgbmV3IERhdGUoKSk7CgoJICAKCSAgCSAgZ3RhZygnY29uZmlnJywgJ1VBLTYzOTU1ODQwLTEnKTsKCSAgCgk="></script> <meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/www.gunkrazy.com-favicon-image.png"><link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"><style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style><title>Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering</title><meta name="robots" content="follow, index, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1, max-image-preview:large"/><link rel="canonical" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/" /><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /><meta property="og:type" content="website" /><meta property="og:title" content="Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering" /><meta property="og:url" content="//www.gunkrazy.com/" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Mechanical Engineering blog" /><meta property="fb:admins" content="https://www.facebook.com/sachin.thorat3" /><meta property="article:published_time" content="2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30" /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@thoratsachin027" /><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@thoratsachin027" /><meta name="twitter:label1" content="Time to read" /><meta name="twitter:data1" content="Less than a minute" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="rank-math-schema">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person","name":"Sachin Thorat","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/royal.mech.engg","https://twitter.com/thoratsachin027"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#logo","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","contentUrl":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","caption":"Mechanical Engineering blog","inLanguage":"en-US","width":"300","height":"300"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#logo","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","contentUrl":"//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png","caption":"Mechanical Engineering blog","inLanguage":"en-US","width":"300","height":"300"}},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#website","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com","name":"Mechanical Engineering blog","publisher":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"//www.gunkrazy.com/?s={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#webpage","url":"//www.gunkrazy.com/","name":"Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering","datePublished":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","dateModified":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","about":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person"},"isPartOf":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#website"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#author","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=96&amp;d=wavatar&amp;r=g","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=96&amp;d=wavatar&amp;r=g","inLanguage":"en-US"}},{"@type":"Article","headline":"Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering","datePublished":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","dateModified":"2020-01-22T20:14:00+05:30","author":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#author"},"publisher":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#person"},"name":"Home - Learn Mechanical Engineering","@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#richSnippet","isPartOf":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#webpage"},"inLanguage":"en-US","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"//www.gunkrazy.com/#webpage"}}]}</script> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="5Sa35IchqdSspzqAS1DI0AQEde9mldI2FZu66psXg" /><meta name="msvalidate.01" content="0633F9DED879963ED766DB4D21411F2B" /><meta name="yandex-verification" content="6203245cb91cc415" /><meta name="p:domain_verify" content="1d54713710a5b65365ad80e5daccdb40" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Learn Mechanical Engineering &raquo; Feed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/feed/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Learn Mechanical Engineering &raquo; Comments Feed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/comments/feed/" /> <script defer src="data:text/javascript;base64,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"></script> <!--noptimize--><script id="learn-ready">
			window.advanced_ads_ready=function(e,a){a=a||"complete";var d=function(e){return"interactive"===a?"loading"!==e:"complete"===e};d(document.readyState)?e():document.addEventListener("readystatechange",(function(a){d(a.target.readyState)&&e()}),{once:"interactive"===a})},window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[];		</script>
		<!--/noptimize--><style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
		display: inline !important;
		border: none !important;
		box-shadow: none !important;
		height: 1em !important;
		width: 1em !important;
		margin: 0 0.07em !important;
		vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
		background: none !important;
		padding: 0 !important;
	}</style><link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.3' type='text/css' media='all' /><style id='rank-math-toc-block-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol{counter-reset:item}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li{display:block}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li:before{content:counters(item, ".") ". ";counter-increment:item}</style><style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}</style><style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}</style><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-income-school-style-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_6aa70931e213384c9a6255eeedb3f19f.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='all' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-style-min-width768-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_4097091fbbb660b667281e5052538af8.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='(min-width: 768px)' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-style-min-width960-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_1b82ae29fa8c6f6b1dda16beb19cfc46.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='(min-width: 960px)' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='defer-style-min-width1200-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_90097e866176b4ced86c9b703df91b35.php?ver=1.4.1' type='text/css' media='(min-width: 1200px)' /><link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_605682d15b905afcca53b93514fbaeca.php?ver=2.3.1' type='text/css' media='all' /><style id='custom-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>.search-wrapper #search-icon{background:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/search-icon.png") center/cover no-repeat #fff;}.share-container .email-btn:before{background:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/envelope.svg") center/cover no-repeat;}.share-container .print-btn:before{background:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/print-icon.svg") center/cover no-repeat;}.externallinkimage{background-image:url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/extlink.png")}body, body ul, body li, body td, body th, body p, body p.legal-disclaimer, body  input, body select, body optgroup, body textarea, body .entry-meta span, body.single .entry-meta .byline, .entry-content .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li a{ color: #4f4f4f; }body.home #page .hero-text-wrapper h2.hero-text{ color:#ffffff; }#content h1, #content h2:not(.widget-title, .hero-text, .section-header-text, .card-title), #content h3, #content .author-card .author-info a, #content h4, #content h5, #content h6, #content .header { color: #bf22b2; }body .article-card header p a{color:#ff392e;}body.home #page h2.section-header-text,#page .featured-categories-wrapper .category-card h2:before{ background-color:#d693c6;}#page .featured-categories-wrapper .category-card:hover h2:before{ opacity:0.5; transition:opacity 500ms;}body.home #page h2.section-header-text, body.home #page h2.card-title{ color:#ff392e;}body a, body a:visited, body a:focus, body a:active{ color: #ff392e; }body a:hover, body a:visited:hover, body a:focus, body a:active { color: #ff392e }.woocommerce #respond input#submit, #content .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background), #content button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content a.button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content a.button:visited:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content input[type='button']:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #content input[type='reset'], #content input[type='submit'], #content .button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit) { background: #ff392e; }.woocommerce #respond input#submit, .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color), #page button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #page a.button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), #page a.button:visited:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), input[type='button']:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit), input[type='reset'], input[type='submit'], .button:not(.hamburger, .toggle-submenu, .search-submit) { color: #f2f2f2; }.woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs::before, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li{border-color:#bababa;}#content hr, body .wp-block-separator{ background-color: #bababa; } #page aside#secondary .legal-info-container, #page aside#secondary .sidebar-ad{ border-top-color: #bababa;} #page .author-card{border-top-color: #bababa;border-bottom-color: #bababa;}#page .site-footer{border-top-color: #bababa;}@media (min-width: 960px){#page .site-content .widget-area{border-left-color:#bababa;}}#content #antibounce { background: #f0f0f0; }body #content #antibounce .antibounce-card .copy-wrapper p{ color: #000000; }body #content #antibounce .antibounce-card button{ background-color: #000000; }body #content #antibounce .antibounce-card button { color: #ffffff }
.article-card .image-container {
   
    background-size: contain;</style><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/11350" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /><meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.3" /><link rel='shortlink' href='//www.gunkrazy.com/' /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gunkrazy.com%2F" /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gunkrazy.com%2F&#038;format=xml" /><meta name="category" content="homepage" /><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"><link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Libre+Franklin:wght@400;800&family=Roboto+Condensed&display=swap" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'"><style>ins.adsbygoogle { background-color: transparent; padding: 0; }</style><script  async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-1685119944030639" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> </head><body class="home page-template-default page page-id-11350 aa-prefix-learn-"><div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a><header id="masthead" class="site-header desktop-toggle"><div class="inner-wrap"><div class="hamburger-wrapper desktop"> <button class="hamburger hamburger--squeeze menu-toggle" type="button" aria-label="Menu" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="hamburger-box"> <span class="hamburger-inner"></span> </span> <span class="label">MENU</span> </button></div><div class="site-branding"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home" itemprop="url"><img width="300" height="300" src="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-e1587148384722.png 300w, //www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/learn-mech-logo-1-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></div><div class="search-wrapper"> <a href="#open" id="search-icon" style="background: url(//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/search-icon.png) center/cover no-repeat #fff;"><span class="sr-only">Search</span></a><div class="search-form-wrapper"><form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="//www.gunkrazy.com/"><style>.search-wrapper.search-active .search-field {
			width: 200px;
			display: inline-block;
			vertical-align: top;
		}
		.search-wrapper button[type="submit"] {
			display: inline-block;
			vertical-align: top;
			top: -35px;
			position: relative;
			background-color: transparent;
			height: 30px;
			width: 30px;
			padding: 0;
			margin: 0;
			background-image: url("//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/themes/acabado/img/search-icon.png");
			background-position: center;
			background-repeat: no-repeat;
			background-size: contain;
		}
		.search-wrapper.search-active button[type="submit"] {
			display: inline-block !important;
		}</style><label for="s"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-field" class="search-field" placeholder="Search &hellip;" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit" style="display:none;"><span class="screen-reader-text"></span></button></form></div></div></div><nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation"><div class="menu-main-manu-container"><ul id="primary-menu" class="inner-wrap"><li id="menu-item-13454" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item menu-item-home menu-item-13454"><a href="http://www.gunkrazy.com">Home</a></li><li id="menu-item-13461" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-13461"><a target="_blank" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-subject-wise-basic-concept-notes/">Subject Wise Notes</a></li><li id="menu-item-13456" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-13456"><a target="_blank" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-projects/">Projects List</a></li><li id="menu-item-13457" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-13457"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-projects/">Project and seminars</a> <button type='button' class='toggle-submenu'><span class='sr-only'>Submenu Toggle</span> </button><ul class='submenu'><li id="menu-item-13458" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13458"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-projects/">Mechanical Projects Report</a></li><li id="menu-item-13459" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13459"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/seminar-topics/">Mechanical Seminar</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-13460" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13460"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/cad-cam-software/">CAD Software</a></li><li id="menu-item-13462" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13462"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/exam-gate-ies/">GATE</a></li><li id="menu-item-13466" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-13466"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/career/">Career</a> <button type='button' class='toggle-submenu'><span class='sr-only'>Submenu Toggle</span> </button><ul class='submenu'><li id="menu-item-13467" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13467"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/interview-guide/">Interview Guide</a></li><li id="menu-item-13468" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13468"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/technical-questions/">Technical Questions</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></nav></header><div id="content" class="site-content"><div id="primary" class="content-area"><section class="featured-categories-wrapper"><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/jigs-and-fixture-design1-768x581.jpg')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-projects/"><h2 class="card-title">Index of Mechanical Projects</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/lathe-machine-operation-768x515.jpg')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-subject-wise-basic-concept-notes/"><h2 class="card-title">Mechanical Subjects notes</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CATIA-V5-Surface.jpg')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cad-software/"><h2 class="card-title">CAD Design</h2> </a></article><article class="category-card col-one-fourth" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Orbital-Welding-Process-Equipment-Application-min-1.png')"> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/manufacturing-technology-notes/"><h2 class="card-title">Manufacturing Technology Notes</h2> </a></article></section><main id="main" class="site-main"><section class="articles-wrapper"><h2 class="section-header-text">Recent Posts</h2><article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/crankshaft-types-material-crankshaft-design/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/crankshaft-diagram-300x231.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Crankshaft -Types, Diagram, Function, Material, location, Crankshaft design</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/crankshaft-types-material-crankshaft-design/">Crankshaft -Types, Diagram, Function, Material, location, Crankshaft design</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Crankshaft
What is Crankshaft? 
A crankshaft (i.e. a shaft with a crank) is used to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotatory motion or vice versa.
Functions Of Crankshaft...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/crankshaft-types-material-crankshaft-design/" aria-label="View Post: Crankshaft -Types, Diagram, Function, Material, location, Crankshaft design">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Crankshaft -Types, Diagram, Function, Material, location, Crankshaft design","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/crankshaft-types-material-crankshaft-design\/","articleBody":"Crankshaft\r\nWhat is Crankshaft?\u00a0\r\nA crankshaft (i.e. a shaft with a crank) is used to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotatory motion or vice versa.\r\nFunctions Of Crankshaft :\u00a0\r\n1. It converts the reciprocating motion to the rotating motion.\r\n2. It transmits power to the Flywheel.\r\n3. It receives power from the flywheel.\r\nTypes of crankshafts:\r\nThe crankshaft consists of the shaft parts which revolve in the main bearings, the crankpins to which the big ends of the connecting rod are connected, the crank arms or webs (also called cheeks) which connect the crankpins and the shaft parts.\r\nThe crankshaft, depending upon the position of the crank, may be divided into the following two types :\r\n\r\n1. Side crankshaft or overhung crankshaft, as shown in Fig.(a), and\r\n\r\n2. Center crankshaft, as shown in Fig. (b).\r\n\r\n types of crankshaft\r\n\r\nThe crankshaft, depending upon the number of cranks in the shaft, may also be classified as a single throw or multi-throw crankshafts. A crankshaft with only one side crank or the center crank is called a single-throw crankshaft whereas the crankshaft with two side cranks, one on each end or with two or more centers cranks is known as the multi-throw crankshaft.\r\n\r\nThe side crankshafts are used for medium and large size horizontal engines.\r\nCrankshaft Diagram :\u00a0\r\ncrankshaft diagram\r\nMaterial and manufacturing of Crankshafts\r\n\r\n \tIn industrial engines, the crankshafts are commonly made from carbon steel such as 40 C 8, 55 C 8, and 60 C 4.\r\n \tIn transport engines, manganese steel such as 20 Mn 2, 27 Mn 2, and 37 Mn 2 is generally used for the making of the crankshaft. In aero engines, nickel-chromium steel such as 35 Ni 1 Cr 60 and 40 Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo 28 are extensively used for the crankshaft.\r\n \tThe crankshafts are made by drop forging or casting process but the former method is more common.\r\n \tThe surface of the crankpin is hardened by case carburizing, nitriding, or induction hardening.\r\n\r\n crankshaft parts\r\nBearing Pressures and Stresses in Crankshaft\r\nThe bearing pressures are very important in the design of crankshafts. The maximum permissible bearing pressure depends upon the maximum gas pressure, journal velocity, amount, and method of lubrication and change of direction of bearing pressure.\r\n\r\nThe following two types of stresses are induced in the crankshaft.\r\n\r\n1. Bending stress; and\r\n\r\n2. Shear stress due to torsional moment on the shaft.\r\n\r\nMost crankshaft failures are caused by a progressive fracture due to repeated bending or reversed torsional stresses. Thus the crankshaft is under fatigue loading and, therefore, its design should be based upon endurance limit. Since the failure of a crankshaft is likely to cause serious engine destruction and neither all the forces nor all the stresses acting on the crankshaft can be determined accurately, therefore a high factor of safety from 3 to 4, based on the endurance limit, is used.\r\nDesign Procedure For Crankshaft :\u00a0\r\nThe crankshaft must be designed or checked for at least two crank positions. Firstly, when the crankshaft is subjected to maximum bending moment and secondly when the crankshaft is subjected to maximum twisting moment or torque.\r\n\r\nDesign Procedure:\r\n\r\nThe following procedure may be adopted for designing a crankshaft.\r\n\r\n1. First of all, find the magnitude of the various loads on the crankshaft.\r\n\r\n2. Determine the distances between the supports and their position with respect to the loads.\r\n\r\n3. For the sake of simplicity and also for safety, the shaft is considered to be supported at the centers of the bearings and all the forces and reactions to be acting at these points. The distances between the supports depend on the length of the bearings, which in turn depend on the diameter of the shaft because of the allowable bearing pressures.\r\n\r\n4. The thickness of the cheeks or webs is assumed to be from 0.4 ds to 0.6 ds, where ds is the diameter of the shaft. It may also be taken as 0.22D to 0.32 D, where D is the bore of the cylinder in mm.\r\n\r\n5. Now calculate the distances between the supports.\r\n\r\n6. Assuming the allowable bending and shear stresses, determine the main dimensions of the crankshaft.\r\nDesign Concept\r\nBased on the material properties, we will now decide the dimensions which will be calculated from the loads and conditions. The crankshaft is designed considering two positions of the crank:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tWhen Crank is at Dead center (Maximum Bending Moment).\r\n \tWhen Crank is at an angle where Twisting Moment is maximum.\r\n\r\nWhen Crank is at dead center\r\nStep-wise procedure:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tDraw a Free Body Diagram of the Crankshaft with various horizontal and vertical forces.\r\n \tCalculate the piston force. (We know Maximum Piston pressure, It can be assumed according to the industry norms as 200 bar for Diesel &amp; 180 bar for SI Engines). Piston's force is Max. Piston pressure * Area of the piston.\r\n \tIndustry assumptions while calculation of forces in FBD.\r\n \tFind all the horizontal &amp; vertical reactions.\r\n\r\nDesign of Crank Pin\r\nCrankpin is also subjected to shear stress due to the twisting moment. Thus we can calculate the bending moment at the center of crankpin and twisting moment on crankpin and the resultant moment.\r\nStepwise procedure:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tCalculate Bending Moment at the center of Crank Pin(from FBD).\r\n \tEquate the BM to (MOI*Bearing stress) for crank Pin (Sigma-b)\r\n \tSolve and find Diameter of Crank Pin.\r\n \tSolve FBD for length.\r\n\r\nDesign of Crank Web\r\nThe crank web is designed for eccentric loading. There will be two stresses acting on the crank web, one is direct compressive stress and the other is bending stress due to piston gas load (Fp).\r\nIndustry Assumptions:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThickness of crank web Tst = 0.65 *dc + 6.35 (dc = Dia. Of Crank pin)\r\n \tWidth of crank web is, w = 1.125 * dc +12.7\r\n\r\nStepwise procedure:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tCalculate the Bending Moment from FBD.\r\n \tCheck if BM is positive or negative. If Negative the increase the crankpin diameter and solve it again. If positive then your design is safe.\r\n\r\n\u00a0Shaft under the Flywheel\r\nThe total bending moment at the flywheel location will be the resultant of the horizontal bending moment due to gas load and belt pull and the vertical bending moment due to the flywheel weight.\r\nThen you can find the diameter by using the Moment equation. M=(MOI*Sigma-b).\r\n\r\nWhen the crank is at an angle of a maximum twisting moment\r\nThe twisting moment on the crankshaft will be maximum when the tangential force on the crank (FT) is maximum. The maximum value of tangential force lies when the crank is at angle 30\u00ba to 40\u00ba for constant pressure combustion engines (i.e. diesel engines).\r\nWhen the crank is at an angle at which the twisting moment is maximum, the shaft is subjected to twisting moment from energy or force stored by the flywheel. The above design parameters can be cross-checked for the factor of safety while designing by considering the crankshaft at an angle of the maximum twisting moment.\r\nIf the factor of safety is more than 1 then the design is safe. Considering this, we have to various forces acting on crankshaft at different twisting angles.\r\nThis is a basic design concept used in the industry for designing Crankshafts for various IC Engines, but there are various parameters &amp; relations which are only known to the industry and is their copyright. Thus for studying you can refer to various design data handbooks available in the market for Machine design.\r\nNotes:\r\n\r\n1. The crankshaft must be designed or checked for at least two crank positions. Firstly, when the crankshaft is subjected to maximum bending moment and secondly when the crankshaft is subjected to maximum twisting moment or torque.\r\n\r\n2. The additional moment due to the weight of the flywheel, belt tension, and other forces must be considered.\r\n\r\n3. It is assumed that the effect of the bending moment does not exceed two bearings between which a force is considered.","headline":"Crankshaft -Types, Diagram, Function, Material, location, Crankshaft design","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-06-01","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 24, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/crankshaft-diagram-300x231.jpg","height":231,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal no-thumb"><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-hot-rolling-advantages-and-disadvantages/">What is Hot Rolling &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Hot Rolling - Advantages and Disadvantages
Hot Rolling Process 
Hot rolling is a metalworking process in which metal is heated above the recrystallization temperature to plastically deform...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-hot-rolling-advantages-and-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: What is Hot Rolling &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Hot Rolling &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-hot-rolling-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"What is Hot Rolling - Advantages and Disadvantages\r\nHot Rolling Process\u00a0\r\nHot rolling is a metalworking process in which metal is heated above the recrystallization temperature to plastically deform it in the working or rolling operation.\r\n\r\nThis process is used to create shapes with the desired geometrical dimensions and material properties while maintaining the same volume of metal. The hot metal is passed between two rolls to flatten it, lengthen it, reduce the cross-sectional area and obtain a uniform thickness. Hot-rolled steel is the most common product of the hot rolling process, and is widely used in the metal industry either as an end product or as raw material for subsequent operations.\r\n\r\nRead More:\u00a0Basic Of Rolling Operation and Nomenclature of Rolled Products\r\n\r\nHot rolling improves:\r\n\r\n \tToughness and strength \r\n \tDuctility\r\n \tResistance to vibration and shock\r\n \tFormability\r\n \tWeldability\r\n\r\nHot-rolled steel products are classified into four groups:\r\n\r\n \tFlat\r\n \tLong\r\n \tSeamless\r\n \tSpecialty\r\n\r\nThe rolling of metals above the recrystallisation temperature is called hot rolling. The temperature at which new grains are formed in the metal is known as recrystallisation temperature. This temperature should not be too high; otherwise the metal will burn and become unsuitable for use.\r\n\r\nrolling operation \r\n\r\nThe process of hot rolling is shown in Fig.\u00a0 It consists of heating of ingots to about 1200\u00b0C in soaking pits. Hot ingots then passed through a gap between rollers in many stages to get blooms.\r\n\r\nThe gap between the rollers is adjusted to conform to the desired thickness of the rolled product. The blooms are rolled to billets and the billets to the desired section like flat, square, rectangular, hexagonal, angle rails, I, U etc.\r\n\r\nThe angle of bite is usually 40\u00b0 at the area of contact of rollers and metal. The rollers impart compression stresses, while squeezing the metal. These results in changes of grains, grain fragmentation, and lattice distortion.\r\n\r\nIn hot rolling the coarse grains are converted into smaller grains. Care has been taken that the correct range of temperature is maintained during the process. In this process, the speed of emerging metal is higher due to elongation.\r\n\r\nRolling is normally a hot working process unless specifically mentioned as cold rolling. It is a most rapid method of converting large sections into smaller stocks. By hot rolling we can produce bars, plates, sheets, rails, angles, structural sections, I, L, T, C, shapes etc.\r\n\r\nThe materials commonly hot rolled are steel, copper, magnesium, aluminum and their alloys. All hot rolled steel has a reddish blue surface.\r\n\r\nRead also:\u00a0EFFECT OF HOT WORKING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Hot Rolling:\r\n\r\n1. Mechanical Properties Improved:\r\n\r\nThe mechanical properties like toughness, resistance to shock, ductility, and percentage elongation are improved.\r\n\r\n2. Grain Structure Refined:\r\n\r\nThe grain structure of the metal is refined i.e., the coarse grains are converted into fine grains which changes the properties of metal.\r\n\r\n3. Porocity Eliminated:\r\n\r\nThe porocity of the metal is eliminated, thus producing strong and uniform structure.\r\n\r\n4. Impurities Uniformly Distributed:\r\n\r\nThe impurities like slag are evenly distributed throughout the metal. Otherwise, they concentrated at one position inside the metal, shall make it weaker at that position.\r\n\r\n5. Low Pressure Required:\r\n\r\nThe deformation of metal is easy due to higher temperature of metal being rolled. This reduces the pressure requirements.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Hot Rolling:\r\n\r\n1. Expensive Process:\r\n\r\nHot rolling is an expensive process because it requires expensive tools, great skill to handle and maintain it.\r\n\r\n2. Correct Temperature Difficult to Maintain:\r\n\r\nThe correct temperature range for working is difficult to maintain.\r\n\r\n3. Poor Surface Finish:\r\n\r\nThe higher temperature of working causes to rapid oxidation and scale formation on the metal surface. This gives a poor surface finish and loss of strength of the material.\r\n\r\n4. Difficult to Maintain Close Tolerance:\r\n\r\nDue to poor surface finish, close tolerances cannot be maintained.\r\n\r\nTypical applications of hot-rolled steel are:\r\n\r\n \tAutomotive structural parts such as frames\r\n \tTabular products such as pipe and gas cylinders\r\n \tMachine structures such as saws and springs\r\n \tAgriculture equipment\r\n \tMetal buildings\r\n \tGuard rails","headline":"What is Hot Rolling &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-06-01","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"","height":0,"width":0},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/sheet-rolling-mills-major-six-types-of-rolling-mills/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/types-of-rolling-mills-300x173.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Sheet Rolling Mills -Major Six Types Of Rolling Mills</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/sheet-rolling-mills-major-six-types-of-rolling-mills/">Sheet Rolling Mills -Major Six Types Of Rolling Mills</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Sheet Rolling Mills -Major Six Types Of Rolling Mills
INTRODUCTION TO SHEET ROLLING MILLS : 
               In this process, metals and alloys are plastically deformed into semi finished...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/sheet-rolling-mills-major-six-types-of-rolling-mills/" aria-label="View Post: Sheet Rolling Mills -Major Six Types Of Rolling Mills">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Sheet Rolling Mills -Major Six Types Of Rolling Mills","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/sheet-rolling-mills-major-six-types-of-rolling-mills\/","articleBody":"Sheet Rolling Mills -Major Six Types Of Rolling Mills\r\nINTRODUCTION TO SHEET ROLLING MILLS :\u00a0\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0In this process, metals and alloys are plastically deformed into semi finished or finished products by being pressed between two rolls which are rotating. The metal is initially pushed into the space between two rolls, thereafter once the roll takes a \u2018\u2018bite\u2019\u2019 into the edge of the material, the material gets pulled in by the friction between the surfaces of the rolls and the material. The material is subjected to high compressive force as it is squeezed (and pulled along) by the rolls. This is a process to deal with material in bulk in which the cross-section of material is reduced and its length increased. The final cross-section is determined by the impression cut in the roll surface through which the material passes and into which it is compressed.\r\n\r\n diagram of rolling operation\r\n\r\nRead More:\u00a0\u00a0Introduction to Rolling- Nomenclature Of Rolling Machines\r\n\r\nThe following six types of Sheet rolling mills are commonly used for rolling metals: \r\n\r\n1. Two-High Rolling Mills\r\n\r\n2. Three-High Rolling Mill \r\n\r\n3. Four High Rolling Mill \r\n\r\n4. Cluster Mill \r\n\r\n5. Multi-High Rolling Mill \r\n\r\n6. Universal Rolling Mill.\r\n\r\ntypes of rolling mills\r\n\r\nType 1. Two-High Rolling Mills:\r\nThe two-high rolling mill consists of a two-high stand with two horizontal rolls, placed exactly one over the other. In this type of mill, one or both the rollers are adjustable. In its operation, the metal is passed between the two rollers rotating at the same speed but in opposite direction.\r\n\r\nAfter each pass, the direction is reversed. The metal piece is turned through 90\u00b0, which keeps the section uniform and with fine grains. Nearly 25-30 passes are required to convert an ingot into a bloom. The arrangement of two-high rolling mill is shown in Fig.(a).\r\n\r\nType\u00a0 2. Three-High Rolling Mill:\r\n\r\nThe three-high rolling mill consists of a three-high stand with three rollers, placed in a single vertical plane. The upper and bottom roller rotate in the same direction whereas the middle roller rotates in the opposite direction.\r\n\r\nIt is used for rolling of two continuous passes in a rolling sequence without reversing the drive. It has higher output rate than two-high mill. It is less expensive to manufacture. The arrangement of three-high rolling mill is shown in Fig.(b).\r\n\r\nType 3. Four High Rolling Mill:\r\nThe four-high rolling mill consists of four rollers, two of which are working rollers (small diameter) and the other two are backing up rollers (larger diameter). The all four rollers are arranged above one another in a vertical plane. Also, the backup rollers always have larger diameters than those of the working rollers.\r\n\r\nThis type of rolling mill is used in sheet rolling. To reduce the rolling force (F) of the metal on the rolls and the power requirement, it is suggested to design rolls as small as possible. If such small diameter rolls are used alone, they will bend and result in non-uniform thickness distribution along the width of the sheet. For this reason, another pair of two backup rolls are used to minimize bending and deflection of small working rolls. The arrangement of four-high rolling mill is shown in Fig. (c).\r\n\r\nType 4. Cluster Mill:\r\nThe cluster mill consists of two working rolls and four or more backing up rolls. The number of backup or supporting rolls depends upon the amount of support required for the working (small diameter) rolls. Cluster mill is generally used in cold-rolling operation. The arrangement of cluster mill is shown in Fig. (d)\r\n\r\nType 5. Multi-High Rolling Mill:\r\nThe multi-high rolling mill consists of two small diameter working rolls, a row of intermediate driving rolls, and a raw of backup rolls. This arrangement involves a cluster of either 12 or 20 rolls, resulting in exceptional rigidity of the whole roll system.\r\n\r\nMulti-high rolling mills are used particularly in the manufacturing of very thin sheets of thickness about 0.01 mm and width up to 2000 mm. In this case, the working rolls must have very small diameter, usually 10 mm to 30 mm.\r\n\r\nSuch small diameter working rolls make a drive practically impossible. Therefore, they are driven by friction through an intermediate row of driving rolls that are, in-turn, supported by a raw of backup rolls. The arrangement of multi-high rolling mill is shown in Fig. (e).\r\n\r\nType 6. Universal Rolling Mill:\r\nThe universal rolling mill consists of two vertical rolls and two horizontal rolls. The vertical rolls are idle and are arranged between the bearing chocks of the horizontal rolls in the vertical plane. Universal rolling mills are used for producing blooms from ingots and for rolling wide-flange H-section beams. The arrangement of universal rolling mill is shown in Fig. (f).","headline":"Sheet Rolling Mills -Major Six Types Of Rolling Mills","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-31","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/types-of-rolling-mills-300x173.png","height":173,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/drop-forging-process-advantages-and-disadvantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/drop-forging-300x235.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Drop Forging Process &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/drop-forging-process-advantages-and-disadvantages/">Drop Forging Process &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Drop Forging Process - Advantages and Disadvantages
 Drop Forging:
The difference between drop forging and smith forging is that in drop forging closed- impression dies are used and there is...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/drop-forging-process-advantages-and-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: Drop Forging Process &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Drop Forging Process &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/drop-forging-process-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"Drop Forging Process - Advantages and Disadvantages\r\n\u00a0Drop Forging:\r\nThe difference between drop forging and smith forging is that in drop forging closed- impression dies are used and there is drastic flow of metal in the dies due to repeated blows the impact of which compels the plastic metal to conform to the shape of the dies. Whereas in the smith forging open face dies are used and the hammering of the heated metal is done by hand tools to get the desired shape by judgement.\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0What are the Forging Defects ,causes and Remedies\r\n\r\nTwo types of hammers are used in drop forging:\r\n\r\n(a) Gravity drop hammer,\r\n\r\n(b) Direct powered drop hammer.\r\n\r\nIn drop forging, the final shape of the product from the raw material is achieved in a number of steps and this is done in order to ensure proper flow of metal. The dies generally contain impressions for several operations. The number of steps required varies according to the size and shape of the part, properties of metal in respect of forging and the tolerances required.\r\n\r\ndrop forging\r\n\r\nThe various steps in drop forging may be as follows:\r\n\r\n(i) Shear off bar stock to proper length and bring it upto forging temperature in a furnace adjacent to the forg\u00ading machine.\r\n\r\n(ii) Perform preliminary hot working operation in or\u00adder to achieve some properties of metal.\r\n\r\n(iii) Reduce the cross-sectional area, if any, at some places in the final shape of article and make it flow to some projected portions.\r\n\r\n(iv) Blocking or semi-finishing operation in which the desired definite form is obtained. In this operation the die is subjected to continuous intermittent blows till the definite shape (i.e. approximate size and shape of the finished forg\u00ading) is obtained.\r\n\r\n(v) Finishing die operation:\r\n\r\nIn the die also, the metal is subjected to several blows and the final shape is obtained which is having thin projections are excess metal extending around the parting line. This excess metal is purposely provided so that complete filling of the die is ensured. The finishing dies are of the exact size and shape of the forging with true corner radii and with allowance made for shrinkage.\r\n\r\n(vi) Removing of the flash around the edges of the finished forging in a separate press by trimmer dies immediately after the finishing operation is completed. Small forgings may however, be trimmed in cold condition also, the care being taken not to distort the part. In trimming operation the forging is held uniformly by the die in the ram and pushed through the trimming edges. Other supplementary operations include cleaning by blasting, pickling, or tumbling.\r\n\r\n(vii) Heat treatment of forging so as to relieve the various stresses induced into it and to attain certain other desired properties.\r\n\r\nThe drop forging machines are generally of two types viz. Steam Hammer type and Gravity Drop or Board Hammer type. In the steam hammer type drop forging machine, the ram and hammer are lifted up by the steam and the force of blow is controlled by throttling the steam. It can work upto 300 blows per minute and the machines are available in various capacities depending upon the steam pressure used.\r\n\r\nThey are usually of double-housing design, with an overhead steam cylinder assembly providing the power for actuating the ram. The ratio of the energy developed at die to the weight of the machine is more than that for board or gravity type drop hammer.\r\n\r\nIn the gravity-type drop forging machine, the impact pressure on the die is developed by the force of the falling ram and the die as these strike upon the lower fixed die. Suitable arrangements are provided in the press to lift the ram up after the forging stroke is completed.\r\n\r\nAfter completion of forging operation, the forgings are given a cleaning operation by pickling in acid, shot peening or tumbling, as the forgings are covered with scale. Sometimes a straightening operation is also required if some distortion has occurred in the forging.\r\n\r\nRead also :\u00a0Difference Between Casting and Forging\/Forming Processes\r\n\r\nForging operation can be carried out on the following materials:\r\n\r\nCarbon and alloy steels, wrought iron, copper base alloys, aluminium alloys and magnesium alloys.\r\n\r\nIn order to ensure that the material fills the cavities, a small amount of excess material is provided in the slug or performs. This material is squeezed out between the faces of the dies and is known as flash. It is usually removed in a separate dressing operation.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Drop Forging:\r\n(1) Good grain flow is achieved.\r\n\r\n(2) Faster speed of operation.\r\n\r\n(3) Good strength of material is obtained.\r\n\r\n(4) Little or no wastage of material.\r\n\r\nLimitations of drop forging are on account of:\r\n\r\n(i) Poor forge ability of material and\r\n\r\n(ii) Design of the component.\r\n\r\na. The material must be capable for being forged. Some materials such as most steels, specially those with low carbon content forge readily. A similar process occurs with a 60\/40 brass, but the blow is not so severe and is more likely a \u2018squeezing\u2019 thin a \u2018hitting\u2019 operation. However, a component of 70\/30 brass should not be drop forged. This material is \u2018hot short\u2019, i.e. it does not flow satisfactorily when hot.\r\n\r\nb. The geometrical shape of the component may prevent it from being drop-forged. A conventional drop forging rarely has holes in it and certainly not deep holes of small diameter, while components with re-entrant forms cannot be drop-forged. Small radii (especially with fillets), sharp corners and abrupt changes of section must be avoided.\r\n\r\nParts from design shape, size itself is a criterion. There is a limit to the size of a drop forging due to the size of machine. Although machines are getting large, it is rare for a drop- forging to have face exceeding 400 mm square.\r\n\r\nDrop hammers are relatively inexpensive and versatile machines but where large quantities of forgings are required, press forging is preferable.","headline":"Drop Forging Process &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-30","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/drop-forging-300x235.jpg","height":235,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/grinding-wheel-selection-constant-and-variable-factors/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/grinder-wheel-selection-300x143.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Grinding Wheel Selection &#8211; Constant and Variable Factors</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/grinding-wheel-selection-constant-and-variable-factors/">Grinding Wheel Selection &#8211; Constant and Variable Factors</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Grinding Wheel Selection - Constant and Variable Factors 
Selection of Grinding Wheels:
The proper selection of grinding wheels is very important for getting good results (i.e. obtaining better...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/grinding-wheel-selection-constant-and-variable-factors/" aria-label="View Post: Grinding Wheel Selection &#8211; Constant and Variable Factors">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Grinding Wheel Selection &#8211; Constant and Variable Factors","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/grinding-wheel-selection-constant-and-variable-factors\/","articleBody":"Grinding Wheel Selection - Constant and Variable Factors \r\nSelection of Grinding Wheels:\r\nThe proper selection of grinding wheels is very important for getting good results (i.e. obtaining better finish and at the same time having more life of the wheel). In order to meet all these requirements, the various elements that influence the process must be considered.\r\n\r\nSelection mainly depends upon the following factors:\r\n\r\n(a) Constant factors.\r\n\r\n(b) Variable factors.\r\n\r\nConstant factors include:\r\n\r\n(i) Work material. It should be remembered that for grinding a soft material, hard wheel should be used and vice versa,\r\n\r\n(ii) Amount and rate of stock removal,\r\n\r\n(iii) Area of contact between work and wheel.\r\n\r\n(iv) Condition of grinding machine. A softer grade of wheel is used on robust and heavy machine,\r\n\r\n(v) Finish and accuracy required on the job.\r\n\r\nVariable factors include:\r\n\r\n(i) Wheel speed,\r\n\r\n(ii) Work speed,\r\n\r\n(iii) Condition of grinding machine (state of the wheel spindle bearing),\r\n\r\n(iv) Skill of operator (personal factors).\r\n\r\nFrom above it is obvious that several factors are to be considered for the proper selection of the right wheel. The different wheels are constituted by different combinations of abrasive materials, grain size, type of bond, hardness of bond, structure etc. Thus the difficulty in choosing right wheel for any particular job can be gauged from the fact that more than 10,000 different combinations are obtainable in one wheel.\r\n\r\n grinder wheel selection\r\n\r\nWork Material:\r\n\r\nIt will influence the following elements:\r\n\r\n(a) Abrasive material,\r\n\r\n(b) Grain size of grit number (mesh number),\r\n\r\n(c) Grade (strength of bond),\r\n\r\n(d) Structure.\r\n\r\n(a) Abrasive:\r\n\r\nThis choice of right abrasive is to some extent determined by the type of material only to be ground, which will decide whether the abrasive is Silicon Carbide (SiC) or Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) as these are most commonly used abrasives in different varieties. SiC is the best suited abrasive for brittle and hard materials like grey cast iron castings, chilled iron, tungsten carbide, hard steels, stone, porcelain and other ceramic substances.\r\n\r\nSiC is also recommended for low tensile strength material such as non-ferrous metals, bronze, brass, copper, aluminium and plastic materials, A1203\u00a0is better for tough materials having high tensile strength like mild steel, alloy steel, high speed annealed malleable iron, tough bronze, wrought iron, etc.\r\n\r\n(b) Grain Size:\r\n\r\nFor softer materials, it is a general practice to use coarse grain size and for harder materials, fine grains. Coarser grain is used for high rate of stock removal. Fine grain is used if the work size or the work surface finish is important. Grain size is determined by the mesh number by which it is retained when passed through a series of meshes in a vibrating sieve.\r\n\r\n(c) Grade:\r\n\r\nThe hard materials and materials having high strength offer more resistance to wheel while grinding operation is performed. Thus if hard grade of wheel is used then wheel will get blunt soon and the grinding will not be good. Therefore, for better results on such materials, the abrasive particles should break and fall quickly so that new sharp faces of the particles do the work and they never get blunt.\r\n\r\nFor softer materials, high or harder grade, i.e. good bond is used. The grading is done by capital alphabets, the first alphabets being used for softer grade and last ones for harder grade.\r\n\r\n(d) Structure:\r\n\r\nThis represents the void between the abrasives and is influenced by the work material. In the case of harder materials the chips are of small size and also the rate of metal removal is low. Thus a small reservoir is needed to remove the chips from the hard material, and the dense structure is desirable for it.\r\n\r\nFor softer materials, the open structure is prescribed as the rate of metal removal is high and size of chips is also big. The structure is denoted by numbers from 1 to 15.\r\n\r\nAmount and Rate of Stock Removal:\r\n\r\nIt does not influence the abrasive material but the\r\n\r\n(a) Grain size,\r\n\r\n(b) Grade,\r\n\r\n(c) Structure.\r\n\r\nFor fast removal of metal, coarse gain size is required and vice versa. As regards grade, soft grade is used for fast removal of metal, of course at the cost of wheel life. With softer grade, the abrasive particles fall off quickly and wheel keeps on sharpening, thus removing more quantity of material. Also in order that metal may be removed at faster rate, more space is required for chip removal and hence open structure is desirable for fast removal of metal and vice versa.\r\n\r\nArea of Contact:\r\n\r\nIt mainly influences grade and to some extent grain size also. When the area of contact in grinding operation is large, total grinding pressure is distributed over a larger area and the pressure per unit area is less and hence a softer wheel is needed for it. Thus for internal grinding where arc of contact is more, softer wheel is used and for external grinding, harder wheel.\r\n\r\nCondition of Grinding Machine:\r\n\r\nHeavy rigid machines demand the softer grade of wheel than the light machines. If condition of grinding machine is such as to cause vibration, harder grade is used compared to one where complete freedom from vibrations is there.\r\n\r\nFinish and Accuracy Required:\r\n\r\nFor high degree of accuracy and fine finish requirement, small sized grain wheels should be used.\r\n\r\nVariable Factors:\r\n\r\ni. Wheel Speed and Work Speed:\r\n\r\nThese are the most predominant factors and about 70% of the complaints can be improved by proper selection of work and wheel speed e.g. if one gets burnt surface then speed of the wheel may be reduced. If there is excess wheel wear, it indicates that either wheel is running too slow or the work too fast.\r\n\r\nWheel speed affects the grade to a considerable extent and for higher wheel speed, soft wheel (soft grade) should be used. Wheel speed depends upon type of grinding operation e.g. external or internal grinding or parting off operation. Work speed depends upon type of work, type of grinding and finish required. It also affects the grade, and for higher work speed it is desirable to use harder wheel and vice versa.\r\n\r\nii. Condition of Grinding:\r\n\r\n(By condition of grinding we mean whether the grinding is done in wet conditions or dry conditions.) In dry conditions with hard wheel the heat generation is more and thus soft wheel is required and vice versa.\r\n\r\niii. Skill of Operator:\r\n\r\nAn unskilled worker can\u2019t handle soft wheels and he is likely to break them. Thus unskilled worker should be allowed to work only in those conditions which require a hard wheel.\r\nSelection of Grinding Wheels for Thread Grinding and Tool Sharpening:\r\nThe factors influencing the type of abrasive for thread grinding wheels are the material of workpiece, its hardness, pitch and profile of the threads. Al2O3\u00a0wheel is preferred for most of the applications. For grinding titanium, SiC wheel is used and for grinding carbide and ceramic materials, diamond wheel is used. Finer grit size is used for finer pitch.\r\n\r\nIf fine grit it used then harder wheel is employed. For high precision thread grinding, and where lead errors in pre-cut threads are to the corrected, vitrified bond wheels are used which are more rigid also. Resinoid bond wheels are very flexible and can remove stock rapidly. However, these can\u2019t correct the lead errors in pre-cut threads because of their flexibility.\r\n\r\nFor tool sharpening, Al2O3\u00a0wheels are used for H.S.S; silicon carbide wheels are used for carbide-tipped tools. The operation of lapping and fine finish is done by diamond wheel. CBN wheel is well suited for grinding a variety of difficult to machine tool steels. Other considerations are same as for general grinding applications.","headline":"Grinding Wheel Selection &#8211; Constant and Variable Factors","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/grinder-wheel-selection-300x143.png","height":143,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-dividing-head-used-for-milling-indexing/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/milling-dividing-head-300x236.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Dividing Head used For Milling Indexing</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-dividing-head-used-for-milling-indexing/">What is Dividing Head used For Milling Indexing</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Dividing Head used For Milling Indexing
What is Indexing ?  Milling operations sometimes, require the rotation of job correct to fractions of minutes, for each groove, slot etc., to be cut...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-dividing-head-used-for-milling-indexing/" aria-label="View Post: What is Dividing Head used For Milling Indexing">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Dividing Head used For Milling Indexing","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-dividing-head-used-for-milling-indexing\/","articleBody":"What is Dividing Head used For Milling Indexing\r\nWhat is Indexing ?\r\n\r\nMilling operations sometimes, require the rotation of job correct to fractions of minutes, for each groove, slot etc., to be cut evenly on the job surface. The accuracy of spacing of teeth is very important particularly when the work is of precision character e.g., gear teeth, shafts, cutter teeth etc.\r\n\r\nThe operation of rotating the job through a required angle between two successive cuts is termed as indexing. This is accomplished with the help of a milling attachment known as dividing head, which is an accessory to the milling machine. It helps to divide the job periphery into a number of equal divisions, i.e., square, hexagonal octagonal, etc.\r\nDividing Head:\r\nTo rotate a job through required angle, one needs:\r\n\r\n(i) A device to rotate the job and\r\n\r\n(ii) A source which can ensure that the job has been rotated through the desired angle.\r\n\r\nIn dividing head, the first requirement is met by an index-crank and the second by the index plate. The index-plate has a number of holes arranged concentrically, so that each circle has a number of holes equally spaced.\r\n\r\n milling dividing head\r\n\r\nThe crank has an arrangement in connection with the plunger-pin, which can slide through the slot and the crank is pivoted at the centre of a disc. This crank can be rotated about the axis and the plunger can be fixed at any desired hole.\r\n\r\nThe rotation of crank is transmitted through a gear to the job, so that the number of complete revolutions will result in certain revolutions of the job. The ratio of crank and the shaft on which job is mounted is 40 : 1, i.e., when the index plate makes 40 revolutions, the job makes one revolution.\r\n\r\nFor quick-placing of plunger and in order to avoid the counting of holes, fixed arms (sectors) are provided which can be set apart at any number of holes desired.\r\n\r\n diagram of dividing head\r\n\r\nThe following types of index-plates having the holes given against them are available.\r\n\r\nBrown and Sharp:\r\n\r\nPlate 1 : 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20.\r\n\r\nPlate 2 : 21, 23, 27, 29, 31 and 33.\r\n\r\nPlate 3 : 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 47 and 49.\r\n\r\nParkinson:\r\n\r\nPlate 1 : 24, 25, 28, 30, 34, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42 and 43.\r\n\r\nPlate 2 : 46, 47, 49, 51, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 62 and 66.\r\n\r\nCommon Methods of Indexing:\r\n\r\nThere are five methods of indexing.\r\n\r\nThese are listed below:\r\n\r\n(1) Direct indexing,\r\n\r\n(2) Simple or plain indexing,\r\n\r\n(3) Compound indexing,\r\n\r\n(4) Differential indexing,\r\n\r\n(5) Angular indexing.\r\n\r\n1. Direct Indexing:\r\n\r\nIn this case, the dividing head has an index plate, fitted directly on the spindle. The intermediate use of worm and worm-wheel is avoided. The index plate has 24 holes and the periphery of job can be divided into 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 equal parts directly. This type indexing is most commonly used for indexing fixture.\r\n\r\n2. Simple or Plain Indexing:\r\n\r\nIn this case, different index plates with varying number of holes are used to increase the range of indexing. The index is fixed in position by a pin called lockpin.\r\n\r\n3. Compound Indexing:\r\n\r\nThe principle of operation of compound indexing is the same as that of simple indexing, but the only difference is that compound indexing uses two different circles of one plate and hence also sometimes referred to as hit and trial method.\r\n\r\nThe principle of compound indexing is to obtain the required division in two stages:\r\n\r\n(i) By rotating the crank or handle in usual way keep\u00ading the index plate fixed.\r\n\r\n(ii) By releasing the back pin and then rotating the index plate with the handle.\r\n\r\nFor example, if a 27 teeth gear is to be cut, then T = 40\/27 i.e., the rotation required for one tooth spacing is 40\/27 which may be written as 2\/3 + 22\/27 or 12\/18 + 22\/27.\r\n\r\nSo for each tooth, the worm will be rotated by 12 holes of 18 hole circle with the help of the crank and then the index plate is rotated by 22 holes of the 27 hole circle.\r\n\r\n4. Differential Indexing:\r\n\r\nAvailable number of index plates with different hole circles, sometimes confine the range of plain indexing. In such cases, differential indexing is found to be more suitable. Between the indexing plate and spindle of dividing head, a certain set of the gears is incorporated extra. Dividing heads are provided with such standard set of gears.\r\n\r\nDuring the differential indexing, the index-plate is unlocked and connected to a train of gears which receive their motion from the worm gear spindle. As the handle is turned, the index plate also turns, but at a different rate and perhaps in the opposite direction. Differential indexing makes it possible to rotate the work by any fraction of revolution with the usual index plates furnished with the equipment.","headline":"What is Dividing Head used For Milling Indexing","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/milling-dividing-head-300x236.jpg","height":236,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=186">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=185"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>185</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=186"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>186</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>187</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=188"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>188</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=189"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>189</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=188">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. Read more about this portal or Sachin Thorat click on below button!</p> <button onclick="window.location.href='//www.gunkrazy.com/about-me/';">READ MORE</button></div><section id="custom_html-5" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h2 class="widget-title">Get Dialy Update On Email</h2><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><form style="border:1px solid #ccc;padding:3px;text-align:center;" action="https://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify" method="post" target="popupwindow" onsubmit="window.open('https://feedburner.google.com/fb/a/mailverify?uri=mechenggnet', 'popupwindow', 'scrollbars=yes,width=550,height=520');return true"><p>Enter your email address:</p><p><input type="text" style="width:140px" name="email"/></p><input type="hidden" value="mechenggnet" name="uri"/><input type="hidden" name="loc" value="en_US"/><input type="submit" value="Subscribe" /><p>Delivered by <a href="https://feedburner.google.com" target="_blank">FeedBurner</a></p></form></div></section><section id="categories-5" class="widget widget_categories"><h2 class="widget-title">Menu</h2><ul><li class="cat-item cat-item-103"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/automobile-engineering/">Automobile Engineering</a> (209)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-98"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/cad-cam-software/">CAD Design Software</a> (110)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-100"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/career/">Career in Mechanical</a> (57)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-101"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/exam-gate-ies/">Exam &#8211; GATE ,IES</a> (50)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-116"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/fabrication/">Fabrication Guide</a> (92)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-110"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/fluid-power-system/">Hydraulic and Pneumatic System</a> (59)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-115"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/production-management/">Industrial Engineering</a> (103)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-102"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/interview-guide/">Interview Guide</a> (23)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-99"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/machine-design/">Machine Design</a> (106)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-117"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/machine-tools/">Machine Shop</a> (103)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-109"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/manufacturing-engineering/">Manufacturing Technology</a> (154)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-113"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/material-science/">Material Science</a> (42)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-97"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-projects/">Mechanical Projects Report</a> (652)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-106"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/seminar-topics/">Mechanical Seminar</a> (85)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-107"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/automation-robotics/">Mechatronics</a> (36)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-111"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/measurement-science/">Metrology and Instrumentation</a> (61)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-108"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/power-engineering/">Power Engineering</a> (38)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-112"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/mechanical-project-list/">Project Lists</a> (73)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-114"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/technical-questions/">Technical Questions</a> (139)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-105"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/theory-of-machine/">Theory Of Machine</a> (36)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-104"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/thermodynamics/">Thermal Engineering</a> (129)</li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/category/uncategorized/">Uncategorized</a> (1)</li></ul></section></aside></div></div><footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"><div class="inner-wrap footer-option-1"><div class="menu-footer-container"><ul id="footer-menu" class="inner-wrap"><li id="menu-item-11367" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home current-menu-item page_item page-item-11350 current_page_item menu-item-11367"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/" aria-current="page">Home</a></li><li id="menu-item-11368" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11368"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/blog/">Blog</a></li><li id="menu-item-11370" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11370"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/about-me/">About</a></li><li id="menu-item-11372" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11372"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/contact-us/">Contact</a></li><li id="menu-item-11369" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-11369"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/privacy/">Privacy</a></li><li id="menu-item-11373" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11373"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/terms-and-conditions_77/">Terms</a></li><li id="menu-item-11371" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11371"><a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/advertise/">Advertise</a></li></ul></div><div class="site-info"> &copy; 2025 Copyright Learn Mechanical Engineering</div></div></footer></div> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/cache/autoptimize/autoptimize_single_e1252650ea6bc63e5b6b533cf9f0380d.php?ver=1.4.1" id="income-school-js-js"></script> <!--noptimize--><script>!function(){window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[],advanced_ads_ready_queue.push=window.advanced_ads_ready;for(var d=0,a=advanced_ads_ready_queue.length;d<a;d++)advanced_ads_ready(advanced_ads_ready_queue[d])}();</script><!--/noptimize--><div style="display: none"></div></body></html>
<!--
Performance optimized by W3 Total Cache. Learn more: https://www.boldgrid.com/w3-total-cache/

Page Caching using Disk: Enhanced (Requested URI contains query) 

Served from: www.gunkrazy.com @ 2025-08-19 08:28:58 by W3 Total Cache
-->




