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Welding types used in Pipe Fabrication</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/pipeline-welding-welding-types-used-in-pipe-fabrication/">Pipeline Welding &#8211; Welding types used in Pipe Fabrication</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Pipeline Welding - Welding types used in Pipe Fabrication
Pipeline welding is important in industry. The chief methods are used in the welding of pipelines for gas, oil, water, etc. There are...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/pipeline-welding-welding-types-used-in-pipe-fabrication/" aria-label="View Post: Pipeline Welding &#8211; Welding types used in Pipe Fabrication">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Pipeline Welding &#8211; Welding types used in Pipe Fabrication","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/pipeline-welding-welding-types-used-in-pipe-fabrication\/","articleBody":"Pipeline Welding - Welding types used in Pipe Fabrication\r\nPipeline welding is important in industry. The chief methods are used in the welding of pipelines for gas, oil, water, etc. There are several types of pipe joints. Pipes may be joined by either fixed position welding or roll welding. Pipe welding in fixed position and the lengths of pipes to be welded are placed on rollers for easy rotation. In roll welding the pipes are rotated as the weld progresses.\r\n\r\nThe lengths are then lined up and held by clamps and tack welded (Tack weld) in four places around the circumference\u2014as many lengths as can be handled conveniently. The welding of the joint is entirely done in the flat position\u2014so it is called roll welding in larger pipes.\r\n\r\nPipe welding in Butt position joint will be used in water lines, gas lines, oil refineries, .etc. In Butt weld uniform diameter is obtained along the whole pipe, and also correct reinforcement. Pipes are usually joined by butt welds with the single V joint preparation.\r\n\r\nThe object of edge preparation is to ensure the degree of penetration and each welding is necessary to obtain a good sound weld. The edges are beveled so as to leave a root face and root gap. This is done in order to prevent and burn through when the first bead is given. The gap between the edges are left for better penetration.\r\n\r\npipe welding v butt\r\n\r\nPipeline Welders, also known as Pipe Welders, join and repair tubular products and metallic pipe components and assemblies as part of the construction of buildings, vessels, structures, and stand-alone pipelines. They use a variety of welding processes and equipment, in a wide range of industrial and commercial environments. Because pipes are routinely set up in fixed positions and situated in ways that make welding difficult, pipeline welders must be well-trained and versatile. As such, they are among the most highly skilled and sought after welders.","headline":"Pipeline Welding &#8211; Welding types used in Pipe Fabrication","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-06-05","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/pipe-welding-v-butt-300x164.jpg","height":164,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-product-in-marketing-classification-of-products/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/product-classification-300x247.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Product in Marketing &#8211; Classification Of Products</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-product-in-marketing-classification-of-products/">What is Product in Marketing &#8211; Classification Of Products</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Product in Marketing - Classification Of Products
What is Product in Marketing
Product is one of the important elements of marketing mix. A marketer can satisfy consumer needs and wants...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-product-in-marketing-classification-of-products/" aria-label="View Post: What is Product in Marketing &#8211; Classification Of Products">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Product in Marketing &#8211; Classification Of Products","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-product-in-marketing-classification-of-products\/","articleBody":"What is Product in Marketing - Classification Of Products\r\nWhat is Product in Marketing\r\nProduct is one of the important elements of marketing mix. A marketer can satisfy consumer needs and wants through product. A product consists of both good and service. Decisions on all other elements of marketing mix depend on product. For example, price is set for the product; promotional efforts are directed to sell the product; and distribution network is prepared for the product. Product is in the center of marketing programme. Therefore, product has a major role in determining overall success of marketing efforts.\r\n\r\nA marketer tries to produce and sell such products that satisfy needs and wants of the target market. Other words used for product are good, commodity, service, article, or object. In marketing literature, product has comprehensive meaning.\r\n\r\nDefinitions of Product:\r\nTerm product has been variously defined by the experts in the field.\r\n\r\nLet us examine some standard definitions:\r\n\r\n1. Philip Kotler:\r\n\r\n\u201cProduct is anything that can be offered to someone to satisfy a need or a want.\u201d\r\n\r\n2. William Stanton:\r\n\r\n\u201cProduct is complex of tangible and intangible attributes, including packaging, colour, price, prestige, and services, that satisfy needs and wants of people.\u201d\r\n\r\n3. W. Alderson:\r\n\r\n\u201cProduct is a bundle of utilities, consisting of various product features and accompanying services.\u201d\r\nCharacteristics of Product:\r\nCareful analysis of concept of product essentially reveals following features:\r\n\r\n1. Product is one of the elements of marketing mix or programme.\r\n\r\n2. Different people perceive it differently. Management, society, and consumers have different expectations.\r\n\r\n3. Product includes both good and service.\r\n\r\n4. Marketer can actualize its goals by producing, selling, improving, and modifying the product.\r\n\r\n5. Product is a base for entire marketing programme.\r\n\r\n6. In marketing terminology, product means a complete product that can be sold to consumers. That means branding, labeling, colour, services, etc., constitute the product.\r\n\r\n7. Product includes total offers, including main qualities, features, and services.\r\n\r\n8. It includes tangible and non-tangible features or benefits.\r\n\r\n9. It is a vehicle or medium to offer benefits and satisfaction to consumers.\r\n\r\n10. Important lies in services rendered by the product, and not ownership of product. People buy services, and not the physical object.\r\n\r\nClassification Of Product :\r\n\r\n product classification\r\nTypes of Product:\r\nA company sells different products (goods and services) to its target market.\r\n\r\nThey can be classified into two groups, such as:\r\n\r\n1. Consumer Product, and\r\n\r\n2. Industrial Products\r\n1. Consumer Products:\r\nConsumer products are those items which are used by ultimate consumers or households and they can be used without further commercial and engineering processes.\r\n\r\nConsumer products can be divided into four types as under:\r\n\r\ni. Convenient Products:\r\n\r\nSuch products improve or enhance users\u2019 convenience. They are used in a day-to-day life. They are frequently required and can be easily purchased. For example, soaps, biscuits, toothpaste, razors and shaving creams, newspapers, etc. They are purchased spontaneously, without much consideration, from nearby shops or retail malls.\r\n\r\nii. Shopping Products:\r\n\r\nThese products require special time and shopping efforts. They are purchased purposefully from special shops or markets. Quality, price, brand, fashion, style, getup, colour, etc., are important criteria to be considered. They are to be chosen among various alternatives or varieties. Gold and jewelleries, footwear, clothes, and other durables (including refrigerator, television, wrist washes, etc.).\r\n\r\niii. Durable Products:\r\n\r\nDurable products can last for a longer period and can be repeatedly used by one or more persons. Television, computer, refrigerator, fans, electric irons, vehicles, etc., are examples of durable products. Brand, company image, price, qualities (including safety, ease, economy, convenience, durability, etc.), features (including size, colour, shape, weight, etc.), and after-sales services (including free installation, home delivery, repairing, guarantee and warrantee, etc.) are important aspects the customers consider while buying these products.\r\n\r\niv. Non-durable Products:\r\n\r\nAs against durable products, the non-durable products have short life. They must be consumed within short time after they are manufactured. Fruits, vegetables, flowers, cheese, milk, and other provisions are non-durable in nature. They are used for once. They are also known as consumables. Mostly, many of them are non-branded. They are frequently purchased products and can be easily bought from nearby outlets. Freshness, packing, purity, and price are important criteria to purchase these products.\r\n\r\nv. Services:\r\n\r\nServices are different than tangible objects. Intangibility, variability, inseparability, perishability, etc., are main features of services. Services make our life safe and comfortable. Trust, reliability, costs, regularity, and timing are important issues.\r\n\r\nThe police, the post office, the hospital, the banks and insurance companies, the cinema, the utility services by local body, the transportation facilities, and other helpers (like barber, cobbler, doctor, mechanic, etc.,) can be included in services. All marketing fundamental are equally applicable to services. \u2018Marketing of services\u2019 is the emerging facet of modern marketing.\r\n2. Industrial Products:\r\nIndustrial products are used as the inputs by manufacturing firms for further processes on the products, or manufacturing other products. Some products are both industrial as well as consumer products. Machinery, components, certain chemicals, supplies and services, etc., are some industrial products.\r\n\r\nAgain, strict classification in term of industrial consumer and consumer products is also not possible, For example, electricity, petroleum products, sugar, cloth, wheat, computer, vehicles, etc., are used by industry as the inputs while the same products are used by consumers for their daily use as well.\r\n\r\nSome companies, for example, electricity, cements, petrol and coals, etc., sell their products to industrial units as well as to consumers. As against consumer products, the marketing of industrial products differs in many ways.\r\n\r\nIndustrial products include:\r\n\r\n1. Machines and components\r\n\r\n2. Raw-materials and supplies\r\n\r\n3. Services and consultancies\r\n\r\n4. Electricity and Fuels, etc.","headline":"What is Product in Marketing &#8211; Classification Of Products","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-06-04","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/product-classification-300x247.jpg","height":247,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/feed-water-heater-types-open-and-closed-feed-water-heater/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/feed-water-heater-working-261x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Feed Water Heater &#8211; Types , Open and Closed Feed Water Heater</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/feed-water-heater-types-open-and-closed-feed-water-heater/">Feed Water Heater &#8211; Types , Open and Closed Feed Water Heater</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Feed Water Heater - Types , Open and Closed Feed Water Heater
FEED WATER HEATER
Low pressure feed water heaters are used in the condensate system between the condensate pump discharge and boiler...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/feed-water-heater-types-open-and-closed-feed-water-heater/" aria-label="View Post: Feed Water Heater &#8211; Types , Open and Closed Feed Water Heater">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Feed Water Heater &#8211; Types , Open and Closed Feed Water Heater","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/feed-water-heater-types-open-and-closed-feed-water-heater\/","articleBody":"Feed Water Heater - Types , Open and Closed Feed Water Heater\r\nFEED WATER HEATER\r\nLow pressure feed water heaters are used in the condensate system between the condensate pump discharge and boiler feed pumps, and utilize low pressure turbine extraction or auxiliary turbine exhaust steam for heating the condensate.\r\nHigh pressure feed water heaters are used in the feed water system between the boiler feed pump discharge and the boiler, and utilize high pressure turbine extraction steam for heating the feed water. The condensate or feed water temperature increase for each feed water heater will be in the range of 28 to 56 degrees C with the actual value determined by turbine manufacturer\u201fs stage location of steam extraction nozzles. Depending on turbine size, some turbines offer alternate number of extraction nozzles with usually a choice of using the highest pressure extraction nozzle. The selection, in this case, of the total number of feed water heaters to use should be based on economic evaluation.\r\n\r\nLow Pressure Heater(s)\r\nUse one or more low pressure feed water heaters to raise the temperature of condensate from condensate pump discharge temperature to the de-aerator inlet temperature. The heater drains are cascaded from the higher pressure heater to the next lower pressure heater with the lowest pressure heater draining to the condenser.\r\n\r\nHigh Pressure Heater(s)\r\nUse one or more high pressure feed water heaters to raise the temperature of feed water from de-aerator outlet temperature to the required boiler economizer inlet\u00a0temperature. The heater drains are cascaded from heater to heater, back to the de-aerator in a fashion similar to the heater drain system for the low pressure heaters.\r\n\r\nAdvantages\r\n(a) Fuel economy.\r\n(b) Longer life of the boiler.\r\n(c) Increase in steaming capacity.\r\n\r\nA feedwater heater is a power plant component used to pre-heat water delivered to a steam generating boiler. Preheating the feedwater reduces the irreversibilities involved in steam generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system. This reduces plant operating costs and also helps to avoid thermal shock to the boiler metal when the feedwater is introduced back into the steam cycle.\r\n\r\nWorking Of Feed Water Heater\u00a0 :\r\n\r\nIt should be noted that the energy used to heat the feedwater is usually derived from steam extracted between the stages of the steam turbine. Therefore, the steam that would be used to perform expansion work in the turbine is not utilized for that purpose. The percentage of the total cycle steam mass flow used for the feedwater heater must be carefully optimized for maximum power plant thermal efficiency since increasing this causes a decrease in turbine power output.\r\n\r\nfeed water heater working\r\n\r\nFeedwater heaters can also be open and closed heat exchangers. An open feedwater heater is merely a direct-contact heat exchanger in which extracted steam is allowed to mix with the feedwater. This kind of heater will normally require a feed pump at both the feed inlet and outlet since the pressure in the heater is between the boiler pressure and the condenser pressure. A deaerator is a special case of the open feedwater heater which is specifically designed to remove non-condensable gases from the feedwater.\r\n\r\nClosed feedwater heaters are typically shell and tube heat exchangers where the feedwater passes throughout the tubes and is heated by turbine extraction steam. These do not require separate pumps before and after the heater to boost the feedwater to the pressure of the extracted steam as with an open heater. However, the extracted steam must then be throttled to the condenser pressure.\r\nMany power plants incorporate a number of feedwater heaters and may use both open and closed components.\r\n\r\nFeedwater heaters are used in both fossil- and nuclear-fueled power plants. Smaller versions have also been installed on steam locomotives, portable engines and stationary engines. An economiser serves a similar purpose to a feedwater heater, but is technically different. Instead of using actual cycle steam for heating, it uses the lowest-temperature flue gas from the furnace to heat the water before it enters the boiler proper. This allows for the heat transfer between the furnace and the feedwater occurring across a smaller average temperature gradient. System efficiency is therefore further increased when viewed with respect to actual energy content of the fuel\r\n\r\nOpen Feed Water Heater (Deaerator)\r\n\r\nAn open feedwater heater , also called direct-contact and deaerating (DA) heater, is one that heats the feedwater by directly mixing it with bled steam from the turbine. Usually only one DA is used at Power Plant.\r\n\r\nBecause the pressure in such a heater can\u2019t exceed the turbine pressure at the point of extraction, a pump (Main Boiler Feed Water Pump) must follow the heater. The confluence of steam and water flows makes possible the efficient removal of non-condensables as well as the heating of the feedwater.\r\n\r\nThe DA outlet feedwater is at or near saturation. Pumping saturated water results in cavitation because of the pressure drop below saturated pressure, thus causing flashing on the back side of pump vanes. The DA heater is therefore usually positioned in the powerplant steam-generator house high above its pump by perhaps 60 ft. This provides sufficient pump inlet pressure to render the saturated water compressed (or subcooled) and prevents cavitations.\r\n\r\nThere are three types of DA heaters for industrial and utility use.\r\n\r\n1) Spray-Type deaerators .\r\n\r\nIn this type the feedwater enters the heater through nozzles that spray it into the extraction-steam-filled heater space. The water is heated and scrubbed to release the noncondensables gases. A second agitation of the now-heated feedwater by another steam flow is provided by an internal baffling system.\r\n\r\n2) Tray-Type deaerators.\r\n\r\nHere the feedwater is directed onto a series of cascading horizontal trays. It falls in sheets or tubes from tray to tray and comes into contact with rising extraction steam admitted from the bottom of the tray system. As scrubbing occurs and noncondensables gases and some steam rise, they come into contact with colder water, resulting in a reduced volume of high concentration of noncondensables to vent into the atmosphere.\r\n\r\n3) Combination spray-tray deaerator\r\n\r\nIn this type, the feedwater is first sprayed into a steam-filled space, then made to cascade down trays. This combination type with horizontal stainless steel trays is currently preferred by utilities.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Feed Water Heater &#8211; Types , Open and Closed Feed Water Heater","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-06-03","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/feed-water-heater-working-261x300.jpg","height":300,"width":261},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/hot-rolling-vs-cold-rolling-difference-between-hot-rolling-and-cold-rolling/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/hot-rolling-vs-cold-rolling-300x199.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Hot Rolling vs Cold Rolling &#8211; Difference Between Hot rolling and cold rolling</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/hot-rolling-vs-cold-rolling-difference-between-hot-rolling-and-cold-rolling/">Hot Rolling vs Cold Rolling &#8211; Difference Between Hot rolling and cold rolling</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Hot Rolling vs Cold Rolling - Difference Between Hot rolling and cold rolling
Introduction To Rolling :
Rolling is a fabricating process in which metal is passed through a pair of rolls. Rolling...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/hot-rolling-vs-cold-rolling-difference-between-hot-rolling-and-cold-rolling/" aria-label="View Post: Hot Rolling vs Cold Rolling &#8211; Difference Between Hot rolling and cold rolling">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Hot Rolling vs Cold Rolling &#8211; Difference Between Hot rolling and cold rolling","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/hot-rolling-vs-cold-rolling-difference-between-hot-rolling-and-cold-rolling\/","articleBody":"Hot Rolling vs Cold Rolling - Difference Between Hot rolling and cold rolling\r\nIntroduction To Rolling :\r\nRolling is a fabricating process in which metal is passed through a pair of rolls. Rolling has 2 main classifications. Flat rolling, in which the product is typically a sheet, or profile rolling, in which the product is typically a rod or bar. Rolling is also classified according to the recrystallization temperature of the metal.\r\nHot Rolling\r\nHot rolling uses large pieces of metal, such as slabs or steel billets, and heats them above their recrystallization temperature. The metal pieces are then deformed between rollers creating thin cross sections. These cross sections are thinner than those formed by cold rolling processes with the same number of stages. Hot rolling also reduces the average grain size of metal but maintains an equiaxed microstructure.\r\nCold Rolling\r\nCold rolling is a process which passes metal through rollers at temperatures below its recrystallization temperatures. This increases the yield strength and hardness of the metal. This is done by introducing defects into the crystal structure of the metal creating a hardened microstructure which prevents further slip. Because the metal is at room temperature, it is less malleable than metal above its recrystallization temperature. This makes cold rolling a more labor intensive and expensive process than hot rolling. Cold rolling can also reduce the grain size of the metal resulting in Hall-Petch Hardening.\r\n\r\nBoth hot rolling and cold rolling are used to create sheet metal. However, cold rolling produces thinner sheets. Hot rolling is also commonly used to create railroad rails, and cold rolling is often used to make beverage cans.\r\n\r\nhot rolling vs cold rolling\r\nDifference Between Hot rolling and cold rolling\r\n\n\n\n\n\tHot Rolling Cold Rolling \n\n\n\n\n\tThe material to be rolled is above its re-crystallization temperature.The material to be rolled is below its recrystallization temperature.\n\n\n\tThe roll radius is larger than used in cold rolling. The roll radius is smaller.\n\n\n\tHeavy reduction in area of the work-piece can be obtained.The heavy reduction area is not possible.\n\n\n\tVery thin sections (less than 1.25 mm) are not obtained by hot rolling or even though it is uneconomical.Very thin sections (0.02 mm) can be made as in case of aluminium foils.\n\n\n\tHot rolling results in; refined grain size, removed blow holes, toughness and strength increases. A fiber-like structure is obtained.Cold rolling results in; increased hardness generates cracks, reduced ductility, increased tensile strength and yield strength of steel.\n\n\n\tGenerally hot rolled metal does not shows work hardening effect.Cold rolled metal shows work harden\u00ading effect.\n\n\n\tSurface finish is not good due to metal oxides and scale formed.Smooth and oxide-free surface finish is obtained.\n\n\n\tClose dimensional tolerance cannot be achieved.Close tolerance (0.002 mm) can be achieved.\n\n\n\n\n\tCoefficient of friction between the rolls and workpiece is higher.Coefficient of friction between the rolls and workpiece is comparatively lower\n\n\n\tTheoretical analysis cannot be perfectly carried out as yield stress varies with the temperature and with each pass.Theoretical analysis can be easily carried out as extensively developed theory is available.\n\n\n\tIn hot rolling, experimental measure\u00adments are difficult.In cold rolling, experimental measure\u00adments can be easily carried out.","headline":"Hot Rolling vs Cold Rolling &#8211; Difference Between Hot rolling and cold rolling","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-06-03","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/hot-rolling-vs-cold-rolling-300x199.jpg","height":199,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/3-2-1-principle-used-for-jig-and-fixture-locating-method/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/3-2-1-principle-used-in-jig-fixture-design-300x114.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to 3-2-1 principle used for jig and Fixture Locating Method</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/3-2-1-principle-used-for-jig-and-fixture-locating-method/">3-2-1 principle used for jig and Fixture Locating Method</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Locating Principle Used for Jig and Fixture : 
Principle Of Location in Jig And Fixture :  The principle of location is being discussed here with the help of a most popular example which is...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/3-2-1-principle-used-for-jig-and-fixture-locating-method/" aria-label="View Post: 3-2-1 principle used for jig and Fixture Locating Method">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"3-2-1 principle used for jig and Fixture Locating Method","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/3-2-1-principle-used-for-jig-and-fixture-locating-method\/","articleBody":"Locating Principle Used for Jig and Fixture : \r\nPrinciple Of Location in Jig And Fixture :\r\n\r\nThe principle of location is being discussed here with the help of a most popular example which is available in any of the book covering jigs and fixtures. It is important that one should understand the problem first.\r\nAny rectangular body many have three axis along x-axis, y-axis and z-axis. It can more along any of these axes or any of its movement can be released to these three axes. At the same time the body can also rotate about these axes too. So total degree of freedom of the body along which it can move is six. For processing the body it is required to restrain all the degree of freedom (DOF) by arranging suitable locating points and then clamping it in a fixed and required position. The basic principle used to locate the points is desirable below.\r\n\r\nSee also:\u00a0Introduction and Difference Between Jig And Fixture\r\n\r\nLocating \u2013 principles and methods\r\n\r\n3-2-1 Principle of Location used in Jig &amp; Fixtures:\r\n\r\n[1] It is also known as a six-pin or six-point location principle. In this, the three adjacent locating surfaces of the blank (workpiece) are resting against 3, 2, and 1 pin respectively, which prevent 9 degrees of freedom.\r\n\r\n[2] The rest three degrees of freedom are arrested by three external forces usually provided directly by clamping.\r\n\r\n 3 2 1 principle used in jig fixture design\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n3-2-1 Principle Statement :\u00a0\r\nThe 3-2-1 principle states that the six locators are sufficient to restrict the required degree of freedom of any workpiece. In this, motion is restricted using clamps and locators. A three-pin base can restrict five motions and six pins restrict nine motions.\r\nMethodology of 3-2-1 Principle:\r\n For this, refer the below figure;\r\n\r\n[1] The workpiece is resting on three pins A, B, and C which are inserted in the base of the fixed body.\r\n[2] The workpiece cannot rotate about the axes XX and YY and also cannot move downward.\r\n[3] In this way, the five degrees of freedom 1,2,3,4 and 5 have been arrested.\r\n[4] Two pins D and E are inserted in the fixed body, in a plane perpendicular to the plane containing pins A, B &amp; C.\r\n[5] Now the workpiece cannot rotate about the Z-axis and also it cannot move towards the left.\r\n[6] Hence the addition of pins D and E restrict three more degrees of freedom, namely 6, 7, and 8.\r\n[7] Another pin F in the second vertical face of the fixed body, arrests degree of freedom 9.\r\n\r\nThe above method of locating a workpiece in a fixture is called the 3-2-1 Principle.\r\n\r\n 3-2-1 principle of jig and fixture\r\nSummary of 3-2-1 Principle:\r\nA workpiece will be completely confined when blanked against:\r\n\r\n \t3 points in one plane: The \u201c3\u201d in 3-2-1 refers to 3 locators (passive fixture elements) on the primary locating\/datum surface.\r\n \t2 points in another plane: The \u201c2\u201d in 3-2-1 refers to 2 locators on the secondary locating\/datum surface.\r\n \t1 point in a third plane: The \u201c1\u201d in 3-2-1 refers to 1 locator on the tertiary locating\/datum surface\r\n\r\nSome basic principles or rules need to be followed while planning for locating blanks in fixtures, such as;\r\n\r\n \tOne or more surfaces (preferably machined) and\/or drilled\/bored hole(s) are to be taken for reference\r\n \tThe reference surfaces should be a significant and important feature(s) based on which most of the dimensions are laid down\r\n \tLocating should be easy, quick and accurate\u00a0In case of locating by pin, the pins and their mounting and contact points should be strong, rigid and hard\r\n \t\u00a0A minimum of three-point must be used to locate a horizontal flat surface\r\n \t\u00a0The locating pins should be as far apart as feasible\r\n \tVee block and cones should be used for self-locating solid and hollow cylindrical jobs.\r\n\r\nTypes Of Locators used In Jig And Fixture For supporting :\r\nThe location arrangement depends on the type of operation, degrees of required accuracy.\r\n\r\n \tFlat locators: These are used for the location of the flat machined surfaces of a component.\r\n \tCylindrical locators: These are used for the location of components with drilled holes.\r\n \tConical locators: These locators are used to support the workpieces with cylindrical holes.\r\n \tJack pin locators: These locators support rough workpieces.\r\n \tDrill bush locators: These locators hold and locate the cylindrical workpieces.\r\n \tVee locators: These locators hold circular and semicircular workpieces.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"3-2-1 principle used for jig and Fixture Locating Method","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-06-02","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 7, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/3-2-1-principle-used-in-jig-fixture-design-300x114.jpg","height":114,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-cold-rolling-advantages-and-disadvantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/cold-rolling-process.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Cold Rolling &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-cold-rolling-advantages-and-disadvantages/">What is Cold Rolling &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Cold Rolling - Advantages and Disadvantages
What is Cold Rolling   Cold rolling is a process which passes metal through rollers at temperatures below its recrystallization temperatures....</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-cold-rolling-advantages-and-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: What is Cold Rolling &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Cold Rolling &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-cold-rolling-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"What is Cold Rolling - Advantages and Disadvantages\r\nWhat is Cold Rolling\u00a0\r\n\r\nCold rolling is a process which passes metal through rollers at temperatures below its recrystallization temperatures. This increases the yield strength and hardness of the metal. This is done by introducing defects into the crystal structure of the metal creating a hardened microstructure which prevents further slip. Because the metal is at room temperature, it is less malleable than metal above its recrystallization temperature. This makes cold rolling a more labor intensive and expensive process than hot rolling. Cold rolling can also reduce the grain size of the metal resulting in Hall-Petch Hardening.\r\n\r\nBoth hot rolling and cold rolling are used to create sheet metal. However, cold rolling produces thinner sheets. Hot rolling is also commonly used to create railroad rails, and cold rolling is often used to make beverage cans.\r\n\r\ncold rolling process\r\n\r\nThe material is first hot rolled near to the finishing size and then cold rolled to the required size with highly finished rollers.\r\n\r\nThe hot rolled articles are first immersed in a weak solution of sulphuric acid to remove the scale and washed in water, and then dried. This process of cleaning the hot rolled product is known as pickling. These cleaned (pickled) products are then passed through rollers at room temperature. The rolling mills are similar to that used in hot rolling.\r\n\r\nThe cold rolling process has the advantage of providing close dimensional tolerance up to 0.025 mm. It also improves toughness, hardness, mechanical strength, surface finish of the material. Softer metals like tin, silver, gold, aluminum and its alloys undergo cold rolling.\r\nAdvantages of Cold Rolling:\r\n1. Good Surface Finish:\r\n\r\nDue to absence of any higher working temperature the surface finish of the rolled product is good. Also, the reduction in size per pass is very less.\r\n\r\n2. Improves Machinability:\r\n\r\nThe cold rolling process also improves the machinability of the metal.\r\n\r\n3. Close Tolerance Maintained:\r\n\r\nThe cold rolling process has the advantage of providing close tolerance up to 0.025 mm.\r\n\r\n4. Cheap and Easy Process:\r\n\r\nThe cold working does not need expensive tools and hence it is cheap and easy to handle.\r\nDisadvantages of Cold Rolling:\r\n1. High Pressure Requirements:\r\n\r\nThe pressure required in cold working is very high.\r\n\r\n2. Reduction in Size is Less:\r\n\r\nThe reduction in size per pass is very less in cold working process.\r\n\r\n3. Grain Structure Not So Fine:\r\n\r\nThe grain structure obtained is not as fine as in case of hot rolling process.\r\n\r\n4. Impurities will not Uniformly Distributed:\r\n\r\nThe impurities will not be uniformly distributed.","headline":"What is Cold Rolling &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-06-02","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/cold-rolling-process.png","height":217,"width":240},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=185">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=184"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>184</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=185"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>185</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>186</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=187"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>187</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=188"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>188</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=187">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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