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Process , Advantages and disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/lost-wax-casting-process-advantages-and-disadvantages/">Lost Wax Casting &#8211; Process , Advantages and disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Lost Wax Casting - Process , Advantages and disadvantages
Introduction to low wax casting:  Lost wax casting is an ancient process in which the wax pattern gets melted during the molding process,...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/lost-wax-casting-process-advantages-and-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: Lost Wax Casting &#8211; Process , Advantages and disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Lost Wax Casting &#8211; Process , Advantages and disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/lost-wax-casting-process-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"Lost Wax Casting - Process , Advantages and disadvantages\r\nIntroduction to low wax casting:\r\n\r\nLost wax casting is an ancient process in which the wax pattern gets melted during the molding process, hence the name lost wax is given to this process. Different foundries use different lost wax casting method, and the reliability of this process continues to attract foundrymen and artists alike. Intricate designing of sculptures, ornaments and automobiles can be captured only by this process. This ancient metal casting method, lost wax casting, has never lost its sheen, though the name of the process has been modified to investment casting and other names.\r\n\r\nRead More:\u00a0Casting Process- Mechanical Interview Questions with answers\r\n\r\nLost Wax Casting Process steps: \r\n\r\nTraditionally, in lost wax casting, wax patterns were made by hand for every single piece of mold. But today, one pattern can be used to make multiple patterns even though the pattern is lost or melted during the process. Solid or hollow patterns can be used for molding purpose.\r\n\r\nlow wax casting process\r\n\r\n\u00a0These are the steps for the indirect process:\r\n\r\n \tModel-making.\u00a0An artist or mould-maker creates an original model from wax,\u00a0clay, or another material. Wax and oil-based clay are often preferred because these materials retain their softness.\r\n \tMouldmaking.\u00a0A\u00a0mould\u00a0is made of the original model or sculpture. The rigid outer moulds contain the softer inner mould, which is the exact negative of the original model. Inner moulds are usually made of\u00a0latex,\u00a0polyurethane rubber\u00a0or\u00a0silicone, which is supported by the outer mould. The outer mould can be made from\u00a0plaster, but can also be made of\u00a0fiberglass\u00a0or other materials. Most moulds are made of at least two pieces, and a\u00a0shim\u00a0with keys is placed between the parts during construction so that the mould can be put back together accurately. If there are long, thin pieces extending out of the model, they are often cut off of the original and moulded separately. Sometimes many moulds are needed to recreate the original model, especially for large models.\r\n \tWax.\u00a0Once the mould is finished, molten wax is poured into it and swished around until an even coating, usually about \u200b1\u20448\u00a0inch (3\u00a0mm) thick, covers the inner surface of the mould. This is repeated until the desired thickness is reached. Another method is to fill the entire mould with molten wax and let it cool until a desired thickness has set on the surface of the mould. After this the rest of the wax is poured out again, the mould is turned upside down and the wax layer is left to cool and harden. With this method it is more difficult to control the overall thickness of the wax layer.\r\n \tRemoval of wax. This hollow wax copy of the original model is removed from the mould. The model-maker may reuse the mould to make multiple copies, limited only by the durability of the mould.\r\n \tChasing. Each hollow wax copy is then \"chased\": a heated metal tool is used to rub out the marks that show the\u00a0parting line\u00a0or\u00a0flashing\u00a0where the pieces of the mould came together. The wax is dressed to hide any imperfections. The wax now looks like the finished piece. Wax pieces that were moulded separately can now be heated and attached; foundries often use registration marks to indicate exactly where they go.\r\n \tSpruing.\u00a0The wax copy is\u00a0sprued\u00a0with a treelike structure of wax that will eventually provide paths for the molten casting material to flow and for air to escape. The carefully planned spruing usually begins at the top with a wax \"cup,\" which is attached by wax cylinders to various points on the wax copy. The spruing does not have to be hollow, as it will be melted out later in the process.\r\n \tSlurry.\u00a0A sprued wax copy is dipped into a slurry of silica, then into a sand-like\u00a0stucco, or dry crystalline silica of a controlled grain size. The slurry and grit combination is called ceramic shell mould material, although it is not literally made of\u00a0ceramic. This shell is allowed to dry, and the process is repeated until at least a half-inch coating covers the entire piece. The bigger the piece, the thicker the shell needs to be. Only the inside of the cup is not coated, and the cup's flat top serves as the base upon which the piece stands during this process.\r\n \tBurnout.\u00a0The ceramic shell-coated piece is placed cup-down in a\u00a0kiln, whose heat hardens the silica coatings into a shell, and the wax melts and runs out. The melted wax can be recovered and reused, although it is often simply burned up. Now all that remains of the original artwork is the negative space formerly occupied by the wax, inside the hardened ceramic shell. The feeder, vent tubes and cup are also now hollow.\r\n \tTesting.\u00a0The ceramic shell is allowed to cool, then is tested to see if\u00a0water\u00a0will flow freely through the feeder and vent tubes. Cracks or leaks can be patched with thick refractory paste. To test the thickness, holes can be drilled into the shell, then patched.\r\n \tPouring.\u00a0The shell is reheated in the kiln to harden the patches and remove all traces of moisture, then placed cup-upwards into a tub filled with sand. Metal is melted in a\u00a0crucible\u00a0in a furnace, then poured carefully into the shell. The shell has to be hot because otherwise the temperature difference would shatter it. The filled shells are then allowed to cool.\r\n \tRelease.\u00a0The shell is hammered or sand-blasted away, releasing the rough casting. The sprues, which are also faithfully recreated in metal, are cut off, the material to be reused in another casting.\r\n \tMetal-chasing.\u00a0Just as the wax copies were chased, the casting is worked until the telltale signs of the casting process are removed, so that the casting now looks like the original model. Pits left by air bubbles in the casting and the stubs of the spruing are filed down and polished.\r\n\r\nApplications of Lost Wax Casting:\r\n\r\nLost wax process is being used from time immemorial for casting jewelery and small parts. It is also used to manufacture fashion accessories like brooches and buckles. Some automobile manufacturers use a lost-foam technique to make engine blocks. Now days lost wax process is used for dental restoration, fine jewelery, sculptures, etc. Silver, gold, aluminum, brass, or bronze are cast with this method.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Lost Wax Casting:\r\n\r\n \tThe lost-wax process can be used with any material that can burn, melt, or evaporate to leave a mold cavity\r\n \tFaithfully replicated every detail of the original wax\r\n \tAllows shaping of castings that would be impossible in other methods.","headline":"Lost Wax Casting &#8211; Process , Advantages and disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-06-10","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/low-wax-casting-process-300x211.jpg","height":211,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/heat-treatment-problem-heat-treatment-defects/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/heat-treatment-defects-300x146.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Heat treatment problem &#8211; Heat treatment Defects</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/heat-treatment-problem-heat-treatment-defects/">Heat treatment problem &#8211; Heat treatment Defects</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Heat treatment problem - Heat treatment Defects
Principal defects in steel due to heat treatment and measures for their elimination:  1. Overheating:  Coarse grained micro- structure and...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/heat-treatment-problem-heat-treatment-defects/" aria-label="View Post: Heat treatment problem &#8211; Heat treatment Defects">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Heat treatment problem &#8211; Heat treatment Defects","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/heat-treatment-problem-heat-treatment-defects\/","articleBody":"Heat treatment problem - Heat treatment Defects\r\nPrincipal defects in steel due to heat treatment and measures for their elimination:\r\n\r\n1. Overheating:\r\n\r\nCoarse grained micro- structure and fracture. Reduced ductility and specially reduced impact strength\r\n\r\nCauses:\r\n\r\nHeating for longer periods at temperatures considerably above the normal values.\r\n\r\nPrevention:\r\n\r\ni. For slight overheating, use normal an\u00adnealing and normalising.\r\n\r\nii. For considerable overheating, use double annealing or normalising; first annealing or normalising at temperature of AC3\u00a0+ 100\u00b0C to 150\u00b0C, second at normal temperature.\r\n2. Burning Grain Boundaries:\r\nThey have:\r\n\r\ni. Regions enriched in carbon \u20141st stage of burning.\r\n\r\nii. Non-oxidised cavities and blow holes\u2014 2nd stage.\r\n\r\niii. Iron oxide inclusions\u20143rd stage. Stone-like fracture and low ductility.\r\n\r\nCauses:\r\n\r\nHeating for a long period at high tempera\u00adture in an oxidising atmosphere of tempera\u00adture near the melting point.\r\n\r\nPrevention:\r\n\r\n1st Stage\u2014use of homogenising followed by double annealing.\r\n\r\n2nd Stage\u2014use forging followed by anneal\u00ading.\r\n\r\n3rd Stage\u2014defects can\u2019t be remedied.\r\n\r\nheat treatment defects\r\n3. Oxidation:\r\nThick layer of scale on the surface of steel articles.\r\n\r\nCauses:\r\n\r\nOxidising atmosphere in the heating furnace.\r\n\r\nPrevention:\r\n\r\ni. Heat in furnaces with reducing, neutral or protective atmosphere.\r\n\r\nii. Heat in boxes with used carburising agent or cast iron chips.\r\n\r\niii. Heat in molten salt baths.\r\n4. Decarburisation:\r\nLoss of carbon in the surface layers of the article. Lower hard\u00adness after quenching, lower fatigue limit.\r\n\r\nCauses:\r\n\r\nOxidising atmosphere in the heating furnace.\r\n\r\nPrevention:\r\n\r\nMeasures of avoiding same as for Serial Number 3.\r\n\r\nCorrection:\r\n\r\nMachine off the decarburised layer if the machining allowance permits.\r\n5. Excessive Hardness of Hot Worked Annealed Steel:\r\nCauses:\r\n\r\nExcessive cooling rate for ordinary annealing or insufficient holding time for isothermal annealing.\r\n\r\nCorrection:\r\n\r\nRepeat annealing with cooking at specified rate.\r\n6. Black Fracture:\r\nFor graphite inclusion in the steel.\r\n\r\nCauses:\r\n\r\nExcessive heating time and slow cooling after annealing.\r\n\r\nCorrection:\r\n\r\nHeat the steel to a high temperature and forge it thoroughly.\r\n\r\n7. Quenching Cracks:\r\n\r\nUsually appear at the grain boundaries and are zig-zag in form. The cracks may be either external or internal.\r\n\r\nCauses:\r\n\r\n(i) Internal stresses due to volume changes at low temperatures, caused by martensitic transformation.\r\n\r\n(ii) The martensitic transformation is not si\u00admultaneous throughout the article being hardened.\r\n\r\nPrevention:\r\n\r\nThis defect can\u2019t be corrected. It may be prevented by:\r\n\r\ni. Avoiding sharp projections, sharp-corners and sudden transitions from thick to thin section in designing articles.\r\n\r\nii. The articles should be free from stresses before being hardened; stresses should be relieved by annealing.\r\n\r\niii. Heat to minimum stable temperature for hardening.\r\n\r\niv. Cool slowly in the martensitic range (use interrupted quenching, oil quenching and martempering).\r\n\r\nv. Use austempering.\r\n\r\nvi. Temper immediately after quenching.\r\n8. Deformation and Volume Changes after Hardening:\r\nCauses:\r\n\r\nThe volume of the steel increases due to the martensitic transformation. The higher the hardenability of the steel, the more severe will be the deformation due to hardening.\r\n\r\nPrevention:\r\n\r\ni. Use alloy steels that are only slightly deformed by hardening.\r\n\r\nii. Cool slowly in the martensitic range.\r\n\r\niii. Use surface hardening when possible.\r\n9. Warping:\r\nAssymmetrical deformation of article in quenching.\r\n\r\nCauses:\r\n\r\ni. Volume changes in cooling (or heating).\r\n\r\nii. Non-uniform heating or cooling of the article.\r\n\r\niii. Internal stresses in the article before heating.\r\n\r\niv. The article is lowered into the quenching bath in an inclined position.\r\n\r\nPrevention:\r\n\r\na. Use alloy steels that are only slightly deformed by hardening.\r\n\r\nb. Cool slowly in the martensitic range.\r\n\r\nc. Use surface hardening when possible.\r\n\r\nCorrection:\r\n\r\ni. Anneal, normalise or temper at a high temperature before hardening.\r\n\r\nii. Heat uniformly for hardening.\r\n\r\niii. Quench as uniformly as possible in hard\u00adening.\r\n\r\niv. Hold the article in the proper position when lowering it into the quenching bath.\r\n\r\nv. Use special quenching jigs. The defect may be corrected by straightening or grind\u00ading.\r\n10. Insufficient Hardness after Quenching:\r\nCauses:\r\n\r\ni. Hardening temperature is too low.\r\n\r\nii. Holding time is insufficient at the harden\u00ading temperature.\r\n\r\niii. Cooling rate is too low.\r\n\r\nCorrection:\r\n\r\nThe defect may be corrected by normalising or annealing followed by hardening with the proper specified procedure.\r\n11. Soft Spots :\r\nZones on the surface of hardened articles with lower hardness.\r\n\r\nCauses:\r\n\r\ni. Vapour accumulates (forming bubbles) on the surface of the quenched articles reduc\u00ading the cooling rate at these places.\r\n\r\nii. Localised decarburisation.\r\n\r\niii. Inhomogeneity of initial structure during solidification of steel.\r\n\r\nPrevention:\r\n\r\ni. Using a more effective cooling medium.\r\n\r\nii. Obtaining a more homogeneous structure employing annealing or normalising before hardening.\r\n\r\niii. Protecting against decarburisation in heating.\r\n12. Excessive Hardness after Tempering:\r\nCauses:\r\n\r\nLow temperature or insufficient holding time in tempering.\r\n\r\nCorrection:\r\n\r\nCorrected by a second tempering with proper temperature and holding time.\r\n13. Insufficient Hardness after Tempering:\r\nCauses:\r\n\r\nTempering temperature too high.\r\n\r\nCorrection:\r\n\r\nAnneal, re-harden and temper at normal temperature.\r\n14. Corrosion-Pitting or Groove Type De\u00adstruction on the Surface of Article:\r\nCauses:\r\n\r\nHeating in the molten salt baths:\r\n\r\ni. High content of sulphuric salts,\r\n\r\nii. Bath has become rich in oxygen or iron oxides,\r\n\r\niii. Heating in flame furnaces\u2014non uniform scale formation.\r\n\r\nPrevention:\r\n\r\ni. Carefully control salt composition.\r\n\r\nii. Deoxidise the bath.\r\n\r\niii. Eliminate the oxidising atmosphere when heating in flame furnaces.","headline":"Heat treatment problem &#8211; Heat treatment Defects","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-06-09","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/heat-treatment-defects-300x146.jpg","height":146,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/technical-objective-questions-for-theory-of-machine/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mcq-on-theory-of-machine-300x199.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Theory Of Machine -Multiple Choice Questions</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/technical-objective-questions-for-theory-of-machine/">Theory Of Machine -Multiple Choice Questions</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Theory Of Machine -Multiple Choice Questions
This post will cover some important multiple choice questions related to theory of machine subject . These type of questions are frequently asked in viva...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/technical-objective-questions-for-theory-of-machine/" aria-label="View Post: Theory Of Machine -Multiple Choice Questions">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Theory Of Machine -Multiple Choice Questions","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/technical-objective-questions-for-theory-of-machine\/","articleBody":"Theory Of Machine -Multiple Choice Questions\r\nThis post will cover some important multiple choice questions related to theory of machine subject . These type of questions are frequently asked in viva ,\u00a0 Technical interview .\r\n\r\n1. A higher pair has__________.\r\n\r\na. Point contact \r\n\r\nb. Surface contact\r\n\r\nc. No contact \r\n\r\nd. None of the above\r\n\r\n(Ans:a)\r\n\r\n2. Transmission angle is the angle between\r\n\r\na. Input link and coupler \r\n\r\nb. Input link and fixed link\r\n\r\nc. Output link and coupler \r\n\r\nd. Output link and fixed link\r\n\r\n(Ans: c)\r\n\r\n3. Which of the following is an inversion of Single slider crank chain?\r\n\r\na. Beam engine \r\n\r\nb. Rotary engine\r\n\r\nc. Oldham\u2019s coupling \r\n\r\nd. Elliptical trammel\r\n\r\n( Ans:b )\r\n\r\nmcq on theory of machine\r\n\r\n4.\u00a0The Kutzbach criterion for determining the number of degrees of freedom (n) is (where l = number of links, j = number of joints and h = number of higher pairs)\r\n\r\na. n = 3(l-1)-2j-h \r\n\r\nb. n = 2(l-1)-2j-h\r\n\r\nc. n = 3(l-1)-3j-h \r\n\r\nd. n = 2(l-1)-3j-h\r\n\r\n( Ans:a )\r\n\r\n5.\u00a0 Length of arc of contact is given by\r\n\r\na. Arc of approach \u2013 Arc of recess \r\n\r\nb. Arc of approach + Arc of recess\r\n\r\nc. Arc of approach \/ Arc of recess \r\n\r\nd. Arc of approach x Arc of recess\r\n\r\n( Ans:b )\r\n\r\n6.\u00a0 The ratio of height of porter governor (when length of arms and links are equal) to the height of watt governor is (Where m is the mass of the ball and M is the mass of sleeve)\r\n\r\na. (m+M)\/m \r\n\r\nb. M\/(m+M)\r\n\r\nc. m\/(m+M) \r\n\r\nd. None of the above\r\n\r\n7. Which one of the following is an exact straight line mechanism using lower pairs?\r\n\r\na. Watt\u2019s mechanism \r\n\r\nb. Grasshopper mechanism\r\n\r\nc. Robert\u2019s mechanism\r\n\r\nd. Paucellier\u2019s mechanism\r\n\r\n(Ans:d)\r\n\r\n8.\u00a0 In a system subjected to damped forced vibrations, the ratio of maximum displacement to the static deflection is known as\r\n\r\na. Critical damping ratio \r\n\r\nb. Damping factor\r\n\r\nc. Logarithmic decrements \r\n\r\nd. Magnification factor\r\n\r\n(Ans:d)\r\n\r\n9.\u00a0 Whirling speed of the shaft is the speed at which\r\n\r\na. Shaft tends to vibrate in longitudinal direction \r\n\r\nb. torsional vibrations occur\r\n\r\nc. shaft tends to vibrate vigorously in transverse direction\r\n\r\nd. combination of transverse and longitudinal vibration occurs\r\n\r\n(Ans:c)\r\n\r\n10.\u00a0 A pulley and belt in a belt drive form a\r\n\r\na. cylindrical pair \r\n\r\nb. turning pair\r\n\r\nc. rolling pair \r\n\r\nd. sliding pair\r\n\r\n(Ans:b)\r\n\r\n11.\u00a0 In a hydrodynamic journal bearing, there is\r\n\r\na. a very thin film of lubricant between the journal and the bearing such that there is contact between the journal and the bearing\r\n\r\nb. a thick film of lubricant between the journal and the bearing\r\n\r\nc. no lubricant between the journal and the bearing\r\n\r\nd. a forced lubricant between the journal and the bearing\r\n\r\n(Ans:b)\r\n\r\n12.\u00a0 Minimum number of teeth for involute rack and pinion arrangement for pressure angle of 20\u00b0 is\r\n\r\na. 18 \r\n\r\nb. 20 \r\n\r\nc. 30 \r\n\r\nd. 34\r\n\r\n(Ans:a)\r\n\r\n13.\u00a0In which of the following type of gear train the first gear and the last gear are co-axial.\r\n\r\na. Simple gear train \r\n\r\nb. Compound gear train\r\n\r\nc. Reverted gear train\r\n\r\n d. None of the above\r\n\r\n(Ans:c)\r\n\r\n14.\u00a0 A fixed gear having 200 teeth is in mesh with another gear having 50 teeth. The two gears are connected by an arm. The number of turns made by the smaller gear for one revolution of arm about the centre of bigger gear is\r\n\r\na. 2 \r\n\r\nb. 4 \r\n\r\nc. 3 \r\n\r\nd. None of the above\r\n\r\n(Ans:b)\r\n\r\n15.\u00a0In a ball bearing, ball and bearing forms a\r\n\r\na. Turning pair \r\n\r\nb. Rolling pair \r\n\r\nc. Screw pair\r\n\r\nd. Spherical pair\r\n\r\n(Ans:b)","headline":"Theory Of Machine -Multiple Choice Questions","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-06-09","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/mcq-on-theory-of-machine-300x199.jpg","height":199,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/elliptical-trammel-animation-working-application/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/elliptical-trammel-mechanism-diagram-300x175.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Elliptical Trammel -Animation , working , application</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/elliptical-trammel-animation-working-application/">Elliptical Trammel -Animation , working , application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Elliptical Trammel - Animation , working , application
ELLIPTICAL TRAMMEL is also called as Trammel of Archimedes , Do Nothing Machine, ellipsograph.  A trammel of Archimedes is a mechanism that...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/elliptical-trammel-animation-working-application/" aria-label="View Post: Elliptical Trammel -Animation , working , application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Elliptical Trammel -Animation , working , application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/elliptical-trammel-animation-working-application\/","articleBody":"Elliptical Trammel - Animation , working , application\r\nELLIPTICAL TRAMMEL is also called as Trammel of Archimedes , Do Nothing Machine, ellipsograph.\r\n\r\nA trammel of Archimedes is a mechanism that generates the shape of an ellipse. It consists of two shuttles which are confined (\"trammelled\") to perpendicular channels or rails, and a rod which is attached to the shuttles by pivots at fixed positions along the rod. As the shuttles move back and forth, each along its channel, the end of the rod moves in an elliptical path. The semi-axes a and b of the ellipse have lengths equal to the distances from the end of the rod to each of the two pivots.\r\n\r\nAn ellipsograph is a trammel of Archimedes intended to draw, cut, or machine ellipses, e.g. in wood or other sheet materials. An ellipsograph has the appropriate instrument (pencil, knife, router, etc.) attached to the rod. Usually the distances a and b are adjustable, so that the size and shape of the ellipse can be varied.\r\n\r\nThe history of such ellipsographs is not certain, but they are believed to date back to Proclus and perhaps even to the time of Archimedes.\r\n\r\nWooden versions of the trammel of Archimedes have been produced also as toys or novelty items, and sold under the name of Kentucky do-nothings, nothing grinders or do nothing machines. In these toys the drafting instrument is replaced by a crank handle, and the position of the sliding shuttles is usually fixed.\r\n\r\nSince Elliptical trammel consist of two turning pairs and two sliding pairs, it is inversion of double slider crank chain. This instrument is used for drawing ellipses. This inversion is obtained by fixing a slotted plate (link 4) as shown in fig. It has got two right angled grooves cut into it. 1-2 is turning pair 2-3 is turning pair 1-4 is sliding pair 3-4 is sliding pair.\r\n\r\n elliptical trammel mechanism diagram\r\n\r\nAnimation video Of Elliptical Trammel :\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\nApplication Of Elliptical trammel :\r\n\r\nIt is used in automatic tool changer in a machining.\r\n\r\n \tElliptical Trammels are used for drawing large ellipses.\r\n \tThey can be used to draw smaller ellipses but only draw one half at a time, having to be reversed to draw the complete ellipse.","headline":"Elliptical Trammel -Animation , working , application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-06-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/elliptical-trammel-mechanism-diagram-300x175.jpg","height":175,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/major-components-of-robots-parts-of-robots/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/basic-components-of-robots-300x240.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Major Components of Robots &#8211; Parts Of Robots</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/major-components-of-robots-parts-of-robots/">Major Components of Robots &#8211; Parts Of Robots</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Major Components of Robots - Parts Of Robots
The structure of a robot is usually mostly mechanical and is called a kinematic chain (its functionally similar to the skeleton of human body). The chain...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/major-components-of-robots-parts-of-robots/" aria-label="View Post: Major Components of Robots &#8211; Parts Of Robots">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Major Components of Robots &#8211; Parts Of Robots","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/major-components-of-robots-parts-of-robots\/","articleBody":"Major Components of Robots - Parts Of Robots\r\nThe structure of a robot is usually mostly mechanical and is called a kinematic chain (its functionally similar to the skeleton of human body). The chain is formed of links (its bones), actuators (its muscles) and joints which can allow one or more degrees of freedom.\r\n\r\nSome robots use open serial chains in which each link connects the one before to the one after it. Robots used as manipulators have an end effectors mounted on the last link. This end effectors can be anything from a welding device to a mechanical hand used to manipulate the environment.\r\n\r\nbasic components of robots\r\n\r\nMajor Components of Robots \r\n1. Actuation:\r\nActuation is the \"muscles\" of a robot, the parts which convert stored energy into movement. The most popular actuators are electric motors.\r\n\r\n2. Motors:\r\n\r\nThe vast majority of robots use electric motors, including bushed and brushies DC motors.\r\n\r\n3. Stepper motors:\r\n\r\nStepper motors do not spin freely like DC motors; they rotate in discrete steps, under the command of a controller. This makes them easier to control.\r\n\r\n4. Piezo Motors:\r\n\r\nA recent alternative to DC Motors are piezo motors or ultrasonic motors. Tiny piezoceramic elements, vibrating many thousands of times per second, cause linear or rotary motion.\r\n\r\n5. Air Muscles:\r\n\r\nThe air muscle in a simple yet powerful device for providing a pulling force. It behaves in a very similar way to a biological muscle; it can be used to construct robots with a similar muscle\/skeleton system to an animal.\r\n\r\n6. Electroactive polymers:\r\n\r\nAre classes of plastics which change shape in response to electric stimulation.\r\n\r\n7. Elastic Nanotubes:\r\n\r\nThe absence of defects in nanotubes enables these filaments to deform elastically by several percent.\r\n\r\n8. Manipulation:\r\n\r\nRobots work in the real world require some way to manipulate objects; pick up, modify, destroy or otherwise have an effect. Thus, the hands, of a robot are often referred to as end effectors. Most robots arms are replaceable effectors, each allowing them to perform some small range of tasks. Some have a fixed manipulator which cannot be replaced, while a few have one very general purpose manipulator.","headline":"Major Components of Robots &#8211; Parts Of Robots","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-06-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/basic-components-of-robots-300x240.jpg","height":240,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/submerged-arc-welding-process-advantages-and-disadvantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/process-of-submerged-arc-welding-300x195.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Submerged Arc Welding &#8211; Process , advantages and Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/submerged-arc-welding-process-advantages-and-disadvantages/">Submerged Arc Welding &#8211; Process , advantages and Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Submerged Arc Welding - Process , advantages and Disadvantages
What is Submerged arc Welding :  Submerged Arc is one of the automatic processes of welding. The weld is submerged under the layer of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/submerged-arc-welding-process-advantages-and-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: Submerged Arc Welding &#8211; Process , advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Submerged Arc Welding &#8211; Process , advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/submerged-arc-welding-process-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"Submerged Arc Welding - Process , advantages and Disadvantages\r\nWhat is Submerged arc Welding :\r\n\r\nSubmerged Arc is one of the automatic processes of welding. The weld is submerged under the layer of flux and slag\u2014so the name submerged arc welding. The flux and slag normally cover with the arc, so that it is not visible.\r\n\r\nSubmerged arc welding is a process in which coalescence is produced by heating with an arc between bare electrodes and the work. The arc is shielded by a blanket of granular fusible material on the work.\r\n\r\nThe submerged arc process is widely used in heavy steel plate fabrication work. The work includes the welding of structural shapes, the longitudinal seam of larger diameter pipes, the manufacture of machine components for all types of heavy industry as also the manufacture of vessels and tanks for pressure and storage etc.\r\n\r\nIt is used by many other industries in the modern steel age where steels are used in medium to heavy section thickness. It is also used for surfacing and build-up work, maintenance, and repairing sections.\r\n\r\nSubmerged arc is called deep penetration welding in heavy section.\r\n\r\nRead also:\u00a0Basic Of Welding : Symbols And Charts\r\n\r\nThe welding heads are:\r\n\r\n(1) The job remains fixed, with the work arranged to move beneath it.\r\n\r\n(2) Secondly, mounted on a boom and column which can either be of the positioning type in which the works moves, or the boom can traverse at welding speed over the fixed work.\r\n\r\n(3) Gantry-mounted, so that it can traverse over the stationary work.\r\n\r\n(4) Self-propelled on a motor-driven carriage.\r\n\r\nHeads are now available which, by changing simple components, enable one item of equipment to be used for MIG or CO2, and tubular wire, and submerged arc processes. The arc is formed between the ends of a continuous bare wire electrode, which is rolled in a coil and the plate edges, or depositing surfaces under a layer of protective power, known as the flux.\r\nWorking Principle of Submerged Arc Process:\r\nIn submerged-arc process, the heat is produced by an arc between a continuously fed electrode and the \u2018Job\u2019. The heat of the arc melts the surface of the base metal and the end of the electrode. The melted-off metal of the electrode is transferred through the arc to the work-piece where it becomes the deposited weld metal.\r\n\r\nprocess of submerged arc welding\r\n\r\nShielding is obtained from a blanket of granular flux, which is directly laid over the welding zone. The flux close to the arc melts and intermixes with the molten weld metal. The flux forms a slag and floats on the surface as a protective cover over the weld bead. The un-melted portion of the flux can be reused. Automatic feeding of electrode is done from a coil and the arc is maintained automatically.\r\n\r\nEquipments Required for Submerged Arc Welding:\r\n\r\n(1) Power source (A.C. or D.C.)\r\n\r\n(2) Trolley-mounted submerged arc welding head.\r\n\r\n(3) Suspension unit.\r\n\r\n(4) Flux recovery unit.\r\n\r\n(5) Flux drying oven.\r\n\r\nD.C. power source\u2014either Welding Rectifier or Motor Generator\u2014can be used. The welding power source can have either Transductor control or step type control with the help of a Rotary switch for changing the arc voltage. It essentially consists of a step-down transformer.\r\n\r\nThe welding head consists of the wire-feed mechanism, geared motor, wire straightening and feed rollers, welding tip, vertical adjustment mechanism and a flux hopper. The trolley is driven by a high torque D.C.-geared motor.\r\n\r\nThe flux recovery unit is a powerful vacuum device, which collects the unused flux after the welding so that it can easily avoid the wastage of unused flux. Flux drying oven is required for drying the flux before using it to avoid weld defects.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Submerged Arc Welding:\r\n\r\n(1) Excellent quality of weld.\r\n\r\n(2) Smooth and uniform finished weld.\r\n\r\n(3) No spatter, no smoke.\r\n\r\n(4) No Arc flash.\r\n\r\n(5) High rate of utilisation of electrode wire.\r\n\r\n(6) No need to change the electrode and thus save welding time.\r\n\r\n(7) Heavy section welding in high Amps.\r\n\r\nApplications Areas of Submerged Arc Welding:\r\n(1) Long, large weld jobs are required.\r\n\r\n(2) Where large amount of weld metal is needed to be deposited.\r\n\r\n(3) Where the number of weld pass (multi-pass) requirement is less.\r\n\r\n(4) Welding can be done easily in down-hand position.\r\n\r\n(5) Automatisation of the weld can be done easily.\r\n\r\n(6) The jobs require special properties.","headline":"Submerged Arc Welding &#8211; Process , advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-06-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/process-of-submerged-arc-welding-300x195.jpg","height":195,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=183">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=182"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>182</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=183"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>183</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>184</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=185"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>185</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=186"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>186</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=185">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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