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How to anodize Steel , SS , aluminium</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-anodizing-how-to-anodize-steel-ss-aluminium/">What is Anodizing &#8211; How to anodize Steel , SS , aluminium</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Anodizing - How to anodize Steel , SS , aluminium - Purpose Of Anodizing 
What is Anodizing and Purpose of Anodizing :
It is the process in which a film of oxide is provided on metal...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-anodizing-how-to-anodize-steel-ss-aluminium/" aria-label="View Post: What is Anodizing &#8211; How to anodize Steel , SS , aluminium">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Anodizing &#8211; How to anodize Steel , SS , aluminium","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-anodizing-how-to-anodize-steel-ss-aluminium\/","articleBody":"What is Anodizing - How to anodize Steel , SS , aluminium - Purpose Of Anodizing\u00a0\r\nWhat is Anodizing and Purpose of Anodizing :\r\nIt is the process in which a film of oxide is provided on metal surface is known as anodizing.\r\n\r\n(i) The give a protective coating on the metal surface like aluminium, zinc, copper and bronze etc.\r\n\r\n(ii) To provide a decorative appearance on the surface.\r\n\r\n(iii) To provide a bright and smooth surface on aluminium articles prior to electroplating.\r\n\r\n(iv) To provide specific colour base for subsequent painting on the surface.\r\n\r\n(v) To improve the corrosion resistance of aluminium and aluminium products.\r\n\r\nThe anodised is achieved by using different electrolytes varying current and temperature of solution etc.\r\n\r\nAnodising process is neither a purely electrical process nor purely chemical process; it is a combination of both hence called electrochemical process.\r\n\r\napplication of anodizing\r\n How to anodize Steel , SS , aluminium - Steps in Anodizing\u00a0\r\nThe following steps are involved in the completion of electrochemical process:\r\n\r\n(i) Cleaning and preparing the surface through different cleaning method.\r\n\r\n(ii) It consists of anodising i.e. converting metal surface into an oxidized film.\r\n\r\n(iii) The third stage consists of providing of desired colour.\r\n\r\nFor anodising aluminium and its alloys products acid solution used are sulphuric acid, chromic acid and oxalic acid. The selection of particular acid solution depends upon the type of colour shade required.\r\n\r\nAluminium anodizing is a process in which a film of oxide is formed on the surface of aluminium. The oxide coating is very hard and is highly resistance to corrosion.\r\n\r\nThe coating is of good appearance. The aluminium article is made the anode and electrolyte is an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid and chromic acid. A dc supply of voltage of 10 to 60 volts is required for the process. It is possible to anodise other metals such as steel galvanised iron, brass, zinc, silver and copper etc.\r\n\r\nThis is particularly of special application in aircraft, in which aluminium is used for stressed members. The colour of the film is generally of light grey and gives a decorative finish.\r\n\r\nApplications of Anodising:\r\n\r\nSome of the applications of anodizing:\r\n\r\n1. To provide a protective coating on the metal surface.\r\n\r\n2. To anodizing on steel for producing a black film on various steel parts used a decorative article.\r\n\r\n3. Several galvanized iron and steel articles and machine parts are anodised to improve the resistance of galvanised coating to rusting, abrasion, wear and increase its life.\r\n\r\n4. To anodizing zinc to give distinct colour coatings.\r\n\r\n5. Anodizing is done on silver jewelry and show pieces made of silver.","headline":"What is Anodizing &#8211; How to anodize Steel , SS , aluminium","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-25","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/application-of-anodizing-300x284.jpg","height":284,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/tensile-test-purpose-graph-results-specimen-details/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/tensile-test-done-on-utm-tensile-tessting-machine-300x254.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Tensile Test &#8211; Purpose , Graph , Results , Specimen Details</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/tensile-test-purpose-graph-results-specimen-details/">Tensile Test &#8211; Purpose , Graph , Results , Specimen Details</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Tensile Test - Purpose , Graph , Results , Specimen Detail
Tensile Test:
The main principle of the tensile test is denotes the resistance of a material to a tensile load applied axially to a...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/tensile-test-purpose-graph-results-specimen-details/" aria-label="View Post: Tensile Test &#8211; Purpose , Graph , Results , Specimen Details">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Tensile Test &#8211; Purpose , Graph , Results , Specimen Details","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/tensile-test-purpose-graph-results-specimen-details\/","articleBody":"Tensile Test - Purpose , Graph , Results , Specimen Detail\r\nTensile Test:\r\nThe main principle of the tensile test is denotes the resistance of a material to a tensile load applied axially to a specimen. It is very important to the tensile test to be considered is the standard dimensions and profiles are adhered to. The typical progress of tensile test can be seen in figure.\r\n\r\n tensile test done on utm tensile testing machine\r\n\r\nLet\u2019s now look at another figure. In this figure, the gauge length (L0) is the length over which the elongation of the specimen is measured. The minimum parallel length (Lc) is the minimum length over which the specimen must maintain a constant cross- sectional area before the test load is applied. The lengths L0, Lc. Li\u00a0and the cross- sectional area (A) are all specified in BS 18.\r\n\r\n tensile test specimen details\r\n\r\nThe elongation obtained for a given force depends upon the length and area of the cross-section of the specimen or component, since-\r\n\r\nElongation = Applied Force \u00d7 L\/E \u00d7 A\r\n\r\nwhere, L = Length, A = Cross-sectional area E = Elastic modulus.\r\n\r\nTherefore if the ratio [L\/A] is kept constant (as it is in a proportional test piece), and E remains constant for a given material, then comparisons can be made between elongation and applied force for specimens of different sizes.\r\nTensile Test Results:\r\nThe load applied to the specimen and the corresponding extension can be plotted in the form of a graph, as shown in figure.\r\n\r\nFrom A to B the extension is proportional to the applied load. Also, if the load is removed the specimen returns to its original length. Under these relatively lightly loaded conditions the material is showing elastic properties.\r\n\r\n tensile test results\r\n\r\nFrom B to C it can be seen from the graph that the metal suddenly extends with no increase in load. If the load is removed at this point the metal will not spring back to its original length and it is said to have taken a permanent set. Therefore, B is called \u201climit of proportionality\u201d, and if the force is increased beyond this point a stage is reached where a sudden extension takes place with no increase in force. This is known as the \u201cyield point\u201d C.\r\n\r\nThe yield stress is the stress at the yield point; that is, the load at B divided by the original cross-section area of the specimen. Usually, a performer works at 50 percent of this figure to allow for a \u2018factor of safety\u2019.\r\n\r\nFrom C to D extension is no longer proportional to the load, and if the load is removed little or no spring back will occur. Due to this relatively greater loads the material is showing plastic properties.\r\n\r\nThe point D is referred to as the \u2018ultimate tensile strength\u2019 when referred extension graphs or the \u2018ultimate tensile stress\u2019 (UTS) when referred to stress-strain graphs. The ultimate tensile stress is calculated by dividing the load at D by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. Although a useful figure for comparing the relative strengths of materials, it has little practical value since engineering equipment is not usually operated so near to the breaking point.\r\n\r\nFrom D to E the specimen appears to be stretching under reduced load conditions. In fact the specimen is thinning out (necking) so that the \u2018load per unit area\u2019 or stress is actually increasing. The specimen finally work hardens to such an extent that it breaks at E.\r\n\r\nIn general, values of load and extension are of limited use since they apply to one particular size of specimen and it is more usual to plot the stress-stain curve.\r\nStress and strain are calculated as follows:\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nTherefore ductility is usually expressed, for practical purposes, as the percentage; Elongation in gauge length of a standard test piece at the point of fracture when subjected to a tensile test to destruction.\r\n\r\nStress = ( Load \/ Cross section area )\r\n\r\nStrain = ( Extension \/ Original Length )\r\n\r\nPercentage elongation = ( Increase in Length \/Original Length) x 100\r\n\r\nThe increase in length is determined by fitting the pieces of the fractured specimen together carefully and measuring the length at failure.\r\n\r\nIncrease in length (elongation) = Length at failure \u2013 Original length","headline":"Tensile Test &#8211; Purpose , Graph , Results , Specimen Details","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/tensile-test-done-on-utm-tensile-tessting-machine-300x254.jpg","height":254,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/construction-of-muffle-furnace-used-for-heat-treatment/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/gas-fired-muffle-furnace.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Construction Of Muffle Furnace used For heat treatment</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/construction-of-muffle-furnace-used-for-heat-treatment/">Construction Of Muffle Furnace used For heat treatment</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Construction Of Muffle Furnace  used For heat treatment
Meaning of Heat Treatment Furnaces:
Heat treating furnaces are essentially heating chambers, i.e., a refractory vessel which holds the steel...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/construction-of-muffle-furnace-used-for-heat-treatment/" aria-label="View Post: Construction Of Muffle Furnace used For heat treatment">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Construction Of Muffle Furnace used For heat treatment","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/construction-of-muffle-furnace-used-for-heat-treatment\/","articleBody":"Construction Of Muffle Furnace\u00a0 used For heat treatment\r\nMeaning of Heat Treatment Furnaces:\r\nHeat treating furnaces are essentially heating chambers, i.e., a refractory vessel which holds the steel stock as well the heat. The furnace chamber is heated with some source of heat. The supply of heat has to be regulated depending on the requirement. More heat is needed during the heating period, but almost a constant heat is required when the furnace has attained the required temperature and is to be maintained at that temperature.\r\n\r\nThe heat has to be supplied to the whole of the properly designed furnace in a way that the temperature is constant everywhere, or at the places where the charge is being kept otherwise some parts may get under heated, or overheated. The doors, or openings are kept as small sized as possible to reduce the heat losses. Tempering and low temperature furnaces may require provisions for forced air or atmosphere circulation. The carburised parts may be quenched inside the furnace itself.\r\n\r\nThe heat treatment furnaces play a very important role in imparting reproducible useful properties to the steel components. The design of the furnace is determined by the stock which is to be treated and the particular treatment which has to be carried out at the special temperature. When parts are required to be heat treated at different temperatures, several furnaces may be required as a furnace which may be suitable for use at 1300\u00b0C, may be unsuitable for use at 300\u00b0C, although the latter temperature is within its maximum temperature range.\r\n\r\nBatch Furnace:\r\n\r\nA bath type of furnace with a rectangular heating chamber and one or more doors for charging and unloading, is very widely used for heat treatment purposes. Here a batch of parts is charged for heat treatment, it is taken out after heat treatment, then a second batch is charged into the same furnace, then the third batch and so on. These furnaces find applications in tool making and maintenance shops.\r\n\r\nBatch furnaces may be classified as follows:\r\n\r\n1. (a) Vertical (Pit type)\r\n\r\n(b) Horizontal (Box type).\r\n\r\n2. (a) Gas or oil fired\r\n\r\n(b) Electric.\r\n\r\n3. (a) Stationary Hearth:\r\n\r\n(i) Direct fuel fired\r\n\r\n(ii) Indirect fuel fired (muffle)\r\n\r\n(b) Movable Hearth:\r\n\r\n(i) Car Bottom\r\n\r\n(ii) Rotary type\r\nMuffle Furnace:\r\nA muffle is a hollow cuboid or cylindrical retort made of special refractory material, or non-scaling steel. A furnace, in which the heat source does not directly make contact with the material being heat-treated, is described as a muffle furnace. The components are charged in a muffle, and gas firing, or electrical energy can be used to heat the muffle from outside.\r\n\r\nThe gas is burnt outside the muffle, and the heating is effected by the hot gases which are made to circulate through the ring like space between the interior-wall and the exterior-muffle wall.\r\n\r\n gas fired muffle furnace\r\n\r\nThe products of combustion of the gas do not enter the heating chamber (the muffle), and thus, the atmosphere of the furnace can be controlled, and thus, scaling of the components can be prevented. Also, such a furnace gives reasonable uniformity of temperature distribution. Fig.\u00a0 illustrates such a furnace schematically. Gas carburising of small parts such as parts of cycle-chain is carried out in a non-scaling steel retort (muffle) revolving around the horizontal axis.\r\n\r\n electric muffle furnace\r\n\r\nCommonly, electrically heated muffle furnaces are extensively used for the heat treatment of small sized components. Fig. illustrates heating element like nichrome or kanthal wire wound around the muffle, or are placed in the ring-like space to heat the muffle with its contents. For high temperatures, electric muffle is heated by glow bars, or radiant elements, where the steel gets heated by direct radiations. Muffle furnaces are used for bright annealing, nitriding, carburising, bright hardening.","headline":"Construction Of Muffle Furnace used For heat treatment","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/gas-fired-muffle-furnace.jpg","height":286,"width":284},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/flame-hardening-process-advantages-and-disadvantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/flame-hardening-Diagram-300x147.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Flame Hardening &#8211; Process, Diagram, Advantages, Application</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/flame-hardening-process-advantages-and-disadvantages/">Flame Hardening &#8211; Process, Diagram, Advantages, Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to Flame-Hardening:
It is a surface-hardening process in which a thin surface section of a component of hardenable steel is heated rapidly by direct application of high tempe­rature...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/flame-hardening-process-advantages-and-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: Flame Hardening &#8211; Process, Diagram, Advantages, Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Flame Hardening &#8211; Process, Diagram, Advantages, Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/flame-hardening-process-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"Introduction to Flame-Hardening:\r\nIt is a surface-hardening process in which a thin surface section of a component of hardenable steel is heated rapidly by direct application of high tempe\u00adrature flame to a temperature above its upper critical temperature (i.e., it is austenitized), and then the component is quickly quenched in water or oil, transforming austenite to mar\u00adtensite, while the core remains in an original soft state, normally consisting of ferrite-pearlite structure.\r\n\r\nThe high-temperature flame is obtained by the combustion of a fuel gas with oxygen or air. There is no change in composi\u00adtion of the steel and therefore, the flame- hardened steel (as in induction-hardening) must have adequate carbon content for the desired surface hardness (i.e., must be hardenable steel). The hardened depth could be between 0.8 to 6 mm, or even more, depen\u00adding on the fuel gas, air or oxygen, design of the flame head, duration of heating, the hardenability of steel, quenching medium, and method of quenching.\r\nMethods of Flame-Hardening:\r\nThe method of flame-hardening depends on the shape, size, composition of the component, area to be hardened, depth of hardened-case desired, number of components to be hardened.\r\n\r\nThe methods are:\r\n\r\n1. Manual Hardening:\r\n\r\nIn this method, the local heating of the selected area is done by hand with a welding torch, or a suitable flame head to the hardening temperature, and is then quenched in water or oil. The flame head could be either a single orifice or multiple orifices depending on the area to head, the uniform temperature can be ensured over the entire surface to be hardened A spray quench may be used for hardening.\r\n\r\n2. Spinning Method:\r\n\r\nThis method is suitable for components having rotational symmetry-round or even semi-round components such as wheels, cams, and gears.\r\n\r\n3. Progressive Hardening:\r\n\r\nThis method is used to harden large areas which cannot be easily hardened by manual method.\r\n\r\n4. Progressive Spin Hardening:\r\n\r\nThis method is commonly used for long parts such as shafts and rolls. Here progressive hardening is combined with spin hardening (Fig. ) i.e., the component rotates as well as moves axially. The rotation speed is around 3-12\u2033\/minute), but the flame heads traverse the roll or shaft from one end to the other. The speed of rotation and axial motion is important for getting a uniform hardened layer.\r\n\r\nflame hardening\r\n\r\nThe rotation of the component throws water tangentially, and the higher speeds may interfere with the heating up process. But at low speeds, soft spiral bands may form. After progressive heating, quench jets cool the heated section.\r\nFlame Hardening Process Woking :\u00a0\r\nThe surface to be case hardened is heated by means of an oxyacetylene torch for sufficient time and Quenching is achieved by sprays of water which are integrally connected with the heating device. The heating is generally accomplished for sufficient time so as to raise the temperature of the surface of the specimen above the critical temperature. As the temperature desired is achieved immediately, spraying of water is started. In mass production work, progressive surface hardening is carried out where it is arranged to have the flame in progress along with quenching.\r\nFlame Hardening Diagram :\u00a0\r\nflame hardening Diagram\r\nOperating Variables for Flame-Hardening:\r\nThe skill of the operator is the main factor in the success of the flame hardening.\r\n\r\nThe other main operating variables to be skillfully controlled are:\r\n\r\n(i) The distance between the inner cone of the flame and the surface of the component.\r\n\r\n(ii) The speed of travel of the flame-head or the component.\r\n\r\n(iii) Oxygen to fuel gas ratio in the mixture.\r\n\r\n(iv) Flame velocities.\r\n\r\n(v) Type, and angle of the quench.\r\nApplications of Flame-Hardening:\r\nFlame-hardening is used because:\r\n\r\n1. Parts are very large, making conventional heating and quenching impracticable, or uneconomical, such as large gears, rolls, etc.\r\n\r\n2. Only a small region of the component needs heat treatment, or if the whole surface is heated, it may be detrimental to the function of the part, such as wearing surfaces of cams.\r\n\r\n3. Exact dimensions or its control is impracticable or difficult by normal through hardening. For example, flame hardening of teeth of very large gears shall not disturb the dimensions of gears.\r\n\r\n4. Cheaper steels could be used if flame hardened. Also, the parts are hardened with little oxidation and decarburization.\r\n\u00a0Advantages and Disadvantages of Flame-Hardening:\r\nAdvantages Of Flame Hardening :\u00a0\r\n1. The process is simple.\r\n\r\n2. A large number of steels could be flame-hardened.\r\n\r\n3. Flame hardening can be done of any shape, like flat, circular, irregular shapes, etc.\r\n\r\n4. Very large forgings and castings can be flame hardened where other methods, even induction hardening fails or are uneconomical.\r\n\r\n5. Mass distortion is absent.\r\n\r\n6. The equipment cost is much less than for induction hardening.\r\n\r\n7. It is faster than carburizing or nitriding etc.\r\n\r\n8. The flame could be directed to harden sections deep inside components.\r\n\r\n9. A wider depth of hardening can be obtained.\r\n\r\n10. It is cheaper if only a few parts are to be surface hardened as compared to induction hardening.\r\n\r\n11. Selective hardening is easily obtained.\r\n\r\n12. Cheaper steels could be used.\r\nDisadvantages of Flame Hardening :\r\n1. It is difficult to control exactly the temperature of the heating of the component.\r\n\r\n2. Overheating of surface layers may take place.\r\n\r\n3. As coarse martensite (due to overheating) may be present, the quality of the case is relatively poor.\r\n\r\n4. The cost per piece on a mass scale production is higher than in the induction hardening.\r\n\r\n5. It is difficult to adjust the case depth exactly.\r\n\r\n6. Explosive fuel gases have to be used cautiously.\r\n\r\n7. Some oxidation or decarburization may occur as compared to induction hardening.\r\nDifference between Flame Hardening and Induction hardening :\u00a0\r\n\n\n\n\n\tSr. no.Flame HardeningInduction Hardening\n\n\n\n\n\t1.Material is heated with oxyacetylene flame at a required temperature, and then it is followed by water spraying.Material is heated by using high frequency induced current and then it is followed by water spraying.\n\n\n\t2.Low equipment and maintenance cost.High equipment and maintenance cost\n\n\n\t3.Holding time is required.Due to very fast heating, no holding time is required.\n\n\n\t4.Oxidation &amp; decarburization is minimum.No scaling &amp; decarburization.\n\n\n\t5.Overheating can damage parts.Damage of the overheating of metal can be avoided.\n\n\n\t6.Irregular shape parts can be flame hardened.Irregular shape parts are not suitable for induction hardening.\n\n\n\t7.Skilled labor is requiredIt can be carried out with unskilled labor\n\n\n\t8.Flame hardening requires more care in the control of temperature.Easy control of temperature by control of the frequency of supply voltage.\n\n\n\t9.Applications:-Large gear shafts, lathe ways, spline shaft etcApplications:-Piston rods, cams, shafts etc\n\n\n\t10.OPERATING VARIABLES ARE\n\u2022 distance between flame &amp; workpiece.\n\u2022 gas pressure,\n\u2022 flame or work travel rate,\n\u2022 type, volume, and application of quench.\n\u2022 any shaped parts are suitable forOPERATING VARIABLES ARE\n\u2022 induced voltage\n\u2022 flow of current\n\u2022 resistance offered by work\n\u2022 shape and design of coil &amp;\n\u2022 rate of heating.\n\u2022 irregular shaped parts are","headline":"Flame Hardening &#8211; Process, Diagram, Advantages, Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-21","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 27, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/flame-hardening-Diagram-300x147.jpg","height":147,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/tube-drawing-types-tube-sinking-tube-drawing-with-mandrel/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/wire-and-tube-drawing-300x172.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Tube Drawing &#8211; Types ,Tube Sinking ,Tube Drawing with Mandrel</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/tube-drawing-types-tube-sinking-tube-drawing-with-mandrel/">Tube Drawing &#8211; Types ,Tube Sinking ,Tube Drawing with Mandrel</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Tube Drawing - Types ,Tube Sinking ,Tube Drawing with Mandrel
Process of Tube Drawing
The process of tube drawing is similar to wire drawing. Generally draw benches are used to obtain straight...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/tube-drawing-types-tube-sinking-tube-drawing-with-mandrel/" aria-label="View Post: Tube Drawing &#8211; Types ,Tube Sinking ,Tube Drawing with Mandrel">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Tube Drawing &#8211; Types ,Tube Sinking ,Tube Drawing with Mandrel","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/tube-drawing-types-tube-sinking-tube-drawing-with-mandrel\/","articleBody":"Tube Drawing - Types ,Tube Sinking ,Tube Drawing with Mandrel\r\nProcess of Tube Drawing\r\nThe process of tube drawing is similar to wire drawing. Generally draw benches are used to obtain straight tubes as shown in Fig\r\n\r\n wire and tube drawing\r\n\r\nThe purpose of tube drawing can be any one of the following:\r\n\r\n(i) To regulate the outer diameter only.\r\n\r\n(ii) To regulate the outer diameter and to have good surface finish on the inner diameter. The inner diameter may not be regulated.\r\n\r\n(iii) To regulate the outer as well as inner diameter.\r\n\r\n(iv) To carry out a heavy reduction in thickness of the tube.\r\nTypes Of Tube Drawing Process :\r\nIn order to realize the above aims, four types of tube drawing processes, are employed. These are illustrated in Fig. . Besides these processes, the tube drawing may also be carried out through roller dies in which case the die friction is substantially reduced.\r\n\r\n tube drawing process -types floating ,fixed ,moving mandrel\r\n\r\n1. Tube Sinking:\r\nIn this process, tube is simply pulled through the die as shown in Fig. The outer diameter is regulated by the die diameter but there is no regulation of inner diameter or thickness of tube. The surface finish on inner diameter is also not good. During the drawing operation the thickness of tube generally changes.\r\n\r\nThe thin tubes in which t\/R (ratio of initial thickness to initial outer radius) is less than 0.33, the tubes get thicker on drawing. The tubes having t\/R greater than 0.33 get thinner on drawing. With t\/R = 0.33, there is negligible change in the thickness of tube.\r\n\r\nFor threading the front end of tube through the die, many in the industry still follow the old practice of hammering the front end down thus wasting at least 200 mm length of tube. In modern practice the front end is pointed by pointing machines thus minimizing the wastage. Grippers are also designed to minimize the end wastage.\r\n\r\n2. Tube Drawing with Floating Mandrel:\r\nThe process of tube drawing with a floating mandrel is shown in Fig.\u00a0 The position of mandrel with respect to the die gets adjusted by the normal and tangential forces exerted by tube material on the mandrel.\r\n\r\nThe frictional force tends to pull the mandrel into the die while the normal force tries to it push out. If the mandrel moves into the die the tube thickness reduces and hence the normal reaction increases, which also increases the frictional force. The mandrel takes a position where axial components of the forces are balanced.\r\n\r\nSince there is no external control on the position of the mandrel, it may change its position if the frictional condition changes, thus resulting in change in tube thickness. The external surface shape of the mandrel may be designed so that the mandrel adjusts its position for desired thickness of tube.\r\n\r\n3. Tube Drawing with Fixed Mandrel:\r\nThe process is shown in Fig. . The tube is drawn through a die and a mandrel. The position of mandrel may be adjusted by the bar attached to its rear end in order to change the thickness of tube and the internal diameter. The external diameter is determined by the die diameter.\r\n\r\nThe surface quality of both the surfaces, internal as well as external gets improved. The pull required is certainly more than that in tube sinking because of the additional deformation in the thickness of tube and also due to frictional force between the tube and the mandrel.\r\n\r\n4. Tube Drawing with Moving Mandrel:\r\nThe process is illustrated in Fig. The cylindrical mandrel and the tube are pulled together through the die. The process is generally used to reduce the thickness of tube. Since the area of cross section of tube increases towards the entry side its speed decreases while the mandrel being rigid moves with the same speed as the speed of tube at the exit.\r\n\r\nTherefore, in the deformation zone the mandrel moves faster than the tube. The frictional force between the tube and the mandrel pulls the tube inside the die while the frictional stress between the tube and die acts in the opposite direction.\r\n\r\nThe effects of frictional forces acting on contacting surfaces of mandrel and die tend to nullify each other. This results in net decrease of drawing stress. Therefore, the maximum possible reduction in thickness in this process is higher than that in other tube drawing processes.","headline":"Tube Drawing &#8211; Types ,Tube Sinking ,Tube Drawing with Mandrel","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-21","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/wire-and-tube-drawing-300x172.png","height":172,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-using-autocad/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/autocad-300x185.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Advantages and Disadvantages Of Using AutoCAD</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-using-autocad/">Advantages and Disadvantages Of Using AutoCAD</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Advantages and Disadvantages Of Using AutoCAD
AutoCAD is a computer-aided software drafting program. It is utilized for various applications like making plans for buildings, bridges and PC chips to...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-using-autocad/" aria-label="View Post: Advantages and Disadvantages Of Using AutoCAD">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Advantages and Disadvantages Of Using AutoCAD","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-using-autocad\/","articleBody":"Advantages and Disadvantages Of Using AutoCAD\r\nAutoCAD is a computer-aided software drafting program. It is utilized for various applications like making plans for buildings, bridges and PC chips to give some examples. AutoCAD is 2D and 3D computer-aided drafting programming application. It is commercial software. Since 1982 it was a desktop application. Since 2010, it is accessible as a portable, web and cloud-based application and known as AutoCAD 360.\r\n\r\nIn this articles brief description about advantages of Autocad and Disadvantages of AutoCAD is given :\r\n\r\nautocad\r\nAdvantages of Using AutoCAD\r\n\r\n \tA mid range Software\r\n \tUser Friendly\r\n \tFulfills most of the professional needs of a mechanical engineer\r\n \tLots of Time saving (but not always)\r\n \tPaperless Environment\r\n \tEase of Accuracy \u2014 e.g. joining of lines head to head is not possible manually with desired accuracy\r\n \tEasy to edit\r\n \tEase of Repetition \/ Addition\r\n \tReproduction of Drawing is easy, rapid and reliable in terms of dimensional accuracy and precision.\r\n \t2D and 3D production of drawings is very easy.\r\n \tZoom Command Facility allows us to see the minute details on larger scale view.\r\n \tA facility of Modeling and making Parts library is available.\r\n \tParent \u2013 Child relationship allows multiple editing in single command, means if one part is edited all other linked parts are auto edited\r\n \tData handling, data storage and data sorting become very easy in soft form as compared to the conventional Printing and filing.\r\n \tData transmission to distant and remote areas is very easy and economical via emailing and link sharing.\r\n \tLayers option allows us to hide or show some specific details of a complex assembly drawing for clear understanding.\r\n \tThere is no limitation of a Drawing size. You can draw a 2 light years long line through proper scale stetting.\r\n \tAuto scale option is available. Full scale drawings can be formed.\r\n \tGeometrical relationship can make quick mathematical operations easy, e. g. you can make an inscribed circle using dimensions of the triangle or polygon etc.\r\n \tBOM or BOQ can be produced with accuracy\r\n \tMass, Area, Volume, Center of Gravity can be calculated\r\n \tAuto Dimensioning \u2013 easy, accurate and rapidly done within no time.\r\n \tDimension Standards are strictly followed\r\n \tBullion operation is possible.\r\n \tCopy, scale, Move, Stretch, rotate, Pattern commands make the task simple and easy\r\n \tDraw Guiding through Osnap, Ortho etc.\r\n \tDirect and Quick Drawing of Symmetrical objects. e.g circle, ellipse, polygon rectangles and triangles etc.\r\n \tGeometrical Relationships are possible. Like two parallel lines, Tangent lines, perpendicular lines etc.\r\n \tFixed line thickness throughout the drawing. \u2014\u2013 remember that, \u201dby default, the line thickness of auto Cad is zero\u201d\r\n \tFill, Hatch, Section lines, Chamfer and fillet commands make the software a blessing as these operations are very difficult in manual drafting.\r\n \tAdding Text \u2013 Lettering \u2013 is a big facility\r\n \tImages can be imported and traced out for digitization of conventional diagrams and drawings.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Using AutoCAD\r\n\r\n \tExpensive equipment is required. like Computer, Plotter, big screen monitor etc.\r\n \tRegistered software is expensive and it requires a heavy re-occurring annual fee.\r\n \tEquipment is fragile, can be damaged drastically.\r\n \tContinuous Updating of the equipment and software is needed.\r\n \tElectricity is mandatory for running the equipment which is a big issue for third world countries like Pakistan which is facing a severe power crises these days.\r\n \tData storage is also fragile \u2014 high probability of data corruption, data loss is a big threat for all soft form data banks. To overcome this potential disaster, experts suggest \u201cMirroring of Data\u201d that is storage of data on multi hard drives on multiple locations which involves a big capital allocation. Some disaster data recovery systems can also be implied to recover the lost data.\r\n \tPiracy and hacking threats are always there when you use internet for data transfer or even storage of data on a computer which is connected to internet.\r\n \tSpecial computer Skills are required.\r\n \tProper Maintenance, supervision and administration is required for computer networking.","headline":"Advantages and Disadvantages Of Using AutoCAD","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-21","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/autocad-300x185.png","height":185,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=188">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=187"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>187</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=188"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>188</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>189</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=190"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>190</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=191"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>191</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=190">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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