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Bourdon pressure gauge is used to measure pressure.  Bourdon tubes measure gage pressure, relative to ambient atmospheric pressure, as opposed to absolute pressure; vacuum...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/bourdon-pressure-gauge-working-advantages-application/" aria-label="View Post: Bourdon Pressure Gauge &#8211; Working , Advantages ,Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Bourdon Pressure Gauge &#8211; Working , Advantages ,Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/bourdon-pressure-gauge-working-advantages-application\/","articleBody":"Bourdon Pressure Gauge\r\nBourdon pressure gauge is used to measure pressure.\r\n\r\nBourdon tubes measure gage pressure, relative to ambient atmospheric pressure, as opposed to absolute pressure; vacuum is sensed as a reverse motion. When the measured pressure is rapidly pulsing, such as when the gauge is near a reciprocating pump, an orifice restriction in the connecting pipe is frequently used to avoid unnecessary wear on the gears and provide an average reading; when the whole gauge is subject to mechanical vibration, the entire case including the pointer and indicator card can be filled with an oil or glycerin. Typical high-quality modern gauges provide an accuracy of \u00b12% of span, and a special high-precision gauge can be as accurate as 0.1% of full scale.\r\nBasic Principle of Bourdon tube pressure gauge:-\r\nWhen an elastic transducer ( bourdon tube in this case ) is subjected to a pressure, it defects. This deflection is proportional to the applied pressure when calibrated.\r\n\r\nThe Bourdon pressure gauge uses the principle that a flattened tube tends to change to a more circular cross-section when pressurized. Although this change in cross-section may be hardly noticeable, the displacement of the material of the tube is magnified by forming the tube into a C shape or even a helix, such that the entire tube tends to straighten out or uncoil, elastically, as it is pressurized.\r\nDiagram Of Bourdon tube Pressure Gauge :\u00a0\r\nBourdon-Tube-Pressure-Gauge\u00a0 \u00a0( Image Source: https:\/\/www.avnet.com\/)\r\nConstruction Of Bourdon tube Pressure Gauge:-\r\nThe main parts of this instrument is an elastic transducer, which is a bourdon tube which is fixed and open at one end to receive the pressure which is to be measured. The other end of the bourdon tube is free and closed. The cross-section of the bourdon tube is elliptical. The bourdon tube is in a bent form to look like a circular arc. To the free end of the bourdon tube is attached an adjustable link, which is in turn connected to a sector and pinion. To the shaft of the pinion is connected a pointer which sweeps over a pressure calibrated scale.\r\n\r\n\r\npressure-gauge-bourdon-type\r\n\r\n\r\nOperation of Bourdon tube:-\r\nThe pressure to be measured is connected to the fixed open end of the bourdon tube. The applied pressure acts on the inner walls of the bourdon tube. Due to the applied pressure, the bourdon tube tends to change in cross-section from elliptical to circular. This tends to straighten the bourdon tube causing a displacement of the free end of the bourdon tube.\r\nThis displacement of the free closed end of the bourdon tube is proportional to the applied pressure. As the free end of the bourdon tube is connected to a link \u2013 section \u2013 pinion arrangement, the displacement is amplified and converted to a rotary motion of the pinion. As the pinion rotates, it makes the pointer to assume a new position on a pressure calibrated scale to indicate the applied pressure directly. As the pressure in the case containing the bourdon tube is usually atmospheric, the pointer indicates gauge pressure.\r\n\r\nApplications of Bourdon pressure gauge :-\r\n\r\n \tThey are used to measure medium to very high pressures.\r\n \tFor measuring high pressures e.g. in steam boilers, compressors.\r\n \tFor measuring pressures in vehicles tube tire.\r\n\r\n\r\nAdvantages of bourdon pressure gauge:-\r\n\r\n \tThese Bourdon tube pressure gauges give accurate results.\r\n \tBourdon tube cost low.\r\n \tBourdon tubes are simple in construction.\r\n \tThey can be modified to give electrical outputs.\r\n \tThey are safe even for high-pressure measurement.\r\n \tAccuracy is high especially at high pressures.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of bourdon pressure gauge:-\r\n\r\n \tThey respond slowly to changes in pressure\r\n \tThey are subjected to hysteresis.\r\n \tThey are sensitive to shocks and vibrations.\r\n \tAmplification is a must as the displacement of the free end of the bourdon tube is low.","headline":"Bourdon Pressure Gauge &#8211; Working , Advantages ,Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/pressure-gauge-bourdon-type-300x197.jpg","height":197,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/weld-plastic-plastic-welding-basic/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/hot-gas-plastic-welding-300x254.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to How to Weld Plastic &#8211; Plastic Welding Basic</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/weld-plastic-plastic-welding-basic/">How to Weld Plastic &#8211; Plastic Welding Basic</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>How to Weld Plastic - Plastic Welding Basic
Plastics welding is the process of joining two pieces of Thermoplastics at heated state and under a pressure as a result of cross-linking of their...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/weld-plastic-plastic-welding-basic/" aria-label="View Post: How to Weld Plastic &#8211; Plastic Welding Basic">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"How to Weld Plastic &#8211; Plastic Welding Basic","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/weld-plastic-plastic-welding-basic\/","articleBody":"How to Weld Plastic - Plastic Welding Basic\r\nPlastics welding is the process of joining two pieces of Thermoplastics at heated state and under a pressure as a result of cross-linking of their polymermolecules. The work pieces are fused together with or without filler material. The joint forms when the parts are cooled below the Glass Transition Temperature (foramorphous polymers) or below the melting temperature (for crystalline polymers). Thermosets (thermosetting resines) in cured condition cannot be welded, since cross-linking of their molecules has completed. \r\nPlastics welding processes: \r\n\r\n \tHot Gas Welding\r\n \tHot Plate Welding\r\n \tUltrasonic Welding\r\n \tSpin Welding\r\n \tVibration Welding\r\n\r\nHow to Plastic Welding Using Hot Gas Welding Method\u00a0\r\n\r\nHot Gas Welding is a plastics welding process, utilizing heat of hot gas stream. The gas (usually air) is heated by electric heating elements mounted within the welding gun. The torch (welding gun) directs the heated gas toward the work piece surfaces and a rod of filler material. The edges of the joined parts and the filler rod material are fused together and pressed. The polymer molecules are cross-linked when the work pieces cool down, forming a strong joint. Hot Gas Welding is manually operated process requiring high level of the operator skill. Some polymers (e.g. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)) oxidize at incresed temperature therefore they are welded by hot Nitrogen. \r\n\r\nApplications of Hot Gas Welding:\r\n\r\n \tContainers;\r\n \tTanks for storage chemicals;\r\n \tVentilation ducting;\r\n \tTubes;\r\n \tRepair works.\r\n\r\nProcess parameter for hot gas welding\r\n\r\nProcess parameters Description\r\n\u00b7 Temperature- Temperature of hot gas\r\n\u00b7Gas - Composition of hot gas(air, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen)\r\n\u00b7 Angle - Include angle between weldment and rod, angle between gas nozzle and weldment.\r\n\u00b7 Travel Speed - Rate at which weld is being deposited\r\n\u00b7 Weld force\u00a0 - Amount of force applied to the filler rod\r\n\u00b7 Filler rod\u00a0 - Composition of filler rod\r\n\u00b7 Gap distance -\u00a0 Distance between gas nozzle and workpiece\r\n\u00b7 Weld joint\u00a0 - butt joint and double strap fillet joint.\r\n\r\n how to weld plastic using hot gas method\r\nWelding Procedure in Hot Gas Technique\r\nThe hot air gun is used for hot air welding. The gun\u00a0consists of a main body which contain heating element. This is anon contact soldering for high requirements. The air mass flow and the temperature can be adjusted in a prescribed range; the basic element of hot air gun is shown in the figure\r\n2. The nozzles can be easily replaced so that each component is soldered by using the suitable nozzle, air and temperature setting.\r\n\r\nAs a manual process, weld quality is dependent on skill. There is no recognised non-destructive technique, that conclusively shows the presence of defects in plastic welds that could lead to weld failure. Therefore, it is recommended that good quality welder training is received and that welder certification is adopted.\r\n\r\n hot gas plastic welding\r\n\r\nUltrasonic Welding\r\nUltrasonic Welding is a plastics welding process, in which two work pieces are bonded as a result of a pressure exerted to the welded parts combined with application of high frequency acoustic vibration (ultrasonic). Ultrasonic vibration transmitted by a metal tool (horn, sonotrode) causes oscillating flexing of the material and friction between the parts, which results in a closer contact between the two surfaces with simultaneous local heating of the contact area. The plastic melts in the contact area, the polymer molecules are cross-linked, forming a strong joint. Ultrasonic Welding cycle takes about 1 sec. The frequency of acoustic vibrations is in the range 20 to 70 kHz (commonly 20-40 kHz). The ampltude of the acoustic vibrations is about 0.002\u201d (0.05 mm). Thickness of the welded parts is limited by the power of the ultrasonic generator. Ultrasonic Welding is used mainly for processing amorphous polymers (Polysterene (PS), Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS))\r\n\r\n ultrasonic plastic welder\r\n\r\nApplications of Ultrasonic Welding:\r\n\r\n \tMedical equipment (filters, face mask, valves, cardiometry reservoir);\r\n \tAutomotive components (glove boxes doors, filters, valves, airflow sensors);\r\n \tAppliance (vacuum cleaner, steam iron, dishwasher components);\r\n \tElectrical equipment (switches, terminal blocks,connectors);\r\n \tElectronic and computer components;\r\n \tToys.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Ultrasonic Welding:\r\n\r\n \tShort welding cycle;\r\n \tEasily automated and controllable;\r\n \tSmall amount of flash forms;\r\n \tLow energy consumption;\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Ultrasonic Welding:\r\n\r\n \tOnly small and thin parts may be welded;\r\n \tTool design is required.","headline":"How to Weld Plastic &#8211; Plastic Welding Basic","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-05-05","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/hot-gas-plastic-welding-300x254.jpg","height":254,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/best-3d-industrial-animations-software-mechanical-parts-assemblies/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/blender-software-render-modeling-789x420-300x160.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Best 3D industrial animations Software for Mechanical Parts and Assemblies</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/best-3d-industrial-animations-software-mechanical-parts-assemblies/">Best 3D industrial animations Software for Mechanical Parts and Assemblies</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Best 3D industrial animations Software for Mechanical Parts and Assemblies
Many Mechanical Students ask me which is best software for making 3D  industrial Animation Presentations /videos. Here is...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/best-3d-industrial-animations-software-mechanical-parts-assemblies/" aria-label="View Post: Best 3D industrial animations Software for Mechanical Parts and Assemblies">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Best 3D industrial animations Software for Mechanical Parts and Assemblies","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/best-3d-industrial-animations-software-mechanical-parts-assemblies\/","articleBody":"Best 3D industrial animations Software for Mechanical Parts and Assemblies\r\nMany Mechanical Students ask me which is best software for making 3D\u00a0 industrial Animation Presentations \/videos. Here is list of 3d Industrial animation softwares\u00a0\r\n1 . Blender :-\r\nBlender is a professional free and open-source 3D computer graphics software product used for creating animated films, visual effects, art, 3D printed models, interactive 3D applications and video games. Blender\u2019s features include 3D modeling, UV unwrapping, texturing, raster graphics editing, rigging and skinning, fluid and smoke simulation, particle simulation, soft body simulation, sculpting, animating, match moving, camera tracking, rendering, video editing and compositing. Alongside the modeling features it also has an integrated game engine.\r\n\r\nSupported platforms:\r\n\r\n \tWindows XP, Vista, 7, 8\r\n \tMac OS X\r\n \tLinux\r\n\r\n blender-software-render-modeling\r\n\r\n2. Maya :-\r\nMaya , also known as Autodesk Maya is an animation and modeling program used to create 3D (three-dimensional) full-motion effects. Maya incorporates the natural laws of physics to control the behavior of virtual objects in computer animation. Maya can produce videos that are more life-like than has been possible with less sophisticated programs.\r\n\r\nSupported platforms :\r\n\r\nWindows XP, Vista, 7, 8\r\nMac OS X\r\nLinux\r\n\r\n3.\u00a03DS MAX - \r\n\r\n3D modeling, animation, and rendering software Customize, collaborate, and create 3D content quickly with 3ds Max\u00ae 3D modeling, animation, and rendering software. It's packed with brand-new, user-requested features and enhancements for entertainment and design professionals.\r\n\r\n4.\u00a0CATIA \r\n\r\nCATIA is CAD\/CAE\/CAM software from Dassault Syst\u00e8mes for 3D modeling, texturing, animation and rendering. CATIA delivers the unique ability not only to model any product, but to do so in the context of its real-life behavior: design in the age of experience. Systems architects, engineers, designers and all contributors can define, imagine and shape the connected world.\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0Price Of Catia V6 Software and Where I can Buy It?\r\n\r\n5.\u00a0Solid works:\r\nEasy to use,powerful 3D CAD design capabilities power\r\nSOLIDWORKS intuitive product development solutions. Quickly create, validate, communicate, and manage the product development process. Get your products to market faster, reduce manufacturing costs, and improve product quality and reliability for product applications across a wide range of industries.\r\n\r\n6. KEYSHOT\r\n\r\nKeyShot is everything you need to create fast, accurate and amazing visuals. Featuring a real-time 3D rendering workflow, see results instantly and reduce the time it takes to create that perfect shot. From scientifically accurate material and environment presets to advanced material editing and animation, creating interactive product visuals or sales and marketing imagery has never been easier.\r\n\r\nRead More:\u00a0What Is 3D Rendering - Best 3D rendering Software","headline":"Best 3D industrial animations Software for Mechanical Parts and Assemblies","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-04-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/blender-software-render-modeling-789x420-300x160.png","height":160,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/brake-master-cylinder-function-working-main-parts-diagram/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/hydraulic-master-cylinders-300x184.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Brake Master Cylinder &#8211; Function , Working , main parts and Diagram</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/brake-master-cylinder-function-working-main-parts-diagram/">Brake Master Cylinder &#8211; Function , Working , main parts and Diagram</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Brake Master Cylinder - Function , Working , main parts and Diagram
Brake master Cylinders :
In automotive engineering, the master cylinder is a control device that converts non-hydraulic pressure...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/brake-master-cylinder-function-working-main-parts-diagram/" aria-label="View Post: Brake Master Cylinder &#8211; Function , Working , main parts and Diagram">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Brake Master Cylinder &#8211; Function , Working , main parts and Diagram","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/brake-master-cylinder-function-working-main-parts-diagram\/","articleBody":"Brake Master Cylinder - Function , Working , main parts and Diagram\r\nBrake master Cylinders :\r\nIn automotive engineering, the master cylinder is a control device that converts non-hydraulic pressure (commonly from a driver's foot) into hydraulic pressure. This device controls slave cylinders located at the other end of the hydraulic system.\r\n\r\nAs piston(s) move along the bore of the master cylinder, this movement is transferred through the hydraulic fluid, to result in a movement of the slave cylinder(s). The hydraulic pressure created by moving a piston (inside the bore of the master cylinder) toward the slave cylinder(s) compresses the fluid evenly, but by varying the comparative surface-area of the master cylinder and\/or each slave cylinder, one can vary the amount of force and displacement applied to each slave cylinder, relative to the amount of force and displacement applied to the master cylinder.\r\n\r\nRead More:\u00a0Working Of Hydraulic Brakes- Advantages and Disadvantages\r\n\r\nFunction Of Brake Master Cylinders :\r\nBrake Master Cylinder(BMC) is nothing but a highly advanced piston and cylinder assembly.\r\nThe purpose of BMC is to\u00a0build hydraulic pressure\u00a0and it works on the basic principle of Pascal\u2019s Law\r\nSo how does a BMC build hydraulic pressure, it does using some complicated piston, seals and spring set-up.\r\nDiagram Of Master Cylinder :\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe principle of working is that of Pascal\u2019s Law where a high pressure fluid is obtained at the outlet of smaller area, of a cylinder by application of force on the larger area inlet area.\r\n\r\nhydraulic master cylinders\r\nThe below picture is a cut section of a BMC. The main parts we will deal with and which is sufficient for understanding the function of the BMC are\r\n1)\u00a0Reservoir\u00a0- which holds the brake fluid\r\n\r\n2)\u00a0Primary &amp; Secondary Piston\u00a0- which acts as piston\r\n\r\n3)\u00a0Seals\u00a0- seals the port and also seals the chambers.\r\n\r\nMaster cylinder can be rightly named as heart of the hydraulic braking system. There are two main chambers viz. the fluid reservoir &amp; compression chamber in which the piston operates(Fig. The fluid in the reservoir compensates for any change In the fluid volume in the pipelines due to temperature variations &amp; to some extent due to leakage. To prevent leakage there are rubber seals on both ends of the piston in the compression chamber. The reduced diameter region of the piston is always surrounded by the fluid. A rubber boot covers the push rod end of the master cylinder to prevent the dirt from entering inside towards the brake lines side of the compression chamber, there is a fluid check value with a rubber cup inside. It serves to retain the residual pressure in the brake lines even when the brakes are released.\r\n\r\nWorking of Master Cylinders : \r\nWhen the brake pedal pressed the push rod moves toward left by moving the piston against the spring force as it covers bypass port, a pressure built up in the compression chamber when sufficient pressure built up, the fluid check valve deflected &amp; the fluid under pressure flows in the pipeline. When the brake pedal release, the spring force in the master cylinder moves the piston towards right. This same force of spring keep the check valve pressed on it\u2019s seat for sometime, there by delay the return of fluid into compression chamber. This delay causes vacuum in compression chamber &amp; there may be chance of air leakage into the system. This vacuum is destroyed by entering the fluid from reservoir through intake port &amp; holes in the piston which deflect rubber cup &amp; enter in compression chamber.","headline":"Brake Master Cylinder &#8211; Function , Working , main parts and Diagram","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-04-26","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/hydraulic-master-cylinders-300x184.jpg","height":184,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/clinometer-principle-working-uses-clinometer/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/clinometer-diagram-300x295.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Clinometer &#8211; principle, working and uses of a clinometer</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/clinometer-principle-working-uses-clinometer/">Clinometer &#8211; principle, working and uses of a clinometer</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Clinometer - principle, working and uses of a clinometer
Definition of Clinometer :   A clinometer or inclinometer is an instrument for measuring angles of slope (or tilt), elevation or...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/clinometer-principle-working-uses-clinometer/" aria-label="View Post: Clinometer &#8211; principle, working and uses of a clinometer">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Clinometer &#8211; principle, working and uses of a clinometer","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/clinometer-principle-working-uses-clinometer\/","articleBody":"Clinometer - principle, working and uses of a clinometer\r\nDefinition of Clinometer :\u00a0\r\n\r\nA clinometer or inclinometer is an instrument for measuring angles of slope (or tilt), elevation or depression of an object with respect to gravity. It is also known as a tilt indicator, tilt sensor, tilt meter, slope alert, slope gauge, gradient meter, gradiometer, level gauge, level meter, declinometer, and pitch &amp; roll indicator. \r\nwhat is a Clinometer :\r\nClinometers are measuring devices that may be used in several different professions. Also known as an inclinometer, the essential function of the device is to determine accurate measurements as they relate to sloping, height and distance. The clinometer is often used in the profession of meteorology, as well as in forestry and surveying.\r\n\r\nOne of the most common applications of the clinometer has to do with measuring angles as they relate to the slope of natural formations or buildings and other human construction projects. The idea is to measure the angle with an eye toward identifying any amount of slope, with respect to the gravity that is involved. The clinometer may be used to measure both inclines and declines, based on the perspective of the individual calculating the measurements.\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0Autocollimator - working Principle and Application\r\n\r\nClinometer principle :\r\nA clinometer is a special case of application of spirit level for measuring, in the vertical plane, the incline of a surface in relation to the basic horizontal plane, over an extended range. The main functional element of a clinometer is the sensitive vial mounted on a rotatable disc, which carries a graduated ring with its horizontal axis supported in the housing of the instrument. The bubble of the vial is in its centre position, when the clinometer is placed on a horizontal surface and the scale of the rotatable disc is at zero position. If the clinometer is placed on an incline surface, the bubble deviates from the centre. It can be brought to the centre by rotating the disc. The rotation of the disc can be read on the scale. It represents the deviation of the surface over which the clinometer is placed from the horizontal plane. Figure\u00a0 shows a diagram of a clinometer.\r\n\r\nClinometer Diagram :\u00a0\r\n\r\n clinometer diagram\r\n\r\nA number of commercially available clinometers with various designs are available. They differ in their sensitivity and measuring accuracy. Sensitivity and measuring accuracy of modern clinometers can be compared with any other high precision measuring instruments. For shop uses, clinometers with 10' graduations are available.\r\n\r\nClinometer Applications\r\n\r\nTwo categories of measurement are possible with clinometer. Care must be taken to keep the axis of the rotatable disc parallel to the hinge line of the incline. \r\n\r\nThe two categories of measurement are :\r\n\r\n(i) Measurement of an incline place with respect to a horizontal plane. As discussed earlier, this is done by placing the instrument on the surface to be measured and rotating graduated disc to produce zero inclination on the bubble. The scale value of the disc position will be equal to the angle of incline.\r\n\r\n(ii) Measurement of the relative position of two mutually inclined surfaces. This is done by placing the clinometer on each of the surface in turn, and taking the readings with respect to the horizontal. The difference of both the readings will indicate the angular value of the relative incline.","headline":"Clinometer &#8211; principle, working and uses of a clinometer","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-04-26","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/clinometer-diagram-300x295.jpg","height":295,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/autocollimator-working-principle-application/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/autocollimator-construction-diagram-300x123.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Autocollimator -Principle, Types, Application, Advantages, Disadvantages </span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/autocollimator-working-principle-application/">Autocollimator -Principle, Types, Application, Advantages, Disadvantages </a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Autocollimator
Autocollimators are optical instruments that measure angular displacements with high sensitivity. They are used to align optical components and measure optical and mechanical...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/autocollimator-working-principle-application/" aria-label="View Post: Autocollimator -Principle, Types, Application, Advantages, Disadvantages ">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Autocollimator -Principle, Types, Application, Advantages, Disadvantages\u00a0","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/autocollimator-working-principle-application\/","articleBody":"Autocollimator\r\nAutocollimators are optical instruments that measure angular displacements with high sensitivity. They are used to align optical components and measure optical and mechanical deflections.\r\nAutocollimation Principle :\u00a0\r\nThe two main principles used in an autocollimator are\r\n(a) the projection and the refraction of a parallel beam of light by a lens, and\r\n(b) the change in direction of a reflected angle on a plane reflecting surface with the change in the angle of incidence.\r\n\r\nAutocollimator - working Principle and Application\r\n\r\nTo understand this, let us imagine a converging lens with a point source of light O at its principle focus, as shown in Figure a.\u00a0 When a beam of light strikes a flat reflecting surface, a part of the beam is absorbed and the other part is reflected back. If the angle of incidence is zero, i.e. incident rays fall perpendicular to the reflecting surface, the reflected rays retrace the original path. When the reflecting plane is tilted at a certain angle, the total angle through which the light is deflected is twice the angle through which the mirror is tilted. Thus, alternately, if the incident rays are not at the right angle to the reflecting surface they can be brought to the focal plane of the light sources by tilting the reflecting plane at an angle half the angle of reflection as shown in Figure b.\r\n\r\nNow, from the diagram, OO' = 2\u0398\u00a0\u00d7 f = x, where f is the focal length of the lens.\r\nThus, by measuring the linear distance x, the inclination of the reflecting surface \u0398 can be determined. The position of the final image does not depend upon the distance of the reflector from the lens. If, however, the reflector is moved too long, the reflected ray will then completely miss the lens and no image will be formed.\r\nWorking Of Autocollimator:\r\nIn actual practice, the work surface whose inclination is to be obtained forms the reflecting surface and the displacement x is measured by a precision microscope that is calibrated directly to the values of inclination\u0398.\r\nThe optical system of an autocollimator is shown in Figure The target wires are illuminated by the electric bulb and act as a source of light since it is not convenient to visualize the reflected image of a point and then to measure the displacement x precisely. The image of the illuminated wire after being reflected from the surface being measured is formed in the same plane as the wire itself. The eyepiece system containing the micrometer microscope mechanism has a pair of setting lines that may be used to measure the displacement of the image by setting to the original cross lines and then moving over to those of the image.\r\n\r\nautocollimator construction diagram\r\n\r\nGenerally, calibration is supplied with the instrument. Thus, the angle of inclination of the reflecting surface per division of the micrometer scale can be directly read.\r\nAutocollimators are quite accurate and can read up to 0.1 seconds, and may be used for a distance up to 30 meters.\r\nTypes of Autocollimators \r\n\u00a01) Visual Autocollimators - \r\n\r\nVisual autocollimators measure the angle of optically flat (1\/4 wave or better), reflective surfaces in arc seconds by viewing a graduated reticle through an eyepiece. The longer the focal length of the visual autocollimator, the greater the angular resolution and the smaller the field of view\r\n\r\n2)Digital Autocollimators - \r\n\r\n \tAutocollimators are PC-based instruments that are designed to operate in the lab as well as in a machine shop environment. \r\n \tUse an electronic photodetector to detect the reflected beam. \r\n \tNo external controller is required. \r\n \tAdvantages: 1) High precision. 2) Real-Time measurements. 3) User \u2013 friendly interface. 4) Creating data reports and transferring in other programs.\r\n\r\nFactors Governing the specification of an Autocollimator\r\n(i) Focal Length\r\n\r\nThe focal length determines the basic sensitivity and angular measuring range of the instrument. A longer focal length gives a greater measuring sensitivity and measurement accuracy (due to larger linear displacement for a given reflector tilt). But as the focal length increases the measuring range decreases proportionally. Also a longer focal length affects the mechanical extension of the tube.\r\n\r\n(ii) Objective aperture size\r\n\r\nWhen large apertures are used, light conditions are more favorable and the evaluation of results is easier and more accurate. A long-distance between the mirror and autocollimator demands a relatively large aperture and larger reflector for satisfactory image contrast.\r\n\r\n(iii) Type of Beam Splitter\r\n\r\nA geometrical beam splitter results in smaller image angles but greater image brightness. These are used mainly with small targets and due to their internal layout cannot be used for measurement of corner cubes. A physical beam splitter is recommended in most cases due to the larger measuring range.\r\n\r\n(iv) Fixed or variable distance setting\r\n\r\nWhen the distance between the autocollimator and target mirror remains fixed, extremely close readings can be taken and repeatability is excellent. For variable focal length, an objective tube with focus adjustment is used.\r\nApplication Of Autocollimator :\u00a0\r\nAutocollimators are used by the optical industry and mechanical engineers in a variety of applications. Their specific functions include precision alignment, the detection of angular movement, the verification of angle standards, and angular monitoring over long periods.\r\n\r\nTesting Application\r\n\r\nAutocollimators can be used in the testing of\r\n\r\n \tparallelism with a collimator and telescope\r\n \topaque wedges and plane-parallel plates\r\n \ttransparent wedges\r\n \tangles in glass prisms\r\n \tthe accuracy of rotary tables and index tables\r\n \tcamera objectives\r\n\r\nThese optical instruments are also used in the flatness testing of reflecting surfaces, the control of wedges and plane-parallel plates, and parallel measurement of cylindrical bores.\r\n\r\nMeasurement Applications\r\nIn addition to testing applications, autocollimators can be used to measure the\r\n\r\n \tradius of concave and convex spherical surfaces\r\n \tback focal of lenses and optical systems\r\n \tcentration error of spherical surfaces\r\n \tcentration error of lenses in transmission\r\n \tparallelism or perpendicularity of two surfaces\r\n\r\nAdditional applications include the\r\n\r\n \tradius measurement of concave and convex spherical surfaces\r\n \trelative measurement of the angular error of prisms\r\n \tpitch and yaw measurement of slides\r\n \tparallel setting of rolls\r\n\r\nFinally, autocollimators can be used to measure straightness, flatness, roll angle, and the squareness between a vertical angle and a machine bed.\r\nAdvantages of Autocollimators :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tMeasure the Straightness and Flatness \r\n \tUsed for higher accuracy measurement. \r\n \tTo check squareness and parallelism. \r\n \tEasy to set up and operate. \r\n \tUsed to align components. \r\n \tMeasuring small angles.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Autocollimators :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tRegular maintenance is required.\r\n \tDifficulty in positioning and identification. \r\n \tTime-consuming. \r\n \tRequires sample cutting and processing for tracing by the detector.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMechanical MCQ Objectives Question and Answers\r\nMeasurement Science and Metrology Notes , Articles\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Autocollimator -Principle, Types, Application, Advantages, Disadvantages\u00a0","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-04-26","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"June 7, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/autocollimator-construction-diagram-300x123.jpg","height":123,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=192">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=191"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>191</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=192"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>192</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>193</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=194"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>194</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=195"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>195</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=194">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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