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What is Reaction Injection Molding Machine:
Reaction injection molding is a simple concept. As its name suggests, the process is based on a...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/reaction-injection-molding/" aria-label="View Post: Reaction Injection Molding- Advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Reaction Injection Molding- Advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/reaction-injection-molding\/","articleBody":"Reaction Injection Molding- Advantages and Disadvantages\r\nWhat is Reaction Injection Molding Machine:\r\nReaction injection molding is a simple concept. As its name suggests, the process is based on a chemical reaction. A reactive liquid mixture\r\n(usually polyol and isocyanate) is injected or poured into a mold where a chemical reaction takes place. After an exothermic (heat generating) reaction occurs, the finished part is removed from the mold. Depending on the chemical formulation, the end product can take on a wide range of physical characteristics: foam or solid, highly rigid or very flexible.\r\n\r\nMolding\r\nAn immediate chemical reaction occurs inside the mixing head, with a continued exothermic reaction inside the mold cavity as the curing process progresses. When processing foams, significant forces created inside the mold must be resisted to ensure the integrity of the part. The clamping pressure required can be up to many tons depending on the size, expansion rates, and the desired density of the part, along with other material factors.\r\nMounting the mold in a pneumatic or hydraulic press provides the force required to keep the mold tightly closed during the curing process. Elastomeric materials often require very little clamping pressure as they do not expand or generate internal mold forces.\r\n\r\nThe difference between RIM and injection molding\r\nInjection molding is the process of forcing melted plastic into a mold. With reaction injection molding, two liquid components (isocyanate and polyol) are mixed in a high- or lowpressure mixing head and pumped into a mold. The reaction occurs in the mold, resulting in a polyurethane part.\r\n\r\nReaction Injection Molding Process:\u00a0\r\n\r\nMaterial storage\r\nIn a typical RIM operation, the raw materials are stored in day tanks or bulk storage tanks before processing. The materials are temperature-controlled to the optimum processing temperature as specified by the material supplier. This results in a consistent manufacturing\r\nenvironment day in and day out, and will provide the desired physical properties or cell structure. If the materials have other ingredients like fillers or pigments that need to be evenly dispersed throughout the chemical system, stirring devices or tank agitators are often incorporated into the tanks to prevent settling or chemical separation.\r\n\r\nreaction injection molding working plant diagram\r\n\r\nRecirculation\r\nThe materials are continuously circulated at low pressure by the pumping system and through the mixing head. When the materials reach the mixing head, they are recirculated back to the day tanks and then through the same path again back out to the mixing head. This\r\nlow-pressure recirculation can be used to maintain temperature, nucleation, and will help keep added ingredients such as fillers or pigments evenly dispersed.\r\n\r\nDispensing\r\nThe two reactive materials, polyol and isocyanate, are kept separate until they reach the mixing head. When it is time to dispense a shot or make a pour, the machine automatically switches from recirculation to dispense mode. At this point, the metering pumps precisely deliver the materials to the mixing head at the required volume, ratio, flow rate and temperature. The chemicals are then mixed by either high-pressure impingement (about 2500 psi) or in a high shear dynamic mix chamber. The mixture is then injected into a closed mold or poured into an open mold or cavity.\r\nReaction injection molding\u00a0advantages and disadvantages\r\nBenefits Of Reaction Injection Molding:\u00a0\r\n1. Very large, lightweight parts\r\nThe \u201cflowability\u201d of polyurethane components allows for even distribution of the material within the mold. This lets you produce large parts, which is not possible with injection molding. And because mold pressures are much lower, large presses are not necessary.\r\n\r\n2. Low-cost molds\r\nBecause of the low injection pressures of the RIM process, mold builders can use a variety of less expensive mold materials including steel, aluminum, Kirksite alloys, nickel, epoxy, silicone and fiberglass. The larger the mold, the greater the savings.\r\n\r\n3. Freedom of design\r\nRIM lets you mold complex shapes or highly detailed parts with intricate design features at relatively low tooling and capital equipment costs. Monolithic parts or components with varying wall thicknesses can be designed into the same molded part.\r\n\r\n4. Rapid prototyping\r\nExcellent working prototypes can be developed with lead times of 3-15 days, at a cost much less than traditional injection molding. This also allows for ergonomic or functionality testing prior to cutting actual high-pressure injection molds. RIM is ideal for shorter production\r\nruns of less than 5,000.\r\n\r\n5. Class A Surfaces\r\nThe surface finish of RIM parts allows manufacturers to produce Class A painted parts \u2013 high-gloss finishes that match high-gloss painted metal parts.\r\n\r\nReaction Injection molding Application :\u00a0\r\n\r\nDepending on the chemical formulation, the end product can take on a range of physical characteristics: either foam or solid, highly rigid or very flexible. Polyurethane products manufactured from the RIM process are:\r\n\u2022 Lightweight\r\n\u2022 High strength\r\n\u2022 Scratch resistant\r\n\u2022 Heat resistant\r\n\u2022 Impact resistant\r\n\u2022 Resistant to organic and inorganic acids\r\n\u2022 High R-value","headline":"Reaction Injection Molding- Advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2017-12-05","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/reaction-injection-molding-working-plant-diagram-300x174.jpg","height":174,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-brittle-failure-brittle-failure-occurs/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/BRITTLE-FAILURE-300x225.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Introduction To Brittle Failure- How Brittle Failure Occurs</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-brittle-failure-brittle-failure-occurs/">Introduction To Brittle Failure- How Brittle Failure Occurs</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction To Brittle Failure- How Brittle Failure Occurs
 Material Failure: 
Failure can be defined, in general, as an event that does not accomplish its intended purpose. Failure of a...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-brittle-failure-brittle-failure-occurs/" aria-label="View Post: Introduction To Brittle Failure- How Brittle Failure Occurs">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Introduction To Brittle Failure- How Brittle Failure Occurs","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/introduction-brittle-failure-brittle-failure-occurs\/","articleBody":"Introduction To Brittle Failure- How Brittle Failure Occurs\r\n\u00a0Material Failure:\u00a0\r\nFailure can be defined, in general, as an event that does not accomplish its intended purpose. Failure of a material component is the loss of ability to function normally. Components of a system can fail one of many ways, for example excessive deformation, fracture, corrosion, burning-out, degradation of specific properties (thermal, electrical, or magnetic), etc. Main types of Failures in materials are , brittle failure , ductile failure , fatigue and creep fracture or failure.\r\n\r\nReasons Of Material Failure :\u00a0\r\n\r\nStructural elements and machine elements can fail to perform their intended functions in three general ways: excessive elastic deformation, excessive plastic deformation or yielding, and fracture. Under the category of failure due to excessive elastic deformation, for example: too flexible machine shaft can cause rapid wear of bearing. On the other hand sudden buckling type of failure may occur. Failures due to excessive elastic deformation are controlled by the modulus of elasticity, not by the strength of the material. The most effective way to increase stiffness of a component is by tailoring the shape or dimensions. Yielding or plastic deformation may render a component useless after a certain limit. This failure is controlled by the yield strength of the material. At room temperature, continued loading over the yielding point may lead to strain hardening followed by fracture. However at elevated temperatures, failure occurs in form of time-dependent yielding known as creep. Fracture involves complete disruption of continuity of a component. It starts with initiation of a crack, followed by crack propagation. Fracture of materials may occur in three ways \u2013 brittle Failure\/ductile Failure, fatigue or progressive fracture, delayed fracture. Ductile\/brittle Failure occurs over short period of time, and distinguishable.\r\n\r\nFracture\r\nFracture is a form of failure, and is defined as the separation or fragmentation of a solid body into two or more parts under the action of stress. Fracture that occurs over a very short time period and under simple loading conditions (static i.e. constant or slowly changing) is considered here. Fracture under complex condition, for example alternating stress, is considered in later sections.\r\nBrittle Failure \/Fracture:\u00a0\r\nBrittle Failure \/ fracture that takes place with little or no preceding plastic deformation. It occurs, often at unpredictable levels of stress, by rapid crack propagation. The direction of crack propagation is very nearly perpendicular to the direction of applied tensile stress. This crack propagation corresponds to successive and repeated breaking to atomic bonds along specific crystallographic planes, and hence called cleavage fracture. This fracture is also said to be transgranular because crack propagates through grains. Thus it has a grainy or faceted texture. Most brittle fractures occur in a transgranular manner. However, brittle fracture can occur in intergranular manner i.e. crack propagates along grain boundaries. This happens only if grain boundaries contain a brittle film or if the grain-boundary region has been embrittled by the segregation of detrimental elements.\r\n\r\nBrittle failure example\r\n\r\nbrittle fracture in metals is believed to take place in three stages - \r\n\r\n(1) plastic deformation that causes dislocation pile-ups at obstacles,\r\n\r\n(2) micro-crack nucleation as a result of build-up of shear stresses,\r\n\r\n(3) eventual crack propagation under applied stress aided by stored elastic energy.\r\n\r\nAs mentioned earlier, brittle fracture occurs without any warning sign, thus it needs to be avoided. Hence brittle fracture and its mechanism have been analyzed to a great extent compared to ductile fracture. Brittle fracture usually occurs at stress levels well below those predicted theoretically from the inherent strength due to atomic or molecular bonds. This situation in some respects is analogous to the discrepancy between the theoretical strength shear strength of perfect crystals and their observed lower yield strength values.","headline":"Introduction To Brittle Failure- How Brittle Failure Occurs","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2017-12-05","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/BRITTLE-FAILURE-300x225.jpg","height":225,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/electron-beam-welding-advantages-disadvantages-application/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/schematic-diagram-of-electron-beam-welding-300x239.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Electron Beam Welding- Advantages ,Disadvantages and Application</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/electron-beam-welding-advantages-disadvantages-application/">Electron Beam Welding- Advantages ,Disadvantages and Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Electron Beam Welding- Advantages ,Disadvantages and Application
Introduction to E Beam Welding :  Electron Beam Welding (EBW) is a fusion welding in which coalescence is produced by heating the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/electron-beam-welding-advantages-disadvantages-application/" aria-label="View Post: Electron Beam Welding- Advantages ,Disadvantages and Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Electron Beam Welding- Advantages ,Disadvantages and Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/electron-beam-welding-advantages-disadvantages-application\/","articleBody":"Electron Beam Welding- Advantages ,Disadvantages and Application\r\nIntroduction to E Beam Welding :\r\n\r\nElectron Beam Welding (EBW) is a fusion welding in which coalescence is produced by heating the workpiece due to impingement of the concentrated electron beam of high kinetic energy on the workpiece. As the electron beam impinges the workpiece, kinetic energy of the electron beams converts into thermal energy resulting in melting and even evaporation of the work material.\r\n\r\nSee Also:\u00a0Laser Beam Welding Process - Principle, Advantages , Disadvantages\r\n\r\nPrinciples of Electron beam (eb) Welding :\r\nIn general, electron beam welding process is carried out in vacuum. In this process, electrons are emitted from the heated filament called electrode. These electrons are accelerated by applying high potential difference (30 kV to 175 kV) between cathode and anode. The higher the potential difference, the higher would be the acceleration of the electrons. The electrons get the speed in the range of 50,000 to 200,000 km\/s. The electron beam is focused by means of electromagnetic lenses. When this high kinetic energy electron beam strikes on the workpiece, high heat is generated on the work piece resulting in melting of the work material. Molten metal fills into the gap between parts to be joined and subsequently it gets solidified and forms the weld joint\r\nElectron Beam Welding Diagram :\u00a0\r\nElectron beam (eb) welding Diagram\r\nEBW Equipment:\r\nAn EBW set up consists of the following major equipment:\r\na) Electron gun,\r\nb) Power supply,\r\nc) Vacuum Chamber, and\r\nd) Work piece Holding Device.\r\nElectron Gun:\r\n\r\nIt is heart of electron beam welding. It is a cathode tube (negative pole) which generates electrons, accelerate them and focus it on a spot. This gun is mostly made by tungsten or tantalum alloys. The cathode filament heated up to 2500 degree centigrade for continuous emission of electrons.\r\n\r\nAnode:\r\n\r\nAnode is a positive pole which is just after the electron gun. Its main function is to attract negative charge, (in this case electron) provide them a path and don\u2019t allow them to diverge from its path.\r\n\r\nMagnetic Lenses:\r\n\r\nThere are a series of magnetic lenses which allows only convergent electrons to pass. They absorb all low energy and divergent electrons, and provide a high intense electron beam.\r\n\r\nElectromagnetic lens and deflection coil:\r\n\r\nElectromagnetic lens used to focus the electron beam on work piece and deflection coil deflect the beam at required weld area. These are last unit of EBW process.\r\n\r\nWork holding device:\r\n\r\nEBW uses CNC table for hold work piece which can move in all three direction. The welding plates are clamped on CNC table with the use of suitable fixtures.\r\n\r\nVacuum Chamber:\r\n\r\nAs we know, whole this process takes place in a vacuum chamber. Vacuum is created by mechanical or electric driven pump. The pressure ranges in vacuum chamber is about 0.1 to 10 Pa.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of EBW:\r\n1) High penetration to width can be obtained, which is difficult with other welding processes.\r\n2) High welding speed is obtained.\r\n3) Material of high melting temperature can be welded.\r\n4) Superior weld quality due to welding in vacuum.\r\n5) High precision of the welding is obtained.\r\n6) Distortion is less due to less heat affected zone.\r\n7) Dissimilar materials can be welded.\r\n8) Low operating cost.\r\n9) Cleaning cost is negligible.\r\n10) Reactive materials like beryllium, titanium etc. can be welded.\r\n11) Materials of high melting point like columbium, tungsten etc. can be welded.\r\n12) Inaccessible joints can be made.\r\n13) Very wide range of sheet thickness can be joined (0.025 mm to 100 mm)\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of EBW:\r\n1) Very high equipment cost.\r\n2) High vacuum is required.\r\n3) High safety measures are required.\r\n4) Large jobs are difficult to weld.\r\n5) Skilled man power is required.\r\nElectron beam welding applications\r\n1. Electron beam welding process is mostly used in joining of refractive materials like columbium, tungsten, ceramic etc. which are used in missiles.\r\n2. In space shuttle applications wherein reactive materials like beryllium, zirconium, titanium etc. are used.\r\n3. In high precession welding for electronic components, nuclear fuel elements, special alloy jet engine components and pressure vessels for rocket plants.\r\n4. Dissimilar material can be welded like invar with stainless steel.","headline":"Electron Beam Welding- Advantages ,Disadvantages and Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2017-12-04","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/schematic-diagram-of-electron-beam-welding-300x239.jpg","height":239,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/electron-beam-machining-ebm-advantages-disadvantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/electron-beam-machining-diagram-279x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Electron Beam Machining (EBM) &#8211; Diagram, Working, Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/electron-beam-machining-ebm-advantages-disadvantages/">Electron Beam Machining (EBM) &#8211; Diagram, Working, Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Electron Beam Machining (EBM) - Introduction 
Electron beam machining is a thermal process used for metal removal during the machining process. In the electrical beam machining, electrical energy...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/electron-beam-machining-ebm-advantages-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: Electron Beam Machining (EBM) &#8211; Diagram, Working, Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Electron Beam Machining (EBM) &#8211; Diagram, Working, Advantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/electron-beam-machining-ebm-advantages-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"Electron Beam Machining (EBM) - Introduction\u00a0\r\nElectron beam machining is a thermal process used for metal removal during the machining process. In the electrical beam machining, electrical energy is used to generate the electrons with high energy. In the Electron Beam Machining process, a high velocity focused beam of electrons are used to remove the metal from the workpiece. These electrons are traveling at half the velocity of light i.e., 1.6 x 10\u22278 m \/ s. This process is best suited for the micro-cutting of materials.\r\n\r\n\r\nIn this article we will see the principle of electron beam machining, construction, working, diagram, process parameter, advantages, disadvantages of the EBM process. EBM process has several important applications which explained later on.\u00a0\r\n\u00a0Principle of EBM :\u00a0\r\nWhen the high-velocity beam of electrons strikes the workpiece, its kinetic energy is converted into heat. This concentrated heat raises the\u00a0temperature of workpiece material and vaporizes a small amount of it, resulting in the removal of material from the workpiece.\r\nTypes of EBM Process :\u00a0\r\nThe following two methods are used in the EBM process.\r\n1. Machining inside the vacuum chamber.\r\n2. Machining outside the vacuum chamber.\r\n\r\nConstruction and Working of Electron Beam Machining :\r\n\r\n(Machining Inside the Vacuum Chamber)\r\nConstruction of EBM :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tThe schematic arrangement of Electron Beam Machining (EBM) is shown in Fig.\r\n \tIt consists of an electron gun, diaphragm, focusing lens, deflector coil, work table, etc.\r\n \tTo avoid collision of accelerated electrons with air molecules, a vacuum is required. So, the entire EBM setup is\r\nenclosed in a vacuum chamber, which carries a vacuum of the order 10-5 to IO-6 mm of mercury. This chamber carries a door, through which the workpiece is placed over the table. The door is then closed and sealed.\r\n \tThe electron gun is responsible for the emission of electrons, which consists of the following three main parts.\r\n\r\n1. Tungsten Filament \u2014 which is connected to the negative terminal of the DC power supply and acts as the cathode.\r\n\r\n2. Grid cup - which is negatively based concerning the filament.\r\n\r\n3. Anode - which is connected to the positive terminal of the DC power supply.\r\n\r\n \tThe focusing lens is used to focus the electrons at a point and reduces the electron beam up to the cross-sectional area of 0.01 to 0.02 mm diameter.\r\n \tThe electromagnetic deflector coil is used to deflect the electron beam to a different spots on the workpiece. It can also be used to control the path of the cut.\r\n\r\nEBM Diagram :\u00a0\r\n electron beam machining diagram\r\nWorking of EBM :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \t\u00a0When the high voltage DC source is given to the electron gun, tungsten filament wire gets heated and the temperature raises up to 2500\u00b0C.\r\n \tDue to this high temperature, electrons are emitted from tungsten filament. These electrons are directed by a grid cup to travel towards downwards and they are attracted by the anode.\r\n \tThe electrons passing through the anode are accelerated to achieve high velocity as half the velocity of light (i.e., 1.6 x 10 ^8 m \/s) by applying 50 to 200 kV at the anode.\r\n \tThe high velocity of these electrons are maintained until they strike the workpiece. It becomes possible because the electrons\r\ntravel through the vacuum.\r\n \tThis high-velocity electron beam, after leaving the anode, passes through the tungsten diaphragm and then through the electromagnetic focusing lens.\r\n \tFocusing lenses are used to focus the electron beam on the desired spot of the workpiece.\r\n \tWhen the electron beam impacts on the workpiece surface, the kinetic energy of high-velocity electrons is immediately converted into the heat energy. This high-intensity heat melts and vaporizes the work material at the spot of beam impact.\r\n \tSince the power density is very high (about 6500 billionW\/mm ^2), it takes few microseconds to melt and vaporize the material on impact.\r\n \tThis process is carried out in repeated pulses of short duration. The pulse frequency may range from 1 to 16,000 Hz and duration may range from 4 to 65,000 microseconds.\r\n \tBy alternately focusing and turning off the electron beam, the cutting process can be continued as long as it is needed.\r\n \tA suitable viewing device is always incorporated with the machine. So, it becomes easy for the operator to observe the progress of the machining operation.\r\n\r\n Electron beam machining Diagram\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nMachining Outside the Vacuum Chamber :\u00a0\r\n\r\nSince the full vacuum system is more costly, the recent development has made it possible to machine outside the vacuum chamber. In this arrangement, the necessary vacuum is maintained within the electron gun and the gases are removed as soon as they enter into the system.\r\nProcess Parameters :\u00a0\r\nThe parameters which have a significant influence on the beam intensity and metal removal rate are given below :\r\n\r\n1. Control of current. - \r\n\r\n2. Control of spot diameter.\r\n\r\n3. Control of focal distance of the magnetic lens.\r\nCharacteristics Of EBM Processes :\r\n\n\n\n\n\tAccelerating voltage:  50 to 200 kV\n\n\n\n\n\tBeam current: 100 to 1000 \u00b5A\n\n\n\tElectron velocity:  1.6 x 10^8 m\/s\n\n\n\tPower density:  6500 billion W\/mm^2\n\n\n\tMedium:  Vacuum (10^-5 to 10^-6 mm of Hg)\n\n\n\tWorkpiece material:  All materials\n\n\n\tDepth of cut:  Up to 6.5 mm\n\n\n\tMaterial removal rate:  Up to 40 mm^3 \/ s\n\n\n\tSpecific power consumption:  0.5 to 50 kW\n\n\n\n\r\nAdvantages of EBM :\u00a0\r\nElectron beam machining has the following advantages :\r\n\r\n \tIt is an excellent process for micro finishing (milligram\/ s).\r\n \tVery small holes can be machined in any type of material to high accuracy.\r\n \tHoles of different sizes and shapes can be machined.\r\n \tThere is no mechanical contact between the tool and the workpiece.\r\n \tIt is a quicker process. Harder materials can also be machined at a faster rate than conventional machining.\r\n \tElectrical conductor materials can be machined\r\n \tThe physical and metallurgical damage to the workpiece is very less.\r\n \tThis process can be easily automated.\r\n \tExtremely close tolerances are obtained.\r\n \tBrittle and fragile materials can be machined.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of EBM: Limitation of EBM\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tThe metal removal rate is very slow.\r\n \tThe cost of equipment is very high.\r\n \tIt is not suitable for large workpieces.\r\n \tHigh skilled operators are required to operate this machine.\r\n \tHigh specific energy consumption.\r\n \tA little taper produced on holes.\r\n \tVacuum requirements limit the size of the workpiece.\r\n \tIt is applicable only for thin materials.\r\n \tAt the spot where the electron beam strikes the material, a small amount of recasting and metal splash can occur on the surface. It has to be removed afterward by abrasive cleaning.\r\n \t It is not suitable for producing perfectly cylindrical deep holes.\r\n\r\nApplication of EBM :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tEBM is mainly used for micro-machining operations on thin materials. These operations include drilling, perforating, slotting, and scribing, etc.\r\n \tDrilling of holes in pressure differential devices used in nuclear reactors, aircraft engines, etc.\r\n \tIt is used for removing small broken taps from holes.\r\n \tMicro-drilling operations (up to 0.002 mm) for thin orifices, dies for wire drawing, parts of electron microscopes, injector nozzles for diesel engines, etc.\r\n \tA micromachining technique known as \u201cElectron beam lithography\u201d is being used in the manufacture of field emission cathodes, integrated circuits, and computer memories.\r\n \tIt is particularly useful for machining of materials of low thermal conductivity and high melting point.\r\n\r\nEBM Questions and Answers :\u00a0\r\n1. State the working principle Of EBM.\r\n\r\nWhen the high-velocity beam of electrons strikes the workpiece, its kinetic energy is converted into heat. This concentrated heat raises the\r\ntemperature of work material and vaporizes a small amount of it, resulting in the removal of metal from the workpiece.\r\n\r\n2. Explain why the EBM process is performed usually in a vacuum chamber.\r\n\r\n1. To avoid collision of accelerated electrons with air molecules.\r\n2. Protect the cathode from chemical contamination and heat losses.\r\n3. The possibility of an arc discharge between the electrons is prevented.\r\n\r\n3. Name two methods of focusing the electron beam.\r\n\r\n1. Electromagnetic focusing.\r\n2. Electrostatic focusing.\r\n\r\n4. 4. Why is the deflection coil provided for electron beam machining?\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe electromagnetic deflector coil is used to deflect the electron beam to a different spot on the workpiece. It can also be used to control the path of the cut.\r\n\r\nReference : https:\/\/nptel.ac.in\/content\/storage2\/courses\/112105127\/pdf\/LM-40.pdf\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Electron Beam Machining (EBM) &#8211; Diagram, Working, Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2017-12-03","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 28, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/electron-beam-machining-diagram-279x300.jpg","height":300,"width":279},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/advantages-disadvantages-diesel-engines/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/diesel-engine-300x225.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Engines Car</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/advantages-disadvantages-diesel-engines/">Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Engines Car</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Engines
Pros / Advantages Of Diesel Engine :   Greater efficiency. Up to 40% less fuel consumption than similiarly performing gasoline engine. This is...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/advantages-disadvantages-diesel-engines/" aria-label="View Post: Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Engines Car">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Engines Car","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/advantages-disadvantages-diesel-engines\/","articleBody":"Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Engines\r\nPros \/ Advantages Of Diesel Engine :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tGreater efficiency. Up to 40% less fuel consumption than similiarly performing gasoline engine. This is because of their much bigger compression ratios and due to diesel fuel having greater energy content than gasoline.\r\n \tGreater torque at low RPM\u2019s. This is very useful when towing heavy load or going uphill, makes accelerating easier. This is because of their longer strokes, which extert more leverage on crankshaft.\r\n \tMore than double longetivity. Diesel engines generaly cover more than 600,000 km(400,000 miles) without rebuild. Of course oil and filter changes are mandatory. This is because diesel engines are made with stronger components to withstand high compression ratios and temperatures. There are recorder diesel engines covering more than 1 milion km(750,000 miles) without rebuild\r\n \tThey have no high voltage electrical ignition system, resulting in high reliability and easy adaptation to damp environments.\r\n \tAlthough diesel fuel will burn in open air using a wick, it does not release a large amount of flammable vapor which could lead to an explosion.\r\n \tDiesel engines can accept super- or turbo-charging pressure without any natural limit, constrained only by the strength of engine components. This is unlike gasoline engines, which inevitably suffer detonation at higher pressure.\r\n \tEmits around 27 times less carbon monoxide than gasoline engines.\r\n\r\ndiesel engine\r\n\r\nCons \/ Disadvantages Of Diesel Engine :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tAverage diesel engine has poorer power to weight ratio than similiar displacement gasoline engine. This is because diesel engine must operate at lower RPM\u2019s due to heavier components and heavy rotary parts, however, modern diesel engines actually are on par or have greater power than similiar displacement gasoline engines because they accept turbo-charging without limit. For example BMW 320d it has 180 HP and around 50\u201360 MPG(4\u20136 L\/100 km) compare that to Smart Fortwo. It has tiny 70 horsepower and consuming more fuel.\r\n \tAverage new diesel car will cost around 5\u201315% more than same car with gasoline engines\r\n \tAre more noisy. I am pretty sure you are familiar with characeristic diesel clatter. This is because of its combustion cycle introducing high pressure fuel into higly compressed air and sudden combustion.\r\n \tAverage cost for repairs cost more than repairs for gasoline engine.\r\n \tDespite lower CO2 emissions, diesel engines emit more sulphur, NX1 and particles which affect human health. Some particles are even known to cause cancer.\r\n \tDifficulty starting in cold weather. This is because of lacking spark ignition, relying only on heat of compressed air for combustion. Below -15, it can be very difficult to start a diesel engines. However, some modern diesel engines are equipped with engine heaters which migitate this problem to some extent.","headline":"Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Engines Car","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2017-12-02","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/diesel-engine-300x225.jpg","height":225,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/doesnt-royal-enfield-use-tubeless-tyres/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/royal-enfiled-bike-min-300x176.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Why doesn&#8217;t Royal enfield use tubeless tyres?</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/doesnt-royal-enfield-use-tubeless-tyres/">Why doesn&#8217;t Royal enfield use tubeless tyres?</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Why doesn't Royal enfield use tubeless tyres?
Tubeless tyres:  With Tubeless tyres, there is no worrying about the tubes. Though the initial cost is a bit on the higher side, but overall the life...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/doesnt-royal-enfield-use-tubeless-tyres/" aria-label="View Post: Why doesn&#8217;t Royal enfield use tubeless tyres?">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Why doesn&#8217;t Royal enfield use tubeless tyres?","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/doesnt-royal-enfield-use-tubeless-tyres\/","articleBody":"Why doesn't Royal enfield use tubeless tyres?\r\nTubeless tyres:\r\n\r\nWith Tubeless tyres, there is no worrying about the tubes. Though the initial cost is a bit on the higher side, but overall the life of the tyre is a lot more than tubed tyres. The reason being tubeless tyres are made available in medium as well as hard compound tyres depending upon the usage requirements and their lifetime. Harder compound tyres last longer. In case of tubeless tyres, the air is directly filled in the tyres, so there is a need for the tyres to form an airtight seal with the wheel so as to not let the air escape. Hence tubeless tyres are always used in case of alloy wheels as they do not have the stretching tendency.\r\n\r\nroyal enfied bike\r\n\r\nSee also:\u00a0Difference between tube tyre and tubeless tyre\r\n\r\nWhy doesn't Royal enfield use tubeless tyres?\r\n\r\nThe main reason for Royal Enfield to not offer tubeless tyres for its bikes is the absence of alloy wheels. Spoked wheels have small perforation near the point of attachment of spokes and hence air will leak out from these places. Although there are some spoked wheels present where you can mount tubeless tyres but these are very expensive and would increase the cost of the bike by around 10\u201315 ks.\r\n\r\nNow coming to another aspect: why does Royal Enfield not offer alloy wheels? The reason behind this is the vibration which the engine produces. The alloy wheels are rigid in nature and cannot damp the vibrations of the bike. Moreover if you happen to hit a pothole on the road, which is a common issue, the spoked wheels may adjust to it and not suffer much deformation. Even if it does, you can fix it. But alloy wheels, due to its rigidity might not be able to withstand the force and may deform. And once deformed there's no other way but to replace it. Also installation of alloy wheels causes the shaft bearings to fail often due to the vibrations not being damped and it would be a menace to keep them replacing time and again.\r\n\r\nCost. Switching to tubeless tires would mean switching wheel construction, and that means new machinery to produce them, re-training workers, rearranging suppliers.\r\n\r\nRepairability.Royal Enfied aims at a market where people may take trips away from service shops. Tubed tires are a lot easier to repair by yourself out in the middle of nowhere than tubeless ones, and a properly repaired tube is good to go for many miles.","headline":"Why doesn&#8217;t Royal enfield use tubeless tyres?","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2017-12-01","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/royal-enfiled-bike-min-300x176.jpg","height":176,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=216">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=215"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>215</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=216"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>216</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>217</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=218"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>218</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=219"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>219</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=218">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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