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TYPES OF LOADS
External loads on a structure may be classified in several different ways. In one classification, they may be considered as static or...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-loads-used-in-engineering-field/" aria-label="View Post: Types Of Loads Used in Engineering Field">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types Of Loads Used in Engineering Field","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-loads-used-in-engineering-field\/","articleBody":"Types Of Loads Used in Engineering Field \r\nTYPES OF LOADS\r\nExternal loads on a structure may be classified in several different ways. In one classification, they may be considered as static or dynamic.\r\n\r\ntypes of load on structure\r\n\r\n \tStatic loads\u00a0are forces that are applied slowly and then remain nearly constant.\r\n \tOne example is the weight, or dead load, of a floor or roof system.\r\n \tDynamic loads\u00a0vary with time. They include repeated and impact loads.\r\n \tRepeated loads\u00a0are forces that are applied a number of times, causing a variation in the magnitude, and sometimes also in the sense, of the internal forces. A good example is an off-balance motor.\r\n \tImpact loads\u00a0are forces that require a structure or its components to absorb energy in a short interval of time. An example is the dropping of a heavy weight on a floor slab, or the shock wave from an explosion striking the walls and roof of a building.\r\n \tExternal forces may also be classified as distributed and concentrated.\r\n \tUniformly distributed loads\u00a0are forces that are, or for practical purposes may be considered, constant over a surface area of the supporting member. Dead weight of a rolled-steel I beam is a good example.\r\n \tConcentrated loads\u00a0are forces that have such a small contact area as to be negligible compared with the entire surface area of the supporting member. A beam supported on a girder, for example, may be considered, for all practical purposes, a concentrated load on the girder.\r\n \tAnother common classification for external forces labels them axial, eccentric, and torsional.\r\n \tAn\u00a0axial load\u00a0is a force whose resultant passes through the centroid of a section under consideration and is perpendicular to the plane of the section.\r\n \tAn\u00a0eccentric load\u00a0is a force perpendicular to the plane of the section under consideration but not passing through the centroid of the section, thus bending the supporting member.\r\n \tTorsional loads\u00a0are forces that are offset from the shear center of the section under consideration and are inclined to or in the plane of the section, thus twisting the supporting member.\r\n \tAlso, building codes classify loads in accordance with the nature of the source.\r\n \tDead loads\u00a0include materials, equipment, constructions, or other elements of weight supported in, on, or by a building, including its own weight, that are intended to remain permanently in place.\r\n \tLive loads\u00a0include all occupants, materials, equipment, constructions, or other elements of weight supported in, on, or by a building and that will or are likely to be moved or relocated during the expected life of the building.\r\n \tImpact loads\u00a0are a fraction of the live loads used to account for additional stresses and deflections resulting from movement of the live loads.\r\n \tWind loads\u00a0are maximum forces that may be applied to a building by wind in a mean recurrence interval, or a set of forces that will produce equivalent stresses.\r\n \tSnow loads\u00a0are maximum forces that may be applied by snow accumulation in a mean recurrence interval.\r\n \tSeismic loads\u00a0are forces that produce maximum stresses or deformations in a building during an earthquake.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nStrength of material- Notes , articles , Interview Que. &amp; Ans\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Types Of Loads Used in Engineering Field","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/types-of-load-on-structure-300x185.jpg","height":185,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/multi-plate-clutch-construction-types-working-principle/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/multi-disc-friction-clutch-300x227.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Multi Plate Clutch : Parts , types , Working, Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/multi-plate-clutch-construction-types-working-principle/">Multi Plate Clutch : Parts , types , Working, Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Multi-Plate Clutch: Construction 
A multi-plate clutch is a type of clutch that transmits more power from the engine to the transmission shaft of an automobile vehicle and also, makes up for the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/multi-plate-clutch-construction-types-working-principle/" aria-label="View Post: Multi Plate Clutch : Parts , types , Working, Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Multi Plate Clutch : Parts , types , Working, Advantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/multi-plate-clutch-construction-types-working-principle\/","articleBody":"Multi-Plate Clutch: Construction\u00a0\r\nA multi-plate clutch is a type of clutch that transmits more power from the engine to the transmission shaft of an automobile vehicle and also, makes up for the torque loss due to slippage. Heavy machinery, commercial vehicles, special purpose military vehicles, racing cars, and bikes use this type of clutch. Scooters and motorcycles use multi-plate clutches due to limited space in their gearboxes. Multiple clutches consist of more than three discs or plates so that it is able to provide more torque output.\r\n\r\nMulti-plate clutches are used in heavy vehicles with racing cars and motorcycles for transmitting high torque. As compared to single plate clutch, these are smooth and easy to operate due to their assembly of friction surface's contact. It may be used where the space is very limited.\r\nAs the number of clutch plates is increased, the friction surfaces will be also increased. The increase in friction surface obviously increases the capacity of the clutch to transmit more torque for the same size. The multi-plate clutch of small size transmits approximately the same torque as a single plate clutch of twice the diameter.\r\nThe need for a Multi-plate clutch\r\nThe factors that determine the torque-transmitting capacity of a plate clutch are listed below.\r\n1. The effective radius of the friction surfaces.\r\n2. The coefficient of friction acting between the friction surfaces.\r\n3. The number of friction surfaces.\r\n4. The clamping force holding the friction surfaces together.\r\nThe clamping force acts between the friction surfaces and the friction characteristics of the lining materials. Clearly, there must be practical limitations to the extent these factors may be increased. Higher clamping forces can demand excessive driver effort to operate the clutch, while materials with higher friction values can tend to make a clutch fierce in engagement.\r\n\r\nmulti-plate clutch Diagram\r\nConstruction of a Multi-Plate Clutch\r\nA typical clutch consists of the following parts:\r\n\u2022 Clutch basket,\u00a0\r\n\u2022 Clutch hub or inner hub,\u00a0\r\n\u2022 Friction plates or drive plates,\u00a0\r\n\u2022 Steel plates or driven plates,\u00a0\r\n\u2022 pressure plates and clutch springs\r\n\r\nmulti disc friction clutch\r\nTypes of a Multi-plate clutch\r\n1. Spring type Multi-Plate Clutch:\u00a0\r\n\r\nIn this type of Multi-Plate Clutch, a cover is bolted to the flywheel. Multiple clutch plate is found on the cover. The outer plates of the clutch apply thrust on the inner plates with the help of clutch springs or thrust springs to form a drive, thereby engaging the plates. For the clutch disengagement, the mechanism withdraws the endplate to compress the springs and release the other plates. Old cars and bikes use this type of clutch.\r\n2. Diaphragm type Multi-Plate Clutch:\u00a0\r\nDiaphragm type clutch is another version of the spring type multi-plate clutch. This type of clutch consists of a special crown-shaped finger type spring, that is why the name diaphragm type. It does not come with thrust springs or clutches. During engagement of the clutch, the diaphragm bears against the outer ring and during disengagement, the reaction load is bear by the inner ring. Modern bikes and cars use this type of clutch.\r\n3. Hydraulic Operated or Automatic Transmission Clutch:\r\nAutomatic transmission vehicles use this type of clutch. A hydraulic device containing highly compressed fluid operating with the accelerated pedal is attached to the multi-plate clutch. The engagement and the disengagement of the clutch plates are received by the hydraulic device which is controlled with the accelerator pedal.\r\nWorking of a Multi-plate clutch\r\nA multi-plate clutch system consists of the separator plates, pressure plates, diaphragm spring, flywheel, input shaft, etc. A separator plate is often known as the clutch discs.\r\n\r\nmulti-disc clutch exploded\r\n\r\nThe input shaft is connected to the flywheel and this input shaft is joined with the engine. That means whenever the input shaft starts rotating, the flywheel starts rotating in the same direction as that of the input shaft. A flywheel has teeth which are always situated on its periphery. Two pressure plates are always separated by one separator plate. You may be thinking about the material which is used in forming these separator plates? Well, generally these separator plates are made of iron. A clutch plate has some rough lining on it. The asbestos material is used for producing this rough lining. So, when we press the clutch of our vehicle then, the spring gives pressure to the pressure plate at one end. This pressure is then applied to the separator as well as clutch plates. Due to this pressure, the clutch plate at the other end comes in contact with the flywheel and thus this pressure plate engages with the flywheel. So, the vehicle starts to accelerate. When the clutch pedal is in the rest position, the clutch plate is always engaged with the flywheel.\r\nWhy are multi-plate clutches used in motorcycles\r\nMulti-plate Wet type clutch is most commonly used in a motorcycle because of following reasons-\r\n\r\n1. The multi-plate clutch is very compact, occupies less space, and transmits more torque. In a motorcycle, space available to locate the clutch is small and the clutch is enclosed in a cover.\r\n2. With multiple plates, surface strength and friction in the engaged clutch are increased.\r\n3. Depending upon the power output of the engine and weight of two-wheeler, 4 to 8 sets of plates are required and assemble in a single cover.\r\n4. The clutch plates and friction plates are immersed in an oil bath, hence known as a wet clutch, and operate smoothly.\r\n5. Oil helps the clutch to run cool. Debris resulting from clutch wear can be drain easily with oil.\r\n6. This type of clutch has more life and depends upon the quality of oil used.\r\nDifference Between Single Plate Clutch and Multi-Plate Clutch :\u00a0\r\n\n\n\n\n\tSr. no.Single Plate clutchMulti-plate clutch\n\n\n\n\n\t1.It consists of only one clutch plate.It consists of two or more number of clutch plates.\n\n\n\t2.The number of pairs of friction surfaces in contact are two.The number of pairs of friction surfaces in contact are more than two.\n\n\n\t3.It does not ensure smooth engagement.It ensures a smooth and gradual engagement.\n\n\n\t4.It requires more space.It requires less space.\n\n\n\t5.For the same power transmission, larger in size.For the same power transmission, smaller in size.\n\n\n\t6.For the same size, torque transmission capacity is less.For same size, torque transmission capacity is\nmore.\n\n\n\t7.Frictional power loss is less.Since it has number of friction plates instead of single, frictional power loss is more.\n\n\n\t8.Application- Trucks, Jeeps, cars etc.Application- Two-wheelers, racing cars, some heavy-duty trucks.\n\n\n\n\r\nAdvantages of Multi-plate clutch :\u00a0\r\nSo, above is the working of the multi-plate. Apart from its working, it is a time to take a brief glance at the advantages of the multi-plate clutch. \r\n\r\nHence, below are the benefits of this type of clutch:\r\n\r\n \tIncreased torque transmission capacity could be obtained.\r\n \tThe diameter is reduced as it has more friction surface which reduces the size of the clutch assembly.\r\n \tIt is highly reliable.\r\n \tIt is suitable for heavy vehicles.\r\n \tIncrease in better acceleration.\r\n \tDecrease the weight of the clutch.\r\n \tDecrease the pedal effort to operate the clutch. \r\n\r\nDisadvantages Of Multi-plate Clutch :\r\n\r\n \tThe multi-plate clutch system is generating more heat as they consist of a large number of the frictional plates.\r\n \tMulti-plate clutches are too expensive.\r\n\r\nApplication of Multi-plate Clutch :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tIt is used where the overall space required to accommodate the clutch is constrained such as in Scooters &amp; motorbikes.\r\n \tMulti-plate wet clutch used in Two-Wheeler where space is limited.\r\n \tIt is also used in racing cars where torque transmission criteria are maximum.\r\n \tIt is used in Heavy Transport vehicles and special purpose vehicles.\r\n \tIt is used in heavy vehicles for high torque transmission, where a single plate clutch of the same size is not sufficient to transmit such high torques.\r\n \tA multi-plate dry clutch is used in heavy-duty transport vehicles for example tractor-trailer in which the requirement of power and torque is more or higher.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources :\u00a0\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Multi Plate Clutch : Parts , types , Working, Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-18","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 14, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/multi-disc-friction-clutch-300x227.jpg","height":227,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/centrifugal-clutch-working-principle-parts-and-application/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/CENTRIFUGAL-CLUTCH-300x205.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Centrifugal Clutch | Working Principle , Parts and Application</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/centrifugal-clutch-working-principle-parts-and-application/">Centrifugal Clutch | Working Principle , Parts and Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Centrifugal Clutch | Working Principle , Parts and Application 
Centrifugal Clutch is a type of clutch in which centrifugal force is used to connect the engine drive shaft with the shaft of the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/centrifugal-clutch-working-principle-parts-and-application/" aria-label="View Post: Centrifugal Clutch | Working Principle , Parts and Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Centrifugal Clutch | Working Principle , Parts and Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/centrifugal-clutch-working-principle-parts-and-application\/","articleBody":"Centrifugal Clutch | Working Principle , Parts and Application \r\nCentrifugal Clutch is a type of clutch in which centrifugal force is used to connect the engine drive shaft with the shaft of the transmission. It is placed in between the engine flywheel and transmission system. Its main function is to connect the engine shaft with the transmission shaft. It works more efficiently at higher speeds.\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0Automobile Clutch | Function and Major Types Of Clutches\r\nMAIN PARTS\r\nThe main parts of the centrifugal clutch are\r\n1. Shoes:\u00a0\r\nThe shoes are of sliding types which slides in the guide-way. It consists of friction lining at the end and this friction lining makes contact with the drum during an engagement.\r\n2. Spring:\u00a0\r\nSpring is used to disengage the clutch when the engine rotates at a lower speed.\r\n3. Spider or guides:\u00a0\r\nThe spiders are mounted on the driver (engine) shaft or motor shaft. The spiders are equally spaced. Equally spaced means, if there are four guides then each guide is separated from each other by 90 degrees. The sliding shoes are kept in between these guides and each guide is holding a spring.\r\n4. Friction lining:\u00a0\r\nThe outer surface of sliding shoes has friction lining. It helps in making a grip with the inner surface of the drum.\r\n5. Drum:\u00a0\r\nThe drum of the clutch act as housing which encloses all the parts of the clutch that includes sliding shoes, guides, springs, etc. It is connected to the driven shaft of the transmission system or chains or belt.\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\r\nIt is working totally depends upon the centrifugal force created by the driving member (engine or motor). The centrifugal force is used to engage the clutch with a driven shaft. As the engine starts rotating, it produces a centrifugal force which makes the sliding shoes to move outward. The friction lining of the shoes gets connected to the inner surface of the drum and it starts moving. Since the drum is connected to the driven shaft, so the power is transmitted from the engine shaft to the transmission shaft and finally to the load.\r\n\r\nCENTRIFUGAL CLUTCH\r\nWorking of Centrifugal Clutch\r\n1. As the engine rotates, the inside assembly of the centrifugal clutch starts rotating but drum remains stationary and no power is transmitted. At lower speed, the centrifugal force produced is not sufficient to overcome the spring force. So the clutch remains disengaged. But as the speed increases, the centrifugal force also increases and now the centrifugal force becomes greater than the spring force.\r\n2. As the centrifugal force becomes greater than the spring force, this allows the sliding shoes to move outward against the spring and get engaged with the inner surface of the drum.\r\n3. The drum starts rotating and transfers the rotating power from the engine to the driven shaft of the transmission.\r\n4. When the load on the engine increases, its speed decreases and disengages the clutch.\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES\r\n\r\n \tIt is simple and requires less maintenance.\r\n \tIt is inexpensive.\r\n \tSince it is automatic, so it does not need the necessary control mechanism.\r\n \tIts engagement speed can be controlled by selecting an appropriate spring.\r\n \tIt helps to prevent the engine from stalling.\r\n\r\nDISADVANTAGES\r\n\r\n \tThere is a loss of power in it due to slipping and friction.\r\n \tIt is not capable of transferring a high amount of power and it shoes slip in heavy load condition.\r\n \tIt experiences overheating problem.\r\n \tIts engagement depends upon the speed of the driving shaft.\r\n\r\nAPPLICATION OF CENTRIFUGAL CLUTCH\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tCentrifugal clutches are mainly used as a start-up clutch. A centrifugal clutch allows the usage of a smaller motor because the motor can start load free until it has reached its optimum operating speed, at which the load is smoothly added by the centrifugal clutch.\r\n \tCentrifugal clutch is mainly used in lawn mowers, mopeds, go karts, mini bikes, chainsaws, etc. It is also used in some paramotors and boats to keep the engine running during stalling and disengage loads during starting and idling.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources :\u00a0\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Centrifugal Clutch | Working Principle , Parts and Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-18","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/CENTRIFUGAL-CLUTCH-300x205.png","height":205,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/master-cylinder-types-working-principles-and-applications/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/single-vs-dual-master-brake-cylinder-300x177.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Master Cylinder | Types , Working Principles and Applications</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/master-cylinder-types-working-principles-and-applications/">Master Cylinder | Types , Working Principles and Applications</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Master Cylinder | Types , Working Principles and Applications 
“Great things are done by a series of small things brought together”  Master cylinder in an automobile braking system is a...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/master-cylinder-types-working-principles-and-applications/" aria-label="View Post: Master Cylinder | Types , Working Principles and Applications">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Master Cylinder | Types , Working Principles and Applications","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/master-cylinder-types-working-principles-and-applications\/","articleBody":"Master Cylinder | Types , Working Principles and Applications \r\n\u201cGreat things are done by a series of small things brought together\u201d\r\n\r\nMaster cylinder in an automobile braking system is a hydraulic device in which cylinder and one or two pistons are arranged in such a manner that the mechanical force applied by the driver of a vehicle either by brake pedal (in cars) or by brake lever (in bikes) is converted into hydraulic pressure which in turn transferred to the brake caliper for braking.\r\n\r\nHydraulic systems are comprised of three basic parts: a master cylinder (piston) that pushes fluid through the lines, the lines that carry the fluid and a slave cylinder that moves when fluid pressure pushes upon it. Modern \"tandem\" master cylinders utilize a pair of pistons in the same tube that control two different fluid circuits for redundancy that no single-piston design can offer.\r\n\r\nIn hydraulic braking system, master cylinder is a device that provides required amount of pressure or braking force to the final braking components after multiplication of the mechanical force applied by the driver through brake pedal or brake lever.\r\n\r\nRead more :\r\n\r\n \tWorking Of Hydraulic Brakes- Advantages and Disadvantages\r\n \tBrake Master Cylinder-\u00a0 Function , Working , main parts and Diagram\r\n\r\nTYPES OF MASTER CYLINDER\r\nOn the basis of its construction and application brake master cylinders are of 2 types that are-\r\n1. SINGLE CIRCUIT MASTER CYLINDER\r\nThe brake pedal lever pushes the plunger (piston) inside the cylinder, which shoves fluid through the lines and into the slave cylinders. When the brake pedal is released, a spring inside of the cylinder pushes the plunger back to its original position. Negative pressure pulls the brake fluid into the cylinder from the lines and from the brake fluid reservoir.\r\n\r\nSingle circuit m c (master cylinder) distributes equal force in all the wheels due to the use of single cylinder single piston or circuit.\r\n\r\nsingle vs dual master brake cylinder\r\n\r\nThis type of master cylinder is commonly used in many 2 wheelers and some light weight 4 wheelers\r\nConstruction\r\nIt consist of 5 parts :-\r\n\r\n1. Reservoir\r\n\r\nIt is the storage tank used for storing the brake fluid in hydraulic type of braking system, usually it is made up of plastic.\r\n\r\n2. Cylinder\r\n\r\nIt is the air tight housing inside which the piston moves with the moment of brake pedal which in turn causes conversion and multiplication of force. Cylinder is usually made up of cast iron or aluminium.\r\n\r\n \tIt is connected with the reservoir through inlet valve and also with brake lines through outlet valve.\r\n \tIn single circuit m c there is only 1 compression chamber.\r\n\r\n3. Piston\r\n\r\n \tIt is the reciprocating part of the master cylinder that reciprocates inside the cylinder due to the movement of brake pedal, the piston causes compression of brake fluid inside the cylinder which in turn generates high hydraulic pressure.\r\n \tIn single circuit only 1 piston is used.\r\n\r\n4. Returning Spring\r\n\r\nIt is the simple coil type of spring used inside the cylinder which helps the piston and brake pedal to retain its original position after brake pedal is released.\r\n\r\n5. Valve\r\n\r\nIn single circuit m c it is the outlet valve through which the brake line is attached, the compressed brake fluid is further transferred to the caliper through this valve.\r\n\r\n2. TANDEM MASTER CYLINDER OR DUAL CIRCUIT MASTER CYLINDER\r\n\r\n \tIt is the modified type of m c in which dual cylinder-dual piston or single cylinder dual piston along with dual circuit is used for independent braking between front and rear wheels.\r\n \tThis type of master cylinder is used in almost all cars as it is more efficient than single circuit m c.\r\n \tIt provides the independency between front and rear wheels braking or diagonal type of braking which is the important safety feature for a vehicle.\r\n\r\nConstruction\r\n\r\n1. Reservoir\r\n\r\nIn tandem master cylinder instead of single reservoir 2 or dual chamber reservoir is used as a storage tank for brake fluid.\r\n\r\n2. Cylinder\r\n\r\n \tSame cylinder as in single circuit type is used with the little modification i.e. it is the housing of 2 pistons and also there are 2 outlet and 2 inlet valves.\r\n \tIn tandem master cylinder there are 2 compression chamber inside the cylinder.\r\n\r\n3. Piston\r\n\r\n \tInstead of one piston, 2 pistons that are primary piston and secondary piston are used in tandem m c, the actuation of secondary piston occurs after completion of the primary piston movement.\r\n \tPrimary piston is connected to the brake pedal and secondary piston is placed just behind the returning spring of primary piston.\r\n\r\n4. Returning Spring\r\n\r\nIn tandem m c 2 returning springs are used one with the primary piston and second with the secondary piston.\r\n\r\n5. Valves\r\n\r\nIn tandem master cylinder as it is the dual circuit m c , 2 inlet and 2 outlet valves are used .\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLES\r\nSingle Circuit Master Cylinder\r\n\r\n \tIn single circuit master cylinder when brake pedal is not pressed i.e. non actuation position the piston remains at its original position which in turn closes the inlet valve of the reservoir due to which there is no incoming of brake fluid takes place between reservoir to compression chamber.\r\n \tWhen brake pedal is pressed i.e. actuated position, the piston which is connected to the brake pedal through connecting rod moves which in turn opens the inlet valve due to which incoming of brake fluid from reservoir to compression chamber takes place.\r\n \tThis brake fluid inside the compression chamber is compressed due to the movement of piston inside the cylinder just like the medical syringe.\r\n \tAfter compression up to a certain pressure the outlet valve opens and this highly compressed brake fluid is further transferred to the brake lines for further brake actuation.\r\n\r\nmaster brake cylinder\r\nTandem Master Cylinder\r\n\r\n \tThe working of tandem master cylinder is 70% same as the single circuit m c but in this type 2 independent circuits of braking is used let see how its work-\r\n \tWhen brake pedal is not actuated, the piston remains at their original place, closing the inlet valve of both the compression chambers, which in turn cuts the incoming of brake fluid between both the reservoir or both the reservoir chambers.\r\n \tWhen the brake pedal is actuated, at first the primary piston moves due to which opening of primary inlet valve takes place.\r\n \tInitially due to the movement of primary piston compression of the brake fluid inside primary chamber takes place.\r\n \tAfter completion of the compression in primary chamber primary outlet valve opens up and this compressed brake fluid is further sent to brake callipers through brake lines and actuation of the primary circuit brakes take place.\r\n \tAfter the completion of the primary piston movement i.e. at its extreme end, the secondary piston starts moving because of the force applied by the primary piston\u2019s spring which in turn opens the secondary valve and incoming of brake fluid from secondary reservoir to secondary compression chamber takes place.\r\n \tThis brake fluid is then compressed and after complete compression secondary outlet opens up and this highly compressed fluid is sent to the brake callipers through brake lines and actuation of the secondary circuit brakes take place.\r\n\r\nAPPLICATION\r\nSingle Circuit Master Cylinder\r\n\r\n \tIt is mainly used in 2 wheelers like Bajaj pulsar, TVS apache etc.\r\n \tMany light weight vehicles like e-rikshaws are also using this type of master cylinder.\r\n\r\nTandem Master Cylinder\r\n\r\n \tIt is widely used in almost all the cars equipped with hydraulic braking system.\r\n \tUsing tandem master c in vehicle equipped with hydraulic braking system is made compulsory by governments of many countries because of its safety to brake failure.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources :\u00a0\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Master Cylinder | Types , Working Principles and Applications","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-18","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/single-vs-dual-master-brake-cylinder-300x177.jpg","height":177,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/exhaust-system-components-and-their-functions/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/car-exhaust-system-diagram-george-muller-automotive-300x218.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Exhaust System | Components and Their Functions</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/exhaust-system-components-and-their-functions/">Exhaust System | Components and Their Functions</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Exhaust System | Components and Their Functions 
The exhaust system collects the exhaust gases from the cylinders, removes harmful substances, reduces the level of noise and discharges the purified...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/exhaust-system-components-and-their-functions/" aria-label="View Post: Exhaust System | Components and Their Functions">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Exhaust System | Components and Their Functions","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/exhaust-system-components-and-their-functions\/","articleBody":"Exhaust System | Components and Their Functions \r\nThe exhaust system collects the exhaust gases from the cylinders, removes harmful substances, reduces the level of noise and discharges the purified exhaust gases at a suitable point of the vehicle away from its occupants...\r\nFUNCTION OF EXHAUST SYSTEM :\u00a0\r\nThe exhaust system collects the exhaust gases from the cylinders, removes harmful substances, reduces the level of noise and discharges the purified exhaust gases at a suitable point of the vehicle away from its occupants. The exhaust system can consist of one or two channels depending on the engine. The flow resistance must be selected so that the exhaust back pressure affects engine performance as little as possible. To ensure that the exhaust system functions perfectly, it must be viewed as a whole and developed accordingly. This means that its components must be coordinated by the design engineers in line with the specific vehicle and engine.\r\n\r\nIn addition to all the complex functions which the exhaust system has to perform, it is also subject to extreme stresses. The fuel-air mixture in the cylinders is abruptly heated to temperatures up to 2,400 \u00b0C. This causes it to expand greatly before escaping into the exhaust system at supersonic speed. This noise level resembles the crack of an explosion and must be reduced by approx. 50 dB(A) as it travels from the engine exhaust valve to the end of the exhaust system.\r\n\r\nexhaust system Diagram\r\n\r\nApart from temperature and pressure stresses, the exhaust system must also cope with vibrations from the engine and bodywork as well as vibrations and jolting from the carriageway. The exhaust system additionally has to resist corrosion attacking from the inside caused by hot gases and acid, and from the outside in the form of moisture, splashed water and salt water. There is also the risk that the catalyst may be poisoned through sulfur or lead present in the fuel.\r\n\r\nRead More : Seminar On EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION Full report PPT\/PDF Download\r\nCOMPONENTS OF EXHAUST SYSTEM\r\n1. Exhaust manifold:\r\n\r\nThe exhaust manifold attaches to the cylinder head and takes each cylinder\u2019s exhaust and combines it into one pipe. The manifold can be made of steel, aluminum, stainless steel, or more commonly cast iron.\r\n\r\ncar exhaust system diagram\r\n\r\n2. Oxygen sensor:\r\n\r\nAll modern fuel injected cars utilize an oxygen sensor to measure how much oxygen is present in the exhaust. From this, the computer can add or subtract fuel to obtain the correct mixture for maximum fuel economy. The oxygen sensor is mounted in the exhaust manifold or close to it in the exhaust pipe.\r\n\r\n3. Catalytic converter:\r\n\r\nThis muffler like part converts harmful carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons to water vapor and carbon dioxide. Some converters also reduce harmful nitrogen oxides. The converter is mounted between the exhaust manifold and the muffler.\r\nSelective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)\r\nThis technology uses ammonia to break down dangerous NOx emissions produced by diesel engines into nitrogen and water. In automotive applications, SCR delivers ammonia through a urea solution \u2013 Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) \u2013 which is sprayed into the exhaust stream by an advanced injection system and then converted into ammonia on a special catalyst.\r\n\r\nSCR is the technology of choice for the majority of truck and engine manufacturers to meet 2010 emissions standards for heavy-duty trucks.\r\n\r\nAside from helping the environment, the biggest benefit of SCR for vehicle owners is the fuel efficiency the technology provides. Because SCR deals with emissions in the exhaust pipe, engineers are able to tune the engine to provide more torque and reduce fuel consumption.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0Seminar and Project on Catalytic converter for cars\r\n\r\n4. Muffler\/Silencer:\r\n\r\nEvery internal combustion engine produces \"exhaust noise\" due to the pulsating emission of gases from the cylinders. This noise has to be silenced by reducing the sound energy of the exhaust gas flow. There are two basic options here: Absorption and reflection of the sound in the silencer. These two principles are generally combined in a single silencer. Exhaust chambers and exhaust flaps are other sound-absorbing and sound-modifying elements that can be used to eliminate especially undesirable frequencies from the outlet noise. Catalytic converters also have a sound-absorbing effect.\r\n\r\nThe exhaust system is itself a system subject to vibration, it produces noise itself through natural frequencies and vibration which are transmitted to the car body. Careful coordination of the entire system is, therefore, necessary here. This includes the design and positioning of the individual elements of the exhaust system and their flexible mountings.\r\n\r\nThe muffler serves to quiet the exhaust down to acceptable levels. Remember that the combustion process is a series of explosions that create a lot of noise. Most mufflers use baffles to bounce the exhaust around dissipating the energy and quieting the noise. Some mufflers also use fiberglass packing which absorbs the sound energy as the gases flow through.\r\n\r\n5. Resonator\r\n\r\nThe muffler alone cannot always quiet all the engine noise. Many exhaust systems also include a resonator which is like a mini-muffler. They are usually straight pipes filled with sound muffling materials. The resonator can be either before or after the muffler in the exhaust system.\r\n\r\n6. Exhaust pipe:\r\n\r\nBetween all of the above mention parts is the exhaust pipe which carries the gas through it's journeys out your tailpipe. Exhaust tubing is usually made of steel but can be stainless steel (which lasts longer due to its corrosion resistance) or aluminized steel tubing. Aluminized steel has better corrosion resistance than plain steel but not better than stainless steel. It is, however, cheaper than stainless steel.\r\n\r\nHOW TO IDENTIFY PROBLEMS\r\n\r\nAlthough the exhaust system is located underneath the vehicle, there are some symptoms you can look out for which may indicate that there is a problem with your exhaust.\r\n\r\n1.Noises\r\n\r\nA loud roaring noise could indicate corrosion to the exhaust system\r\nA hissing sound could mean that gas is escaping through a crack or hole in one of the exhaust components\r\nChugging noises mean that there may be a blockage in one of the pipes\r\nA persistent and rapid succession of knocking sounds indicate that a part of the exhaust may have come loose\r\n\r\n2. Emissions\r\n\r\nWhite smoke \u2013 this is not smoke but in fact, vapor and you should see this when you first start your car as it indicates that the engine is warming up. If white smoke is visible after the engine is warm it may indicate internal leaks or cracks.\r\n\r\nBlue smoke \u2013 A bluish-grey smoke means that oil may be burning in the combustion chamber. This could mean that the cylinder is worn or there are leaks in the valve seals.\r\n\r\nBlack smoke \u2013 very black smoke is often accompanied by increased fuel consumption and may signify leaks in the exhaust system or a problem with the engine.\r\n\r\n3. Visual\r\n\r\nInspect the components of your exhaust that you can see for any signs of rust or corrosion. Make sure you keep an eye out for any cracks and holes and contact a specialist if you do find any signs of damage.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources :\u00a0\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Exhaust System | Components and Their Functions","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-18","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/car-exhaust-system-diagram-george-muller-automotive-300x218.jpg","height":218,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/disc-brake-construction-working-principle-types-and-rotor-materials/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Disc-Brake-Componeents-300x238.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Disc Brake | Construction , Working Principle , types and Rotor Materials</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/disc-brake-construction-working-principle-types-and-rotor-materials/">Disc Brake | Construction , Working Principle , types and Rotor Materials</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Disc Brake | Construction , Working Principle , types and Rotor Materials
Brake rotors of disc brakes rotate with the wheels, and brake pads, which are fitted to the brake calipers, clamp on these...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/disc-brake-construction-working-principle-types-and-rotor-materials/" aria-label="View Post: Disc Brake | Construction , Working Principle , types and Rotor Materials">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Disc Brake | Construction , Working Principle , types and Rotor Materials","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/disc-brake-construction-working-principle-types-and-rotor-materials\/","articleBody":"Disc Brake | Construction , Working Principle , types and Rotor Materials\r\nBrake rotors of disc brakes rotate with the wheels, and brake pads, which are fitted to the brake calipers, clamp on these rotors to stop or decelerate the wheels. The brake pads pushing against the rotors generate friction, which transforms kinetic energy into a thermal energy.\r\n\r\nThis thermal energy generates heat, but since the main components are exposed to the atmosphere, this heat can be diffused efficiently. This heat-dissipating property reduces brake fade, which is the phenomenon where braking performance is influenced by the heat. Another advantage of disc brake is its resistance to water fade, which occurs when the water on the brakes significantly reduces braking force. When the vehicle is in motion, the rotor spins at high speeds and this rotational motion discharges the water from the rotors themselves, resulting in stable braking force.\r\n\r\nRead also :\u00a0Seminar On Ceramics Disc Brakes- Report Download\r\nCONSTRUCTION OF DISC BRAKES\u00a0\r\nThe brake rotor (disc) which rotates with the wheel, is clamped by brake pads (friction material) fitted to the caliper from both sides with pressure from the piston(s) (pressure mechanism) and decelerates the disc rotation, thereby slowing down and stopping the vehicle.\r\n\r\nDisc Brake Components\r\n1. Rotor: \r\nCircular disc bolted to the wheel hub that spins with the wheel. Rotors are most commonly made of cast iron or steel; however, some very high-end cars use a carbon ceramic rotor. Rotors can be slotted or drilled for better heat dissipation.\r\n2. Brake pads: \r\nComponent that pushes into the rotor, creating the friction that slows and stops a car. They feature a metal portion called a shoe and a lining that is attached to the shoe. The lining is what actually comes in contact with the rotor and wears away with use. Linings are made of different materials and fall into three categories: organic, semi-metallic and ceramic. The lining material chosen will impact the length of brake life, the amount of noise heard when the brakes are applied, and how quickly the brakes bring a car to a halt.\r\n3. Piston: \r\nCylinder connected to the brake system hydraulics. The piston is what moves the brake pads into the rotor when the driver presses the brake pedal. Some brake systems have a single piston that moves both pads, while others have two pistons that push the brake pads from each side of the rotor. Others still have four, six, or even eight pistons for higher braking power, at the expense of added cost and complexity.\r\n4. Caliper: \r\nHousing that fits over the rotor and holds the brake pads and pistons, as well as contains ducting for brake fluid. There are two types of brake calipers: floating (or sliding) and fixed. Floating calipers \u201cfloat\u201d over the rotor, and only have pistons on a single side. When the driver presses the brakes, the pistons press the brake pads on one side into the rotor, which causes the caliper to slide over so that the pads on the non-piston side of the caliper also contact the rotor. Fixed calipers are bolted in place, and instead have pistons on both sides of the rotor that move when the driver applies the brakes. Fixed calipers apply brake pressure more evenly and clamp more firmly on the rotor, however floating calipers are found on most cars and are perfectly adequate for everyday driving.\r\n5. Sensors: \r\nSome vehicles have brakes that contain sensors embedded in the brake pads which work to tell the driver when the pads are worn out. Other brake sensors play a part in the vehicle\u2019s ABS system.\r\nDisc brakes are generally used in passenger cars, but due to their stable performance at higher speeds and resistance to brake fade, they are gradually spreading into the commercial vehicle segment, where drum brakes were traditionally chosen for their longer service life. There are two types of disc brakes.\r\nThe \"opposed piston type disc brake\" has pistons on both sides of the disc rotor, while the \"floating type disc brake\" has a piston on only one side. Floating caliper type disc brakes are also called sliding pin type disc brakes.\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\r\nWhen the driver steps on the brake pedal, the power is amplified by the brake booster (servo system) and changed into a hydraulic pressure (oil-pressure) by the master cylinder. The pressure reaches the brakes on the wheels via tubing filled with brake oil (brake fluid). The delivered pressure pushes the pistons on the brakes of the four wheels. The pistons in turn press the brake pads, which are friction material, against the brake rotors which rotate with the wheels. The pads clamp on the rotors from both sides and decelerate the wheels, thereby slowing down and stopping the vehicle.\r\n\r\ndisc brake system\r\n\r\n\u2022 When brake pedal is pressed, the high-pressure fluid from the master cylinder pushes the piston outward.\r\n\u2022 The piston pushes the brake pad against the rotating disc.\r\n\u2022 As the inner brake pad touches rotor, the fluid pressure exerts further force and the caliper moves inward and pulls the outward brake pad towards the rotating disc and it touches the disc.\r\n\u2022 Now both the brake pads are pushing the rotating disc, a large amount of friction is generated in between the pads and rotating disc and slows down the vehicle and finally let it stop.\r\n\u2022 When brake pad is released, the piston moves inward, the brake pad away from the rotating disc. And the vehicle again starts to move.\r\nTYPES OF DISC BRAKES\r\nThere are two types of disc brakes. One is called the \"opposed piston type disc brake\" which has pistons on both sides of the disc rotor, and the other is the \"floating type disc brake\" which has a piston on only one side. The floating type disc brakes are also called the sliding pin type disc brakes.\r\n1. Opposed Piston Type Disc Brakes\r\n\r\n \tThe opposed piston type is a disc brake which has pistons on both sides of the disc rotors.\r\n \tThe opposed piston type disc brake features stable braking force as well as a high level of controllability.\r\n \tThe swept areas of the brake pads are enlarged to increase braking force, and here opposed piston types are favored.\r\n \tThis is because of its advantage where the number of pistons can be increased to realize even distribution of pressure on the rotors from both sides. Depending on size of the brake pads, there are several types, including the 4-pot type which has two pistons on each side for a total of four, and the 6-pot type which has three pistons on each side for a total of six.\r\n\r\n2. Floating Type Disc Brakes\r\n\r\n \tFloating type is a disc brake which has a piston on only one side, and is also called the sliding type disc brake.\r\nOn the floating type disc brakes, the piston pushes the inner brake pad against the rotor when the brakes are engaged. This generates a reaction force that moves the caliper itself along the slide pin, pushing the outer pad against the rotor to clamp it from both sides.\r\n \tMany passenger car disc brakes are of the floating caliper type, since this type has a relatively simple and lightweight construction, which allows for lower manufacturing costs.\r\n \tFloating type disc brakes for commercial vehicles\r\n \tDisc brakes are used mainly for passenger cars, but due to their consistent performance at higher speeds and resistance to brake fade, they are gradually spreading into the commercial vehicle segment, where drum brakes were traditionally chosen for their resistance against wear.\r\n\r\nTYPES OF ROTOR\r\n1. Smooth Rotors\r\n\r\nSmooth rotors are identified by their flat, smooth surface. For most cars and trucks on the road, smooth rotors are original equipment (OE) because of their versatility for many driving conditions. The main benefit of smooth rotors is that they tend to wear evenly, helping your brake pads last longer. If you want to keep the smooth rotor but still go for the upgrade, look for premium metal that absorbs more heat.\r\n\r\n2. Drilled or Dimpled Rotors\r\n\r\nDrilled rotors are identified by the pattern of holes that have been drilled all the way through the rotor disc. Dimpled rotors are similar, though instead of holes there are dimples that have been drilled to the rotor\u2019s minimum thickness level, retaining more structural integrity than a fully drilled rotor. These rotor types help the brake pads to better grip the rotor, giving it more initial bite and increasing stopping power.\r\n\r\n*Note that drilled or dimpled rotors are typically found in combination with slotted rotors.\r\n\r\n3. Slotted Rotors\r\n\r\nSlotted rotors are recognized by carved lines found on the rotor. These carved slots help to cool the rotor during high performance use. They also help to remove dirt and other debris from the disc and brake pad, helping to maintain consistent contact for more efficient braking. Slotted rotors are perfect for vehicles that see frequent, heavy towing.\r\n\r\n4. Drilled\/Dimpled and Slotted Rotors\r\n\r\nRotors that are both drilled (or dimpled) and slotted, while effective, are best for trucks that want the added aesthetic, such as those with wheels that have a more open design. Not only will they look great through an open wheel, but the drilled holes assist with initial bite while the slots are designed to remove dust and debris from between the rotor and brake pad.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0Types of Brakes | Different types of Braking System\r\nROTOR MATERIALS\r\nBrake rotors can be made of six different materials, each with its own advantages. Let\u2019s take a look at each.\r\n\r\n1. Cast Iron\r\n\r\nThis is the very definition of old school when it comes to a brake rotor. It\u2019s one or two pieces and gets the job done. In fact, it\u2019s the most common material for brake rotors. The right design (usually two-piece) can even work well in a performance vehicle. However, it\u2019s also the heaviest option, which affects the overall weight of your car and its handling, since that weight is right up there with your front wheels.\r\n\r\n2. Steel\r\n\r\nSteel has been the racer\u2019s choice for years, because a steel brake rotor is thinner, weighs less and handles heat better. The downside: Steel rotors aren\u2019t as durable as some others, and warped rotors can cause noise and a pulsating pedal when you brake.\r\n\r\n3. Layered Steel\r\n\r\nLayering sheets of steel together and laminating them makes them resistant to the warping you might find in a straight steel brake rotor. It\u2019s a favorite of racers who don\u2019t want frequent brake rotor replacement and repair, but manufacturers are currently only targeting professional racers and production is limited, so it\u2019s not terribly common in passenger vehicle applications.\r\n\r\n4. Aluminum\r\n\r\nAluminum brake rotors dissipate heat quickly, but they also melt at a lower temperature than other options. Aluminum is a favorite for motorcycles, which weigh less and are easier on the rotors when braking than a heavy car, truck or SUV.\r\n\r\n5. High Carbon\r\n\r\nThese are iron, but with a lot of carbon mixed in. They can take a lot of heat and dissipate it quickly. The metallic content helps the rotor avoid cracking under high stress, and brake noise and vibration are reduced as well. The only downside is price, which is significantly higher than straight iron or aluminum.\r\n\r\n6. Ceramic\r\n\r\nWhat\u2019s your favorite supercar? Ferrari? Porsche? Lamborghini? Odds are it\u2019s packing ceramic brake rotors. They offer the highest heat capacity (85 percent higher than cast iron) and superior dissipation, and they maintain a more consistent force and pressure as the temperature of the rotors rises. Ceramic is the highest-performance brake rotor available today.\r\nADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES\r\nAdvantages of Disc Brakes\r\n\r\n1. It is lighter than drum brakes.\r\n2. It has better cooling ( because the braking surface is directly exposed to the air)\r\n3. It offers better resistance to fade.\r\n4. It provides uniform pressure distribution\r\n5. Replacement of brake pads are easy.\r\n6. By design they are self-adjusting brakes.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Disc Brakes\r\n\r\n1. It is costlier than drum brakes.\r\n2. Higher pedal pressure is required for stopping the vehicle. This brake system is installed with vacuum booster.\r\n3. No servo action is present.\r\n4. It is difficult to attach a suitable parking attachment.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources :\u00a0\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Disc Brake | Construction , Working Principle , types and Rotor Materials","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-18","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Disc-Brake-Componeents-300x238.png","height":238,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=64">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=63"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>63</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=64"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>64</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>65</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=66"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>66</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=67"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>67</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=66">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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