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A dual-mass flywheel (DMF) is a rotating mechanical device that is used to provide continuous energy (rotational energy) in systems where the energy...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-dual-mass-flywheel-types-working/" aria-label="View Post: What is Dual Mass Flywheel | types , Working">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Dual Mass Flywheel | types , Working","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-dual-mass-flywheel-types-working\/","articleBody":"What is Dual Mass Flywheel | types , Working\r\nA dual-mass flywheel (DMF) is a rotating mechanical device that is used to provide continuous energy (rotational energy) in systems where the energy source is not continuous, the same way as a conventional flywheel acts, but damping any violent variation of torque or revolutions that could cause an unwanted vibration. The vibration reduction is achieved by accumulating stored energy in the two flywheel half masses over a period of time but damped by a series of strong springs, doing that at a rate that is compatible with the energy source, and then releasing that energy at a much higher rate over a relatively short time. A compact dual-mass flywheel often includes the whole clutch, including the pressure plate and the friction disc.\r\n\r\nRead also ;\u00a0Flywheel | Function , types , Advantages , Application\r\nDual Mass Flywheel, and What Does It Do?\r\nA dual mass flywheel, or DMF, acts the same way a conventional flywheel acts. There are some advantages, and disadvantages to using this design. Here\u2019s what you need to know about the purpose of a dual mass flywheel.\r\n\r\nThe dual mass flywheel is primarily designed to reduce noise and vibration. The DMF is sort of a mechanical \"sponge\", where vibrations and harshness in the driveline are dampened by two flywheel masses that are connected to one another by a series of high strength springs. Any roughness is absorbed (at least partially) by the springs between the flywheel masses.\r\n\r\nIt may help to think of a dual mass flywheel as a shock absorber: each flywheel is a solid connection, but between there is a \"soft\" spring that takes some of the jolts out of accelerations, gear changes, etc.\r\n\r\ndual mass flywheel parts\r\nTypes Of Dual Mass Flywheel :\r\nThe main type is called a planetary DMF. The planetary gear and the torsional damper are incorporated into the main flywheel. For this purpose, the main flywheel is divided into primary and secondary pinion-connected masses, and between them there are four different types of bent springs:\r\nIndividual bent spring\r\nThe simplest form of the bent spring is the standard single spring.\r\nOne-phase bent springs in parallel\r\nThe standard springs are called parallel springs of one phase. These consist of an outer and an inner spring of almost equal lengths and connected in parallel. The individual characteristic curves of the two springs are added to form the characteristic curve of the spring pair.\r\nTwo-phase bent springs in parallel\r\nIn the case of two-stage spring there are two curved parallel springs, one inside the other, but the internal spring is shorter so that it acts later. The characteristic curve of the outer spring is adapted to increase when the engine is started. The softer outer spring only acts to increase the problematic resonance frequency range. When the torque increases, reaching the maximum value, the internal spring also acts. In this second phase, the inner and outer springs work together. The collaboration of both springs thus ensures good acoustic isolation at all engine speeds.\r\nThree-phase bent spring\r\nThis curved spring consists of an outer and two inner springs with different elastic characteristics connected in series. This category of bent spring uses the two concepts together: parallel and series connection in order to ensure optimal torsional compensation for each value of torque.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMeasurement Science and Metrology Notes , Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"What is Dual Mass Flywheel | types , Working","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/dual-mass-flywheel-parts-300x186.jpg","height":186,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/flywheel-function-types-advantages-application/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/flywheel-218x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Flywheel | Function , types , Advantages , Application</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/flywheel-function-types-advantages-application/">Flywheel | Function , types , Advantages , Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Flywheel | Function , types , Advantages , Application 
A flywheel is a heavy rotating body which acts as a reservoir of energy. It acts as a bank of energy between the energy source and...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/flywheel-function-types-advantages-application/" aria-label="View Post: Flywheel | Function , types , Advantages , Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Flywheel | Function , types , Advantages , Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/flywheel-function-types-advantages-application\/","articleBody":"Flywheel | Function , types , Advantages , Application \r\nA flywheel is a heavy rotating body which acts as a reservoir of energy. It acts as a bank of energy between the energy source and machinery.\r\nEnergy stored in a flywheel is in the form of kinetic energy.\r\nFunctions of flywheel\r\n\r\n \tIt is used to store energy when available and supply it when required.\r\n \tTo reduces speed fluctuations.\r\n \tTo reduce the power capacity of an electric motor or engine.\r\n \tApplications of the flywheel can be broadly divided into two parts based on the source of power available and the type of driven machinery.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0What is Flywheels-Function need and Operation\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWork of flywheel\r\n1. When the power available at a variable rate but is required at a uniform rate. For e.g. the machinery is driven by the reciprocating internal combustion engine.\r\n2. When the power is available at a uniform rate but we need it at a non-uniform rate. For e.g. power required in punching press. In this case, we need sudden power at punching stroke.\r\nTypes of flywheels\r\nOn the basis of angular velocity, flywheels can be divided into two types.\r\n\r\n1. High-Velocity Flywheel\r\n\r\nThe angular velocity of these type of Flywheels comes between 30000 rpm to 60000 rpm which may even be adjusted up to 100,000 rpm. They contain magnetic levitation bearings and need less maintenance. They are lighter in weight if compared size\/capacity wise to low-velocity flywheels. They are costly in comparison to Low-velocity Flywheels.\r\n\r\n2. Low-Velocity Flywheel\r\n\r\nThe angular velocity of these type of Flywheels comes up to 10000 rpm. They are bulky and heavy if compared to high-velocity Flywheels. They need periodic maintenance and does not use magnetic levitation bearings. Their installation needs special concrete construction to support its weight. They are cheaper in comparison to high-velocity Flywheels.\r\n\r\nflywheel\r\nDifference between flywheel and governor\r\nMany people confuse between flywheel and governor, but they are totally two different things. Here are some differences between them.\r\n\r\n \tA flywheel is used to mitigate cyclic fluctuations in available energy but a governor is used to adjust the supply of fuel as per the load.\r\n \tThe energy stored in the flywheel is kinetic which is 100% available but the governor mechanism involves friction.\r\n \tThe flywheel is not used when cyclic fluctuation of energy is small or negligible.\r\n \tWhile a governor is necessary for all the types of engines because it limits the fuel supply as per demand.\r\n \tIf we have constant load then the governor will remain idle but due to cyclic fluctuations in energy available, the flywheel will always work.\r\n \tGovernor has no influence in cyclic fluctuations in energy and flywheel has no influence on the mean speed of an engine.\r\n \tGovernor controls mean speed of the engine and flywheel controls cyclic fluctuations in energy.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of flywheel\r\n\r\n \tLess overall cost\r\n \tHigh energy storage capacity\r\n \tHigh power output\r\n \tThey are safe, reliable, energy efficient, durable\r\n \tIt is independent of working temperatures\r\n \tLow and inexpensive maintenanceHigh energy density\r\n\r\nLimitations of flywheel\r\n\r\n \tThey can take a lot of space\r\n \tThey are expensive to manufacture\r\n \tThe building material is always a limitation for it\r\n\r\nApplications of Flywheels\r\n\r\n \tIn reciprocating internal combustion engines\r\n \tIn wind turbines\r\n \tIn the locomotive propulsion system\r\n \tIn satellites to control directions\r\n \tIn Mechanical workshops\r\n \tIn punching machines\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Flywheel | Function , types , Advantages , Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/flywheel-218x300.jpg","height":300,"width":218},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fuel-injection-system-components-types-working-principle/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Fuel-Injector-300x243.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Fuel Injection System | Components , types , Working Principle</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fuel-injection-system-components-types-working-principle/">Fuel Injection System | Components , types , Working Principle</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Fuel Injection System | Components , types , Working Principle 
“ Fuel injector is an electronically controlled mechanical device that is responsible for spraying (injecting) the right amount of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fuel-injection-system-components-types-working-principle/" aria-label="View Post: Fuel Injection System | Components , types , Working Principle">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Fuel Injection System | Components , types , Working Principle","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/fuel-injection-system-components-types-working-principle\/","articleBody":"Fuel Injection System | Components , types , Working Principle \r\n\u201c Fuel injector is an electronically controlled mechanical device that is responsible for spraying (injecting) the right amount of fuel into the engine so that a suitable air\/fuel mixture is created for optimal combustion.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe technology was created in the early 20th century and implemented on diesel engines first. By the final third of the 20th century, it had also become popular among regular gasoline engines.\r\n\r\nThe electronic control unit (ECU at engine management system) determines the precise amount and specific timing of required gasoline (petrol) dose for every cycle, by collecting information from various engine sensors. So, the ECU sends a command electrical signal of the correct duration and timing to the fuel injector coil. In that way opens the injector and allows petrol to pass through it into the engine.\r\n\r\nThe one terminal of the injector coil is directly supplied by 12 volts which are controlled by the ECU, and the other terminal of the injector coil is open. When ECU determined the exact amount of fuel and when to inject it, activates the appropriate injector by switching the other terminal to the ground (mass, i.e. negative pole).\r\nCOMPONENTS\r\nThe objectives of the fuel injection system are to meter, atomize and distribute the fuel throughout the air mass in the cylinder. At the same time, it must maintain the required air-fuel ratio as per the load and speed demand on the engine.\r\n\r\nFuel Injector\r\n\r\nPumping elements:\r\n\r\nTo move the fuel from the fuel tank to the cylinder.\r\n\r\nMetering elements:\r\n\r\nTo measure the supply of the fuel at the rate demanded by speed and load conditioning on the engine\r\n\r\nMetering control:\r\n\r\nTo adjust the rate of the metering elements for change in load and speed of the engine.\r\n\r\nMixture control:\r\n\r\nTo adjust the ratio of the fuel and air as demanded by the load and speed.\r\n\r\nDistributing elements:\r\n\r\nTo divide the metered fuel equally among the cylinder.\r\n\r\nTiming control:\r\n\r\nTo fix the start and stop of the fuel-air mixing process.\r\nTYPES OF FUEL INJECTORS\r\n1. Top-Feed \u2013 Fuel enters from the in the top and exits the bottom.\r\n2. Side-Feed \u2013 Fuel enters on the side on the injector fitting inside the fuel rail.\r\n3. Throttle Body Injectors \u2013 (TBI) Located directly in the throttle body.\r\nTYPES OF FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS\r\n1. Single-Point OR Throttle Body Fuel Injection\r\n\r\nAlso referred to as a single port, this was the earliest type of fuel injection to hit the market. All vehicles have an air intake manifold where clean air first enters the engine. TBFI works by adding the correct amount of fuel to the air before it is distributed to the individual cylinders. The advantage of TBFI is that it\u2019s inexpensive and easy to maintain. If you ever have an issue with your injector, you\u2019ve only got one to replace. Additionally, since this injector has a fairly high flow rate, it\u2019s not as easy to clog up.\r\n\r\nTechnically, throttle body systems are very robust and require less maintenance. That being said, throttle body injection is rarely used today. The vehicles that still use it are old enough that maintenance will be more of an issue than it would with a newer, lower mileage car.\r\n\r\nAnother disadvantage to TBFI is the fact that it\u2019s inaccurate. If you let off the accelerator, there will still be a lot of fuel in the air mixture that is being sent to your cylinders. This can result in a slight lag before you decelerate, or in some vehicles, it can result in unburned fuel being sent out through the exhaust. This means that TBFI systems are not nearly as fuel efficient as modern systems.\r\n\r\n2. Multiport Injection\r\n\r\nMultiport injection simply moved the injectors further down towards the cylinders. Clean air enters the primary manifold and is directed out towards each cylinder. The injector is located at the end of this port, right before it\u2019s sucked through the valve and into your cylinder.\r\n\r\nThe advantage of this system is that fuel is distributed more accurately, with each cylinder receiving its own spray of fuel. Each injector is smaller and more accurate, offering an improvement in fuel economy. The downside is that all injectors spray at the same time, while the cylinders fire one after the other. This means that you may have leftover fuel in between intake periods, or you may have a cylinder fire before the injector has had a chance to deliver additional fuel.\r\n\r\nMultiport systems work great when you are traveling at a consistent speed. But when you are quickly accelerating or removing your foot from the throttle, this design reduces either fuel economy or performance.\r\n\r\n3. Sequential Injection\r\n\r\nSequential fuel delivery systems are very similar to multiport systems. That being said, there is one key difference. Sequential fuel delivery is times. Instead of all injectors firing at the same time, they deliver fuel one after the other. The timing is matched to your cylinders, allowing the engine to mix the fuel right before the valve opens to suck it in. This design allows for improved fuel economy and performance.\r\n\r\nBecause fuel only remains in the port for a short amount of time, sequential injectors tend to last longer and remain cleaner than other systems. Because of these advantages, sequential systems are the most common type of fuel injection in vehicles today.\r\n\r\nthe one small downside to this platform is that it leaves less room for error. The fuel\/air mixture is sucked into the cylinder only moments after the injector opens. If it is dirty, clogged, or unresponsive, your engine will be starved of fuel. Injectors need to be kept at their peak performance, or your vehicle will start to run rough.\r\n\r\n4. Direct Injection\r\n\r\nIf you\u2019ve started to notice the pattern, you can probably guess what direct injection is. In this system, fuel is squirted right into the cylinder, bypassing the air intake altogether. Premium automobile manufacturers like Audi and BMW would have you believe that direct injection is the latest and greatest. With regards to the performance of gasoline vehicles, they\u2019re absolutely right! But this technology is far from new. It\u2019s been used in aircraft engines since the second world war, and diesel vehicles are almost all direct injection because the fuel is so much thicker and heavier.\r\n\r\nIn diesel engines, direct injection is very robust. Fuel delivery can take a lot of abuse, and maintenance issues are kept to a minimum.\r\n\r\nWith gasoline engines, direct injection is found almost exclusively in performance vehicles. Because these vehicles operate with very precise parameters, it\u2019s especially important to maintain your fuel delivery system. Although the car will continue to run for a long time when neglected, the performance will quickly decline.\r\nMETHODS OF FUEL INJECTION\r\nThere are two methods of fuel injection in the compression ignition system\r\n\r\n1. Air blast injection\r\n2. Air less or solid injection\r\n\r\nAir blast injection\r\n\r\nThis method was originally used in large stationery and marine engines. But now it is obsolete. In this method, the air is first compressed to very high pressure. A blast of this air is then injected carrying the fuel along with it into the cylinders. The rate of fuel injection is controlled by varying the pressure of the air. The high-pressure air requires a multi-stage compressor so as to keep the air bottles charged. The fuel ignites by the high temperature of the air caused by the high compression. The compressor consumes about 10% of the power developed by the engine, decreasing the net output of the engine.\r\n\r\nAirless or solid injector\r\n\r\nIn this method, the fuel under high pressure is directly injected into the combustion chamber. It burns due to the heat of compression of the air. This method requires a fuel pump to deliver the fuel at high pressure around 300kg\/cm^2. This method is used for all types of small and big diesel engines. It can be divided into two systems\r\n\r\n1. Individual pump system: in this system each cylinder has its own individual high-pressure pump and a measuring unit.\r\n\r\n2. Common rail system: in this system the fuel is pumped by a multi-cylinder pump into a common rail, the pressure in the rail is controlled by a relief valve. A measured quantity of fuel is supplied to each cylinder from the common rail.\r\nThis is all about the fuel injection system. If you have any query regarding this article, ask by commenting. If you like this article, don\u2019t forget to share it on social networks. Subscribe our website for more informative articles. Thanks for reading it.\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLES\r\nThe injectors are controlled by the Engine Control Unit (ECU). First, the ECU obtains information about the engine conditions and requirements using different internal sensors. Once the state and requirements of the engine have been determined, the fuel is drawn from the fuel tank, transported through the fuel lines and then pressurized with fuel pumps. Proper pressure is checked by a fuel pressure regulator. In many cases, the fuel is also divided using a fuel rail in order to supply the different cylinders of the engine. Finally, the injectors are ordered to inject the necessary fuel for the combustion.\r\n\r\nThe exact fuel\/air mixture required depends on the engine, the fuel used and the current requirements of the engine (power, fuel economy, exhaust emission levels, etc.)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nIC Engine Articles , Notes , Question and Answer\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Fuel Injection System | Components , types , Working Principle","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Fuel-Injector-300x243.png","height":243,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/electric-parking-brake-epb-components-working-principle-and-types/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Electric-parking-brake-300x169.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Electric Parking Brake (EPB) | Components , Working Principle and Types</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/electric-parking-brake-epb-components-working-principle-and-types/">Electric Parking Brake (EPB) | Components , Working Principle and Types</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Electric Parking Brake (EPB) | Components , Working Principle and Types 
The Electric Park Brake functions as a conventional hydraulic brake for standard service brake applications, and as an...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/electric-parking-brake-epb-components-working-principle-and-types/" aria-label="View Post: Electric Parking Brake (EPB) | Components , Working Principle and Types">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Electric Parking Brake (EPB) | Components , Working Principle and Types","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/electric-parking-brake-epb-components-working-principle-and-types\/","articleBody":"Electric Parking Brake (EPB) | Components , Working Principle and Types \r\nThe Electric Park Brake functions as a conventional hydraulic brake for standard service brake applications, and as an electric brake for parking and emergency braking.\r\n\r\nElectric Park Brake (EPB) is a caliper with an additional motor (motor on caliper) that operates the parking brake. The EPB system is electronically controlled and consists of the EPB switch, the EPB caliper and the electronic control unit (ECU).\r\n\r\nThe electric parking brake or the EPB is an advanced version of conventional parking brake or handbrake. Sometimes, people also refer to this system as 'Electronic Parking Brake'. Technically this system is a sub-part of 'Brake by Wire' system.\r\n\r\nThe main function of parking brakes is to avoid motion of vehicle when parked. In addition, these brakes also play an important role in avoiding backward motion of vehicle which resumes moving on a slope. Generally, parking brakes operate only on the rear wheels of a vehicle.\r\n\r\nElectric Parking Brake\r\n\r\nEPB functionality relies on four elements:\r\n\r\n1. control switches, \r\n2. a wheel-speed sensor, \r\n3. a force sensor, and \r\n4. electric motors.\r\n\r\nTogether, these monitor a variety of input signals and determine when to apply or release the brakes.\r\nCOMPONENTS\r\nHowever, in Electric Parking Brake, no such cable connection exists. Instead, it works with the help of following main components:\r\n\r\n1. Electronic Brake Module\r\n2. Actuator or electric motor\r\n3. Electric Switch in cabin\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\r\nConventional parking brakes employ a cable that connects handbrake lever and brake shoes. When the driver operates the lever, tension in the cable increases thereby forcing the brake shoe (or pads) on brake drum (or disc). Thus, wheels cannot move further.\r\nWhen the driver operates the switch, it sends a command to Module which senses that parking brakes are required to be operated. Later, this module commands the actuators or electric motors installed in the brake calipers to operate. Thus, brake pads are forced on the disc thereby restricting the movement of wheels.\r\nDue to the use of electronic components, the operation of this system is almost instantaneous and efficient. Also, it improves the reliability of braking because of the absence of mechanical connection. This brake deactivates automatically when the driver presses the accelerator pedal. Some vehicle manufacturers also integrate Assist function with this system.\r\nTYPES OF EPB\r\n1. Cable-pull systems\r\nThe cable pull system is simply a development of the traditional lever and cable method. As the switch is operated, a motor, or motors, pull the cable by either rolling it on a drum or using an internally threaded gear on a spiral attached to the cable. The electronic parking brake module shown as figure 1, also known as the EPB actuator, is fitted to some Range Rover and Landrover models. The parking brake can be released manually on most vehicles. After removing a plastic cover or similar, pulling a wire cable loop will let off the brake.\r\n2. Electric-hydraulic caliper systems\r\nThese types are usually employed as part of a larger control system such as an electronic stability program (ESP).\r\nWhen the driver presses the switch to activate the parking brake, the ESP unit automatically generates pressure in the braking system and presses the brake pads against the disc. The calipers are then locked in position by an electrically controlled solenoid valve. The caliper remains locked without any need for hydraulic pressure. To release the brake, the ESP briefly generates pressure again, slightly more than was needed to lock the caliper, and the valve is released.\r\n3. Full electric drive-by-wire systems\r\nThe drive-by-wire system shown in figure 3 was developed by Continental. It uses an electric motor (3) and gearbox to apply pressure on the pads and therefore on to the disc. A key component is the parking brake latch. This is like a ratchet and it prevents the pressure in the piston from rotating the motor \u2013 and it therefore keeps the brakes applied.\r\nADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE\r\nAdvantages of EPB :\r\n\u2022 Modular architecture, scalable clamp load and durability with reduced hysteresis\r\n\u2022 Significant weight savings compared to mechanical park brake systems to support enhanced fuel economy and reduced emissions\r\n\u2022 Vehicle coverage from small car to light truck segments\r\n\u2022 Electronic control allows for integration with other safety technologies\r\n\u2022 Pioneered EPB technology in 2000 and now in fifth generation with more than 90 million EPB calipers on world roadways\r\n\u2022 The response time of this system is very short.\r\n\u2022 The operation is highly reliable.\r\n\u2022 Improves control of the vehicle while starting from standstill condition on a slope.\r\nDisadvantages Of EPB\r\n1. This system is costly.\r\n2. It needs a skilled professional for troubleshooting.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Electric Parking Brake (EPB) | Components , Working Principle and Types","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Electric-parking-brake-300x169.jpg","height":169,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/exhaust-smoke-color-black-white-blue-and-its-causes/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/exhaust-smoke-color-and-causes-144x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Exhaust Smoke | Color (Black ,White, Blue) and its Causes</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/exhaust-smoke-color-black-white-blue-and-its-causes/">Exhaust Smoke | Color (Black ,White, Blue) and its Causes</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Exhaust Smoke | Color (Black ,White, Blue) and its Causes 
Exhaust smoke is a way of your car communicating with you to say what is wrong. Usually, the smoke that gets emitted is black, white, grey...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/exhaust-smoke-color-black-white-blue-and-its-causes/" aria-label="View Post: Exhaust Smoke | Color (Black ,White, Blue) and its Causes">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Exhaust Smoke | Color (Black ,White, Blue) and its Causes","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/exhaust-smoke-color-black-white-blue-and-its-causes\/","articleBody":"Exhaust Smoke | Color (Black ,White, Blue) and its Causes \r\nExhaust smoke is a way of your car communicating with you to say what is wrong. Usually, the smoke that gets emitted is black, white, grey and blue. The exhaust gases is an old school way to detect symptoms of problems i.e. large amounts of black smoke may mean the EGR is blocked and it's over fueling.\r\nKnowing the difference between the smokes that comes from the exhaust is very useful. If you are not going to fix the car yourself, take note when the smoke appears and the color and report back to your mechanic. Avoiding the problem will only shorten the life of the engine and result in unnecessary repair bills.\r\n\r\nexhaust smoke color and causes\r\nTYPES OF EXHAUST SMOKES\r\n1. White smoke\r\n2. Black smoke \r\n3. Blue smoke\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n1. WHITE SMOKE\r\nThick white smoke can be caused by the engine burning coolant. This can be caused by the coolant leaking into the engine due to a leak in the head gasket, a damaged cylinder head or a cracked engine block. If you happen to see this kind of smoke take your car to the garage as soon as possible as the leaking coolant can lead to overheating which could cause damage to your engine. Not to mention chances of coolant mixing with the oil.\r\nWhite smoke has a varying amount of causes and symptoms, which are more common in gasoline cars. The most common cause of white smoke is when the car has just been started. The white smoke is just steam from condensation that clears as the car warms up.\r\nWhite Smoke from Petrol\/Gasoline Car\r\nWhite smoke as mentioned is usual from startup however if it continues when warm, you have a problem. Check the following for white smoke causes in petrol cars:\r\n\r\n1. Head Gasket Failure.\r\n\r\nA common issue with cars that have been neglected or simply the gasket has reached the end of its lifespan. Try using a head gasket sealer and testing to see if any smoke appears and you would have located the issue.\r\n\r\n2. Turbo Issues\r\n\r\nThe turbo usually emits white or grey smoke that mostly appears under acceleration. Not as common but seals and pumps do fail and turbos problems get worse with old age.\r\n\r\n3. Overheating Engine.\r\n\r\nIn some cases, certain engines tend to bellow out white smoke when they are too hot. Check the temperature next time there is white smoke. If it's overheating, look into potential causes, such as broken fans or no water.\r\n\r\n4. Cracked Engine Block.\r\n\r\nNot that common but a cracked engine block will force white smoke to the exhaust. This sort of damage to the block can cause a car to become written off by the insurance companies.\r\nWhite Smoke from Diesel Car\r\nSadly, white smoke from a diesel car operating at its optimum temperature is bad news in most cases. Check for the following for white smoke in diesel cars:\r\n\r\n1. Worn or Leaking Injectors.\r\n\r\nThe seals on the fuel injectors are prone to breaking down and eventually leak. This can cause a blueish\/white smoke to billow from the exhaust. Take a look on your engine bay to see if there are any signs of leakage, usually in the form of black carbon build up.\r\n\r\n2. Poor Quality Diesel.\r\n\r\nOften poor quality fuel can cause a blueish mix of white smoke to emit from the exhaust. It's always best to use high-quality injector cleaner to treat your diesel fuel.\r\n\r\n3. Low Cylinder Compression.\r\n\r\nUsually caused by other components such as piston rings becoming worn out\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n2. BLACK SMOKE\r\nBlack smoke that gets emitted from a car is more common in diesel cars. Apart from when the car is cold, white smoke should never appear from a diesel car exhaust. The majority of older diesel cars will bellow black smoke under heavy acceleration but new diesel will not emit any black smoke.result in very poor miles per gallon and extra stress on engine components.\r\n\r\n1. Rich Mixture.\r\n\r\nA rich fuel mixture or air mixture will cause black smoke under acceleration or revving. This can be a result of a distributor unit providing too much fuel to the injectors or not enough air getting to the fuel. Some cars are tuned to run rich such as the Mitsubishi Evo.\r\n\r\n2. Not Enough Air.\r\n\r\nA clogged air filter or not enough air getting to the intake system completely offset the air to fuel ratio.\r\nPetrol engines very rarely emit black smoke from the exhaust compared with diesel cars. In almost all circumstances, black smoke from a petrol car is due to the air to fuel ratio.\r\n\r\nBlack smoke from a diesel car\r\n\r\nBlack smoke from a diesel car is the result of poor combustion of the fuel. In my experience, the issue is either due to insufficient air flow or poor quality diesel that builds up into a carbon deposit. Causes of black smokes from diesel car exhausts are the following:\r\n\r\n1. Clogged Air Filters\r\n\r\nWith dust blocking the air filter, there are chances that sufficient air amount is not reaching the cylinder. As a result, more fuel is being burnt. And, ultimately this causes black smoke from exhaust irrespective of the fact that the fuel injectors are working properly.\r\nBesides this, due to the heavy load or during hard acceleration also black smoke can be found, as the fuel is not injected at the right time.\r\n\r\n2. Damaged Fuel Injectors\r\n\r\nIn case of the good fuel injector, the fuel is properly atomized, which means the fine droplets of fuel are spreading equally in the cylinder. However, if the injectors don\u2019t close on time or they are clogged, there are chances that more fuel is injected in a certain area called a rich mixture area of the car. In this situation, even the amount of air is insufficient for the combustion of fuel due to blocked injectors (and the few opened ones inject only fuel).\r\nAs a result, solid carbon is formed from the fuel not burnt, which is emitted as black smoke from the tailpipe of the car.\r\n\r\n3. Faulty MAF Sensors\r\n\r\nThe work of the Mass Airflow sensor is to determine the volume of air entering the engine, which in turn, helps in measuring the amount of fuel to be injected inside the cylinder. This entire functioning is important for the complete combustion of fuel in the engine. Otherwise, a malfunctioning MAF sensor can lead to poor performing engine.\r\n\r\n4. Bad EGR Valve\r\n\r\nThe EGR reduces the emission of nitrogen oxides by the re-circulating portion of an engine\u2019s exhaust gas to the internal combustion engine. If this component is damaged, it emits all the black smoke out of the exhaust.\r\n\r\n5. Damaged Piston Rings\r\n\r\nOne possible reason behind black smoke from the exhaust pipe is damaged piston rings. Piston Rings are designed to prevent the infiltration of engine oil inside the combustion chamber. If there is any problem with the piston rings, the engine oil starts flowing into the combustion chamber. The combustion of the mixture of this engine oil and the fuel delivers black smoke.\r\n\r\n6. Engine Deposits\r\n\r\nEngine deposits are another reason causing black smoke from tailpipe. When the engine is new, it will run fluently without any problems. But after a long period of use, the engine conditions get worse and worse and this consists of getting accumulations of combustion product in important areas like combustion chambers and injectors. And these interfere with the best functioning.\r\n\r\n7. Poor Quality Diesel Fuel.\r\n\r\nPoor quality fuel will also cause black smoke (as well as white) to come from the exhaust. Using a diesel additive to clean vital components can fix this problem, which we recommend to do on a full tank basis.\r\n\r\n8. Faulty Turbocharger and Bad Air to Fuel Ratio.\r\n\r\nDiesel fuel requires an adequate air ratio in order to perform as it should from the factory. The poor ratio is usually caused through a faulty turbo, dirty\/old air filter and sensors that control air flow. With bad air to fuel ratio, performance will be reduced significantly.\r\n\r\n9. Over Fueling or ECU Chip\/Tuning\/Remap.\r\n\r\nThe term basically means that too much diesel is being pumped from the fuel pump. This has the potential to crack a cylinder head if it's over fueling excessively. However, if the diesel car has been tuned or remapped, over fueling (and over boosting) is common. I had a 1.9 TDi that was remapped, which would leave a black smoke screen in my rear mirror under heavy acceleration.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n3. BLUE SMOKE\r\nBlue smoke is an indication that the car is burning engine oil. This happens when the piston rings are worn out and oil is leaking to the combustion chamber where it is burned together with the fuel. For a turbocharged car, the smoke is a sign that the blower is in need of replacement. Burning oil can cause rough starts due to the fact that it can ruin a car\u2019s spark plugs.\r\n\r\n1. Stuck PVC Valve\r\n\r\nIf you observe blue smoke appearing in your car all the time, PCV (Positive Crankcase Ventilation) Valve will be the first thing you should check. The function of the PCV valve is releasing the pressure (which builds up in the Oil Pan) into the Intake Manifold (where the engine gets its air for running). The Intake Manifold is linked to the Air Filter of your engine too. So if the PCV Valve gets stuck, it will keep mixing the oil with air and other gases inside the engine. The combustion of this mixture will cause blue smoke.\r\n\r\n2. Worn Engine\r\n\r\nThe worn engine is another culprit responsible for blue smoke from exhaust.\r\nEach engine has pistons which are moving up and down a cylinder. Each piston has metal rings around its side like bracelets. The function of these rings is to help the piston forming a tight seal against the cylinder. So if the rings or cylinder is worn out, oil from below the piston will come up. Then the oil gets mixed with the Air and Gasoline and gets burnt, causing the blue smoke.\r\n\r\n3. Blown Turbo\r\n\r\nBlown turbo is a probable reason causing blue smoke in cars that have Turbos. Blue smoke will suddenly appear in a big cloud if your car blows a Turbo. A blown turbo is either the turbo casing has damaged or a broken oil seal in the Turbo. In both cases, they let oil into the intake of the engine.\r\n\r\n4. Blue Smoke Comes With Transmission Fluid Loss\r\n\r\nA modulator is used to control the transmission shift in older vehicles with vacuum controlled automatic transmissions. If there is any problem with the modulator like the failed diaphragm, it enables the engine to suck in transmission fluid. Then this transmission fluid will be burnt like oil, creating the blue smoke coming out of the exhaust.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Exhaust Smoke | Color (Black ,White, Blue) and its Causes","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/exhaust-smoke-color-and-causes-144x300.jpg","height":300,"width":144},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/suspension-system-components-types-working-principles/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/suspension-system-300x226.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Suspension System | Components , Types , Working Principles</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/suspension-system-components-types-working-principles/">Suspension System | Components , Types , Working Principles</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Suspension System | Components , Types , Working Principles 
A system of mechanical linkages, springs, dampers that is used to connect the wheels to the chassis is known as a suspension system. It...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/suspension-system-components-types-working-principles/" aria-label="View Post: Suspension System | Components , Types , Working Principles">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Suspension System | Components , Types , Working Principles","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/suspension-system-components-types-working-principles\/","articleBody":"Suspension System | Components , Types , Working Principles \r\nA system of mechanical linkages, springs, dampers that is used to connect the wheels to the chassis is known as a suspension system. It has usually done two works-controlling the vehicle\u2019s handling and braking for safety and keeping the passengers comfortable from bumps, vibrations, etc.\r\n\r\nIt also helps to maintain correct vehicle height and wheel alignment.it also control the direction of the vehicle and has to keep the wheel in a perpendicular direction for their maximum grip. The suspension also protects the vehicle itself and luggage from damage and wear. The design of the front and rear suspension of a car may be different.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead more about Suspension System :\u00a0\r\nWhat are the types of suspension systems in a vehicle\r\nWhat is Suspension System | Function of suspension system\r\nIntroduction To Automobile Suspension System\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCOMPONENTS OF THE SUSPENSION SYSTEM\r\nA suspension system irrespective of their type has some main components in common that are:-\r\n1. Knuckle or Upright-\r\nIt is the component of the suspension system that is mounted over the wheel\u2019s hub through which the wheels and the suspension of the vehicle connect with each other by the linkages provided.\r\nA knuckle is provided with the king-pin and the caster angles that help the front wheels of the vehicle to steer in right or left direction which in turn steers the vehicle.\r\nA knuckle provides housing for central bearing over which the wheel\u2019s hub rotates along with the rotation of the wheels.\r\n2. Linkages-\r\nlinkages are the rigid connections that are used in a suspension system to connect the main frame of the vehicle with the knuckle of the wheels through mechanical fasteners.\r\n\r\nOn the basis of the type of suspension used linkages are of 3 types-\r\n\r\ni. Wishbones or A-arm \u2013\u00a0\r\nIt is the type of the mechanical linkage which is in shape of the alphabet A, the pointy end of the A-arm is fastened to the knuckle and the other 2 ends of the A-arm are fastened to the main frame of the vehicle.\r\nOn the basis of the application of the vehicle, either a single A-arm or double A-arm are used.\r\n\r\nii. Solid axle or live axle-\u00a0\r\nIt is the type of linkage which is used to connect the main frame of the vehicle with the knuckle on the wheel, this is the solid axle casing that supports the overall weight of the vehicle, this type of linkage can be seen in trucks.\r\n\r\niii. Multiple links-\u00a0\r\nInstead of using double wishbone or solid axle linkage various high-end cars are adopting multiple link type of suspension in which multiple solid links are used to connect the main frame of the vehicle to the knuckle on the wheel.\r\n3. Shock absorbers or springs-\r\nThey are the flexible mechanical components that are used to absorb shock provided by the road condition and is placed between the linkages ( wishbone. Solid axle, multi-links) and the main frame such that the road shock is minimized before transmitting to the main frame of a vehicle.\r\n\r\nOn the basis of the application and type of suspension used shock absorbers are of many types that are-\r\n\r\ni. Spring and damper type shock absorber-\u00a0\r\nIt is the type of shock absorber in which pneumatic or hydraulic piston is known as the damper is used that provides damping by absorbing the road shocks.\r\n\r\nThis damper is surrounded by a compression coil spring which is an elastic mechanical constraint that compresses when force is applied by the bump and recoil back or regains its original shape and size when the force is removed.\r\n\r\nIt is used to maintain the surface contact of the tires with the road by providing stiffness (resistance to compress), also maintain the damper at its original length after absorbing the shock.\r\n\r\nii. Leaf spring-\u00a0\r\nIt is the type of spring in which a number of ductile metal plates called leaf are arranged in a special pattern i.e. one over one in ascending order of their length, leaves of the leaf spring shock absorber are pre-stressed such that when the shock is transferred by the wheels these pre-stressed leaves being ductile tries to regain their original shape i.e. straighten,. Due to which shock is absorbed by the leaves.\r\n\r\nThis type of shock absorber can be easily seen in trucks on the road in which leaf spring shock absorber is used in between the solid or live axle and the main frame of the vehicle.\r\n\r\niii. Air spring-\u00a0\r\nIt is the latest type of shock absorbers which can be easily seen in Volvo buses, in air spring shock absorbers the damping of shock is a function of air compression, which means air is used as a shock absorber.\r\nThe air needed for different load conditions is controlled and monitored by the Electric control unit of the vehicle.\r\n\r\nsuspension system\r\nTYPES OF SUSPENSION SYSTEM\r\n1) INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION SYSTEM\r\nThis system means that the suspension is set-up in such a way that allows the wheel on the left and right side of the vehicle to move vertically independent up and down while driving on the uneven surface. A force acting on the single wheel does not affect the other as there is no mechanical linkage present between the two hubs of the same vehicle. In most of the vehicle, it is employed in front wheels.\r\nThis type of suspension usually offers better ride quality and handling due to less unsprung weight. The main advantage of independent suspension is that they require less space, they provide easier steerability, low weight, etc.. Examples of Independent suspension are\r\n\r\ni. Double Wishbones\r\n\r\nIt is an independent suspension system design using two wishbone-shaped arms(called A-ARM in USA and WISHBONE in the UNITED KINGDOM)to locate the wheel. Each wishbone or arm has two mounting points to the chassis and one joint at the knuckle. The angle movements of the compressing and rebounding wheels can be managed by using arms of unequal length.\r\nThe main advantage of the double wishbone suspensions is that they allow easy adjustments of camber, toe and other properties. This type of suspension also provides increasing negative camber gain all the way to full jounce travel. On the other hand, it takes more space and is slightly more complex than the other system like Macpherson strut. It also offers less design choice.\r\n\r\nii. MacPherson Strut\r\n\r\nThis type of independent suspension got its name from Earle S. McPherson who developed this design. The MacPherson strut is a further development of the double wishbone suspension. The main advantage of the MacPherson is that all the parts providing the suspension and the wheel control can be combined into the one assembly.\r\n\r\nIt makes it easy to fit in a transverse engine. This design is very popular due to its simplicity and low manufacturing cost. The disadvantage is that it is more difficult to insulate against road noise. for this, an upper strut mount is necessary, which should be decoupled as possible. It also requires greater clearance height.\r\n2) DEPENDENT SUSPENSION SYSTEM\r\nIn Dependent Suspension there is a rigid linkage between the two wheels of the same axle. A force acting on one wheel will affect the opposite wheel. For each motion of the wheel caused by road, irregularities affect the coupled wheel as well.\r\nIt is mostly employed in heavy vehicles. It can bear shocks with a great capacity than independent suspension. Example of this system is\r\n\r\nI. Solid Axle.\r\n\r\nA solid axle or beam axle is a dependent type suspension. It is mostly used in rear wheels in which the rear axle is supported and located by two leaf springs. The vertical movement of one wheel influences the other. They are simple and economical to manufacture.\r\nThey are so rigid that there is no change in track width, toe-in, and camber on a full bump which helps in the low wearing of tires. The main disadvantage is that the mass of the beam is included in the unsprung weight of the vehicle which results in low ride quality. The cornering ability is also poor due to zero camber angle.\r\n3) SEMI-INDEPENDENT SYSTEM\r\nThis type of system has both the characteristics of a dependent as well as independent suspension. In semi-independent suspension, the wheel move relative to one another as in independent suspension but the position of one wheel has some effect on the other wheel. This is done with the help of twisting suspension parts. Example of semi-independent is\r\n\r\ni. Twist Beam\r\nThe twist beam suspension is also known as a torsion-beam axle. These are mostly based on C or H shaped members. The cross beam of the H-shape holds the two trailing arms together and provides the roll stiffness to the suspension.\r\nIt is mostly used in the rear wheel of the cars. It is very favorable due to its low cost and it is very durable. It is simple in design and is very light in weight. But on the other side camber angle is limited and the roll stiffness is also not very easy. The characteristics may be unsuitable.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Suspension System | Components , Types , Working Principles","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/suspension-system-300x226.png","height":226,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=62">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=61"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>61</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=62"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>62</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>63</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=64"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>64</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=65"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>65</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=64">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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