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class="excerpt"><p>Fuel System : Components , Working Principles , Symptoms and Emission Controls 
The function of the fuel system is to store and supply fuel to the cylinder chamber where it can be mixed with air,...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fuel-system-components-working-principles-symptoms/" aria-label="View Post: Fuel System | Components , Working Principles , Symptoms">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Fuel System | Components , Working Principles , Symptoms","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/fuel-system-components-working-principles-symptoms\/","articleBody":"Fuel System : Components , Working Principles , Symptoms and Emission Controls\u00a0\r\nThe function of the fuel system is to store and supply fuel to the cylinder chamber where it can be mixed with air, vaporized, and burned to produce energy. The fuel, which can be either gasoline or diesel is stored in a fuel tank. A fuel pump draws the fuel from the tank through fuel lines and delivers it through a fuel filter to either a carburetor or fuel injector, then delivered to the cylinder chamber for combustion.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead more :\r\nFuel Injection System | Components , types , Working Principle\r\nTypes Of Fuel Injection Systems in CI Engines\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCOMPONENTS\r\n1. Fuel Tank\r\nThe fuel tank is the main storage for the fuel that runs the vehicle. Generally speaking, the gas tank is generally found at, or under, the rear of the vehicle.\r\n\r\n2. Fuel Injectors:\r\n\r\nSprays a fine mist of fuel into the combustion chamber of each cylinder or throttle body, depending on design.\r\nThe fuel injectors are driven by the fuel pump and their job is to spray a fuel and air mixture into the combustion chamber, ready to be ignited to produce power to the driven wheels. The fuel injectors are basically a nozzle, with a valve attached, the nozzle creates a spray of fuel and air droplets (atomization). This can be viewed similar to that of a perfume dispenser or deodorant can in principle, spraying a fine mist.\r\n\r\n3. Fuel Fill Hose\r\n\r\nThe Fuel Fill Hose is the main connector from the gas cap to the fuel tank. This is the point where the Gasoline (or other fuel) is put into the vehicle.\r\n\r\n4. Gas Cap\r\n\r\nThe gas cap seals the fill hose and is used to ensure that\r\n\r\nA) Gas does not spill out from the car, and \r\nB) that the fuel system remains pressurized correctly (in vehicles that use pressurized systems).\r\n\r\n5. Fuel Pump\r\n\r\nThe fuel pump is used to pump the fuel from the fuel tank, via the fuel lines into the fuel injectors, which spray the fuel into the combustion chamber- in order to create combustion. There are two types, mechanical fuel pumps (used in carburetors) and electronic fuel pumps (used in electronic fuel injection).\r\n\r\n\u2022 Mechanical fuel pumps: these are driven normally by auxiliary belts or chains from the engine.\r\n\u2022 Electronic fuel pumps: controlled by the electronic fuel injection system, these are normally more reliable and have fewer reliability issues than their mechanical counterparts.\r\n\r\n6. Fuel Filter\r\n\r\nThe fuel filter is the key to a properly functioning fuel delivery system. This is more true with fuel injection than with carbureted cars. Fuel injectors are more susceptible to damage from dirt because of their close tolerances, but also fuel injected cars use electric fuel pumps. When the filter clogs, the electric fuel pump works so hard to push past the filter, that it burns itself up. Most cars use two filters. One inside the gas tank and one in a line to the fuel injectors or carburetor. Unless some severe and unusual conditions occur to cause a large amount of dirt to enter the gas tank, it is only necessary to replace the filter in the line.\r\n\r\n7. Fuel Lines\r\n\r\nThe Fuel Lines connect all of the various Fuel System components.\r\nSteel lines and flexible hoses carry the fuel from the tank to the engine. When servicing or replacing the steel lines, copper or aluminum must never be used. Steel lines must be replaced with steel. When replacing flexible rubber hoses, the proper hose must be used. Ordinary rubber such as used in vacuum or water hose will soften and deteriorate. Be careful to route all hoses away from the exhaust system.\r\n\r\n8. Fuel Gauge\r\n\r\nThe fuel gauge exists as a display item in the vehicle's dashboard. It is intended to show to the driver the actual amount of fuel in the fuel tank. On older cars, it's common for fuel gauges (or their related part, the sending unit) to be inaccurate. When you first start driving your classic car take time to learn how accurate the system is. It'll save you from a long walk to the gas station if you run out of gas!\r\n\r\n9. Fuel Gauge Sending Unit\r\n\r\nIn terms of the fuel system, this may be your biggest headache. Sending units, at best, are generally a flawed design. Generally, the sender is most accurate between 1\/4 and 3\/4 of a tank of gas. Outside of this, the gauge becomes progressively more inaccurate as you reach the tank limits (full or empty).\r\n\r\nBased on the age of the vehicle, the type of carburetion\/fuel injection, and the emissions standards in place at the time it may also have:\r\n\r\n10. Fuel return lines\r\n\r\nThey are generally the same types of line tubing as the main Fuel Line. These specific lines are used for a couple purposes. Primarily they are used to return excess fuel to the gas tank for recirculation. Additionally, they capture gasoline vapors, which, as they are pushed back to the gas tank cool and condense back into liquid. In particular, diesel powered fuel injected engines often use the fuel as a cooling mechanism for the fuel injector. They can recirculate significant amounts of fuel.\r\n\r\n11. Emission Vapor Controls\r\n\r\nThese are often used in combination with fuel return lines. The goal of this section of the overall system is to ensure that gasoline vapors are not released into the ambient air. If this occurs a number of bad things may happen: 1) The earth-shattering kaboom of gasoline vapors igniting, 2) The unpleasant smell of gasoline is routed into the interior of the vehicle, and 3) It can harm the environment.\r\n\r\n12. Fuel Pressure Regulator\r\n\r\nFuel Pressure Regulators are primarily found in fuel injected cars. Fuel injection, as opposed to carburetion, is a high-pressure system. The fuel pressure regulator ensures that the system maintains the proper amount of pressurization.\r\n\r\n13. Pulsation Damper:\r\n\r\nAs the fuel Injectors rapidly open and close in time with the engines OTTO cycle, pressure fluctuations appear in the fuel system. A Pulsation Damper job is to help combat the pressure levels reducing fuel delivery inconsistency.\r\n\r\nfuel system\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\r\nSome of this may seem a little silly, as many components are pretty obvious to all of us. Fundamentally, once you fill the tank with gasoline the system is \"ready.\" When you start the car the fuel pump begins the process of drawing fuel from the fuel tank, through the fuel lines and fuel filter, to the system that controls fuel\/air delivery to the engine (a carburetor or fuel injector). While the car is running a continuous supply of fuel is delivered in this fashion.\r\n\r\nThe fuel system in modern cars is a complex and intricate combination of components and electronics. Generally, Fuel systems work in the following ways:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Fuel is delivered from the fuel tank to the fuel injectors via a fuel pump and fuel lines. The pump is normally positioned close to the fuel tank or within the tank itself.\r\n\u2022 Fuel leaving the fuel tank and fuel pump passes through a fuel filter which purifies and gets rid of any containment. This is normally a high capacity inline design, to maximize flow rates.\r\n\u2022 Fuel travels along the fuel lines and is delivered to the fuel injectors. Fuel Injector pressures are controlled via a pressure regulator.\r\n\u2022 Any fuel which is not used and exceeds pressure rates is returned via fuel lines back into the fuel tank.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCarbureted Engines\r\nThe fuel system for this type of engine is generally a low-pressure system. If the vehicle is equipped with a mechanical fuel pump, the number of revolutions of the motor (RPMs) control how quickly fuel is delivered. The faster the car is going (or revving) the greater the movement of the fuel pump and the overall volume of fuel being delivered. If the vehicle is equipped with an electric fuel pump the overall process is the same, but some form of the restrictor is necessary to ensure that the appropriate amount of fuel is delivered. This can be a pressure regulator, an overflow system with return lines, or a vehicle specific mechanism.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFuel Injected Engines\r\nOnce the vehicle is started, providing that the gas cap was installed and sealed correctly, the system becomes pressurized. Your modern car is probably fuel injected. Ever notice the release of air when you go to add gasoline? This is the vehicle releasing the system pressure. The electric fuel pump continuously pumps gasoline, ensuring that the system has the correct level of pressure. In addition to the normal fuel delivery, it also passes through the pressure regulator which ensures that the fuel pressure at the point of the Injector is correct so that the amount of fuel injected into the engine is appropriate. Depending on the year and the vehicle in question, the level of the technology that controls the system may be simple wiring type controls or a computer.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSYMPTOMS\r\nThe basic symptoms of any type of vehicle fuel system that is showing signs of wear or deterioration are:\r\n\u2022 Difficult Engine Starting\r\n\u2022 Slow or Hesitation at Acceleration\r\n\u2022 Stalling While Driving\r\n\u2022 Intermittent Power Loss\r\n\u2022 Check Engine Light or Service Engine Soon Light Illuminated\r\n\u2022 Engine Idling Rough\r\n\u2022 Excessive Engine Smoke\r\n\u2022 Noticeable Fuel Odors\r\n\u2022 Decreased Fuel Economy\r\nEMISSION CONTROLS\r\nEmission controls are an add on to the basic fuel system and vary in complexity based on the year, vehicle, and legal controls in place at the time of manufacture. Fundamentally, they ensure that the appropriate amount of fuel is delivered, excess fuel is returned to the gas tank, and hazardous vapors are not allowed to escape the system. Because of the variability in this specific segment of the system, it is important for you to review the technical information that specifically relates to your vehicle.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Fuel System | Components , Working Principles , Symptoms","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/fuel-system-min-300x219.jpg","height":219,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/braking-system-function-classification-electronics-brakes/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/automobile-braking-system-300x219.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Braking System : Function , Classification ,Electronics Brakes</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/braking-system-function-classification-electronics-brakes/">Braking System : Function , Classification ,Electronics Brakes</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>BRAKING SYSTEM: FUNCTIONS, CLASSIFICATIONS, ELECTRONIC BRAKE(EBS), BRAKE FLUID
The brake is one of the most important controlling components of vehicle. We have heard about drum brake and disk...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/braking-system-function-classification-electronics-brakes/" aria-label="View Post: Braking System : Function , Classification ,Electronics Brakes">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Braking System : Function , Classification ,Electronics Brakes","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/braking-system-function-classification-electronics-brakes\/","articleBody":"BRAKING SYSTEM: FUNCTIONS, CLASSIFICATIONS, ELECTRONIC BRAKE(EBS), BRAKE FLUID\r\nThe brake is one of the most important controlling components of vehicle. We have heard about drum brake and disk brake. Drum brake is widely used in the automobile. The brakes are required for stop the vehicle within the smallest possible distance or to slow down the vehicle when we needed. Without the brakes we cannot control the vehicle speed so it is the most important system in automobiles. All brakes are working on same principle by converting the kinetic energy of the vehicle into the heat energy which is dissipated into the automobile.\r\n\r\nThere are two most important requirement of brakes as follow.\r\n\r\n1. The brake must be enough strong to stop the vehicle within a minimum distance in an emergency with safety. The driver should have total control over vehicle during emergency braking and the vehicle must not skid.\r\n2. With prolonged application of brake their effectiveness should not be decreases. These characteristics called antifade characteristics.\r\n\r\nautomobile braking system\r\nFUNCTION OF BRAKING SYSTEM\r\ni. Within the shortest possible time to stop the vehicle.\r\n\r\nii. To aid in controlling speed.\r\n\r\niii. To help turning in crowded place.\r\n\r\niv. To hold the vehicle stationary in the presence of operator after it has been brought into rest.\r\nTYPES OF BRAKES\r\nBrakes is one of the most important elements of automobile. There are many types of brakes available in automobile industries. These are primary brake, Secondary brakes, vacuum brake, air brake, disk brake, drum brake etc. The classification of brakes are as follow.\r\n\r\nACCORDING TO THE PURPOSE:\r\n\r\n1. Primary or service brake:\r\n\r\nThis brake is used when the vehicle is in running condition to stop or slow down the vehicle. This is the main braking system, which is situated in both rear and front wheels of the vehicle.\r\n\r\n2. Secondary brakes\r\n\r\nSecondary brakes, which is also known as parking brake or emergency brake , are used to keep the vehicle stationary. It is generally operated by hand, so also known as hand brake. The main function of this brake, is to keep the vehicle stationary when it is parked.\r\n\r\nACCORDING TO THE CONSTRUCTION:\r\n\r\n1. Drum brake:\r\n\r\nIn this type of brakes, a drum is attached to the axle hub whereas on the axle casing is mounted a back plate. The back plate is made of pressed steal sheet. It provides support for the expander, anchor and brake shoes. It also protects the drum and shoe assembly from mud and dust. It also known as the torque plate because it absorbed the complete torque reaction of the shoe. Two brake shoes are mounted on back plate with friction linings. On or two retractor spring are used to separate brake shoe from drum when the brakes are not applied. The brake shoe is anchored at one end, whereas on the other ends force is applied by means of some brake actuating mechanism which forces the brake shoe against the revolving drum, so the friction force is generated between drum and the shoe and brake applied.\r\n\r\nAn adjuster is also provided to compensate for wear of friction lining with use. This brake is widely used in motorcycle and the cars.\r\n\r\n2. Disk brake:\r\n\r\nDisk brake consists of a cast iron disc bolted to the wheel hub and a stationary housing called caliper. The caliper is connected to some stationary part of the vehicle and it cast in two parts, each part containing a piston. In between each piston and the disc there is a friction pad held in position by retaining pins, springs plates etc. There are arrangements in the caliper for the fluid to enter or leave each housing. There passages are also connected to another one for bleeding. Each cylinder contains a rubber sealing ring between the cylinder and the piston.\r\n\r\nWhen the brakes are applied, hydraulically actuated piston move the friction pads into contact with the disc, applying equal and opposite forces on the later. On releasing the brakes, the rubber sealing rings act as return springs and retract the pistons and the friction pads away from the disc.\r\n\r\nBASED ON POWER SOURCE\r\n\r\n1. Mechanical Brakes\r\n\r\n \tIt is the type of braking system in which the brake force applied by the driver on the brake pedal is transferred to the final brake drum or disc rotor through the various mechanical linkages like cylindrical rods, fulcrums, springs etc. In order to de accelerate or stop the vehicle.\r\n \tMechanical brakes were used in various old automobile vehicles but they are obsolete now days due to their less effectiveness.\r\n\r\n2. Hydraulic Brakes-\r\n\r\n \tIt is the type of braking system in which the brake force applied by the driver on brake pedal is first converted into hydraulic pressure by master cylinder (for reference read article on master cylinder) than this hydraulic pressure from master cylinder is transferred to the final brake drum or disc rotor through brake lines.\r\n \tInstead of mechanical linkages, brake fluid is used in hydraulic brakes for the transmission of brake pedal force in order to stop or de accelerates the vehicle.\r\n \tAlmost all the bikes and cars on the road today are equipped with the hydraulic braking system due to it high effectiveness and high brake force generating capability.\r\n\r\n3. Air or Pneumatic Brakes\r\n\r\n \tIt is the types of braking system in which atmospheric air through compressors and valves is used to transmit brake pedal force from brake pedal to the final drum or disc rotor.\r\n \tAir brakes are mainly used in heavy vehicles like busses and trucks because hydraulic brakes fails to transmit high brake force through greater distance and also pneumatic brakes generates higher brake force than hydraulic brake which is the need of the heavy vehicle.\r\n \tThe chances of brake failure is less in case of pneumatic brakes as they are usually equipped with a reserve air tank which comes in action when there is a brake failure due to leakage in brake lines.\r\n \tHigh end cars these days are using air brakes system due to its effectiveness and fail proof ability.\r\n\r\n4. Vacuum Brakes-\r\n\r\n \tIt is the conventional type of braking system in which vacuum inside the brake lines causes brake pads to move which in turn finally stops or de accelerate the vehicle.\r\n \tExhauster , main cylinder , brake lines , valves along with disc rotor or drum are the main components that combines together to make a vacuum braking system\r\n \tVacuum brakes were used in old or conventional trains and are replaced with air brakes now days because of its less effectiveness and slow braking.\r\n \tVacuum brakes are cheaper than air brakes but are less safe than air brakes.\r\n\r\n5. Magnetic Brakes\u2013\r\n\r\n \tIn this type of braking system, the magnetic field generated by permanent magnets is used to cause the braking of the vehicle.\r\n \tIt works on the principle that when we pass a magnet through a cooper tube, eddy current is generated and the magnetic field generated by this eddy current provide magnetic braking.\r\n \tThis is the friction less braking system thus there is less or no wear and tear.\r\n \tThis is the advanced technology in which no pressure is needed to cause braking.\r\n \tThe response to the braking in this is quite quick as compared to other braking systems.\r\n\r\n6. Electrical Brakes-\r\n\r\nIt is type of braking used in electric vehicle in which braking is produced using the electrical motors which is the main source of power in electric vehicles, it is further divided into 3 types-\r\n\r\n(i) Plugging Brakes-\r\n\r\nWhen the brake pedal is pressed in the electric vehicle equipped with plugging braking, the polarity of the motors changes which in turn reverses the direction of the motor and causes the braking.\r\n\r\n(ii) Regenerative Braking-\u00a0\r\n\r\nIt is the type of electrical braking in which at the time of braking the motor which is the main power source of the vehicle becomes the generator i.e. when brakes are applied, the power supply to the motor cuts off due to which the mechanical energy from the wheels becomes the rotating force for the motor which in turn converts this mechanical energy into the electric energy which is further stored in the battery.\r\n\r\n \tRegenerative braking saves the energy and are widely used in today\u2019s electric vehicles.\r\n \tTesla Model-S provides the most effective regenerative braking.\r\n\r\n(iii) Dynamic or Rheostat Braking-\u00a0\r\n\r\nIt is the type of electrical braking in which resistance provided by the rheostat causes the actual braking, in this type a rheostat is attached to the circuit that provides the resistance to the motor which is responsible for de acceleration or stopping of the vehicle.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nELECTRONIC BRAKING SYSTEM (EBS)\r\nElectronic activation of the EBS braking components reduces response and build-up times in brake cylinders. This in turn reduces braking distance by several meters, which can be decisive in some situations. The integrated ABS function ensures driving stability and steerability throughout the braking procedure.\r\n\r\nBenefits\r\n\r\n\u2022 Increased braking comfort\r\n\u2022 Improved vehicle safety\r\n\u2022 Improved brake wear\r\n\u2022 Easier maintenance\r\n\u2022 Electronic Stability Control (ESC), which independently intervenes to adjust engine and brake controls to reduce rollover, skidding, spinning and jack-knifing\r\n\u2022 Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) interface, with driver alert system that automatically monitors traffic and senses distance from the vehicle in front\r\n\u2022 Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) and Differential Slip Control (DSR)\r\n\u2022 Automatic Traction Control (ATC)\r\n\r\nFeatures\r\n\r\n\u2022 Electronic activation of all braking system components\r\n\u2022 Retarder and engine brake integration into the service brake application\r\n\u2022 Brake force distribution adapts to load distribution\r\n\u2022 Brake compatibility between tractor and trailer\r\n\u2022 Comfortable deceleration control\r\n\u2022 Continuous self-testing via integrated diagnostic and monitoring functions\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBRAKE FLUID\r\nBrake fluid is a type of hydraulic fluid used in brake applications for automobiles and light trucks. It is used to transfer force under pressure from where it is created through hydraulic lines to the braking mechanism near the wheels. Braking applications produce a lot of heat so brake fluid must have a high boiling point to remain effective and must not freeze under operating conditions. Brake fluid is also designed to protect against corrosion of the system materials it contacts, however, those corrosion inhibitors deplete over time.\r\n\r\nExcessive moisture is also an issue. MAP continues to seek additional information from brake fluid manufacturers and other technical experts to identify the point of vaporization that may seriously affect braking efficiency and safety.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Braking System : Function , Classification ,Electronics Brakes","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/automobile-braking-system-300x219.jpg","height":219,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-projects/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/treadmill-mechanical-project-free-download-300x233.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to 660+ Mechanical Engineering projects New Updated</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-projects/">660+ Mechanical Engineering projects New Updated</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Mechanical Engineering Projects For Final Year College Students  (660+ ) Mechanical Engineering Projects Ideas, Topics ,List  This article contain list of Mechanical Engineering Projects list...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/mechanical-engineering-projects/" aria-label="View Post: 660+ Mechanical Engineering projects New Updated">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"660+ Mechanical Engineering projects New Updated","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/mechanical-engineering-projects\/","articleBody":"Mechanical Engineering Projects For Final Year College Students\r\n\r\n(660+ ) Mechanical Engineering Projects Ideas, Topics ,List\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThis article contain list of Mechanical Engineering Projects list , Mechanical Engineering Project ideas , Mechanical engineering project topics This list contain projects which are helpful for B.E. Mechanical , Diploma Mechanical Students For Final year Submission . If you looking For Final year , Mini , Major project for Engineering Diploma , B.E. \/ B.TECH mechanical field then you can refer Following List of titles.\r\n\r\nTo get more information about particular title please Click on title For further Browse abstract , concept Images ,Diagram and Report pdf download of the same Projects .\u00a0 We try to upload new mechanical engineering project daily here . These project list is about mini-projects , Major Projects , simple , Low Cost , Low budget ,innovative projects ideas.\r\n\r\nmechanical project by www.gunkrazy.com\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNew Mechanical Engineering Project Concepts Topics List, Topics\u00a0\r\nMain Categories\u00a0\r\nAbstract | Concept Images and Diagram| Research journal Paper Ref. | Report PDF\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMechanical projects For Different Domain\u00a0\r\n\r\nMain Categories :\r\n\r\n \t(New) Corona Related Product ideas - Corona related Mechanical Projects\r\n \tDesign and Fabrication projects: Design and Fabrication Related Projects For Mechanical Engineers\r\n \tManufacturing and Production Projects:\u00a0 Machine Tools, Manufacturing Related Mechanical Projects\r\n \tFluid Power System Mechanical projects: Hydraulic and Pneumatic related Mechanical Engineering Project\r\n \tAutomobile Engineering projects: Automobile Engineering Related Mechanical Engineering Project\r\n \tAgricultural Projects: \u00a0Agricultural Related Mechanical Engineering Project\r\n \tAutomation and Robotics Projects: \u00a0Robotics and Automation related Mechanical Engineering Project\r\n \tRenewable, Power Generation Projects: Renewable Energy Sources, Power Generation Projects For Mechanical\r\n \tThermal Engineering Projects: Thermal Engineering Projects for Mechanical Engineers\r\n \tCAD \/CAM Projects: CAD Projects, CAM Projects For Final year Mechanical Engineers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDetailed project List - Sub Categories ( Above list further Classified Here )\r\nAbstract | Concept Images and Diagram| Research journal Paper Ref. | Report PDF\r\nmechanical engineering project for college students, mechanical projects list, a mini project for mechanical engineering in pdf, innovative project ideas for mechanical engineering students, \u00a0latest innovations in the mechanical engineering field\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSub Categories :\r\nManufacturing and Production Projects :\r\n\r\n \tWork Holding, Jig and Fixture Projects: \u00a0Jig and fixture ( Clamping and Holding ) Projects For Mechanical Engineers\r\n \tDrilling Machine Projects: Drilling machine project For Mechanical Engineering Students\r\n \tCutting, Hacksaw Machine Projects: \u00a0Cutting Machine projects, Hacksaw projects For Mechanical\r\n \tMaterial Handling Projects: \u00a0Material Handling Equipment Projects for mechanical Students\r\n \tSheet Metal Projects: \u00a0Sheet Metal Projects Ideas topics For Mechanical Engineers\r\n \tLifting Mechanism Projects: \u00a0Lifting Equipment Projects, Lifting Mechanism Projects For Mechanical\r\n \tHydraulic Jack Projects: \u00a0Hydraulic Jack projects For Mechanical Engineering College Students\r\n \tInjection Molding Machine Projects: \u00a0Injection molding projects For Mechanical engineers\r\n \tWelding Projects: \u00a0Welding Projects For Mechanical Engineering Students\r\n \tMachine Shop Projects: \u00a0Machine Shop Projects For Mechanical Engineers\r\n \tLathe Machine Projects: \u00a0Lathe Machine Projects For Mechanical Engineering college Students\r\n \tMilling Machine Projects: \u00a0Milling Machine projects For Mechanical Engineers\r\n \tNontraditional Machining, Unconventional machining Projects: Nontraditional machining Projects For Mechanical Students\r\n \tElectromagnetic project - \u00a0Electromagnetic project For Mechanical Engineering Students\r\n\r\nAutomobile Engineering projects :\r\n\r\n \tAutomobile parts Modification Projects: Automobile Parts Modification Related Mechanical Projects\r\n \tTwo wheeler Bike Projects: Two-wheeler Related Automobile Mechanical Engineering Project\r\n \tAutomobile Brake Projects: \u00a0Braking System Projects For Automobile mechanical Engineers\r\n \tSteering System Projects: \u00a0Steering System projects For Mechanical Engineers\r\n \tAutomobile Engine Projects: \u00a0Automobile Engine Related Mechanical Engineering Project\r\n\r\nFluid Power System projects :\r\n\r\n \tPneumatic or Air operated projects: \u00a0Pneumatic projects For Mechanical Engineering Students\r\n \tHydraulic projects: \u00a0Hydraulic projects for mechanical engineering\r\n\r\nThermal \/thermodynamics Projects :\r\n\r\n \tPower and Electricity Generation Projects: \u00a0Power Generation projects, Electricity Generation projects For Mechanical\r\n \tRefrigeration and Air conditioning Projects: \u00a0Refrigeration and air conditioning based mechanical projects\r\n \tWind Energy projects: Wind-Powered\u00a0projects For Mechanical Engineers Students\r\n \tSolar Energy , Solar Operated Projects: \u00a0Solar Powered projects For Mechanical Engineers\r\n \tEco- friendly or Pollution Free projects: \u00a0Eco friendly projects for Mechanical Engineering College Students\r\n \tHeat and Mass Transfer projects: \u00a0Heat transfer project topics for Mechanical Engineers\r\n\r\nCAE \/ CAD \/CAM Projects :\r\n\r\n\r\n \tTheoretical Project, Only Detailed Report, Experimental Based projects: Theoretical projects For mechanical Engineering Students\r\n \tStructural analysis and Design 3d Model Projects: \u00a0Design and analysis projects in mechanical engineering\r\n\r\nTheory Of Machine and Mechanism :\r\n\r\n \tTheory Of Machine and Mechanism related Projects: \u00a0Theory Of Machine and mechanism Projects, kinematic project ideas\r\n \tkinematic Mechanism-Based projects: \u00a0Simple mechanism kinematic based mechanical project\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMechanical Engineering Project Report Pdf Download\u00a0\u00a0\r\nFinal year mechanical engineering project free download, Mechanical engineering project ppt presentation download, mechanical project download\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMechanical Projects PDF Report Download\r\n\r\n \tProject Sample report, Final report Download: Mechanical Engineering final year project report pdf Download\r\n \tProject report templates: \u00a0Major Project Report: Front Page, Certificate and Acknowledgement Format\r\n \tHow to prepare Final year Project report: \u00a0FORMAT FOR PREPARING THE INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT\r\n \tFormat of project report: \u00a0Project Report Format engineering Students\r\n \tSelection Of Mechanical projects: Selection Of Mechanical Final Year Project 2019\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMini, Low-Cost Mechanical Engineering Project\u00a0\r\nmini project for mechanical engineering in pdf, mechanical engineering mini project at low cost, a mini project for mechanical engineering diploma\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLow-Cost mini-projects :\r\n\r\n \tBest Low-Cost Mechanical Projects: Best Low Cost Mechanical Final year Projects For Diploma and BE Students\r\n \tPedal Operated (Bicycle ) projects: Pedal Powered Bicycle Projects For Mechanical Engineers\r\n \tSimple, Easy mechanical projects: \u00a0Simple Mechanical Engineering Project\r\n \tManually Hand Operated projects: \u00a0Hand Operated projects, Manually Operated projects For Mechanical\r\n \tAffordable low budget Projects: \u00a0Affordable Low Budget Mechanical Engineering Project\r\n \tMini low-cost Projects: \u00a0Mini -Low-Cost Mechanical Project concepts, Report Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nInnovative Mechanical Engineering Project Ideas\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIndustries Projects :\r\n\r\n\r\n \tConstruction ( Civil ) Equipment Related projects: \u00a0Construction Equipment Projects For Mechanical Engineers\r\n \tPaper Industry Projects: \u00a0Paper Industry Projects For Mechanical Engineers\r\n \tTesting, Quality Control, Inspection Projects: Measurement, Quality inspection related Mechanical Projects\r\n \tProduct Ideas, Innovative Machine Ideas Projects: \u00a0Innovative Machine, Products ideas Project For Mechanical Engineers\r\n \tWater Pump Projects: \u00a0Water Pump Projects For Mechanical Engineering Students\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nList of projects for mechanical engineering students\r\n\u00a0Only Title | Index |\u00a0 Only List\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n(Please Note: Below Links Contain Only topic Name - More than 5000 topics are listed below )\r\n\r\n \tOptimization Projects List: Optimization Project List For Mechanical Students\r\n \tM.E. \/ M.TECH Project and Thesis topics: List Of Project\/Thesis Topics For M.E. \/M.TECH Mechanical Engineers.\r\n \tIndustrial engineering and management Projects: Industrial engineering and management Related Mechanical projects\r\n \tProduction Based Projects : \u00a0Production Based Mechanical Project Topics List\r\n \tCAD \/CAM \/CIM Project List : \u00a0CAD | CAM | CIM | Mechanical Projects List\r\n \tConventional and Nonconventional projects :\u00a0 \u00a0Conventional and Non-Conventional Based Mechanical Projects List\r\n \tAgricultural Projects : \u00a0Agricultural Mechanical Project Topics List\r\n \tMechatronics Projects : \u00a0Mechatronics Mechanical Project Topics List\r\n \tDiploma ,Final year project List : \u00a0Mechanical Projects Topic Lists | Final year and Diploma students\r\n \tThermal Engineering Projects : \u00a0Thermal Engineering Mechanical Project Lists\r\n \tAdvance new Mechanical topics : \u00a0Advanced New Mechanical Engineering Topics List 2019\r\n \tPneumatic and Hydraulic Projects: \u00a0Pneumatic and Hydraulic Based Project List\r\n \tAutomobile Engineering Projects: \u00a0Automobile Engineering related final year Project list\r\n \tFabrication projects : \u00a0Fabrication Projects for Mechanical Engineering\r\n \tList Of Non Conventional projects : List Of Non-Conventional Mechanical Projects 2019\r\n \tMechanical Engineering Project Huge List : \u00a0Mechanical Engineering New 2019 Project title List (More than 3000 titles)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMechanical Project Video - Animation and Explanation\u00a0\r\nPlease Visit to \" Youtube Channel - Learn Mechanical \" For Mechanical animation videos related to Projects , Basic Concepts, Mechanical Basic topics are Covered.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIf your Project is not in list please Comment Below , We will try to upload it as soon as Possible .","headline":"660+ Mechanical Engineering projects New Updated","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"June 28, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/treadmill-mechanical-project-free-download-300x233.jpg","height":233,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-intercooler-types-of-intercooler-and-working-principle/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/water-intercooler-281x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Intercooler | Types Of Intercooler and Working Principle</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-intercooler-types-of-intercooler-and-working-principle/">What is Intercooler | Types Of Intercooler and Working Principle</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Intercooler | Types Of Intercooler and Working Principle 
An intercooler is a mechanical device used to cool the intake air on engines fitted with a forced induction (either a turbocharger...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-intercooler-types-of-intercooler-and-working-principle/" aria-label="View Post: What is Intercooler | Types Of Intercooler and Working Principle">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Intercooler | Types Of Intercooler and Working Principle","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-intercooler-types-of-intercooler-and-working-principle\/","articleBody":"What is Intercooler | Types Of Intercooler and Working Principle \r\nAn intercooler is a mechanical device used to cool the intake air on engines fitted with a forced induction (either a turbocharger or a supercharger) system.\r\nWhat does an intercooler do?\r\nThe intercooler\u2019s job is to cool down the air after it has been compressed by the turbo or supercharger, but before it enters the engine.\r\nHow does an intercooler work?\r\nTurbochargers work by compressing air, increasing its density before it reaches the cylinders of the engine. By squeezing more air into each cylinder, the engine is able to burn proportionally more fuel, creating more power with each explosion.\r\n\r\nThis compressing process generates a lot of heat, and increases the temperature of the air entering the engine. Unfortunately, as air gets hotter, it also becomes less dense, reducing the amount of oxygen available in each cylinder and impacting on performance!\r\n\r\nThe intercooler works to counteract this process, cooling the compressed air to provide the engine with more oxygen, and improving the combustion in each cylinder. In addition, by regulating the temperature of the air, it also increases the reliability of the engine, by ensuring the air to fuel ratio in each cylinder is maintained at a safe level.\r\n\r\nwater to air\u00a0 intercooler\r\nTYPES OF INTERCOOLER\r\nThere are two main types of intercooler, which work in different ways:\r\n\r\n1. Air to Air Intercooler\r\n\r\nAn air to air intercooler is an intercooler that uses air to cool air. Meaning the exchange of heat that occurs is between the air that you have charged in your charge pipes and the air that is flowing through the intercooler. Air to Air intercoolers are only as efficient as the ambient airflow (air temperature outside) that they see. Placement of these types of intercoolers is therefore very important in the efficiency of this type of intercooler.\r\n\r\nPro\u2019s\r\n\r\n1. Requires no power to work and therefore is easy to set up.\r\n2. Requires no liquids to work and therefore no chances for leaks .\r\n3. Doesn\u2019t suffer from heat-soak as long as the intercooler is seeing good airflow.\r\n\r\nCon\u2019s\r\n\r\n1. Efficiency is only as good as the ambient air temperature.\r\n2. Efficiency is only as good as the amount of airflow the intercooler see\u2019s.\r\n3. Cannot be mounted anywhere, since it must be mounted in a location to see airflow.\r\n2. Water to Air Intercooler\r\nA Water to Air Intercooler is one where the exchange of heat occurs between water and air. Water is pumped through the intercooler so that the heat from your charge pipes is transferred to the water. This type of set-up can be mounted anywhere, and just needs to have water plumbed to it. Because of its requirement for the flow of water, this type of intercooler requires a water pump, a reservoir, and a heat exchanger for the water mounted somewhere that will receive good airflow.\r\n\r\nPro\u2019s\r\n\r\n1. Really good efficiency, so the size of the intercooler can be smaller.\r\n2. Efficiency can be exaggerated by using ice, or other chemicals to produce normally un-realistic temperatures for short amounts of time.\r\n3. Can be mounted anywhere along the charge piping route.\r\n\r\nCon\u2019s\r\n\r\n1. Requires a lot of other accessories to work.\r\n2. Because it is more complex, it naturally causes more opportunity for problems, like leaks.\r\n3. Can become heat soaked when used for long periods of hard driving and become terribly in-efficient.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"What is Intercooler | Types Of Intercooler and Working Principle","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/water-intercooler-281x300.jpg","height":300,"width":281},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/air-braking-system-components-working-principle-application/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/air-braking-system-diagram-300x172.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Air Braking System | Components , Working Principle , Application</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/air-braking-system-components-working-principle-application/">Air Braking System | Components , Working Principle , Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Air Braking System | Components , Working Principle , Application 
“Brakes are as important as an engine for an automobile” very rightly said as if we require engine to run a vehicle than we...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/air-braking-system-components-working-principle-application/" aria-label="View Post: Air Braking System | Components , Working Principle , Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Air Braking System | Components , Working Principle , Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/air-braking-system-components-working-principle-application\/","articleBody":"Air Braking System | Components , Working Principle , Application \r\n\u201cBrakes are as important as an engine for an automobile\u201d very rightly said as if we require engine to run a vehicle than we also requires brakes to stop it, This statement also resembles with the Newton\u2019s first law, we all are familiar with. As we know now a day in light vehicles we use hydraulic brake system to stop or decelerate the vehicle, But the questions arises, Is the hydraulic brake system effective when it comes to heavy vehicles ? If not then, What do we need to stop or decelerate the heavy vehicles like buses and trucks ? Let\u2019s hunt the answers.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead more :\r\nConstruction and working of Air Brake System used in Automobile\r\nTypes of Brakes | Different types of Braking System\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAir brake system is a type of braking system generally used in heavy commercial vehicles or vehicles which require some really powerful and efficient braking system. It is a kind of friction brake where instead of hydraulic-fluid, air is used as the compression media for brake pads.\r\n\r\nPneumatic air brake system is usually used in heavy vehicles like buses and trucks.\r\n\r\nAir brakes were invented by George Westinghouse for use in trains. After having proved its caliber in trains, air brakes were later adapted to be used in heavy vehicles. The safety and braking confidence that air brakes provide to heavy vehicles are vouched for till day.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThere is a need of different braking systems due to the following reasons-\r\n\r\n \tAs the load over light vehicle and heavy vehicle varies the brake force required to stop the heavy vehicle is far more than that of light vehicle, so the heavy vehicles should be equipped with a braking system that can provide the enough brake force that can stop or decelerate the vehicle.\r\n \tWhen we talk about light weight vehicles, hydraulic brakes provides more than enough brake force to stop or decelerate the vehicle due to its short dimension but when it comes to the heavy vehicles which are large in size the effectiveness of hydraulic brake system is the great concern.\r\n \tAs the fluid is used to press the piston in hydraulic braking system the safety is the great concern as if there is any leak in the components of the hydraulic system the efficiency of the braking is readily reduced or even lost completely, since air is always available so the brake failure due to leakage is the less concern in air braking system.\r\n \tThe components(master cylinder, brake lines etc.) size of the hydraulic brake system increases with the increase in the size of the vehicle which in turn makes it very complex to install, which is not a problem with air brake system.\r\n \tDue to the safety measures like brake failure and efficiency, Government has made it compulsory for heavy vehicles like buses and trucks to use air brake system.\r\n\r\nSo due to these above mentioned reason on March 1872 George Westinghouse introduced air braking system for the braking system in railways due to its fail-safe feature.\r\n\r\nair braking system diagram\r\nCOMPONENTS\r\n1. Air compressor- \r\nIt is the compressor that pumps air from atmosphere to the air storage tank and is driven by the engine through belt drive.\r\n2. Air compressor governor- \r\nIt is the governing device used in air brake system that controls the compression pressure of the air that is pumped to the air storage tank through air compressor.\r\n3. Air dryer- \r\nIt is the device used to remove moisture content from the air coming from the atmosphere to prevent the lines and air storage from water condensation that can cause brake failure such as during winters due to the freezing of that condensed water.\r\n4. Air storage (reservoir)- \r\nIt is the tank that is used to store the compressed air sent by the compressor, this storage always has enough amount of compressed air so that the brakes can be applied several time and also prevents the brake failure when the air compressor shows malfunctioning.\r\n5. Brake pedal- \r\nIt is the mechanism that is operated by the driver and is used to actuate the brakes in order to stop or decelerate the vehicle. Brakes when pressed pushed the compressed air which in turn applies brakes to the moving tyre.\r\n6. Dirt collector- \r\nIt is the device that is placed inside a brake pipe line at place where a branch is separated and taken off to the triple valve which removes dirt from the air before sending it to the triple valve\r\n7. Brake cylinder or Brake chamber- \r\nIt is the device that consists of a cylinder and piston over which the compressed air pressure is applied in order to push brake pads which in turn makes frictional contact with the disc or drum in order to stop or decelerate the vehicle.\r\n8. Brake valve or Triple valve- \r\nThe actuation and release of brake requires continuous release and building of pressure inside the brake lines and brake cylinder according to the motion of the brake pedal this is done by the triple valve used in air brake system.\r\n9. Brake drums \u2013 \r\nBrake drum is the component through which the brake force due to frictional contact between brake pads and drum lining is transferred to the wheel in order to stop or decelerate the vehicle, Outer surface of the brake drum consisting of drum lining rotates with the wheel and the inner part consisting of brake shoes stays in its state of rest when the brake pedal is not pressed.\r\n\r\nNote \u2013 Usually brake drums are used in air brake system but with suitable arrangement disc brake can also be used in air brake system.\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\r\nA typical air brake system configuration for a heavy vehicle consists of service brakes, parking brakes, a control pedal and an air storage tank. Parking breaks in this configuration consist of a set of disc or drum brakes held in lock position by a spring mechanism. Air pressure is then required to release the parking brake and set the vehicle in motion. In case of service brakes which are used for regular operation of the vehicle, a pedal is pushed for stopping or engaging and disengaging the brake.\r\n\r\nair braking system working\r\n\r\nGenerally, a pressure of 6.8 to 8.2 bars is used for this kind of application. A majority of heavy commercial vehicles use drums with air brake systems although now the usage of disc brakes are also catching up. Every vehicle fitted with air brakes has a pressure gauge mounted on the dashboard and in clear line of view of the driver, this enables the driver or the operator of the vehicle to be completely aware of the operational pressure in the compressor. Also, proper systems and safety mechanisms are in place which alerts the driver or operator if there is a malfunction or a sudden drop in operating pressure. As an emergency fail-safe mechanism in case of an extreme sudden drop in the air pressure, the spring operated parking brakes are immediately engaged putting the vehicle to a safe stop.\r\n\r\nThe basic principle of an air brake system is similar to any other type of braking system, the only differentiating factor being use of compressed air in place of hydraulic fluids. \r\n\r\nSo in principle it\u2019s just a conventional braking system.\r\n\r\nSupply System: The heart of any air brake system is the compressor, Compressor is the device which generates and in a way regulates the flow of compressed air in the system. The compressor is powered by the engine directly and uses the common lubricant available with the engine.\r\n\r\nCompressed air is pushed through a cooling coil and into an air dryer. From here the air is stored in a reservoir tank for use. Reservoir tank is connected with an intricate network of circuits for front brakes, rear brakes, and the parking brakes. The supply system also contains the drain valve, pressure limiting valve, and the safety valve.\r\n\r\nControl System: Control system consists broadly of service break circuit, parking brake circuit and the trailer brake circuit (if applicable). Service break circuit consists of two individual break circuits each for front and the rear brake. Both these circuits are connected to their special reservoirs for added safety in case the master reservoir fails.\r\n\r\nParking break circuit is connected to a spring mechanism in which the air pressure is used to keep the spring in unlocked position. A drop in pressure of this circuit results in engaging of parking brakes. The trailer brake system has its own lines for operation and is used when there is a trailer attached to the vehicle. It has a supply line and a control line. The supply line is fed by the master reservoir and control line gets its signal from the service break system for better braking.\r\n\r\nWhen the driver of a vehicle presses the brake pedal in order to stop or decelerate the vehicle the following processes takes place-\r\n\r\n1. When the driver starts the engine the brake compressor starts as it is driven by the engine which in turn starts compressing the atmospheric air and through the compressor governor this compressed air with optimum pressure is sent to the compressed air reservoir which always has some amount of air stored from the previous cycle.\r\n\r\n2. When the driver presses the brake pedal the outlet valve of the triple valve closes and inlet valve opens up which in turn gives passage to the compressed air from the reservoir to pass through the brake lines of the system.\r\n\r\n3. This compressed air flowing through the brake lines is then transferred to the brake cylinder which has piston inside it.\r\n\r\n4. When the compressed air applies pressure over the piston inside the brake chamber, piston moves away from its original position which converts this pneumatic energy into the mechanical energy.\r\n\r\n5. On the wheel end of the brake cylinder, brake drums are placed inside which there is a housing of the mechanical actuator like springs or slacks having brake pads at its outer end.\r\n\r\n6. Due to the movement of piston because of the pressure applied by the compressed air, The mechanical actuator inside the brake drum expands which in turn pushes the brake pads in outward direction in order to make frictional contact with the rotating drum lines.\r\n7. With this frictional contact between brake pads and rotating drum lines brakes are applied to the wheels in order to stop or decelerate the vehicle.\r\nAPPLICATIONS\r\nDue to its property of preventing brake failure air brakes systems are widely used in various vehicles but in heavy vehicles like trucks and buses due to the government vehicle regulations air brake system is mandatory.\r\n\r\n1. It is used in railways \r\n2. All the trucks and busses on the road today use air brake systems, few from them are.\r\n\r\n \tVolvo 9400PX buses.\r\n \tBharat Benz 3123R truck.\r\n \ttrucks having multiple trailers, \r\n \thigh-speed long-haul buses, \r\n \tvehicles of military utility and \r\n \tsemi-trailers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Air Braking System | Components , Working Principle , Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/air-braking-system-diagram-300x172.jpg","height":172,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/charging-system-function-working/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/charging-system-of-automoblie-300x208.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Charging System | Components , Function , Working Principle</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/charging-system-function-working/">Charging System | Components , Function , Working Principle</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Charging System | Components , Function , Working Principle , Diagnosis Tips 
Vehicle is equipped with many electrical devices to drive safely and comfortably. The vehicle requires electricity not...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/charging-system-function-working/" aria-label="View Post: Charging System | Components , Function , Working Principle">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Charging System | Components , Function , Working Principle","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/charging-system-function-working\/","articleBody":"Charging System | Components , Function , Working Principle , Diagnosis Tips\u00a0\r\nVehicle is equipped with many electrical devices to drive safely and comfortably. The vehicle requires electricity not only while driving but also while it stops.\r\n\r\nTherefore, the vehicle has a battery for a power supply and a charging system to generate electricity by the engine running. The charging system supplies electricity to all the electrical devices and charges the battery.\r\n\r\nThe Charging system is an important part of the electrical system. It provides electrical current for the lights, the radio, the heater, the engines electrical systems, and other electrical accessories. It also maintains the batteries in a charged state, recharging them as necessary.\r\n\r\nThe charging system has three main components: the alternator, the voltage regulator, and the batteries.\r\n\r\nThe alternator generates electrical power to run accessories and to recharge the batteries. It is normally driven by a belt located off the crankshaft. Mechanical energy from the crankshaft is converted by the alternator into electrical energy for the batteries and accessories.\r\nThe voltage regulator acts as an electrical traffic cop to control alternator output. It senses when the batteries need recharging, or when the vehicles electrical needs increase, and adjusts the alternators output accordingly.\r\n\r\nThe batteries are a reservoir of chemical electrical power. Their primary purpose is to crank the engine. They also supply power to vehicle accessories when the electrical load is too great for the alternator alone.\r\nThree-phase alternating current\r\n(1) When a magnet rotates within a coil, a voltage will be created between both ends of the coil. This will give rise to an alternating current.\r\n(2) The relation between the current generated in the coil and the position of the magnet is as shown in the figure. The largest amount of current is generated when the N and S poles of the magnet are closest to the coil. However, the current flows in opposite direction with each half turn of the magnet. Current that forms a sine wave in this manner is called \u201csingle phase alternating current\u201d.\r\n\r\ncharging system of automotive\r\nCOMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS\r\nIn general, the components of the charging system are composed of alternators and regulators. However, the charging system needs to add some additional components so that the electricity generated can be supplied to the battery and to all electrical loads safely and precisely. The component, consisting of;\r\n1. Battery\r\nThe function of the battery is as a storage of electrical energy. Like a warehouse, the battery will store all the electrical energy generated by the alternator and then this stored electricity is removed when necessary.\r\n2. Fuse and Fusible links\r\nFuse and fusible links have different functions even though have the same shape. Fusible link can be called as main fuse which is placed near the battery positive terminal. The function of this fuse is to protect the entire electrical system of the car from excessive currents. Generally the fusible link has a capacity of up to more than 60 Ampere.\r\n\r\nWhile the function of the fuse is as a safety of a series of specific electrical wiring, in conventional charging system there are two fuse with same capacity (its about 10-15 Ampere). A fuse is used as a voltage regulator fuse and another fuse is used to secure the CHG and Voltage relay.\r\n\r\n3. CHG Lights\r\n\r\nCHG lamp or commonly also called \u201ccharging warning light\u201d is an indicator light to indicate the presence failure of charging system. When the ignition key ON then this light will light up normally, as well as when the engine life of this lamp should turn on, if it is dead then it could mean the charging system failure.\r\n\r\n4. Ignition key\r\n\r\nThe ignition key works as a switch. The charging system will be activated automatically when the engine is running, but to generate a magnetic field on the rotor coil must be done by a switch.\r\n\r\nIgnition switch is used as a switch to connect anddisconnect power (positive battery curents) from battery to rotor coil. When the ignition key is ON, then the electricity from the battery to the coil rotor will be connected. However, when the ignition key is turned OFF then the power supply will be cut off. So it is not possible the altenator generates electricity when the ignition key is OFF even the engine crankshaft is rotate.\r\n\r\n5. Regulator\r\n\r\nThe function of the regulator is to regulate the voltage generated by the altenator. Why should it be there? because the voltage generated by the altenator depends the engine's RPM. This means that if the engine RPM is low, the altenator voltage is also low, but if the engine RPM is high then the altenator voltage is also high.\r\n\r\nThe regulator will be used to keep the voltage generated by the altenator not exceeding 14 volts even if the engine run in high RPM. This voltage setting aims to protect the electrical components of the vehicle to prevents over-voltage.\r\n\r\nThere are two types of regulators, namely type or conventional type and type of IC. The point type\/conventional uses two coils to adjust the altenator's output voltage. While the IC Regulator uses an IC circuit (Integrated Circuit) to regulate the output voltage.\r\n\r\n6. Altenator\r\n\r\nThe function of the altenator is to convert a partial engine's rotating energy into electricity. The altenator input comes from the engine pulley connected through a V belt, the rotation of the rotor will cause the intersection of the magnetic force line with the stator coil so that the electrons flow on the stator coil.\r\n\r\nThe electricity in the stator coil is not directly connected to the battery, but it must pass through the diode bridge to rectify the current. This is done because the current in the stator coil is AC (Alternate Curent).\r\n\r\n7. Charging Wires\r\n\r\nThe function of charging wires are to connect every component of the charging system, there are at least two types of wires: standard wire and B + wire. The standard wire has a small diameter like the car's electrical wiring in general, the function of this wire is connecting each terminal on the entire charging system.\r\n\r\nWhile the B + wire has a larger diameter than the standard wire and almost matches the stater wire. The function of this wire is to connect the terminal B altenator with Battery.\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\r\nFlow of electricity in charging system\r\n\r\nElectricity in each position of the ignition switch.\r\n\r\nIgnition switch ACC or LOCK\r\n\r\nIgnition switch ON (when engine is not running)\r\n\r\nWhen the ignition switch is in the ON position, current flows from the battery to the alternator. The reason for this is as follows. The alternator generally used for the vehicle generates electricity by rotating the magnet. The magnet is not the permanent magnet but the electromagnet that generates magnetic force by flowing electricity inside. Therefore, it is necessary to supply electricity to the alternator before starting the engine to prepare for generating electricity.\r\n\r\nIgnition switch ON (when engine is running)\r\nFUNCTIONS OF ALTERNATOR\r\nThe alternator plays a major role in the charging system. Alternator has three functions of generating electricity, rectifying current and regulating voltage.\r\n\r\n(1) Generation\r\n\r\nTransmitting the engine revolution to the pulley via the v-ribbed belt turns the electromagnetized rotor, generating alternating current in the stator coil.\r\n\r\n(2) Rectification\r\n\r\nSince the electricity generated in the stator coil is alternating current, this cannot be used for the DC electric devices installed on the vehicle. To use the alternating current, the rectifier is used to rectify the alternating current into direct current.\r\n\r\n(3) Regulation of voltage\r\n\r\nIC regulator regulates the generated voltage to make the voltage constant even when the alternator speed or the amount of current flowing into the electric devices change.\r\nCHARGING SYSTEM DIAGNOSIS\r\nThe following general information has been assembled as a guide for charging system diagnosis. Refer to the appropriate Original Equipment Manufacturer\u2019s service manual for specific information pertaining to charging system diagnostic procedures and safety precautions for your vehicle.\r\n\r\nBENCH TESTING\r\n\r\nIf an alternator test bench is available, follow the procedures found in the bench tester\u2019s instruction manual to conduct an alternator performance test. This test will determine if the alternator output is within its performance specification, preventing unnecessary alternator replacement.\r\nIf the alternator output is within specification during bench testing, resolve problems in the remainder of the vehicle\u2019s charging circuit and other electrical circuits that may affect charging circuit performance. Refer to the appropriate vehicle manufacturer\u2019s service manual for the procedures and circuit schematics necessary to identify and correct additional charging circuit problems.\r\nIf the test bench results show the alternator\u2019s output performance to be out of specification, replace the alternator. Follow the vehicle manufacturer\u2019s recommended procedures to inspect the remainder of the charging circuit and other electrical circuits that may affect charging circuit performance.\r\nHELPFUL TIPS\r\n1. What is the condition of the battery?\r\n\u2022 A visual inspection and a performance test of the battery must always be performed before inspecting the charging system. The battery must be fully charged (12.6 volts) and the battery cables, terminals and case in good, clean condition. This includes the frame and body grounds as well (refer to Battery Visual Inspection and Performance Testing).\r\n\r\n2. Are any fuses open?\r\n\r\n\u2022 Check the fuses in all the fuse box(es). An open fuse indicates circuit problem(s) that may have an effect on the charging circuit. Check the owner\u2019s manual or the manufacturer\u2019s service manual for the location of each fuse box.\r\n\r\n3. Is the fusible link(s) open?\r\n\r\n\u2022 There may be several fusible links controlling battery voltage to the vehicle\u2019s electrical circuits. If a fusible link is open, supply voltage will be completely lost to all electrical systems or to the electric circuit(s) that the open fusible link controls. Check the owner\u2019s manual or the manufacturer\u2019s service manual for the location of each fusible link.\r\n\r\n4. Is the alternator\u2019s drive belt tension within specification?\r\n\r\n\u2022 Too loose - If the drive belt is too loose, it will slip around the pulley causing the alternator to charge irregularly or not at all.\r\n\u2022 Too tight - If the drive belt is too tight, internal bearing damage will cause premature alternator failure.\r\n\r\n5. Is the alternator\u2019s drive belt in good condition and the proper size?\r\n\r\n\u2022 Worn or too narrow - If the alternator\u2019s drive belt is worn or too narrow, it will slip around the pulley, causing the alternator to charge irregularly or not at all.\r\n\u2022 New drive belt - The life of a new alternator drive belt is approximately 10 minutes. It is important to check and adjust the belt\u2019s tension to the \u201cused\u201d specification after the initial 10 minutes of operation.\r\n\r\n6. Has the vehicle been modified or additional equipment installed after it left the factory?\r\n\r\n\u2022 Accessories - Non-factory accessories such as phones, computer outlets, televisions, refrigerators, stereo equipment or lights, among others, can overburden alternator performance and cause premature failure.\r\n\u2022 Improper accessory installation - Improper accessory installation procedures can cause charging problems. Some of these problems may include poor ground points, loose connections or improper wiring.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n CAD \/ CAM Projects List - Abstract , Report Download\r\nMachine Tool , Manufacturing Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n Automobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article","headline":"Charging System | Components , Function , Working Principle","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/charging-system-of-automoblie-300x208.png","height":208,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=61">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=60"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>60</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=61"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>61</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>62</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=63"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>63</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=64"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>64</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=63">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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