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VEHICLE SENSORS: TYPES AND FUNCTIONS
In a way, sensors are the sensory organs of the vehicle. A fundamental component of electronic control...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/car-sensors-types-function-of-vehicle-sensor/" aria-label="View Post: Car Sensors | Types , Function of Vehicle Sensor">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Car Sensors | Types , Function of Vehicle Sensor","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/car-sensors-types-function-of-vehicle-sensor\/","articleBody":"Car Sensors | Types , Function of Vehicle Sensor \r\nVEHICLE SENSORS: TYPES AND FUNCTIONS\r\nIn a way, sensors are the sensory organs of the vehicle. A fundamental component of electronic control systems, they must record physical or chemical variables and convert them into electrical signals...\r\n\r\nRead more about Sensor :\u00a0Selection criteria of sensors for mechatronics system\r\nTYPES OF SENSORS\r\nIn recent years, there has been an explosion in the number of different types of sensor. Many new types of sensor have been seen in particular in the area of safety and convenience electronics. Essentially, sensors can be categorised as follows:\r\n\r\n1. Position sensors (distance\/angle sensors)\r\n\r\nPosition sensors are used to capture the position of\r\n\r\n \tthe throttle valve,\r\n \tof the accelerator or brake pedal,\r\n \tof the distance and angular positions in diesel injection pumps,\r\n \tof the fill level in the fuel tank,\r\n \tof the steering angle,\r\n \tof the angle of tilt, etc.\r\n\r\nThe ultrasonic and radar sensors used to determine distances from obstacles for modern driver assist systems also belong in this category.\r\n\r\n2. Speed and velocity sensors\r\n\r\nSpeed and velocity sensors are used to determine\r\n\r\n \tthe speed of crankshafts,\r\n \tcamshafts and\r\n \tdiesel injection pumps or\r\n \twheel speeds.\r\n\r\nYaw rate sensors also belong in this category. They detect the rotational movement of the vehicle about its own axis and are needed for ESP.\r\n\r\n3. Acceleration sensors\r\n\r\nAcceleration sensors record the acceleration of the car body and are used in passive safety systems (airbags, seat belt tensioners, roll bars) and driving stability systems such as ABS and ESP, as well as in chassis control.\r\n\r\n4. Pressure sensors\r\n\r\nPressure sensors are used to capture a wide variety of pressures including\r\n\r\n \tsuction or charging pressure,\r\n \tfuel pressure, brake pressure,\r\n \ttyre pressure,\r\n \thydraulic reservoir pressure (for ABS and power steering),\r\n \trefrigerant pressure (air conditioning system),\r\n \tmodulation pressure (automatic transmission) and so on.\r\n\r\n5. Temperature sensors\r\n\r\nTemperature sensors are used to capture temperatures, e.g. in the context of measuring\r\n\r\n \tsuction or charge air temperature,\r\n \tambient and interior temperatures,\r\n \tevaporator temperature (air conditioning system),\r\n \tcoolant temperature,\r\n \tengine oil temperature,\r\n \ttyre air temperature and so on.\r\n\r\n6. Force and torque sensors\r\n\r\nForce and torque sensors are used to measure forces such as\r\n\r\n \tpedal force,\r\n \tdrive,\r\n \tbrake and steering torque forces or\r\n \tthe weight of the occupants of a vehicle (for adaptive restraint systems).\r\n\r\n7. Flow-meters\r\n\r\nFlow-meters are used to capture the fuel requirement and the amount of air drawn in by the engine.\r\n\r\n8. Gas sensors\r\n\r\nGas sensors capture the composition of the exhaust gas (oxygen sensor, NOx sensor) or detect hazardous substances in the fresh air supply.\r\n\r\nsensors-in-automobiles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nEXAMPLES OF SENSORS FOR ENGINE CONTROL:\r\nPulse sensor, crankshaft\r\n\r\nThe crankshaft sensor captures the engine speed and the position of the crankshaft. The control unit uses these values to calculate the injection pulse and the ignition pulse.\r\n\r\nCamshaft position\r\n\r\nThe camshaft sensor is located at the cylinder head and scans a ring gear at the camshaft. This information is used, for example, for the start of injection, for the signal to activate the solenoid valve for the pump\/nozzle injection system and for cylinder-specific knock control.\r\n\r\nAir mass meter\r\n\r\nThe air mass meter is installed between the air filter housing and the intake manifold. It measures the air mass drawn in by the engine. This variable provides the basis for calculating the fuel quantity that must be supplied to the engine.\r\n\r\nIntake air temperature\/Outside temperature\/Interior temperature\r\n\r\nAir temperature sensors capture the temperature of the ambient air. The values measured are used to control various systems (e.g. the air conditioning system) or as correction values for the injection system. The installation location is determined by the air temperature to be measured. The sensor for the intake air temperature, for example, is located in the air duct for the intake air.\r\n\r\nCoolant temperature\r\n\r\nThe coolant temperature sensor is screw-mounted in the cooling system. The gauge tip protrudes into the coolant and records its temperature. The control unit uses this value to adapt the amount of fuel injected to the engine temperature.\r\n\r\nThrottle position\r\n\r\nThrottle valve sensors are attached to the throttle valve axle. They monitor the opening angle of the throttle valve. From the values, the engine electronics calculates the fuel quantity which is injected based on other factors.\r\n\r\nKnock sensors\r\n\r\nKnocking is an uncontrolled form of combustion in a petrol engine. As continuous knocking can damage the engine, it must be checked and regulated. The engine control unit evaluates the voltage signals received from the knock sensor and regulates the ignition point in a range just below what is known as the knock limit. Knock sensors are permanently monitored by the control unit.\r\n\r\nIntake pipe pressure\r\n\r\nThe intake pipe pressure sensor measures the intake pipe vacuum downstream of the throttle valve and forwards this value to the engine control unit as an electrical signal. This is combined with the value of the air temperature sensor so that the air mass drawn in can be calculated.\r\n\r\nOxygen sensors\r\n\r\nThe oxygen sensor measures the residual oxygen content in the exhaust gas in order to ensure an optimum combustion mixture at all times. Depending on the type of sensor, a chemical element (titanium dioxide\/zirconium dioxide) and the residual oxygen content of the exhaust gas bias a voltage, which is then used by the control unit as a measured variable.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nEXAMPLES OF SENSORS FROM CAR BODY ELECTRONICS:\r\n\u00a0Wheel speed\r\nThe wheel speed is used by driving safety systems such as ABS and ASR as a speed value as well as by GPS systems to calculate distance travelled. A fault will cause these systems to fail, significantly impairing safety.\r\n\r\nSpeed, transmission\r\n\r\nThe transmission sensor captures the transmission speed. The speed signal is used by the control unit for precision control of the shift pressure during shifting and to decide which gear should be engaged when.\r\n\r\nSpeed, distances travelled\r\n\r\nDistance sensors are used to capture driving speed. They are mounted on the transmission or rear axle. They information obtained is required for the speedometer, cruise control and converter slip control.\r\n\r\nEngine oil level\/Coolant level\r\n\r\nFor reasons of operational safety and for increased comfort, levels such as engine oil, coolant and washer fluid are monitored with level sensors. The level sensors send a signal to the engine control unit which activates an indicator lamp.\r\n\r\nBrake lining wear\r\n\r\nThe brake wear sensors are located on the brake linings and are subject to the same wear. A visual signal tells the driver that the wear limit has been reached.\r\n\r\nSafety\r\n\r\nThe sensor information provides the basis for the function of numerous active and passive safety systems. Thanks to significant progress in the development of new sensors, there has been a constant increase in the capabilities of safety and driver assist systems in recent years. Sensors thus have a key role to play in increasing safety on our roads.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSome of safety systems are\r\n\r\n1. Forward collision avoidance system \u2013\r\n\r\nIt alerts the driver when the vehicle is getting close to another vehicle in front of it. It employs various sensors such as cameras, RADAR or LIDAR to sense the objects or other vehicles in front of the vehicle. A forward collision warning system provided with autonomous braking can reduce the speed of the vehicle thereby mitigating the effect of collision.\r\n\r\n2. Adaptive cruise control -\r\n\r\nAdaptive cruise control maintains the vehicle's pre-set speed. It automatically slows down the vehicle in heavy traffic to maintain a safe gap. Forward-mounted sensors keep track of the distance to the vehicle at the front. The vehicle accelerates to maintain the preset cruise speed as the traffic speeds up.\r\n\r\n3. Lane departure warning and prevention system \u2013\r\n\r\nThis system employs cameras to track the position of the vehicle within the lane and alert the driver if the vehicle is in danger. Certain systems offer haptic warnings such as seat or steering vibrations, while others provide audible and\/or visual warnings.\r\n\r\n4. Blind spot detection system -\r\n\r\nThis sensor network system monitors the blind spots at the front, side and rear areas of the vehicle. Most of the systems provide visual alerts appearing on or near the side view mirrors upon detecting the blind spot.\r\n\r\nAn audible alert is activated when the driver signals a turn, and the vehicle is headed towards the blind spot on the turning side.\r\n\r\nCertain systems may also activate the steering controls or brake to maintain the vehicle in its lane.\r\n\r\n5. Park assist and backover prevention system -\r\n\r\nassists drivers to park and back up their vehicles. Rear object detection systems make use of sensors and cameras to enable the driver to look for the objects in the rear side of the vehicle while backing up.\r\n\r\n6. Adaptive headlight\r\n\r\nit alert drivers to visualize objects better on dark, curved roads. The headlight pivots in the direction of a moving vehicle to illuminate the road ahead based on the vehicle\u2019s speed and steering wheel movement.\r\n\r\n7. Fatigue warning systems\r\n\r\nit employ sophisticated algorithms to monitor the steering control and other behaviors such as blink duration and blink rate of the driver. This system is designed to warn the driver if it detects drowsiness or inattention.\r\n\r\n8. Curve speed warning system\r\n\r\nit monitors the vehicle as it approaches bends in the road by using a global positioning system and digital map. Curve speed sensors alerts the driver if the system senses that the vehicle is nearing a curve at an over speed.\r\n\r\nEnvironmental protection\r\n\r\nSensors make modern vehicles not only safer but also cleaner. They supply the basic information for clean and effective fuel combustion in the engine, thereby enabling exhaust emissions values and fuel consumption to be reduced significantly. Finally, they support the reliable functioning of high-efficiency exhaust re-treatment systems. Examples include the controlled 3-way catalytic converter, the diesel particulate filter or the DeNOx catalytic converter.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nCAD \/ CAM Projects List - Abstract , Report Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Car Sensors | Types , Function of Vehicle Sensor","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/sensors-in-automobiles-2-638-300x225.jpg","height":225,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/shock-absorber-working-types-function/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/shock-absorber-1-300x215.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Shock Absorber | Working Principle , Types , Function</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/shock-absorber-working-types-function/">Shock Absorber | Working Principle , Types , Function</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Shock Absorber or Damper | Working Principle , Types , Function 
Shock absorbers are basically oil pumps. A piston is attached to the end of the piston rod and works against hydraulic fluid in the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/shock-absorber-working-types-function/" aria-label="View Post: Shock Absorber | Working Principle , Types , Function">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Shock Absorber | Working Principle , Types , Function","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/shock-absorber-working-types-function\/","articleBody":"Shock Absorber or Damper | Working Principle , Types , Function \r\nShock absorbers are basically oil pumps. A piston is attached to the end of the piston rod and works against hydraulic fluid in the pressure tube. As the suspension travels up and down, the hydraulic fluid is forced through tiny holes, called orifices, inside the piston. However, these orifices let only a small amount of fluid through the piston. This slows down the piston, which in turn slows down spring and suspension movement.\r\n\r\nAll modern shock absorbers are velocity sensitive hydraulic damping devices \u2013 meaning the faster the suspension moves, the more resistance the shock absorber provides.\r\nBecause of this feature, shock absorbers adjust to road conditions.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead more :\r\n\r\nWhat is Shock Absorber | Function , Types of Shock Absorber\u00a0\r\nCar Shock Absorber | Function , Working Of Shock Absorber\r\nTelescopic Shock Absorber | Working, Diagram and Advantages\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n As a result, shock absorbers reduce the rate of:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Bounce\r\n\u2022 Roll or sway\r\n\u2022 Brake dive and Acceleration squat\r\n\r\nShock absorbers work on the principle of fluid displacement on both the compression and extension cycle. A typical car or light truck will have more resistance during its extension cycle then its compression cycle. The compression cycle controls the motion of a vehicle's unsprung weight, while extension controls the heavier sprung weight.\r\n\r\nshock absorber\r\nFUNCTIONS OF DAMPER\r\nThe main function of the shock absorber is to absorb the shocks and damp them as soon as possible so that a smooth ride can be obtained.\r\n\r\nSome other important functions of shock absorber are\r\n\r\n \tIt limits vehicle body movement\r\n \tIt stabilizes our ride as discussed above\r\n \tIt stabilizes vehicle tires which are disturbed due to sudden shock, hence it is very important for safety purpose also.\r\n \tIt also minimizes tire and body wear of the automobile and hence reduces overall maintenance cost\r\n \tIt may sound a simple job but this is the main thing on which the comfort level of your ride depends.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\r\nTo understand the shock absorber, it is very important to understand its working.\r\n\r\nFirst of all, we should know that there are generally two types of shock absorbers one is hydraulic and another one is pneumatic. However, working of both the types of shock absorbers is same.\r\n\r\nA shock absorber is generally coupled with a spring, which convert sudden shock waves into oscillatory motion. This oscillatory motion gives us instant relief from the shock but, nobody can have his or her whole ride with these oscillations.\r\n\r\nHere is the need of shock absorber arises, it is used to damp those oscillations which are made by the springs.\r\nA general shock absorber contains a perforated piston in a hydraulic chamber. The chamber is totally sealed and hence if piston has to make some movement the only way is to let the hydraulic liquid pass through it.\r\n\r\nWhen a shock comes, piston has to move due to shock. When the piston moves than the hydraulic liquid in the shock absorber has to pass through it.\r\n\r\nWhen the liquid is passed through the very tiny perforated holes in the piston the piston has to do some work against it. That work is done on that expense of the energy generated due to the shock and hence soon the shock absorber loses all the shock energy, which results into no oscillation and smooth ride.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSHOCK ABSORBER DESIGN TYPES\r\nThere are several shock absorber designs in use today:\r\n\r\n1. Twin Tube Designs\r\n\r\n\u2022 Gas Charged\r\n\u2022 PSD (position sensitive damping)\r\n\u2022 ASD (Acceleration Sensitive Damping)\r\n\r\n2. Mono-Tube\r\n\r\nA. Twin Tube \u2013 Gas Charged Design\r\n\r\nThe prime function of gas charging is to minimize aeration of the hydraulic fluid. The pressure of the nitrogen gas compresses air bubbles in the hydraulic fluid. This prevents the oil and air from mixing and creating foam. Foam affects performance because it can be compressed \u2013 fluid can not. With aeration reduced, the shock is able to react faster and more predictably, allowing for quicker response time and helping keep the tire firmly planted on the road surface.\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\n\u2022 Improves handling by reducing roll, sway and dive\r\n\u2022 Reduces aeration offering a greater range of control over a wider variety of road conditions as compared to non-gas units\r\n\u2022 Reduced fade \u2013 shocks can lose damping capability as they heat up during use. Gas charged shocks could cut this loss of performance, called fade\r\n\r\ntwin tube shock absorber\r\n\r\nB. Twin Tube \u2013 PSD Design\r\n\r\nRide engineers had to compromise between soft valving and firm valving. With soft valving, the fluid flows more easily. The result is a smoother ride, but with poor handling and a lot of roll\/sway. When valving is firm, fluid flows less easily. Handling is improved, but the ride can become harsh.\r\nWith the advent of gas charging, ride engineers were able to open up the orifice controls of these valves and improve the balance between comfort and control capabilities available in traditional velocity sensitive dampers.\r\nA leap beyond fluid velocity control is an advanced technology that takes into account the position of the valve within the pressure tube. This is called Position Sensitive Damping (PSD).\r\nThe key to this innovation is precision tapered grooves in the pressure tube. Every application is individually tuned, tailoring the length, depth, and taper of these grooves to ensure optimal ride comfort and added control. This in essence creates two zones within the pressure tube.\r\nThe first zone, the comfort zone, is where normal driving takes place.\r\nThe second zone, the control zone, is utilized during demanding driving situations.\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Allows ride engineers to move beyond simple velocity sensitive valving and use the position of the piston to fine tune the ride characteristic.\r\n\u2022 Adjusts more rapidly to changing road and weight conditions than standard shock absorbers\r\n\u2022 Two shocks into one \u2013 comfort and control\r\n\r\nC. Twin Tube -ASD Design (Reflex )\r\n\r\nA new twist on the comfort\/ control compromise is an innovative technology which provides greater control for handling while improving ride comfort called Acceleration Sensitive Damping (ASD).\r\nThis technology moves beyond traditional velocity sensitive damping to focus and address impact. This focus on impact is achieved by utilizing a new compression valve design. This compression valve is a mechanical closed loop system, which opens a bypass to fluid flow around the compression valve.\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\n\u2022 Control is enhanced without sacrificing driver comfort\r\n\u2022 Valve automatically adjusts to changes in the road condition\r\n\u2022 Reduces ride harshness\r\n\r\n2. Mono-tube design (Standard Types)\r\n\r\nThese are high-pressure gas shocks with only one tube, the pressure tube. Inside the pressure tube there are two pistons: a dividing piston and a working piston. The working piston and rod are very similar to the twin tube shock design. The difference in actual application is that a mono-tube shock absorber can be mounted upside down or right side up and will work either way. In addition to its mounting flexibility, mono-tube shocks are a significant component, along with the spring, in supporting vehicle weight. Another difference you may notice is that the mono-tube shock absorber does not have a base valve. Instead, all of the control during compression and extension takes place at the piston.\r\n\r\nmono tube shock absorber\r\n\r\nDuring operation, the dividing piston moves up and down as the piston rod moves in and out of the shock absorber, keeping the pressure tube full all times.\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Can be mounted upside down, reducing the unsprung weight\r\n\u2022 May run cooler since the working tube is exposed to the air\r\n\u2022 Original equipment many import and performance domestic passenger cars, SUV and light truck applications.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Shock Absorber | Working Principle , Types , Function","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/shock-absorber-1-300x215.jpg","height":215,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/starting-system-components-and-working-of-starting-system/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/starting-drive-300x214.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Starting System | Components and Working Of Starting System</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/starting-system-components-and-working-of-starting-system/">Starting System | Components and Working Of Starting System</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Starting System | Components and Working Of Starting System
The starter motor is an electric motor that rotates your engine in order to allow the spark and fuel injection systems to begin the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/starting-system-components-and-working-of-starting-system/" aria-label="View Post: Starting System | Components and Working Of Starting System">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Starting System | Components and Working Of Starting System","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/starting-system-components-and-working-of-starting-system\/","articleBody":"Starting System | Components and Working Of Starting System\r\nThe starter motor is an electric motor that rotates your engine in order to allow the spark and fuel injection systems to begin the engine's operation under its own power. Typically, the starter is a large electric motor and stator coil mounted to the bottom (generally to one side) of the vehicle's transmission bell housing where it connects to the engine itself. The starter has gears which mesh with a large flywheel gear on the back side of the engine, which turns the central crank shaft. Because this is a lot of physical weight and friction to overcome, starter motors are generally powerful, high-speed motors and use an ignition coil to ramp up their power before engaging.\r\n\r\nstarting drive\r\nComponents of starting system\r\n1. Battery\r\nThe automotive battery, also known as a lead-acid storage battery, is an electrochemical device that produces voltage and delivers current. In an automotive battery we can reverse the electrochemical action, thereby recharging the battery, which will then give us many years of service. The purpose of the battery is to supply current to the starter motor, provide current to the ignition system while cranking, to supply additional current when the demand is higher than the alternator can supply and to act as an electrical reservoir.\r\n2. Ignition Switch\r\nThe ignition switch allows the driver to distribute electrical current to where it is needed. \r\n\r\nThere are generally 5 key switch positions that are used:\r\n\r\n1. Lock- All circuits are open ( no current supplied) and the steering wheel is in the lock position. In some cars, the transmission lever cannot be moved in this position. If the steering wheel is applying pressure to the locking mechanism, the key might be hard to turn. If you do experience this type of condition, try moving the steering wheel to remove the pressure as you turn the key.\r\n2. Off- All circuits are open, but the steering wheel can be turned and the key cannot be extracted.\r\n3. Run- All circuits, except the starter circuit, are closed (current is allowed to pass through). Current is supplied to all but the starter circuit.\r\n4. Start- Power is supplied to the ignition circuit and the starter motor only. That is why the radio stops playing in the start position. This position of the ignition switch is spring loaded so that the starter is not engaged while the engine is running. This position is used momentarily, just to activate the starter.\r\n5. Accessory- Power is supplied to all but the ignition and starter circuit. This allows you to play the radio, work the power windows, etc. while the engine is not running.\r\n\r\nMost ignition switches are mounted on the steering column. Some switches are actually two separate parts;\r\n\r\n* The lock into which you insert the key. This component also contains the mechanism to lock the steering wheel and shifter.\r\n* The switch which contains the actual electrical circuits. It is usually mounted on top of the steering column just behind the dash and is connected to the lock by a linkage or rod.\r\n3. Neutral Safety Switch\r\nThis switch opens (denies current to) the starter circuit when the transmission is in any gear but Neutral or Park on automatic transmissions. This switch is normally connected to the transmission linkage or directly on the transmission. Most cars utilize this same switch to apply current to the back up lights when the transmission is put in reverse. Standard transmission cars will connect this switch to the clutch pedal so that the starter will not engage unless the clutch pedal is depressed. If you find that you have to move the shifter away from park or neutral to get the car to start, it usually means that this switch needs adjustment. If your car has an automatic parking brake release, the neutral safety switch will control that function also.\r\n4. Starter Relay\r\nA relay is a device that allows a small amount of electrical current to control a large amount of current. An automobile starter uses a large amount of current (250+ amps) to start an engine. If we were to allow that much current to go through the ignition switch, we would not only need a very large switch, but all the wires would have to be the size of battery cables (not very practical). A starter relay is installed in series between the battery and the starter. Some cars use a starter solenoid to accomplish the same purpose of allowing a small amount of current from the ignition switch to control a high current flow from the battery to the starter. The starter solenoid in some cases also mechanically engages the starter gear with the engine.\r\n5. Battery Cables\r\nBattery cables are large diameter, multistranded wire which carry the high current (250+ amps) necessary to operate the starter motor. Some have a smaller wire soldered to the terminal which is used to either operate a smaller device or to provide an additional ground. When the smaller cable burns, this indicates a high resistance in the heavy cable. Care must be taken to keep the battery cable ends (terminals) clean and tight. Battery cables can be replaced with ones that are slightly larger but never smaller.\r\n6. Starter Motor\r\nThe starter motor is a powerful electric motor, with a small gear (pinion) attached to the end. When activated, the gear is meshed with a larger gear (ring), which is attached to the engine. The starter motor then spins the engine over so that the piston can draw in a fuel\/ air mixture, which is then ignited to start the engine. When the engine starts to spin faster than the starter, a device called an overrunning clutch (bendix drive) automatically disengages the starter gear from the engine gear.\r\n\r\nstarting system parts\r\nWorking principles.\r\n\r\n \tTo make an engine start it must be turned at some speed, so that it sucks fuel and air into the cylinders, and compresses it.\r\n \tThe powerful electric starter motor does the turning. Its shaft carries a small pinion (gear wheel) which engages with a large gear ring around the rim of the engine flywheel.\r\n \tIn a front-engine layout, the starter is mounted low down near the back of the engine.\r\n \tThe starter needs a heavy electric current, which it draws through thick wires from the battery. No ordinary hand-operated switch could switch it on: it needs a large switch to handle the high current.\r\n \tThe switch has to be turned on and off very quickly to avoid dangerous, damaging sparking. So a solenoid is used - an arrangement where a small switch turns on an electromagnet to complete the circuit.\r\n \tThe starter switch is usually worked by the ignition key. Turn the key beyond the 'ignition on' position to feed current to the solenoid.\r\n \tThe ignition switch has a return spring, so that as soon as you release the key it springs back and turns the starter switch off.\r\n \tWhen the switch feeds current to the solenoid, the electromagnet attracts an iron rod.\r\n \tThe movement of the rod closes two heavy contacts, completing the circuit from the battery to the starter.\r\n \tThe rod also has a return spring -when the ignition switch stops feeding current to the solenoid, the contacts open and the starter motor stops.\r\n \tThe return springs are needed because the starter motor must not turn more than it has to in order to start the engine. The reason is partly that the starter uses a lot of electricity, which quickly runs down the battery.\r\n \tAlso, if the engine starts and the starter motor stays engaged, the engine will spin the starter so fast that it may be badly damaged.\r\n \tThe starter motor itself has a device, called a Bendix gear, which engages its pinion with the gear ring on the flywheel only while the starter is turning the engine. It disengages as soon as the engine picks up speed, and there are two ways by which it does so - the inertia system and the pre-engaged system.\r\n \tThe inertia starter relies on the inertia of the pinion - that is, its reluctance to begin to turn.\r\n \tThe pinion is not fixed rigidly to the motor shaft - it is threaded on to it, like a freely turning nut on a very coarse-thread bolt.\r\n \tImagine that you suddenly spin the bolt: the inertia of the nut keeps it from turning at once, so it shifts along the thread of the bolt.\r\n \tWhen an inertia starter spins, the pinion moves along the thread of the motor shaft and engages with the flywheel gear ring.\r\n \tIt then reaches a stop at the end of the thread, begins to turn with the shaft and so turns the engine.\r\n \tOnce the engine starts, it spins the pinion faster than its own starter-motor shaft. The spinning action screws the pinion back down its thread and out of engagement.\r\n \tThe pinion returns so violently that there has to be a strong spring on the shaft to cushion its impact.\r\n \tThe violent engagement and disengagement of an inertia starter can cause heavy wear on the gear teeth. To overcome that problem the pre-engaged starter was introduced, which has a solenoid mounted on the motor.\r\n \tThere's more to a car starter system: As well as switching on the motor, the solenoid also slides the pinion along the shaft to engage it.\r\n \tThe shaft has straight splines rather than a Bendix thread, so that the pinion always turns with it.\r\n \tThe pinion is brought into contact with the toothed ring on the flywheel by a sliding fork. The fork is moved by a solenoid, which has two sets of contacts that close one after the other.\r\n \tThe first contact supplies a low current to the motor so that it turns slowly - just far enough to let the pinion teeth engage. Then the second contacts close, feeding the motor a high current to turn the engine.\r\n \tThe starter motor is saved from over-speeding when the engine starts by means of a freewheel clutch, like the freewheel of a bicycle. The return spring of the solenoid withdraws the pinion from engagement.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Starting System | Components and Working Of Starting System","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/starting-drive-300x214.jpg","height":214,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/4-strokes-vs-2-stroke-engine-difference-comparison/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/two-stroke-vs-four-stroke-engine-300x167.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to 4 Strokes Vs 2 Stroke Engine &#8211; Difference , Comparison</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/4-strokes-vs-2-stroke-engine-difference-comparison/">4 Strokes Vs 2 Stroke Engine &#8211; Difference , Comparison</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>4 Strokes Vs 2 Stroke Engine - Difference , Comparison
4 STROKE VS 2 STROKE ENGINES
4 STROKE ENGINES  4 stroke engine completes 2 rotations of crankshaft after completing one cycle.
  Power...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/4-strokes-vs-2-stroke-engine-difference-comparison/" aria-label="View Post: 4 Strokes Vs 2 Stroke Engine &#8211; Difference , Comparison">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"4 Strokes Vs 2 Stroke Engine &#8211; Difference , Comparison","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/4-strokes-vs-2-stroke-engine-difference-comparison\/","articleBody":"4 Strokes Vs 2 Stroke Engine - Difference , Comparison\r\n4 STROKE VS 2 STROKE ENGINES\r\n4 STROKE ENGINES\r\n\r\n \t4 stroke engine completes 2 rotations of crankshaft after completing one cycle.\r\n \t\u00a0Power is produced once every 4 strokes of the piston.\r\n \tEngine design is a bit complicated due to valve mechanism which is operated through gear &amp; chain mechanism.\r\n \tNo need of adding oil or lubricant to fuel.\r\n \tTop side of the piston is flat.\r\n \tMixture remains only in the combustion chamber.\r\n \t4 stroke engines are heavier.\r\n \t4 stroke engines make less noise.\r\n\r\n2 STROKE ENGINES\r\n\r\n \t2 stroke engine completes 1 rotation of crankshaft after completing one cycle.\r\n \tPower is produced once during 2 strokes of the piston.\r\n \t2 stroke engine has ports which makes it's design simpler.\r\n \tAddition of oil is required.\r\n \tA bump or protuberance may be needed on top side of piston.\r\n \tAir-fuel mixture enters through inlet port &amp; travels to combustion chamber passing through crankcase.\r\n \t2 stroke engines are lighter comparatively.\r\n \t2 stroke engines are louder comparatively.\r\n\r\nRead more : Advantages And Disadvantages Of Two-Stroke Engine Over Four-Stroke Engine\r\n\r\ntwo stroke vs four stroke engine\r\nADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES\r\n4 STROKE ENGINE :-\r\nADVANTAGES\r\n1. More torque :- In general, 4 stroke engines always make extra torque than 2 stroke engine at low RPM. Although 2 stroked ones give higher torque at higher RPM but it has a lot to do with fuel efficiency.\r\n\r\n2. More fuel efficiency :- 4 stroke engines have greater fuel efficiency than 2 stroke ones because fuel is consumed once every 4 strokes.\r\n\r\n3. Less pollution :- As power is generated once every 4 strokes &amp; also as no oil or lubricant is added to the fuel; 4 stroke engine produces less pollution\r\n\r\n4. More durability :- We all know that more the engine runs, quicker it wears out. 2 stroke engines are designed for high RPM. If an engine can go for 10000 rpm\u2019s before it wears out; a 4 stroke engine with 100 rpm will run for 100 minutes than the other 2 stroke engine which has a higher rpm of 500 &amp; will run for only 20 minutes.\r\n\r\n5. No extra addition of oil :- Only the moving parts need lubrication intermediately. No extra oil or lubricant is added to fuel.\r\nDISADVANTAGES\r\n1. Complicated design :- A 4 stroke engine has complex valve mechanisms operated &amp; controlled by gears &amp; chain. Also there are many parts to worry about which makes it harder to troubleshoot.\r\n\r\n2. Less powerful :- As power gets delivered once every 2 rotations of crankshaft(4 strokes), hence 4 stroke is less powerful.\r\n\r\n3. Expensive :- A four stroke engine has much more parts than 2 stroke engine. So they often require repairs which leads to greater expense.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n2 STROKE ENGINE :-\r\nADVANTAGES\r\n1. Simple design &amp; construction :- It doesn\u2019t have valves. It simply has inlet &amp; outlet ports which makes it simpler.\r\n\r\n2. More powerful :- In 2 stroke engine, every alternate stroke is power stroke unlike 4 stroked one in which power gets delivered once every 4 strokes. This gives a significant power boost. Also, the acceleration will be higher &amp; power delivery will be uniform due to same reason.\r\n\r\n3. Position doesn\u2019t matter :- 2 stroke engine can work in any position as lubrication is done through the means of fuel (as the fuel passes by through whole cylinder &amp; crankcase).\r\nDISADVANTAGES\r\n1. Less fuel efficiency :- For every alternate power stroke, fuel gets consumed every alternate stroke. This makes the engine less fuel efficient although it results in uniform power delivery.\r\n\r\n2. Oil addition could be expensive :- Two-stroke engines require a mix of oil in with the air-fuel mixture to lubricate the crankshaft, connecting rod and cylinder walls. These oils may empty your pockets.\r\n\r\n3. More pollution :- 2 stroke engine produces a lot of pollution. The combustion of oil added in the mixture creates a lot of smoke which leads to air pollution.\r\n\r\n4. Wastage of fuel :- Sometimes the fresh charge which is going to undergo combustion gets out along with the exhaust gases. This leads to wastage of fuel &amp; also power delivery of the engine gets effected.\r\n\r\n5. Improper combustion :- The exhaust gases often get trapped inside the combustion chamber. This makes the fresh charge impure. Therefore maximum power doesn\u2019t get delivered because of improper incomplete combustion.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nBest Low Cost Mechanical Projects\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"4 Strokes Vs 2 Stroke Engine &#8211; Difference , Comparison","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/two-stroke-vs-four-stroke-engine-300x167.jpg","height":167,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/exhaust-gas-recirculation-working-design-benefits/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/exhaust-gas-recirculation-diagram-300x219.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Exhaust Gas Recirculation | Working Principle , Design and Benefits</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/exhaust-gas-recirculation-working-design-benefits/">Exhaust Gas Recirculation | Working Principle , Design and Benefits</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Exhaust Gas Recirculation | Working Principle , Design and Benefits 
Diesel engines tend to emit higher Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) which is harmful to humans. This is because of high temperatures in the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/exhaust-gas-recirculation-working-design-benefits/" aria-label="View Post: Exhaust Gas Recirculation | Working Principle , Design and Benefits">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Exhaust Gas Recirculation | Working Principle , Design and Benefits","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/exhaust-gas-recirculation-working-design-benefits\/","articleBody":"Exhaust Gas Recirculation | Working Principle , Design and Benefits \r\nDiesel engines tend to emit higher Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) which is harmful to humans. This is because of high temperatures in the engine cylinders because of higher compression ratio. To control and decrease the NOx, manufacturers employ 'Exhaust Gas Recirculation' technology in engines.\r\n\r\nThe term EGR stands for Exhaust Gas Recirculation. It is a part of modern-day diesel engine vehicles which helps to decrease the Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions. Exhaust Gas Recirculation is the technique used for reducing the nitrogen oxide in both the internal combustion diesel engines as well as petrol engines.\r\n\r\nRead more ;\u00a0Seminar On EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION Full report PPT\/PDF Download\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\r\nThe exhaust gas, added to the fuel, oxygen, and combustion products, increases the specific heat capacity of the cylinder contents, which lowers the adiabatic flame temperature.\r\n\r\nexhaust gas recirculation diagram\r\n\r\nIn a typical automotive spark-ignited (SI) engine, 5% to 15% of the exhaust gas is routed back to the intake as EGR. The maximum quantity is limited by the need of the mixture to sustain a continuous flame front during the combustion event; excessive EGR in poorly set up applications can cause misfires and partial burns. Although EGR does measurably slow combustion, this can largely be compensated for by advancing spark timing. The impact of EGR on engine efficiency largely depends on the specific engine design, and sometimes leads to a compromise between efficiency and NOx emissions. \r\n\r\nA properly operating EGR can theoretically increase the efficiency of gasoline engines via several mechanisms:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Reduced throttling losses.\r\n\r\nThe addition of inert exhaust gas into the intake system means that for a given power output, the throttle plate must be opened further, resulting in increased inlet manifold pressure and reduced throttling losses.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Reduced heat rejection.\r\n\r\nLowered peak combustion temperatures not only reduces NOx formation, it also reduces the loss of thermal energy to combustion chamber surfaces, leaving more available for conversion to mechanical work during the expansion stroke.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Reduced chemical dissociation.\r\n\r\nThe lower peak temperatures result in more of the released energy remaining as sensible energy near TDC (Top Dead-Center), rather than being bound up (early in the expansion stroke) in the dissociation of combustion products. This effect is minor compared to the first two.\r\n\r\nEGR is typically not employed at high loads because it would reduce peak power output. This is because it reduces the intake charge density. EGR is also omitted at idle (low-speed, zero load) because it would cause unstable combustion, resulting in rough idle.\r\nSince the EGR system recirculates a portion of exhaust gases, over time the valve can become clogged with carbon deposits that prevent it from operating properly. Clogged EGR valves can sometimes be cleaned, but replacement is necessary if the valve is faulty.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDESIGN\r\nA vacuum controlled EGR valve regulates the amount of exhaust gases admitted into the cylinders. It consists of a spring-loaded vacuum diaphragm. It links to a metered valve which controls the passage of the exhaust gases. Ported vacuum from a calibrated signal port located above the throttle valve connects to the EGR vacuum chamber.\r\n\r\nAt idling, the EGR valve is in the closed position because of the spring pressure and lower ported vacuum. The engineers designed it so because if the exhaust gases recirculate at the idling, then it would cause rough\/erratic idling. Upon opening of the throttle applies the ported vacuum and gradually opens the tapered valve. This causes the exhaust gas to flow into the intake manifold.\r\n\r\nHowever, when the throttle opens fully, there is no vacuum in the intake manifold. So, it closes the tapered valve and stops the exhaust gases from entering the intake manifold.\r\nBENEFITS\r\nThe Exhaust Gas Recirculation system recirculates a part of the exhaust gas back into the engine cylinders through the combustion chamber. The logic behind the EGR system is very simple. The exhaust gas is hotter than the fresh air sucked by the engine. So, the exhaust gas significantly reduces the contents of the cylinder for combustion. Because of the absence of oxygen (O2), the exhaust gases have nothing to burn as they contain neither fuel nor oxygen particles.\r\n\r\nThus, it results in lower heat discharge and cylinder temperatures. It reduces the formation of nitrogen oxide (NO2) as well. The dormant exhaust gas present in the cylinder also limits the peak temperatures. It also reduces the loss that arises because of throttling in petrol engines while improving the engine life by reducing the cylinder temperatures. The three-stage catalytic converter further reduces the NOx to acceptable levels.\r\nLIMITATIONS\r\nThe engineers designed the EGR system in such a way that it recirculates the exhaust gases only when the engine forms the Nitrogen Oxide (NOx). Thus, the EGR system DOES NOT affect the \u2018Full-Load\u2019 operation. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation system also has a thermal control valve in the vacuum line which prevents the operation of EGR at lower engine temperatures. This system is useful especially in the diesel engines where the catalytic converter cannot stimulate the chemical reduction due to high oxygen contents. So, the NOx emission remains the same in such conditions.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nSimple , Easy mechanical projectsManually Hand Operated projectsAffordable low budget ProjectsMini low cost Projects\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )","headline":"Exhaust Gas Recirculation | Working Principle , Design and Benefits","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/exhaust-gas-recirculation-diagram-300x219.jpg","height":219,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cooling-system-types-advantages-disadvantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Heating-Cooling-System-02-300x227.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Cooling System | Types , Advantages and Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cooling-system-types-advantages-disadvantages/">Cooling System | Types , Advantages and Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Cooling System | Types , Advantages and Disadvantages 
A vehicle’s engine-cooling system serves not just to keep the engine cool, but to also keep its temperature warm enough to ensure efficient,...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cooling-system-types-advantages-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: Cooling System | Types , Advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Cooling System | Types , Advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/cooling-system-types-advantages-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"Cooling System | Types , Advantages and Disadvantages \r\nA vehicle\u2019s engine-cooling system serves not just to keep the engine cool, but to also keep its temperature warm enough to ensure efficient, clean operation. System components include a radiator to dissipate heat, a fan or fans to ensure adequate airflow for radiator cooling, a thermostat valve that opens when the desired operating temperature is reached and a water pump (or coolant pump) to circulate coolant through the engine, hoses and other components. Most vehicles now employ an expansion tank that allows the coolant to expand, and exit, the cooling circuit when hot, and to return when the car is turned off and the engine cools. The cooling system also incorporates elements of the cabin\u2019s ventilation system, because engine heat is used to warm the car\u2019s interior.\r\n\r\nRead More :\r\n\r\nWater cooling systems parts | Advantages and Disadvantage\r\nWater Cooling System in Engine | types of water cooling system\r\nEngine Cooling | Air Cooling System - Advantages and Disadvantages\r\nImportance of Lubrication and Cooling Systems in an Engine\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhile running, an engine continuously produces heat and converts it into power. This heat is derived by burning fuel in the engine. But as we all know, there is no engine in the world which is 100% efficient. There is always some amount of heat energy which gets wasted. If we do not transmit this heat energy into the atmosphere, this heat will overheat the engine. This overheating will result into engine seizing. In engine seizing, due to excess heat piston gets melted inside the cylinder. It avoid this trouble of overheating a car is provided with engine cooling system.\r\n\r\nAn engine cooling system is a system integral with the engines. It carries away excess heat from the engine with the help of a flowing fluid. This fluid can be air or water.\r\n\r\nEngine cooling system\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTypes Of Cooling System :\u00a0\r\nOr we can say there are two types of cooling systems\r\n1. Liquid or indirect cooling system\r\n2. Air or direct cooling system\r\nLIQUID OR INDIRECT COOLING SYSTEM\r\nIn a liquid cooling system, an engine is surrounded with water jackets. With the help of a pump this water gets circulated in this water jacket.\r\nWater flowing in these jackets takes out heat from the engine. This hot water than flows through a radiator, where it gets cooled from the cold heat blown through a fan.\r\nIn this system the water takes heat from the engine and that water gets cooled by the air and than again gets circulated to the engine.\r\nThis is an indirect cooling process, where actual cooling thing that is air is not directly cooling the system. The air is cooling the water and water is cooling the engine.\r\nLiquid or indirect cooling system is mainly used in big engines, like that of cars and trucks.\r\nAdvantages\r\n1. Compact design of engines\r\n2. It provides even cooling to the engine\r\n3. Engine can be installed at any location of the vehicle. It is not necessary to install engine at the front.\r\n4. It can be used in both small and big engines\r\nLimitations\r\n1. Here water jacket becomes one extra part of engine.\r\n2. Water circulation consumes power, thus reduces engine efficiency.\r\n3. In case of failure of of cooling system, serious damage could happen to the engine.\r\n4. Cost of system is considerably high.\r\n5. It requires routine maintenance, and thus puts extra maintenance cost burden.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ndiesel engine cooling system\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAIR OR DIRECT COOLING SYSTEM\r\nIn a direct cooling system an engine is cooled directly with the help of air flowing through it. It is the same cooling system which is used to cool our bike engines.\r\nAs we can see here, air is in direct contact with the engine hence it is also known as direct cooling system.\r\nAir cooling system is used for small engines, like that of bikes and grass cutter etc.\r\nAdvantages\r\n1. Design of engine becomes simpler.\r\n2. Repair is easy in case of damages.\r\n3. Absence of bulky cooling system makes system maintenance easily.\r\n4. No danger of coolant leakage.\r\n5. Engine is not subjected to freezing troubles.\r\n6. Weight of the system is less.\r\n7. It is a self contained unit, as it does not requires radiator, header, tanks etc.\r\n8. Installation of air cooled system is easy.\r\nLimitations\r\n1. It is applicable to only small and medium sized engines.\r\n2. It can only be used at the places where ambient temperatures is lower.\r\n3. Cooling is not uniform.\r\n4. Higher working temperature as compared to water cooled engines.\r\n5. It produces more aerodynamic noise.\r\n6. Specific fuel consumption is slightly higher.\r\n7. Lower maximum allowable compression ratios.\r\n8. The fan, if used consumes almost 5% power generated by the engines.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCharacteristics of an efficient engine cooling system\r\nFollowing are two main characteristics of an efficient engine cooling system.\r\n\r\n1. It should be capable of removing about 30% of the heat generated in the engine, while maintaining optimum working temperature in the engine.\r\n2. It should remove heat at a faster rate when engine is hot and remove engine at slow rate when engine is cold.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Cooling System | Types , Advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Heating-Cooling-System-02-300x227.jpg","height":227,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=60">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=59"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>59</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=60"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>60</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>61</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=62"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>62</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=63"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>63</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=62">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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