Table of Contents

汽车传感器|类型，车辆传感器的功能

VEHICLE SENSORS: TYPES AND FUNCTIONS

从某种意义上说，传感器是车辆的感官器官。电子控制系统的基本组成部分，必须记录物理或化学变量并将其转换为电信号…

TYPES OF SENSORS

In recent years, there has been an explosion in the number of different types of sensor. Many new types of sensor have been seen in particular in the area of safety and convenience electronics. Essentially, sensors can be categorised as follows:

1. Position sensors (distance/angle sensors)

Position sensors are used to capture the position of

油门阀，
of the accelerator or brake pedal,
柴油注入泵中的距离和角位置
油箱中的填充水平，
of the steering angle,
倾斜角，等等。

用于确定现代驾驶员辅助系统障碍距离的超声波和雷达传感器也属于这一类。

2.速度和速度传感器

Speed and velocity sensors are used to determine

曲轴的速度，
camshafts and
diesel injection pumps or
wheel speeds.

Yaw rate sensors also belong in this category. They detect the rotational movement of the vehicle about its own axis and are needed for ESP.

3. Acceleration sensors

Acceleration sensors record the acceleration of the car body and are used in passive safety systems (airbags, seat belt tensioners, roll bars) and driving stability systems such as ABS and ESP, as well as in chassis control.

4. Pressure sensors

压力传感器用于捕获各种压力

suction or charging pressure,
fuel pressure, brake pressure,
tyre pressure,
液压储层压力（用于ABS和动力转向），
制冷剂压力（空调系统），
modulation pressure (automatic transmission) and so on.

5.温度传感器

温度传感器是用来捕获温度es, e.g. in the context of measuring

吸气或充电温度，
环境和内部温度，
蒸发器温度（空调系统），
coolant temperature,
engine oil temperature,
轮胎气温等。

6. Force and torque sensors

Force and torque sensors are used to measure forces such as

踏板力量，
drive,
制动和转向扭矩力或
the weight of the occupants of a vehicle (for adaptive restraint systems).

7.流动器

Flow-meters are used to capture the fuel requirement and the amount of air drawn in by the engine.

8. Gas sensors

Gas sensors capture the composition of the exhaust gas (oxygen sensor, NOx sensor) or detect hazardous substances in the fresh air supply.

EXAMPLES OF SENSORS FOR ENGINE CONTROL:

Pulse sensor, crankshaft

The crankshaft sensor captures the engine speed and the position of the crankshaft. The control unit uses these values to calculate the injection pulse and the ignition pulse.

Camshaft position

凸轮轴传感器位于气缸盖，并在凸轮轴上扫描环齿轮。例如，使用此信息来开始注射，以使信号激活泵/喷嘴注入系统的螺线管阀和缸特异性敲击控制。

空气计

The air mass meter is installed between the air filter housing and the intake manifold. It measures the air mass drawn in by the engine. This variable provides the basis for calculating the fuel quantity that must be supplied to the engine.

Intake air temperature/Outside temperature/Interior temperature

空气温度传感器捕获环境空气的温度。测得的值用于控制各种系统（例如空调系统）或注射系统的校正值。安装位置由要测量的空气温度确定。例如，进气温的传感器位于进气管的气管中。

冷却液温度

The coolant temperature sensor is screw-mounted in the cooling system. The gauge tip protrudes into the coolant and records its temperature. The control unit uses this value to adapt the amount of fuel injected to the engine temperature.

Throttle position

Throttle valve sensors are attached to the throttle valve axle. They monitor the opening angle of the throttle valve. From the values, the engine electronics calculates the fuel quantity which is injected based on other factors.

Knock sensors

Knocking is an uncontrolled form of combustion in a petrol engine. As continuous knocking can damage the engine, it must be checked and regulated. The engine control unit evaluates the voltage signals received from the knock sensor and regulates the ignition point in a range just below what is known as the knock limit. Knock sensors are permanently monitored by the control unit.

进气管压力

的进气管pressure sensor measures the intake pipe vacuum downstream of the throttle valve and forwards this value to the engine control unit as an electrical signal. This is combined with the value of the air temperature sensor so that the air mass drawn in can be calculated.

Oxygen sensors

氧气传感器测量排气中的残留氧含量，以确保始终燃烧最佳的燃烧混合物。取决于传感器的类型，化学元件（二氧化钛/二氧化钛）和废气偏置电压的残留氧含量，然后由控制单元用作测量变量。

来自汽车电子电子的传感器示例：

Wheel speed

The wheel speed is used by driving safety systems such as ABS and ASR as a speed value as well as by GPS systems to calculate distance travelled. A fault will cause these systems to fail, significantly impairing safety.

速度，传输

传输传感器捕获传输速度。控制单元使用速度信号来精确控制移位过程中的移位压力，并确定应在何时参与哪个齿轮。

Speed, distances travelled

Distance sensors are used to capture driving speed. They are mounted on the transmission or rear axle. They information obtained is required for the speedometer, cruise control and converter slip control.

Engine oil level/Coolant level

For reasons of operational safety and for increased comfort, levels such as engine oil, coolant and washer fluid are monitored with level sensors. The level sensors send a signal to the engine control unit which activates an indicator lamp.

刹车衬里

The brake wear sensors are located on the brake linings and are subject to the same wear. A visual signal tells the driver that the wear limit has been reached.

Safety

The sensor information provides the basis for the function of numerous active and passive safety systems. Thanks to significant progress in the development of new sensors, there has been a constant increase in the capabilities of safety and driver assist systems in recent years. Sensors thus have a key role to play in increasing safety on our roads.

Some of safety systems are

1.避免前碰撞系统 -

It alerts the driver when the vehicle is getting close to another vehicle in front of it. It employs various sensors such as cameras, RADAR or LIDAR to sense the objects or other vehicles in front of the vehicle. A forward collision warning system provided with autonomous braking can reduce the speed of the vehicle thereby mitigating the effect of collision.

2. Adaptive cruise control –

Adaptive cruise control maintains the vehicle’s pre-set speed. It automatically slows down the vehicle in heavy traffic to maintain a safe gap. Forward-mounted sensors keep track of the distance to the vehicle at the front. The vehicle accelerates to maintain the preset cruise speed as the traffic speeds up.

3. Lane departure warning and prevention system –

This system employs cameras to track the position of the vehicle within the lane and alert the driver if the vehicle is in danger. Certain systems offer haptic warnings such as seat or steering vibrations, while others provide audible and/or visual warnings.

4. Blind spot detection system –

This sensor network system monitors the blind spots at the front, side and rear areas of the vehicle. Most of the systems provide visual alerts appearing on or near the side view mirrors upon detecting the blind spot.

当驾驶员发出信号转弯时，会激活声音警报，并且车辆朝着转弯侧的盲点前进。

Certain systems may also activate the steering controls or brake to maintain the vehicle in its lane.

5.公园辅助和预防系统 -

协助驾驶员停车并备份车辆。后对象检测系统利用传感器和摄像头使驾驶员在备份时可以在车辆后侧寻找物体。

6. Adaptive headlight

它提醒驱动程序在黑暗的弯曲道路上更好地可视化物体。大灯朝着移动车辆的方向旋转，以根据车辆的速度和方向盘运动来照亮道路。

7. Fatigue warning systems

it employ sophisticated algorithms to monitor the steering control and other behaviors such as blink duration and blink rate of the driver. This system is designed to warn the driver if it detects drowsiness or inattention.

8. Curve speed warning system

它通过使用全球定位系统和数字地图来监视车辆在道路上弯曲时的车辆。曲线速度传感器会警告驾驶员，如果系统感觉到车辆正在以上速度接近曲线。

Environmental protection

Sensors make modern vehicles not only safer but also cleaner. They supply the basic information for clean and effective fuel combustion in the engine, thereby enabling exhaust emissions values and fuel consumption to be reduced significantly. Finally, they support the reliable functioning of high-efficiency exhaust re-treatment systems. Examples include the controlled 3-way catalytic converter, the diesel particulate filter or the DeNOx catalytic converter.