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Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Manual Transmission | Components , types , Working and Application 
A manual transmission is a house of various components like gears, shafts and various selecting mechanism that is arranged in...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/manual-transmission-components-types-working-and-application/" aria-label="View Post: Manual Transmission | Components , types , Working and Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Manual Transmission | Components , types , Working and Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/manual-transmission-components-types-working-and-application\/","articleBody":"Manual Transmission | Components , types , Working and Application \r\nA manual transmission is a house of various components like gears, shafts and various selecting mechanism that is arranged in special fashion to provide appropriate torque and speed ratios to compete with the challenges provided by the different road conditions, the shifting from high torque to high speed and vice-versa is performed manually by symmetrical pushing and pulling of the gear lever by the driver.\r\n\r\nRead more ;\u00a0What is Transmission System | Function of Transmission System\r\n\r\nThe vehicle with MT usually comes with an n-speed manual with or without reverse configuration where \u2018n\u2019 denotes the number of speed ratios or shifts for example-Maruti Suzuki swift comes with 5-speed 1-reverse manual transmission.\r\n\r\nManual Transmission | Components , types , Working and Application\r\nCOMPONENTS OF A MANUAL TRANSMISSION\r\n1. Clutch Pedal:\r\nThe clutch pedal is a hydraulically controlled piece of gear that disengages the clutch when you depress it.\r\n2. Clutch:\r\nThis is a system of components which is used to transmit engine torque to the transmission. It consists of a pressure plate, diaphragm spring, clutch disc, throw-out bearing, and other smaller components. The clutch disc is a friction pad which is sandwiched between the flywheel and the pressure plate.\r\n3. Flywheel:\r\nAs it relates to manual transmissions, the flywheel is the component which delivers engine torque to the clutch disc. This circular mass has a smooth surface which the clutch disc interacts with.\r\n\r\nUnderstanding how a clutch works are fairly important to understanding the transmission overall.\r\n4. Selector Fork\r\nThis arm is used to move the collars along the output shaft (to select gears) and can be moved using the gear shift.\r\n5. Collar(s)\r\nThe collar is what is used to select different gears. It slides between gears and can mesh with them. The collar is splined to the output shaft, whereas the gears rotate with the layshaft (and thus are on bearings on the output shaft). By locking the collar with a selected gear, engine torque passes from the layshaft to the output shaft.\r\n\r\n6. Synchronisers\r\n\r\nThese are located between the gears and the collar and allow for the collar to engage the gear even if there is a speed differential between the two. Essentially, this aids in matching the speed of the gear and the collar.\r\n\r\n7. Shafts\r\n\r\nThere are usually 3 shafts used in a manual transmission those are-\r\n\r\n(i) Main-Shaft-\u00a0\r\n\r\nIt is the shaft that is also called the output shaft and is placed in front of the clutch shaft and in parallel to the lay-shaft. Gears, gear lever along with the meshing devices such as dog clutches and synchromesh devices are mounted over this shaft.\r\n\r\n(ii) Lay-shaft or Counter Shaft-\u00a0\r\n\r\nIt is the shaft used as an intermediate shaft between the clutch shaft and the main shaft, it is usually mounted below and parallel to the main shaft, and act as an engine output carrier from the clutch shaft to the main shaft.\r\n\r\n(iii) Clutch-Shaft-\u00a0\r\n\r\nIt is the shaft that carries the rotational output from the engine\u2019s flywheel to the transmission with the help of clutch that engages and disengages the output from the engine.\r\n\r\n8. Gears\r\n\r\nVarious sized gears are used to allow for different wheel speeds. Larger gears will provide more torque but have lower maximum speeds. Smaller gears (with fewer teeth) will provide less torque but will allow the car to travel at a higher speed.\r\n\r\nThere are mainly 4 types of gears used in the manual gearbox those are-\r\n\r\n(i) Spur Gear:\u00a0\r\n\r\nUsed in old sliding mesh gearbox these types of gears have straight cut teethes.\r\n\r\n(ii) Helical Gear:\r\n\r\nThey are the modified version of the latter as they have angular cut teethes.\r\n\r\n(iii) Bevel:\r\nThey are best of all above gears having a conical cross-sectional area with angular cut teethes.\r\n\r\n(iv) Idler-gear:\u00a0\r\n\r\nIt is the small gear used as a reverse gear usually mounted over the layshaft.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTYPES OF MANUAL GEARBOX USED\r\nThere are 3 types of manual gearboxes used since the introduction of the transmission that is-\r\n\r\n1. Sliding Mesh Gearbox\r\n\r\nThis is the oldest type of gearbox used. In this type of gearbox shifting occurs by the sliding of gears over the splined main-shaft in order to mesh with the appropriate gear on the lay-shaft whose one gear is in constant mesh with the clutch shaft gear in order to carry rotational motion for the conversion(high torque or high speed)as required by the drive, this gearbox requires special technique for the shifting that is usually known as double-declutching and also the meshing was so noisy and harsh, that gives rise to the development of a new gearbox system.\r\n\r\nNote-They usually came with the max of 3-speed manual shifts.\r\n\r\n2. Constant Mesh Gearbox\r\n\r\nThis is the modified version of the later which was introduced to over the limitations of the later, in this type all the gears on the main-shaft, lay-shaft and clutch-shaft are in constant mesh with each other and the selection of the appropriate gear is done by the special meshing devices known as dog clutches which slides over the splined main-shaft in order to select the appropriate gear as need by the drive. This system flushes away the double-de-clutching problem and made the drive less noisy as the spur gears of the sliding mesh is replaced with the helical or bevel gears ,but the shifting of gear is still not smooth and also there is a lot of wear and tear of the dog clutches due to the different rotational speed of the shafts while meshing, which leads to the high maintenance.\r\n\r\nNote \u2013 it came with 4 or 5-speed 1-reverse manual shift configuration.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0Types Of Automobile Gearbox-Working of Sliding Mesh Gearbox\r\n\r\n3. Synchromesh Gearbox\r\n\r\nRead More ;\u00a0Construction And Working Of Synchromesh Gear Box\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWORKING OF MODERN MANUAL TRANSMISSION\r\nToday almost all the vehicles with a manual transmission on the road are equipped with synchromesh gearbox as it is more reliable, needs less maintenance, and the selection of gear is not complex with This type of gearbox whose working is as follows-\r\n\r\n\u2022 When the driver presses the clutch pedal in order to shift the gear, the disengagement of the engine flywheel and clutch shaft occurs which lets the driver select appropriate gear according to the need of the drive.\r\n\r\n\u2022 When the gear lever is pushed or pulled by the driver in order to select the particular gear, the synchromesh device which is attached to the particular link slides towards the selected constantly meshed pair of gears.\r\n\r\n\u2022 At first, this synchromesh device makes the frictional contact with the selected pair and the shafts in order to bring the rotating shafts at the same speed.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Then the pair of gears having an appropriate gear ratio has meshed with the synchromesh device in order to obtain output given by the pair of gears, which is then transferred to the main shaft.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Then this output with appropriate torque or speed is transferred to the final drive when the driver releases the clutch pedal which completes the shifting of gear.\r\n\r\n\u2022 When it comes to the selection of reverse gear the contact of the synchromesh device is made with the idler gear which in turn reverses the rotation of the main shaft and the drive starts moving in reverse direction.\r\nNote \u2013 As constant meshing of gears and Continuous sliding of synchronizing devices is there so constant supply of lubricating oil should be there in order to avoid wear and tear of the components of the manual transmission.\r\nAPPLICATION\r\nSpecifically, manual transmission covers 52% of the total automobile market which means more than half the vehicle on the roads is equipped with MT.\r\n\r\n1. All the heavy vehicles such as trucks, loaders, etc. Are equipped with MT.\r\n\r\n2. Almost all the bikes on the road are having a manual gearbox with usually 4 or 5-speed shifts with no reverse.\r\n\r\n3. The formula race cars use a manual transmission with quick response shifting mechanism.\r\n\r\n4. Almost all commercial cars use MT due to their low cost except high-end cars like Audi, BMW, etc.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Manual Transmission | Components , types , Working and Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/manual-transmission-working-300x232.jpg","height":232,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/electric-vehicle-components-and-working-principle/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/electric-vehicle-300x188.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Electric Vehicle | Components And Working Principle</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/electric-vehicle-components-and-working-principle/">Electric Vehicle | Components And Working Principle</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Electric Vehicle | Components And Working Principle
All-electric vehicles (EVs) have an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine. The vehicle uses a large traction battery pack to...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/electric-vehicle-components-and-working-principle/" aria-label="View Post: Electric Vehicle | Components And Working Principle">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Electric Vehicle | Components And Working Principle","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/electric-vehicle-components-and-working-principle\/","articleBody":"Electric Vehicle | Components And Working Principle\r\nAll-electric vehicles (EVs) have an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine. The vehicle uses a large traction battery pack to power the electric motor and must be plugged into a charging station or wall outlet to charge. Because it runs on electricity, the vehicle emits no exhaust from a tailpipe and does not contain the typical liquid fuel components, such as a fuel pump, fuel line, or fuel tank.\r\n\r\nAll-electric vehicles (EVs) use a battery pack to store the electrical energy that powers the motor. EVs are sometimes referred to as battery electric vehicles (BEVs). EV batteries are charged by plugging the vehicle into an electric power source. Although electricity production may contribute to air pollution, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency categorizes all-electric vehicles as zero-emission vehicles because they produce no direct exhaust or emissions.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0\r\n\r\nHybrid Electric Vehicles | Seminar Report Pdf Free Download\r\nSeminar On Hybrid Cars \/Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) Full Report PDF Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBoth heavy-duty and light-duty EVs are commercially available. EVs are typically more expensive than similar conventional and hybrid vehicles, although some cost can be recovered through fuel savings, a federal tax credit, or state incentives.\r\n\r\nelectric vehicle\r\nComponents of an All-Electric Car\r\nBattery (all-electric auxiliary): \r\nIn an electric drive vehicle, the auxiliary battery provides electricity to power vehicle accessories.\r\nCharge port: \r\nThe charge port allows the vehicle to connect to an external power supply in order to charge the traction battery pack.\r\nDC\/DC converter: \r\nThis device converts higher-voltage DC power from the traction battery pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle accessories and recharge the auxiliary battery.\r\nElectric traction motor: \r\nUsing power from the traction battery pack, this motor drives the vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both the drive and regeneration functions.\r\nOnboard charger: \r\nTakes the incoming AC electricity supplied via the charge port and converts it to DC power for charging the traction battery. It monitors battery characteristics such as voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge while charging the pack.\r\n\r\nPower electronics controller: \r\n\r\nThis unit manages the flow of electrical energy delivered by the traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction motor and the torque it produces.\r\n\r\nThermal system (cooling): \r\n\r\nThis system maintains a proper operating temperature range of the engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other components.\r\n\r\nTraction battery pack: \r\n\r\nStores electricity for use by the electric traction motor.\r\n\r\nTransmission (electric): \r\n\r\nThe transmission transfers mechanical power from the electric traction motor to drive the wheels.\r\n\r\nDriving Range\r\n\r\nToday's EVs generally have a shorter range (per charge) than comparable conventional vehicles have (per tank of gas). The efficiency and driving range of EVs vary substantially based on driving conditions. Extreme outside temperatures tend to reduce range because more energy must be used to heat or cool the cabin. High driving speeds reduce range because of the energy required to overcome increased drag. Compared with gradual acceleration, rapid acceleration reduces range. Hauling heavy loads or driving up significant inclines also reduces range.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Electric Vehicle | Components And Working Principle","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/electric-vehicle-300x188.jpg","height":188,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/car-air-conditioning-ac-system-function-components-working/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/car-air-conditioning-working-300x173.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Car Air Conditioning AC System | Function , Components , Working</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/car-air-conditioning-ac-system-function-components-working/">Car Air Conditioning AC System | Function , Components , Working</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Car Air Conditioning AC System | Function , Components , Working 
The automotive air conditioning system is also working on the reverse Brayton or Rankine cycle. As like all air conditioning system...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/car-air-conditioning-ac-system-function-components-working/" aria-label="View Post: Car Air Conditioning AC System | Function , Components , Working">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Car Air Conditioning AC System | Function , Components , Working","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/car-air-conditioning-ac-system-function-components-working\/","articleBody":"Car Air Conditioning AC System | Function , Components , Working \r\nThe automotive air conditioning system is also working on the reverse Brayton or Rankine cycle. As like all air conditioning system the aim of automotive air conditioning is to control the temperature and humidity of the atmospheric air and circulate the same in the automobile. The automotive air conditioning system consists of a refrigeration system, air circulation, and distribution system and a control system. The refrigeration system cools down the air which includes many other parts like compressor, condenser, etc. The air circulating system circulates this cooled air into the car which includes blower, air duct, etc. The controlling system used to control the temperature of the car by sensing it and control the refrigerating system.\r\n\r\nAir conditioning has two main purposes:\r\n1. Cools the air entering the passenger compartment\r\n2. Removes the moisture from the air so it feels more comfortable inside the vehicle.\r\nComponents of Car AC\r\n\r\nVehicles are found to have primarily three different types of air conditioning systems. While each of the three types differs, the concept and design are very similar to one another. The most common components which make up these automotive systems are the following:\r\nThe components used in automobile AC are-\r\n1. Compressor \u2013\u00a0\r\nIt is also known as the heart of the AC system. The AC cycle starts with the compressor compressing the low-pressure gaseous refrigerant. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a high-pressure gaseous refrigerant. The compressor is the central component of the AC system. A compressor provides pressure rise to the refrigerant to convert the vapor refrigerant into liquid refrigerant which in turn enables the further flow of the refrigerant through the condenser. The compressor of the car air conditioning system is driven by the crankshaft of the engine through the belt drive.\r\n\r\nCar Air Conditioning AC System | Function , Components , Working\r\n2. Condenser \u2013\u00a0\r\nIt is the device looks like a small radiator and is used after the compressor as it provides condensing i.e. lowers the temperature, of the high pressure and high-temperature liquid refrigerant sent by the compressor through forced convection provided either by radiator fan or by separated fan used with the condenser.\r\nAs hot compressed gasses are introduced into the top of the condenser, they are cooled off. As the gas cools, it condenses and exits the bottom of the condenser as a high-pressure liquid.\r\n3. Expansion valve-\u00a0\r\nIt is a device used in car air conditioning system to expand the high pressure, low-temperature liquid refrigerant sent by the condenser in order to release the pressure of the refrigerant before sending it to the evaporator for the further process.\r\n4. Evaporator \u2013\u00a0\r\nIt is a device that looks like another heat exchanger and is placed just behind the AC vent over a dashboard of a car, an evaporator takes heat from the passenger\u2019s compartment and convert the liquid refrigerant sent by the expansion valve into vapor, which in turn provides cooling through the fan inside a passenger\u2019s cabin.\r\n\r\nIts primary duty is to remove heat from the inside of your vehicle. A secondary benefit is a dehumidification. As warmer air travels through the aluminum fins of the cooler evaporator coil, the moisture contained in the air condenses on its surface.\r\n\r\nNote \u2013 Thermal expansion valve is used in vehicles that enable the passenger to change the temperature according to the requirement, by just adjusting the knob provided over a dashboard in passenger\u2019s cabin.\r\n5. Receiver-Dryer-\u00a0\r\nIt is a safety catch used in an automobile or car air conditioning system as there is a chance that instead of vapors some liquid also flows towards the compressor which can damage the compressor, so the receiver dryer is used in between evaporator and compressor to convert that remaining liquid into vapors before sending it to compressor for compression.\r\nReceiver\/driers serve three very important functions:\r\n1. They act as temporary storage containers for oil and refrigerant when neither are needed for system operation (such as during periods of low cooling demand). This is the \u201creceiver\u201d function of the receiver\/drier.\r\n\r\n2. Most receiver\/driers contain a filter that can trap debris that may be inside the A\/C system.\r\n\r\n3. Receiver\/driers contain a material called desiccant. The desiccant is used to absorb moisture (water) that may have gotten inside the A\/C system during manufacture, assembly or service. Moisture can get into the A\/C components from humidity in the air. This is the \u201cdrier\u201d function of the receiver\/drier.\r\n6. Refrigerant \u2013\u00a0\r\nIt is the heat sensitive fluid with a very low boiling point that is used in AC as a medium of heat exchange.\r\n7. Pressure Regulating Devices\r\nControlling the evaporator temperature can be accomplished by controlling refrigerant pressure and flow into the evaporator.\r\n8. Orifice Tube\r\nThe orifice tube, probably the most commonly used, can be found in most GM and Ford models. It is located in the inlet tube of the evaporator, or in the liquid line, somewhere between the outlet of the condenser and the inlet of the evaporator. This point can be found in a properly functioning system by locating the area between the outlet of the condenser and the inlet of the evaporator that suddenly makes the change from hot to cold.\r\n9. Accumulator\r\nAccumulators are used on systems that accommodate an orifice tube to meter refrigerants into the evaporator. It is connected directly to the evaporator outlet and stores excess liquid refrigerant. Introduction of liquid refrigerant into a compressor can do serious damage. Compressors are designed to compress gas not liquid. The chief role of the accumulator is to isolate the compressor from any damaging liquid refrigerant. Accumulators, like receiver-driers, also remove debris and moisture from a system.\r\n\r\nAn accumulator is comparable in purpose to a receiver\/drier. It serves similar, but slightly different functions. An accumulator is also a metal cylinder, but differs from a receiver\/drier in these three ways:\r\n\r\n1. An accumulator is considerably larger than a receiver\/drier, usually around twice the volume.\r\n\r\n2. The accumulator is connected to the evaporator outlet, in the low-pressure section of the system.\r\n\r\n3. The accumulator\u2019s primary function is to store liquid refrigerant that is exiting the evaporator, to prevent it from reaching the compressor. If liquid refrigerant were to enter the compressor, it could cause damage, as the compressor is not designed to pump liquid, only vapor.\r\nWorking of Car AC\r\nThe working of an automobile AC system is also almost the same as the normal AC but little difference is there-\r\n\r\n1. The evaporator which is another heat exchanger used in AC takes heat from the passenger\u2019s cabin which in turn converts the liquid refrigerant flowing through the evaporator into vapors which in turn provide cooling with the help of the blower fan.\r\n\r\n2. This vapor having high-temperature low pressure is then sent to the compressor which in turn increases the pressure over the vapors and converts the vapor refrigerant into a liquid refrigerant. Now the refrigerant is in high pressure and high-temperature liquid state.\r\n\r\n3. This high-pressure high-temperature liquid refrigerant is then sent to the condenser which lowers the temperature of this refrigerant by forced convection provided by the radiator fan or by separated fan used. Now the refrigerant is having a low temperature but the pressure of the liquid is almost the same.\r\n\r\n4. This high pressure and the low-temperature refrigerant is then sent to expansion valve which in turn releases the pressure from the refrigerant and convert it into its original state.\r\n\r\n5. This refrigerant is then again sent to the evaporator for the further cycle.\r\n\r\nNote \u2013 Between evaporator and compressor a receiver dryer is used that converts the remaining liquid refrigerant from the evaporator into the vapors before sending it to the compressor.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Receiver dryer also provides filtering of the system by absorbing the contaminated foreign materials inside the AC system.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nAutomobile Engineering Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Car Air Conditioning AC System | Function , Components , Working","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/car-air-conditioning-working-300x173.jpg","height":173,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/drum-brake-parts-types-working/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/drum-brake-construction-300x168.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Drum Brake : Components , Types and Working Principle</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/drum-brake-parts-types-working/">Drum Brake : Components , Types and Working Principle</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Drum Brake : Components , Types and Working Principle 
A drum brake is a brake that uses friction caused by a set of shoes or pads that press outward against a rotating cylinder-shaped part called a...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/drum-brake-parts-types-working/" aria-label="View Post: Drum Brake : Components , Types and Working Principle">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Drum Brake : Components , Types and Working Principle","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/drum-brake-parts-types-working\/","articleBody":"Drum Brake : Components , Types and Working Principle \r\nA drum brake is a brake that uses friction caused by a set of shoes or pads that press outward against a rotating cylinder-shaped part called a brake drum.\r\n\r\nThe term drum brake usually means a braking system in which shoes press on the inner surface of the drum. When shoes press on the outside of the drum, it is usually called a clasp brake. Where the drum is pinched between two shoes, similar to a conventional disc brake, it is sometimes called a pinch drum brake, though such brakes are relatively rare. A related type called a band brake uses a flexible belt or \"band\" wrapping around the outside of a drum.\r\n\r\nDrum brakes are primarily used at the rear axle of small and compact class vehicles.\r\n\r\nRead Also:\u00a0\r\n\r\nDisc Brake | Construction , Working Principle , types and Rotor Materials\r\nBraking System Projects For Automobile mechanical Engineers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFUNCTION\r\nDrum brakes have been around for almost as long as the automobile itself and are still fitted today in a modified and more sophisticated form in modern cars. The term drum brake describes the design principle: namely, an enclosed cylindrical structure.\r\nDRUM BRAKE COMPONENTS\r\ndrum brake construction\r\n\r\nA drum brake comprises the following components:\r\n\r\n1. Backing plate: \r\nProvides a solid base for other components in the drum brake attached to the axle sleeve.\r\n\r\n2. Brake drum: \r\nBolted to the wheel hub and spins with the wheel. Often made of cast iron, and is resistant to heat and wear. This is what you see when you look at an assembled drum brake and is the component upon which braking force is applied to slow or stop the car.\r\n\r\n3. Wheel cylinder: \r\nContains two pistons, one at each end of the cylinder, to operate the brake shoes. The cylinder applies pressure to the pistons, which pushes the brake shoes towards the drum, slowing or stopping the car. One cylinder is needed per wheel.\r\n\r\n4. Brake shoe: \r\nPushes into the drum to create the friction necessary to slow or stop the car. Secured to the backing, but able to slide when pressure from the wheel cylinder is applied. It has a lining attached to it, made up of organic or metallic compounds. The lining is what actually comes in contact with the drum and wears away with use. Each brake contains two shoes. The primary shoe is closer to the front of the vehicle, while the secondary shoe is closer to the rear. Depending on the type and brand, the brake shoes may be interchangeable.\r\n\r\n5. Automatic adjuster: \r\nKeeps the brake shoes at a consistent distance away from the drum, even as the lining wears away.\r\n\r\n6. Return springs: \r\nPulls the brake shoes back away from the drum when the driver lets off the brake pedal.\r\n\r\nThe brake drum is fixed to the wheel and turns with it. On braking, the wheel cylinder forces the fixed brake shoes apart and presses them against the brake drum, thus slowing it down. When the brake is released, the return springs move the brake shoes back to their original position.\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\r\nWhen the driver steps on the brake pedal, the power is amplified by the brake booster (servo system) and changed into hydraulic pressure (oil-pressure) by the master cylinder. The pressure reaches the brakes on the wheels via tubing filled with brake oil (brake fluid). The delivered pressure pushes the pistons on the brakes of the four wheels. The pistons press the brake linings, which are friction materials, against the inside surfaces of the brake drums which rotate with the wheels. The linings are pressed on the rotating drums, which in turn decelerate the wheels, thereby slowing down and stopping the vehicle.\r\n\r\ndrum brake construction\r\nTYPES OF DRUM BRAKES\r\nThere are mainly three types \u2013 mechanical, hydraulic &amp; pneumatic assisted Drum Brakes.\r\n\r\n1. Mechanical:\r\n\r\nIn the mechanical Drum brake system such as in two-wheeler &amp; auto rickshaw, the brake shoes are actuated by a cam, which is attached to the brake linkage &amp; pedal. When you press the brake pedal, the cam turns. Thus, it causes the brake shoes to expand outwards and rub against the drum. \r\nThe friction between the brake linings and the drum causes the drum to stop rotating, thereby the wheel to stop. When you release the brake pedal, the retracting springs bring the brake shoes back to their original position. This results in a gap between them and the drum and to again spin it freely.\r\n\r\n2. Hydraulic:\r\n\r\nThe hydraulic Drum brake system such as in cars is a bit superior to a mechanical one. In this design, the hydraulic wheel cylinder replaces the cam. In the hydraulic system, instead of a cam, the wheel cylinder\u2019s pistons push the brake shoes outwards. The brake shoes fit on the anchor plate or braking plate. It holds the brakes system parts together and on to the car\u2019s axle. When you press the brake pedal, the oil in the brake master cylinder multiplies the hydraulic force sent to the wheel cylinders. Thus, it causes its pistons to push outwards. The pistons, in turn, cause the brake shoes to expand and rub against the drum. The friction between the brake linings and the drum causes the drum to stop rotating, thereby the wheel to stop.\r\n\r\n3. Pneumatic assisted:\r\n\r\nThe third type \u2013 pneumatic assisted Drum-brake system; actuated by air-pressure, which works on the same principle of that of the mechanical Drum brake system. It is also operated by a bigger size cam or the \u2018S\u2019 shaped cam and is popularly known as the \u201cS-Cam\u201d brake system. However, high-pressure compressed air actuates a pneumatic piston which turns the cam. Mostly the medium to heavy commercial vehicles use this type of drum brake system.\r\n\r\nBASED ON PRINCIPLE\r\n\r\n1. Leading\/trailing shoe type drum brake\r\n\r\n\"Leading (or primary) shoe\" is a term referring to the shoe that moves in the direction of rotation when it is being pressed against the drum. The other shoe is called the \u201ctrailing (secondary) shoe.\u201d The leading shoe is pressed in the same direction as the rotation of the drums, and this rotation helps to press the shoes against the drum with greater pressure for stronger braking force. This is called the servo effect (self-boosting effect) which realizes the powerful braking forces of drum brakes.\r\n\r\nStructurally, it has a wheel cylinder housing a piston with which hydraulic pressure is generated to push the two shoes against the drum\u2019s inner surface.\r\n\r\nThe two shoe function in a way they both become either the trailing shoe or leading shoe depending on whether the vehicle is traveling forward or backward. Drum brakes generate consistent braking force whether the vehicle travels forward or backward. This is because drum brakes generate the same braking force in either direction. Generally, this type is used for the rear brakes of passenger cars.\r\n\r\n2. Twin leading shoe type drum brake\r\n\r\nThis type of drum brake has two-wheel cylinders and two leading shoes. Each wheel cylinder presses on one shoe so that both shoes act as leading ones when the vehicle moves forward, providing superior braking force.\r\nEach of the pistons housed in the wheel cylinders displaces in one direction, so when the vehicle is in reverse both shoes act as trailing ones. This type is used mainly for the front brakes of small-to-mid-sized trucks.\r\nThe dual twin leading shoe type has pistons that displace in both directions, making it possible for both shoes to act as leading ones, regardless of the direction of travel. This type is mainly used for the rear brakes of small-to-mid-sized trucks.\r\n\r\n3. Duo-servo type drum brake\r\n\r\nThe duo-servo type features a structure where two brake shoes, called the primary shoe and secondary shoe, are linked via an adjuster. Strong pressure from the servo effect (self-boosting effect) of the primary shoe is transmitted to the linked secondary shoe, thus generated a very large braking force.\r\nThis type is mainly used for parking brakes on passenger cars, the center brakes on trucks, and brakes on forklifts.\r\nADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES\r\nAdvantages of Drum brake system:\r\n\r\n1. Simple design and parts\r\n2. Easy &amp; cheaper to manufacture\r\n3. Low maintenance cost\r\n4. Comparatively longer life\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Drum Brake system:\r\n\r\n1. Low braking force compared to Discs\r\n2. Brakes 'fade' when applied for a prolonged time\r\n3. The brake shoe lining made of asbestos is harmful to humans\r\n4. When wet, the braking grip reduces considerably\r\n5. Non-asbestos linings catch moisture, causing Drum brakes to grab suddenly.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nDesign and Fabrication projects - Abstract , Report Download\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Drum Brake : Components , Types and Working Principle","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/drum-brake-construction-300x168.jpg","height":168,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/two-stroke-engine-parts-cycle-diagram-working-application/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/two-stroke-engine-300x200.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Two Stroke Engine : Parts , Cycle , Diagram , Working , Application</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/two-stroke-engine-parts-cycle-diagram-working-application/">Two Stroke Engine : Parts , Cycle , Diagram , Working , Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Two Stroke Engine : Parts , Cycle , Diagram , Working , Application 
A two-stroke (or two-cycle) engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power cycle with two strokes (up and...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/two-stroke-engine-parts-cycle-diagram-working-application/" aria-label="View Post: Two Stroke Engine : Parts , Cycle , Diagram , Working , Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Two Stroke Engine : Parts , Cycle , Diagram , Working , Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/two-stroke-engine-parts-cycle-diagram-working-application\/","articleBody":"Two Stroke Engine : Parts , Cycle , Diagram , Working , Application \r\nA two-stroke (or two-cycle) engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power cycle with two strokes (up and down movements) of the piston during only one crankshaft revolution. This is in contrast to a \"four-stroke engine\", which requires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle during two crankshaft revolutions. In a two-stroke engine, the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke happen simultaneously, with the intake and exhaust (or scavenging) functions occurring at the same time.\r\nTwo-stroke engines often have a high power-to-weight ratio, power being available in a narrow range of rotational speeds called the \"power band\". Compared to four-stroke engines, two-stroke engines have a greatly reduced number of moving parts, and so can be more compact and significantly lighter.\r\nPARTS OF TWO STROKE ENGINE\r\n1. Piston\u00a0\r\nIn an engine, the piston is used to transfer the expanding force of gases to mechanical rotation of crankshaft via a connecting rod. The piston is able to do this because it is secured tightly within the cylinder using piston rings to minimize the clearance between cylinder and piston.\r\n\r\n2. Crankshaft\r\nA crankshaft is a part which is able to convert the reciprocating motion to rotational motion.\r\n\r\n3. Connecting rod\r\nA connecting rod transfers motion from a piston to crankshaft which acts as a lever arm.\r\n\r\n4. Counterweight\u00a0\r\nThe counterweight on the crankshaft is used to reduce the vibrations due to imbalances in the rotating assembly.\r\n\r\n5. Flywheel\r\nThe flywheel is a rotating mechanical device which is used to store energy.\r\n\r\n6. Inlet &amp; Outlet Ports\r\nIt allows to enter fresh air with fuel &amp; to exit the spent air-fuel mixture from the cylinder.\r\n\r\n7. Spark Plug\r\nA spark plug delivers electric current to the combustion chamber which ignites the air-fuel mixture leading to an abrupt expansion of gas.\r\n\r\ntwo stroke engine\r\nCYCLES OF TWO STROKE ENGINE\r\n1. Intake\r\nThe fuel\/air mixture is first drawn into the crankcase by the vacuum that is created during the upward stroke of the piston. The illustrated engine features a poppet intake valve; however, many engines use a rotary value incorporated into the crankshaft.\r\n\r\n2. Crankcase compression\r\nDuring the downward stroke, the poppet valve is forced closed by the increased crankcase pressure. The fuel mixture is then compressed in the crankcase during the remainder of the stroke.\r\n\r\n3. Transfer\/Exhaust\r\nToward the end of the stroke, the piston exposes the intake port, allowing the compressed fuel\/air mixture in the crankcase to escape around the piston into the main cylinder. This expels the exhaust gasses out the exhaust port, usually located on the opposite side of the cylinder. Unfortunately, some of the fresh fuel mixtures is usually expelled as well.\r\n\r\n4. Compression\r\nThe piston then rises, driven by flywheel momentum, and compresses the fuel mixture. (At the same time, another intake stroke is happening beneath the piston).\r\n\r\n5. Power\r\nAt the top of the stroke, the spark plug ignites the fuel mixture. The burning fuel expands, driving the piston downward, to complete the cycle. (At the same time, another crankcase compression stroke is happening beneath the piston.)\r\nWORKING OF 2 STROKE ENGINES\r\nDown Stroke\r\n\r\nFirst, the piston is moved downside from TDC to BDC to let the fresh air enter into the combustion chamber. The fresh air-fuel mixture gets into the combustion chamber through the crankcase. Crankshaft rotation \u2013 180\u00b0\r\n\r\nUp Stroke\u00a0\r\n\r\nHere happens all the magic. The piston is pushed up from BDC to TDC. The fuel-air mixture gets compressed &amp; spark plug ignites the mixture. As the mixture gets expanded, the piston moves down. During the upstroke, the inlet port is opened. While this inlet port is opened, the mixture gets sucked inside the crankcase. When the mixture is pushed up into the combustion chamber during the previous upstroke, a partial vacuum is created as no mixture is left behind in the crankcase. This mixture is ready to go into the combustion chamber during a downstroke but remains in the crankcase until the piston goes up till TDC. Crankshaft rotation \u2013 360\u00b0\r\n\r\nTwo strokes get completed along with one power cycle.\r\n\r\nFrom the 2nd downstroke onwards the exhaust gases get expelled out from one side while a fresh mixture enters into the combustion chamber simultaneously due to the partial vacuum created in the combustion chamber after removal of exhaust gases. This is the beauty of the engine. Both things happen at the same time which makes it a 2 stroke engine.\r\nTwo-stroke diesel cycle goes like this:\r\n1. When the piston is at the top of its travel, the cylinder contains a charge of highly compressed air. Diesel fuel is sprayed into the cylinder by the injector and immediately ignites because of the heat and pressure inside the cylinder.\r\n\r\n2. The pressure created by the combustion of the fuel drives the piston downward. This is the power stroke.\r\n\r\n3. As the piston nears the bottom of its stroke, all of the exhaust valves open. Exhaust gases rush out of the cylinder, relieving the pressure.\r\n\r\n4. As the piston bottoms out, it uncovers the air intake ports. Pressurized air fills the cylinder, forcing out the remainder of the exhaust gases.\r\n\r\n5. The exhaust valves close and the piston starts traveling back upward, re-covering the intake ports and compressing the fresh charge of air. This is the compression stroke.\r\n\r\n6. As the piston nears the top of the cylinder, the cycle repeats with step 1.\r\nADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE\r\nAdvantages of two-stroke engines\r\n\r\n1. For the same dimensions, the power developed is twice to that of four stroke engines\r\n2. Power required for exhaust and suction stroke is saved\r\n3. More uniform turning moment compared to four-stroke engines hence a lighter flywheel is required\r\n4. For the same power output, the two-stroke engine occupies less space\r\n5. Two-stroke engines are lighter than same power four stroke engine\r\n6. Construction and working of a two-stroke is simple\r\n7. Less maintenance is required\r\n8. High power to weight ratio\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of two-stroke engines\r\n\r\n1. High-speed two-stroke engines are less efficient due to reduced volumetric efficiency\r\n2. In the case of the two-stroke engine running on Otto cycle, a considerable amount of fresh charge is lost due to poor volumetric efficiency\r\n3. Effective compression is less due to the provision of ports for intake and exhaust\r\n4. More consumption of lubricating oil\r\n5. At high loads, the two-stroke engine does not run smoothly due to dilution of charge\r\n\r\nAPPLICATIONS OF TWO STROKE ENGINES\r\n\r\nDue to increased regulation of air pollution, the use of two-stroke engines is decreased but they are still used in many low power applications. Such as\r\n1. Outboard motors\r\n2. High-performance, small-capacity motorcycles, mopeds, and dirt bikes\r\n3. Underbones, scooters, tuk-tuks, snowmobiles, karts\r\n4. Ultralight airplanes, and model airplanes and other model vehicles\r\n5. They are also common in power tools used outdoors, such as lawnmowers, chainsaws, and weed-whackers.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nAutomobile Engineering Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Two Stroke Engine : Parts , Cycle , Diagram , Working , Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/two-stroke-engine-300x200.jpg","height":200,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/spark-plug-function-construction-working-and-types/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/spark-plug-construction-300x254.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Spark Plug : Function , Construction , Working and Types</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/spark-plug-function-construction-working-and-types/">Spark Plug : Function , Construction , Working and Types</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Spark Plug : Functions , Construction , Working Principle and Types 
A spark plug is an electrical device that fits into the cylinder head of some internal combustion engines and ignites compressed...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/spark-plug-function-construction-working-and-types/" aria-label="View Post: Spark Plug : Function , Construction , Working and Types">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Spark Plug : Function , Construction , Working and Types","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/spark-plug-function-construction-working-and-types\/","articleBody":"Spark Plug : Functions , Construction , Working Principle and Types\u00a0\r\nA spark plug is an electrical device that fits into the cylinder head of some internal combustion engines and ignites compressed aerosol gasoline by means of an electric spark. Spark plugs have an insulated center electrode which is connected by a heavily insulated wire to an ignition coil or magneto circuit on the outside, forming, with a grounded terminal on the base of the plug, a spark gap inside the cylinder.\r\nThe spark plug has two primary functions:\r\n1. To ignite the air\/fuel mixture.\u00a0\r\nElectrical energy is transmitted through the spark plug, jumping the gap in the plugs firing end if the voltage supplied to the plug is high enough. This electrical spark ignites the gasoline\/air mixture in the combustion chamber.\r\n\r\n2. To remove heat from the combustion chamber.\u00a0\r\nSpark plugs cannot create heat, they can only remove heat. The temperature of the end of the plug\\'s firing end must be kept low enough to prevent pre-ignition, but high enough to prevent fouling. The spark plug works as a heat exchanger by pulling unwanted thermal energy from the combustion chamber and transferring heat to the engines cooling system. The heat range of a spark plug is defined as its ability dissipate heat from the tip.\r\nCONSTRUCTION\r\nspark plug construction\r\n\r\n1. Ribs-\r\nInsulator ribs provide added protection against secondary voltage or spark flashover and also help to improve the grip of the rubber spark plug boot against the plug body.\r\nThe insulator body is molded from aluminum oxide ceramic. In order to manufacture this part of the spark plug, a high-pressure, dry molding system is utilized. After the insulator is molded, it is kiln-fired to a temperature that exceeds the melting point of steel. This process results in a component that features exceptional dielectric strength, high thermal conductivity and excellent resistance to shock.\r\n\r\n2. Insulator:\r\nThe insulator body is molded from aluminum oxide ceramic. In order to manufacture this part of the spark plug, a high-pressure, dry molding system is utilized. After the insulator is molded, it is kiln-fired to a temperature that exceeds the melting point of steel. This process results in a component that features exceptional dielectric strength, high thermal conductivity and excellent resistance to shock.\r\nThe pointer shows the spark plug insulator. As mentioned above, it is formed from aluminum oxide ceramic. The outer surface is ribbed to provide grip for the spark plug boot and to simultaneously add protection from spark flashover (crossfire).\r\n\r\n3. Hex:\r\nThe hexagon provides the contact point for a socket wrench. The hex size is basically uniform in the industry and is generally related to the spark plug thread size.\r\n\r\n4. Shell:\u00a0\r\nThe steel shell is fabricated to exact tolerances using a special cold extrusion process. Certain types of spark plugs make use of a steel billet (bar stock) for shell construction.\r\n\r\n5. Plating:\r\nThe shell is almost always plated. This enhances durability and provides for rust and corrosion resistance. The steel shell is fabricated to exact tolerances using a special cold extrusion process or in other specialized cases, machined from steel billet. The hexagon machined onto the shell allows you to use a socket wrench to install or remove the plug.\r\n\r\n6. Gasket:\r\nCertain spark plugs use gaskets while other examples are \u201cgasketless.\u201d The gasket used on spark plugs is a folded steel design that provides a smooth surface for sealing purposes. Gasketless spark plugs use a tapered seat shell that seals via a close tolerance incorporated into the spark plug.\r\n\r\n7. Threads:\u00a0\r\nSpark plug threads are normally rolled, not cut. This meets the specifications set forward by the SAE along with the International Standards Association.\r\n\r\n8. Ground electrode:\r\nThere are a number of different ground electrode shapes and configurations, but for the most part, they are manufactured from nickel alloy steel. The ground electrode must be resistant to both spark erosion and chemical erosion, both under massive temperature extremes.\r\n\r\n9. Center electrode:\r\nCenter electrodes must be manufactured from a special alloy that is resistant to both spark erosion and chemical corrosion. Keep in mind that combustion chamber temperatures vary (and sometimes radically). The center electrode must live under these parameters.\r\n\r\n10. Spark park electrode gap:\u00a0\r\nThe area between the ground electrode and the center electrode is called the gap. Center electrodes must be manufactured from a special alloy that is resistant to both spark erosion and chemical corrosion.\r\n\r\n11. Insulator nose:\r\nThere are a large number of insulator nose shapes and sizes available, but in essence, the insulator nose must be capable of shedding carbon, oil and fuel deposits at low speeds. At higher engine speeds, the insulator nose is generally cooled so that temperatures and electrode corrosion are reduced.\r\n\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\r\n\r\nThe spark plug is connected to a high voltage source like the magneto or the ignition coil at one end. The other end with the two electrodes is immersed into the combustion chamber. When current passes through the terminal and into the main center electrode, a potential difference (voltage drop) is created between two electrodes. The gas mixture that occupies the gap between them acts as an insulator and thus the electricity doesn\u2019t flow beyond the tip of the center electrode.\r\n\r\nBut as the voltage increases, the gases in the gap begin to get energized. Once the voltage increases to the point that crosses the dielectric strength (resistance to conduct electricity) of the gases, they become ionized. Once the gases get ionized, they begin to act as conductors and permit the current to travel through the insulating gap. When the dielectric strength is crossed, the electrons begin to surge through that gap. This sudden movement of electrons rapidly increases the heat in that region due to which they begin to expand rapidly causing a mini explosion which results in the formation of a spark.\r\nTYPES\r\nSpark Plugs can be put into two different primary classifications, based on their operating temperatures and based on their construction.\r\n\r\nBased on Operating Temperatures\r\n\r\nOnce the combustion process is completed in the combustion cycle, the heat generated needs to dissipate. The heat escapes through the exhaust gases, the cylinder wall of the engine and the spark plug surface. Based on the operating temperature and level of heat dissipation, spark plugs can be classified into two types:\r\n\r\n1. Hot Spark Plug:\u00a0\r\nA hot spark plug operates in a higher temperature range. It has a lesser ceramic area which is used to insulate the heat. A hot spark plug dissipates lesser combustion heat and allows the tip and electrode to stay hotter. This ensures that any deposit accumulation is burned off and isn\u2019t allowed to stay for long.\r\n\r\n2. Cold Spark Plug:\u00a0\r\nFor high-performance engines that run hot by default, using a hot spark plug will cause pre-ignition. In extreme cases, it can also lead to the tip melting off. In such cases, a cold spark plug is used. Here the ceramic insulation area is higher and this it will dissipate more heat. But on the flipside, it is prone to greater deposit accumulation. Be sure to follow your instruction manual and use the correct type of plug recommended for your engine for optimum performance.\r\nBased on Material Used\r\nSpark Plugs are further classified based on the material used on the ends of the electrodes.\u00a0\r\n\r\nThey are of 4 types:\r\n\r\n1. Copper- Nickel Type:\u00a0\r\nThese are the most basic types of spark plugs. Here the center electrode is made of a copper-nickel alloy as copper on its own is very weak and will melt off due to engine heat. Nickel is added to strengthen the plug but even then these are the weakest types available in the market. They are also required to be made with a larger diameter and hence require more voltage for operation.\r\n\r\n2. Single Platinum Type:\u00a0\r\nThese plugs have a small platinum disc on the tip of the center electrode. This platinum tip is exponentially stronger than a copper-nickel coating making this type of plug last long as well. They are also less prone to debris build up.\r\n\r\n3. Double Platinum Type:\u00a0\r\nThese plugs have platinum tips on both the center electrode and the side electrode. They spark up twice in the combustion cycle, once before the combustion and once during the exhaust stroke. The second spark is wasted and so this spark plug can only be used if your vehicle is equipped with a waste spark ignition type distributor.\r\n\r\n4. Iridium Type:\u00a0\r\nThese are the best spark plugs available in the market. Here the tip of the center electrode is made of Iridium which is the strongest out of nickel, copper, and platinum. Hence, they are the least prone to deposits and damage. They also have a small sized electrode which requires less voltage for operation as well. Iridium plugs are much more expensive than the other types but then again you pay for what you get.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Spark Plug : Function , Construction , Working and Types","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/spark-plug-construction-300x254.jpg","height":254,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=63">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=62"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>62</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=63"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>63</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>64</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=65"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>65</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=66"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>66</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=65">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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