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class="excerpt"><p>ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENT BASED AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING
AIM:  To design and implement an artificial intelligent based solar tracking system.  SYNOPSIS:  The solar power is the main source of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/buy-project-artificial-intellegen/" aria-label="View Post: ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENT BASED AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENT BASED AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/buy-project-artificial-intellegen\/","articleBody":"ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENT BASED AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING\r\nAIM: \r\n\r\nTo design and implement an artificial intelligent based solar tracking system.\r\n\r\nSYNOPSIS:\r\n\r\nThe solar power is the main source of energy. The solar energy can be converted into electrical energy through out the day and stored in the battery. But the efficiency from the solar panel will be high only one time in a day i.e. at the afternoon time. This is because; the sun is perpendicular to the solar panel. If the solar panel is always perpendicular to the sun, through out the day, the maximum efficiency can be obtained. This is solar tracking system.\r\n\r\nThe electrical signal from the solar panel is given as the reference voltage to the Microcontroller. The Microcontroller all over the place compares this signal input from the solar panel. The Microcontroller will calculate the maximum efficiency and drive the motor in that direction through the motor driver. The Microcontroller is a digital IC. The signal from the Microcontroller will be analog form and this is converted into digital through the analog to digital converter.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBlock Diagram\r\n\r\nThen the electrical signal from the solar panel is stored in the battery through a protective circuit. Thus the maximum efficiency can be stored in the battery through out the day.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Fully automated system.\r\n\u2022 Low installation cost.\r\n\u2022 Faster rate of battery charging.\r\n\r\nAPPLICATIONS:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Solar power stations.\r\n\u2022 Solar battery charging stations and hybrid power systems.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMaterial Handling Projects\r\nPedal Operated (Bicycle ) projects\r\nWater Pump Projects\r\nMachine Shop Projects List , Abstract\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENT BASED AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-10-04","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/ARTIFICIALINTELLEGENTBASEDAUTOMATICSOLARTRACKINGmechanicalprojectmodel-300x192.jpg","height":192,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/buy-project-design-and-fabrication-of/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/airengineDiagramProjectmechanicalprojectmodel-300x264.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Design and Fabrication Of Air Engine- Mechanical Project</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/buy-project-design-and-fabrication-of/">Design and Fabrication Of Air Engine- Mechanical Project</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Design and Fabrication Of Air Engine- Mechanical Project
AIR ENGINE
SYNOPSIS
All automobile engines consume the petroleum fuel. Considering the demand of fuel and cost of fuel, other resources of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/buy-project-design-and-fabrication-of/" aria-label="View Post: Design and Fabrication Of Air Engine- Mechanical Project">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Design and Fabrication Of Air Engine- Mechanical Project","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/buy-project-design-and-fabrication-of\/","articleBody":"Design and Fabrication Of Air Engine- Mechanical Project\r\nAIR ENGINE\r\nSYNOPSIS\r\nAll automobile engines consume the petroleum fuel. Considering the demand of fuel and cost of fuel, other resources of energy is required to operate the vehicle. So that we are go for other type of energy like electric power, solar power etc\u2026 It may be noted that the air energy is readily available with free of cost. So we are consider that air engine in our project.\r\n\r\nSee More Information :Air Engine ( Compressed Air Engine-CAV)\r\nMETHODOLOGY\r\n\r\n The project consists the following parts\r\n\r\n \tControl unit\r\n \tSolenoid valve\r\n \tAir inlet valve\r\n \tAir gun\r\n \tSpur gear arrangement\r\n \tRotating shaft\r\n \tWheel\r\n\r\nDiagram Of Air Engine\r\n\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\r\nIn our project we have operate the vehicle with out using the fuel. Inside of fuel we are using the compressed air supply, with the gear arrangement. Here the vehicle is consist of the gear arrangement, pneumatic gun, solenoid valve and control unit. In this the vehicle wheel shaft is coupled with spur gear and the pneumatic gun. The air from the compressor it reaches the control unit and the pressure of air is controlled and it is passed through the solenoid valve. The solenoid valve supply the required amount of air to the pneumatic gun and the gun shaft the fixed the gear it will be rotate and the rotating gear is coupled to the wheel shaft gear to move the vehicle. The froced air passes into the inlet port to rotate the pneumatic gun. Then the output shaft will coupled with the back wheel drive using gear arrangements which is clearly shown as in the below diagram.\r\n\u00a0MERITS\r\n\r\n \tEasy to operate\r\n \tAir is readily available\r\n \tCompact\r\n \tEasy maintenance\r\n\r\nDEMERITS\r\n\r\n \tNeed the separate air compressor\u00a0\r\n\r\nAPPLICATIONS\r\n\r\n \tIt is applicable in automobile vehicles etc\u2026,\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nSheet Metal Fabrication Projects\r\nEco- friendly or Pollution Free projects\r\nPedal Operated (Bicycle ) projects\r\nWind Energy projects list , abstract\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )","headline":"Design and Fabrication Of Air Engine- Mechanical Project","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-10-04","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/airengineDiagramProjectmechanicalprojectmodel-300x264.png","height":264,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-full-authority-digita/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/FullAuthorityDigitalEngine-300x210.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Seminar On Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC) Free Report Download PDF</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-full-authority-digita/">Seminar On Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC) Free Report Download PDF</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Seminar On Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC) Free Report Download PDF
Introduction
Turbine engines provide the propulsive force for a significant percentage of modern transportation...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-full-authority-digita/" aria-label="View Post: Seminar On Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC) Free Report Download PDF">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Seminar On Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC) Free Report Download PDF","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/seminar-on-full-authority-digita\/","articleBody":"Seminar On Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC) Free Report Download PDF\r\nIntroduction\r\nTurbine engines provide the propulsive force for a significant percentage of modern transportation systems and are especially important as the engine for a wide variety of aircraft. Although often viewed as a mature technology, a substantial amount of resources are expended to improve these Systems because of the large impact they have on society. The NASA program in Fundamental Aeronautics describes one such research effort and is aimed at reducing emissions, fuel burn, and noise. Separately, the Department of Defense\u2019s Versatile Affordable Advanced Turbine Engines (VAATE) Program describes similar goals regarding fuel burn reduction with perhaps more emphasis on overall performance and reducing cost. A multitude of fundamental technologies are involved in realizing these improvements, however, many of them are only enabled or reach full potential through the use of supporting controls technology.\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe control system is not generally considered to be the limiting factor in the performance of an engine. Controls do have a direct impact on performance by how well they enable the engine system to operate within its design envelope. Yet the control system negatively affects performance indirectly because it has physical mass and volume. It also uses electric power and dissipates heat which ultimately impacts weight and volume. More control capability through sensing and actuation could feasibly enable better engine performance; however this is constrained because the impact outweighs the gain. The control architecture can be a tool to reduce the negative impact of an existing control capability or provide additional performance capability with the same impact.\r\n\r\nChanging the engine control system architecture towards a more \u201cdistributed\u201d format has the potential to reduce overall life cycle costs, reduce control system weight, and provide an enabling path for new technologies which do not currently fit in the existing cost structure of small air vehicle systems.\r\nFADEC \u2013 Full Authority Digital Engine Control\r\n\u00a0\r\nThe newest version of a jet engine fuel control is called a FADEC - Full Authority Digital Electronic Control. The original fuel controls on early jet engines of the late 1940's and early 1950's were simply constructed and resembled a common gate valve connected to a throttle lever, Engines and controls became more sophisticated through the 1950's and 1960's, Better performance, more reliability, and increased safety became driving forces, the new electronic fuel controls will be even smarter, more precise, more accurate and more reliable than present day fuel controls and they will be with us for many years.\r\n\r\nFull Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) is a system consisting of a digital computer, called an electronic engine controller (EEC) or engine control unit (EEU), and its related accessories that control all aspects of aircraft engine performance. FADECs have been produced for both piston engines and jet engines.\r\n\r\nFADEC is a system consisting of a digital computer and ancillary components that control an aircraft\u2019s engine and propeller. First used in turbine-powered aircraft, and referred to as full authority digital electronic control, these sophisticated control systems are increasingly being used in piston powered aircraft.\r\n\r\nIn a spark ignition reciprocating engine the FADEC uses speed, temperature, and pressure sensors to monitor the status of each cylinder. A digital computer calculates the ideal pulse for each injector and adjusts ignition timing as necessary to achieve optimal performance. In a compression ignition engine the FADEC operates similarly and performs all of the same functions, excluding those specifically related to the spark ignition process.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\u00a0 WORKING:-\r\nFull Authority Digital Engine (or Electronics) Control (FADEC) is a system consisting of a digital computer, called an electronic engine controller (EEC) or engine control unit (ECU), and its related accessories that control all aspects of aircraft engine performance. FADECs have been produced for both piston engines and jet engines.\r\n\r\nENGINE CONTROL UNIT\r\nAn engine control unit (ECU) is a type of electronic control unit that controls a series of actuators on an internal combustion engine to ensure the optimum running. It does this by reading values from a multitude of sensors within the engine bay, interpreting the data using multidimensional performance maps (called Look-up tables), and adjusting the engine actuators accordingly.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFull Authority Digital Engine\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBefore ECU's, air\/fuel mixture, ignition timing, and idle speed were mechanically set and dynamically controlled by mechanical and pneumatic means. One of the earliest attempts to use such a unitized and automated device to manage multiple engine control functions simultaneously was the \"Kommandoger\u00e4t\" created by BMW in 1939, for their 801 14-cylinder aviation radial engine.\r\nAdavantages\r\n\r\n \tBetter fuel efficiency\r\n \tAutomatic engine protection against out-of-tolerance operations\r\n \tSafer as the multiple channel FADEC computer provides redundancy in case of failure\r\n \tCare-free engine handling, with guaranteed thrust settings\r\n \tAbility to use single engine type for wide thrust requirements by just reprogramming the FADECs\r\n \tProvides semi-automatic engine starting\r\n \tBetter systems integration with engine and aircraft systems\r\n \tCan provide engine long-term health monitoring and diagnostics\r\n \tNumber of external and internal parameters used in the control processes increases by one order of magnitude\r\n\r\nDisadvantages\r\nFull authority digital engine controls have no form of manual override available, placing full authority over the operating parameters of the engine in the hands of the computer. If a total FADEC failure occurs, the engine fails. In the event of a total FADEC failure, pilots have no way of manually controlling the engines for a restart, or to otherwise control the engine. As with any single point of failure, the risk can be mitigated with redundant FADECs.\r\n\r\n\r\nREFERENCES\r\n1. Porter, L., \u201cNASA\u2019s New Aeronautics Research Program,\u201d presentation to the 45th AIAA Aerospace\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 Sciences Meeting &amp; Exhibit, January 2007, Reno, NV.\r\n2. The Versatile Affordable Advanced Turbine Engines (VAATE) Initiative, AIAA Position Paper, January 2006.\r\n\r\n\r\nDownload:\r\n\r\nSeminar On Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC) Free Report Download PDF\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download","headline":"Seminar On Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC) Free Report Download PDF","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-09-30","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/FullAuthorityDigitalEngine-300x210.png","height":210,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/some-dimensioning-techniques-used-in/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/1Dimensionsruletechnique.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Some Dimensioning Techniques Used in Machine drawing</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/some-dimensioning-techniques-used-in/">Some Dimensioning Techniques Used in Machine drawing</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Some Dimensioning Techniques Used in Machine drawing
A drawing of a component, in addition to providing complete shape description, must also furnish information regarding the size description....</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/some-dimensioning-techniques-used-in/" aria-label="View Post: Some Dimensioning Techniques Used in Machine drawing">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Some Dimensioning Techniques Used in Machine drawing","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/some-dimensioning-techniques-used-in\/","articleBody":"Some Dimensioning Techniques Used in Machine drawing\r\nA drawing of a component, in addition to providing complete shape description, must also furnish information regarding the size description. These are provided through the distances between the surfaces, location of holes, nature of surface finish, type of material, etc. The expression of these features on a drawing, using lines, symbols, figures and notes is called dimensioning.\r\n\r\n1. No dimension should be assumed, calculated or directly measured from drawing.\r\n\r\n2. Dimensions should be placed outside the views, if unavoidable, they may be placed inside if more clear and easy to read.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n3. No Dimensions should be repeated.\r\n\r\n\r\n4. In orthographic views, dimensions should be given logically .Dimensions should be distributes in three views logically and equally in all views.\r\n\r\n5. Dimensions lines should be placed at least 8 mm, away from outlines and from each other.\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\n6. The dimensions lines should not cross each other.\r\n\r\n7. If there are number of dimensions, the smaller one should be nearer to the view, as shown in fig.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n8. For a numbers of dimensions, they should be given in a progressive manner i.e. in increasing order as given in fig.\r\n\r\n9. When a number parallel dimension lines are to be drawn, they are shown staggered as shown in fig.\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\n10. Arrowheads should ordinarily be drawn within the limits of dimensioned features. But when the space is too narrow, they may be placed outside as shown in fig.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n11. Dimensions of cylindrical parts should as far as possible in the views in which they are seen as rectangles .The dimensions indicating a diameter should be followed by a symbol as shown in below fig. \u00a0 \u00a0\r\n\r\n12. When there are of small holes, their diameters should be given by a notes as shown in figure\r\n\r\n\r\n13. Angular dimensions may be shown by one of the method shown.\r\n\r\n14. Countersunk and threading are shown as below.\r\n\r\n\r\n15. Symbols for methods of projection must be shown on drawings.\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Some Dimensioning Techniques Used in Machine drawing","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-09-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/1Dimensionsruletechnique.jpg","height":276,"width":276},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-psychrometry-terms-and/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/IntroductiontoPsychrometrytermsandPsychrometryCharts-300x228.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Introduction to Psychrometry terms and Psychrometry Charts</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-psychrometry-terms-and/">Introduction to Psychrometry terms and Psychrometry Charts</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to Psychrometry terms and Psychrometry Charts  Psychrometry is the science of studying thermodynamic properties of moist air and the use of these to analyze conditions and processes...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-psychrometry-terms-and/" aria-label="View Post: Introduction to Psychrometry terms and Psychrometry Charts">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Introduction to Psychrometry terms and Psychrometry Charts","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/introduction-to-psychrometry-terms-and\/","articleBody":"Introduction to Psychrometry terms and Psychrometry Charts\r\n\r\nPsychrometry is the science of studying thermodynamic properties of moist air and the use of these to analyze conditions and processes involving moist air.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTerminologies used in Psychrometry:\r\nDry-Bulb Temperature - Tdb\r\n\r\nDry-Bulb Temperature, usually referred to as the air temperature, is the air property that is most commonly used. People referring to air temperature normally referring to Dry Bulb Temperature.\u00a0\r\n\r\nDry-Bulb Temperature can be measured by using a normal thermometer. With Dry-Bulb Temperature the sensible heat content in the air can be determined along the bottom axis of the psychrometric chart. The vertical lines extending upward from this axis are constant-temperature lines.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nExample Of Psychrometry Chart\r\n\r\n\r\nWet-Bulb Temperature - Twb\r\nWet-Bulb Temperature is associated with the moisture content of the air. Wet Bulb Temperature can be measured with a thermometer that has the bulb covered with a water-moistened bandage with air flowing over the thermometer.\r\n\r\nWet-Bulb Temperatures are always lower than dry bulb temperatures with less than 100% relative humidity in the air. The Wet-Bulb Temperature and the Dry-Bulb Temperature will be identical with 100% relative humidity in the air (the air is at the saturation line). On the chart, the Wet-Bulb Temperature lines slopes a little upward to the left, and the temperature is read at the saturation line.\r\n\r\nRelative Humidity - RH\r\n\r\nRelative Humidity is the ratio of water vapor pressure - pw, to the water vapor pressure of saturated air at the same temperature - pws, expressed as a percentage. Relative humidity is a relative measure. The moisture-holding capacity of air increases with air temperature. In practice the relative humidity will indicate the moisture level of the air compared to the maximum moisture-holding capacity of air at saturation.\r\n\r\n\r\nDew Point Temperature - Tdp\r\n\r\nDew Point is the temperature at which water vapor starts to condense in the air - the temperature at which air becomes completely saturated. Above this temperature the moisture stays in the air. The Dew Point Temperature can be read in the psychrometric charts by following the horizontal line from the state-point to the saturation line. The Dew Point Temperature is represented along the 100% relative humidity line.\r\n\r\n\r\nSpecific Volume of Humid Air - v\r\n\r\nSpecific Volume represents the space occupied by a unit weight of dry air (ft3\/lb, m3\/kg). Specific volume is indicated along the bottom axis of the psychrometric chart with the constant-volume lines slanting upward to the left.\r\n\r\n\r\nMoisture Content and Humidity Ratio - x\r\n\r\nMoisture Content and Humidity Ratio is the amount of water vapor by weight in dry air. The moisture content of air is expressed as the weight of water vapor per unit weight of dry air (lbH2O\/lbair, kgH2O\/kgair). Humidity ratio is indicated along the right-hand axis in psychrometric charts.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nProperties Of Psychrometric Chart\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nEnthalpy - h\r\nEnthalpy is the measure of the total thermal energy in air. Enthalpy in the psychrometric chart can read from where the appropriate wet-bulb line crosses the diagonal scale above the saturation curve. Air with the same amount of energy may either be drier hotter air (higher sensible heat) or cooler moister air (higher latent heat).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nCAD \/ CAM Projects List - Abstract , Report Download\r\nSheet Metal Fabrication Projects\r\nStructural analysis and Design 3d Model Projects\r\nPedal Operated (Bicycle ) projects\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )","headline":"Introduction to Psychrometry terms and Psychrometry Charts","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-09-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/IntroductiontoPsychrometrytermsandPsychrometryCharts-300x228.jpg","height":228,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-lathe-machine-types-of/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/lathe-machine-parts-300x203.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Lathe Machine &#8211; Definition, Types, parts, Specifications</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-lathe-machine-types-of/">Lathe Machine &#8211; Definition, Types, parts, Specifications</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Lathe Machine - Introduction 
A lathe is a machine tool, which holds the workpiece between two rigid and strong supports called centers or in a chuck or faceplate which revolves. The cutting tool...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-lathe-machine-types-of/" aria-label="View Post: Lathe Machine &#8211; Definition, Types, parts, Specifications">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Lathe Machine &#8211; Definition, Types, parts, Specifications","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/introduction-lathe-machine-types-of\/","articleBody":"Lathe Machine - Introduction\u00a0\r\nA lathe is a machine tool, which holds the workpiece between two rigid and strong supports called centers or in a chuck or faceplate which revolves. The cutting tool is rigidly held and supported in a tool post, which is held against the revolving work. The normal cutting operations are performed with the cutting tool fed either parallel or at right angles to the axis of the work.\r\nDefinition Of Lathe Machine:\r\nDefinition\r\n\r\n \tA lathe is a machine, which removes the metal from a piece of work to the required shape and size.\r\n \tLathe is one of the most important machine tools in the metal working industry. A lathe operates on the principle of a rotating workpiece and a fixed cutting tool.\r\n \tThe cutting tool is feed into the workpiece, which rotates about its axis causing the workpiece to be formed to the desired shape.\r\n \tLathe machine is also known as \u201cthe mother\/father of the entire tool family\u201d.\r\n\r\nFunction of lathe\r\nLathe is to remove excess material in the form of chips by rotating the workpiece against a stationary cutting tool\r\n\r\nIndustrial revolution demanded\r\n\r\n \tMore production\r\n \tMore Precision\r\n \tChanges in Manufacturing process\r\n \tLead to the Development of High speed\r\n \tSpecial purpose lathes\r\n\r\nLathe Machine Diagram :\r\n\r\n\r\nTypes of lathes :\r\nThe fundamental principle of operation of all lathes is the same and performs the same function, yet they are classified according to the design, type of drive, the arrangement of gears, and purpose. The following are important types of lathes.\r\n\r\n1. Engine or Center lathe:\r\n\r\n \tIt is a general-purpose lathe and is widely used in workshops.\r\n \tThe main parts of engine lathe are the bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage, lead screw, and feed change gearbox.\r\n \tIt differs from a speed lathe that it has an additional mechanism for controlling the spindle speed and for supporting and controlling the feed of fixed cutting tool.\r\n \tThe cutting tool may be fed both in cross and longitudinal direction concerning the lathe axis with the help of a carriage.\r\n \tThe engine lathe, depending upon the design of the headstock for receiving power, may be classified as belt-driven lathe, motor-driven lathe, and geared head lathe.\r\n \tIn Belt driven lathe, Power from the motor is transmitted to the spindle by belt drive, In Geared head lathe power from the motor is transmitted to the spindle by the gear drive.\r\n \tThe speed changes in belt drive are obtained by shifting the belt to different steps of a cone pulley.\r\n \tIn geared-Head lathe the gear ratio (Spindle speed to motor speed) is changed by Speed- Lever.\r\n \tUsage: It is used for producing cylindrical components. By using the attachments and accessories, other operations such as taper turning, Drilling, milling, and grinding may also be performed.\r\n\r\n2. Bench Lathe:\r\n\r\nThe bench lathe is so small that it can be mounted on a bench.\r\n\r\n \tAll the types of operation can be performed on this lathe that may be done on an ordinary speed or engine lathe.\r\n\r\n \tThis is used for small work usually requiring considerable accuracy such as in the production of gauges, punches, and beds for press tools.\r\n\r\n3. Tracer Lathe:\r\n\r\nA lathe that can follow a template to copy a shape or contour.\r\n\r\n4. Automatic Lathe:\r\n\r\n \tThe lathe in which the workpiece is automatically fed and removed without the use of an operator. Cutting operations are automatically controlled by a sequencer of some form.\r\n \tThe automatic lathes are so designed that the tools are automatically fed to the work and withdrawn after all the operations are completed to finish the work. Since the entire operation is automatic, these lathes require little attention from the operator. These lathes are used for mass production of identical parts.\r\n\r\n5. Capstan and turret lathe:\r\n\r\n \tThe lathes which have multiple tools mounted on turret either attached to the tailstock or the cross-slide, which allows for quick changes in tooling and cutting operations.\r\n \tThe capstan and turret lathes are the modification of engine lathe and is particularly used for mass production of identical parts in a minimum time.\r\n \tThese lathes are semiautomatic and are fitted with multi-tool holding devices, called capstan and turret heads.\r\n \tThe advantage of capstan and turret lathe is that several different types of operation can be performed on a workpiece without resetting of the work or tools.\r\n\r\n4. Tool room lathe:\r\n\r\n \tThe tool room lathe is similar to an engine lathe and is equipped with all the accessories needed for accurate tool work.\r\n \tIt has an individually driven-geared headstock with a wide range of spindle speeds. Since this lathe is used for precision work on tools, gauges, dies, jigs, and other small parts, therefore greater skill is needed to operate the lathe.\r\n\r\n5. Speed lathe:\r\n\r\n \tIt is driven by power and consists of a bed, a headstock, a tailstock, and an adjustable slide for supporting the tool.\r\n \tIt has no gearbox, lead Screw, and Carriage. Headstock may have a step-cone pulley arrangement or may be equipped with a Variable Speed Motor.\r\n \tVarious speeds are obtained by Cone pulley. Since the tool is fed into the work by hand and cuts are very small, therefore this type of lathe is driven at high speeds usually from 1200 to 3600 rpm.\r\n \tUsage: It is mainly used for woodworking, centering, metal spinning, polishing, etc.\r\n\r\n6. Computer Controlled Lathe:\r\n\r\nHighly automated lathes, where cutting, loading, tool changing, and part unloading are automatically controlled by computer coding.\r\n\r\n(Computer Numerical Control) is the general term used for a system that controls the functions of a machine tool using coded instructions processed by a computer. Conventionally, an operator decides and adjusts various machine parameters like feed, depth of cut, etc depending on the type of job, and controls the slide movements by hand. In a CNC Machine function and slide, movements are controlled by motors using computer programs. Tools that can be controlled in this manner include Lathes, Mills, and Grinders.\r\nUnder CNC Machining, machine tools function through numerical control. A computer program is customized for an object and the machines are programmed with CNC machining language (called G-code) that essentially controls all features like feed rate, coordination, location, and speeds. With CNC machining, the computer can control exact positioning and velocity. CNC machining is used in manufacturing both metal and plastic parts.\r\n\r\nAdvantages\r\n\r\n \tHigh Repeatability and Precision Aircraft parts\r\n \tVolume of production is very high\r\n \tComplex contours\/surfaces need to be machined.etc\r\n \tFlexibility in job change, automatic tool settings, less crap\r\n \tMore safe, higher productivity, better quality\r\n \tLess paperwork, faster prototype production, reduction in lead times\r\n\r\nDisadvantages\r\n\r\n \tCostly setup, skilled operators\r\n \tComputers, programming knowledge required\r\n \tMaintenance is difficult\r\n\r\n7. Special purpose lathes:\r\n\r\nThe works, which cannot be conveniently accommodated or machined on a standard lathe, the special purpose lathes are used. The gap bed lathe which has a removable section in the bed in front of the headstock tom provide a space or gab is used to swing extra large diameter jobs.\r\n\r\na) Crankshaft lathe: is especially used for turning crankshafts.\r\n\r\nb) Wheel lathe: is which is of large design, is especially used for finishing the journal and for turning the locomotive driving wheels.\r\n\r\nc) Axle lathe: is used for turning car axles.\r\n\r\nd) Precision Lathe: The precision turning of previously rough-turned workpieces.\r\n\r\ne) Facing Lathe: Used to machine the end faces\r\n\r\nf) Vertical lathe: It is used for turning and boring very large and heavy rotating parts that cannot be supported on other types of lathes.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nClassification of lathes \/ Types Of Lathe Machine\u00a0\r\nLathes are very versatile of wide use and are classified according to several aspects:\r\n\r\nAccording to configuration:\r\n\r\n \tHorizontal - Most common for ergonomic conveniences.\r\n \tVertical - Occupies less floor space, only some large lathes are of this type.\r\n\r\nAccording to the purpose of use:\r\n\r\n \tGeneral-purpose - Very versatile where almost all possible types of operations are carried out on wide ranges of size, shape, and materials of jobs; e.g.: center lathes.\r\n \tSingle-purpose - Only one (occasionally two) type of operation is done on limited ranges of size and material of jobs; e.g.: facing lathe, roll turning lathe, etc.\r\n \tSpecial purpose - Where a definite number and type of operations are done repeatedly over a long time on a specific type of blank; e.g.: capstan lathe, turret lathe, gear blanking lathe, etc.\r\n\r\nAccording to size or capacity:\r\n\r\n \tSmall (low duty) - In such light duty lathes (up to 1.1 kW), only small and medium-size jobs of generally soft and easily machinable materials are machined.\r\n \tMedium (medium duty) - These lathes of power nearly up to 11 kW are most versatile and commonly used.\r\n \tLarge (heavy-duty)\r\n \tMini or micro lathe - These are tiny table-top lathes used for extremely small size jobs and precision work; e.g.: Swiss-type automatic lathe.\r\n\r\nAccording to the configuration of the jobs being handled:\r\n\r\n \tBar type - Slender rod-like jobs being held in collets.\r\n \tChucking type - Disc type jobs being held in chucks.\r\n \tHousing type - Odd shape jobs, being held in the faceplate.\r\n\r\nAccording to precision:\r\n\r\n \tOrdinary\r\n \tPrecision (lathes) - These sophisticated lathes meant for high accuracy and finish and are relatively more expensive.\r\n\r\nAccording to the number of spindles:\r\n\r\n \tSingle spindle - Common.\r\n \tMulti-spindle (2, 4, 6, or 8 spindles) - Such uncommon lathes are suitably used for fast and mass production of small size and simple shaped jobs.\r\n\r\nAccording to the type of automation:\r\n\r\n \tFixed automation - Conventional; e.g.: single spindle automat &amp; Swiss-type automatic lathe\r\n \tFlexible automation - Modern; e.g.: CNC lathe, turning center, etc.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLathe Machine Parts :\u00a0\r\n lathe machine parts\r\n\r\n1. Bed: \r\n\r\nThe bed is a heavy, rugged casting and it carries the headstock and tailstock for supporting the workpiece and provides a base for the movement of the carriage assembly, which carries the tool.\r\n\r\n2. Headstock:\r\n\r\n The headstock is provided on the left-hand side of the bed and it serves as housing for the driving pulleys, back gears, headstock spindle, live center, and the feed reverse gear. The headstock spindle is a hollow cylindrical shaft that provides a drive from the motor to work holding devices.\r\n\r\n3. Gear Box: \r\n\r\nThe quick-change gearbox is placed below the headstock and contains several different sized gears.\r\n\r\n4. Carriage:\r\n\r\n The carriage is located between the headstock and tailstock and serves the purpose of supporting, guiding, and feeding the tool against the job during operation. \r\n\r\nThe main parts of carriage are:\r\n\r\na) The saddle is an H-shaped casting mounted on the top of lathe ways. It provides support to the cross-slide, compound rest, and tool post.\r\nb) The cross slide is mounted on the top of the saddle, and it provides a mounted or automatic cross-movement for the cutting tool.\r\nc) The compound rest is fitted on the top of the cross slide and is used to support the tool post and the cutting tool.\r\nd) The tool post is mounted on the compound rest, and it rigidly clamps the cutting tool or tool holder at the proper height relative to the work centerline.\r\ne) The apron is fastened to the saddle and it houses the gears, clutches, and levers required to move the carriage or cross slide. The engagement of split nut lever and the automatic feed lever at the same time is prevented she carriage along the lathe bed.\r\n\r\n lathe machine carriage\r\n\r\n5. Tailstock: \r\n\r\nThe tailstock is a movable casting located opposite the headstock on the ways of the bed. The tailstock can slide along the bed to accommodate different lengths of the workpiece between the centers. A tailstock clamp is provided to lock the tailstock at any desired position.\r\n\r\n tailstock\r\n\r\n6. Lead screw: \r\n\r\nA lead screw also known as a power screw is a screw, moves the carriage by a precise increment for every rotation of the screw. The lead screw is made with square, acme, or buttress type threads.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead More:\u00a0 Lathe accessories and their Functions \u00a0| Centre Lathe Machine Attachment\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLathe specifications\r\n\r\n \tDistance between centers\r\n \tSwing over the bed\r\n \tSwing over the cross slide\r\n \tHorsepower of the motor\r\n \tNumber of speeds\r\n \tFeed Given\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead More: How Lathe Machines are Specified? Lathe Basic Information\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLathe Machine Operation :\r\n\r\nThe machining operations generally carried out in center lathes are :\r\n\u2022 Facing\r\n\u2022 Centering\r\n\u2022 Rough and finish turning\r\n\u2022 Chamfering, shouldering, grooving, recessing, etc\r\n\u2022 Axial drilling and reaming by holding the cutting tool in the tailstock barrel\r\n\u2022 Taper turning by \r\n\u23af offsetting the tailstock\r\n\u23af swiveling the compound slide\r\n\u23af using form tool with taper over the short length\r\n\u23af using taper turning attachment if available\r\n\u23af combining longitudinal feed and crossfeed, if feasible.\r\n\u2022 Boring (internal turning); straight and taper\r\n\u2022 Forming; external and internal\r\n\u2022 Cutting helical threads; external and internal\r\n\u2022 Parting off\r\n\u2022 Knurling\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead More: 25 Basic Operations Performed On Lathe Machine\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIn addition to the aforesaid regular machining operations, some more operations are also occasionally done, if desired, in center lathes by mounting suitable attachments available in the market, such as,\r\n\u2022 Grinding, both external and internal by mounting a grinding attachment on the saddle\r\n\u2022 Copying (profiles) by using hydraulic copying attachment\r\n\u2022 Machining long and large threads for leadscrews, power-screws, worms, etc. by using thread milling attachment.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources :\u00a0\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Lathe Machine &#8211; Definition, Types, parts, Specifications","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-09-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 25, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/lathe-machine-parts-300x203.jpg","height":203,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=304">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=303"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>303</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=304"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>304</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>305</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=306"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>306</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=307"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>307</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=306">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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