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Broaching</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Broach tool | types , material , Fixture Used For Broaching
Basic Of Broaching Operation : 
Before understanding the process of broaching and the related machining tools it is required to...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-broach-tool-types-material-fixture-used-for-broaching/" aria-label="View Post: What is Broach tool | types , material , Fixture Used For Broaching">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Broach tool | types , material , Fixture Used For Broaching","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-broach-tool-types-material-fixture-used-for-broaching\/","articleBody":"What is Broach tool | types , material , Fixture Used For Broaching\r\nBasic Of Broaching Operation :\u00a0\r\nBefore understanding the process of broaching and the related machining tools it is required to know the clear difference between single point and multipoint cutting tool. A single point cutting tool normally consists of a single cutting point or an edge used for cutting. The example of single point cutting tool is turning tool used for turning tool is generally has more than one cutting points or cutting edges in action at a time. Example of multipoint cutting tool are milling cutter or a broaching tool. Broaching is one of the metal machining operations done by a multipoint cutting tool called broaching tool or broach. The tool is made reciprocating linearly relative to the workpiece in the direction of tool axis. The relative movement, necessary fixtures for workpiece and the broach are provided by a machine tool called broaching machine. The broaching operation is depicted in Figure .\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0Introduction To Broaching Operation | Advantages and Disadvantages\r\n\r\nBroaching Operation\r\n\r\n The broaching is a high productivity method as so many cutting edges work to machine the workpiece at a time. The tool may be pulled or pushed through the surfaces to be finished. Surfaces finished by broaching either internal or external. External broaching is performed on the outside surface of the workpiece to create a pre-decided shape with dimensional accuracy and high degree of surface finish. Internal broaching is done on the internal surfaces of the workpieces. This way internal surfaces are brought to exact size with the required surface finish. Examples of the different shapes produced by internal and external broaching are shown in Figure.\r\n\r\nshapes of internal broaching\r\n BROACH \r\nAs we know that the broach is a broaching tool, it consists of a series of distinct cutting edges called cutting teeth along its length. Feed is accomplished by the increased step between any two successive teeth on the broach. The total material removed in a single pairs of the broach is the cumulative result of all the teeth in the tool in action (it is not necessary that all the teeth available in the broach in action at a time). The cutting speed of the broach is decided by the linear travel of the tool with respect to the workpiece. The shape of the cut surface (machined surface) is determined by the contour of the cutting edges on the broach. Generally broaches are made of high speed steel (HSS). In some cases the broaches are made of cast iron and their cutting edges are made of cemented carbide inserts. These inserts are fastened to the right place by mechanical means or brazed. A typical broach is shown in Figure along with its nomenclature.\r\n\r\nbroach\r\n\r\nNomenclature of broach if expressed with its numerical values, called specification of broach. This nomenclature is explained below. \r\n\r\nPull End \r\n\r\nPull end is made to attach the broach to the broaching machine through the puller head.\r\n\r\nFront Pilot\r\n\r\nThis centres the broach in the hole to be finished just before start of processing. \r\n\r\nRoughing Teeth\r\n\r\n These are the cutting edges which remove larger amount of stocks during cutting. Larger amount removal generates poor quality of surface finish but makes the operation faster.\r\n\r\n Finishing Teeth\r\n\r\n These are cutting edges removing smaller stocks of material. These are used for final finishing of the surfaces and their accurate sizing. \r\n\r\nRear Pilot and Follower Rest \r\n\r\nThis is a supporting device to the broach when it is likely to complete its operation of broaching. \r\n\r\nLand \r\n\r\nIt is the width of flank face of the broach normally it is kept slightly inclined to give relief angle to the flank face of broach. \r\n\r\nPitch \r\n\r\nIt is the distance between two corresponding points on two successive teeth of a broach. Normally pitch of finishing teeth of a broach is kept comparatively smaller than the rough cutting teeth.\r\n\r\n Height of the Teeth\r\n\r\n Height of the roughing and finishing teeth gradually increases from the shank to the finishing teeth. This increment is called the cut per tooth, it depends on the material being machined. Normally the cut per tooth is taken from 0.01 or 0.2 mm for the finishing teeth and it may go up 0.2 mm for the cutting teeth.\r\n\r\nRead Also :\u00a0Types Of Broaching Machine - Classification Of Broaching Machine\r\nDIFFERENT TYPES OF BROACHES\r\nA broach is normally made in one piece and it is called a solid broach. Different types of the broaches are described below.\r\n\r\nProgressive Cut Broaches\r\n\r\nThese broaches have cutting edges, a part of which are of the same height along the broach but have different widths. In progressive cut broaching, metal is removed in thick layers by each tooth from only part of the work surface. The last tooth of a progressive cut broach remove a very thin layer over the entire profile of the work surface as in ordinary cut broaching.\r\n\r\nRotor Cut Broaching\r\n\r\nRotor cut broaches are used for removing large amount of material in holes in forgings or castings where a primary cutting operation is not desired. Their teeth are staggered around the periphery at different sections so as to shear the work and allow chip clearance. This is recommended for making square holes from a round cost one.\r\n\r\nBurnishing Broaches\r\n\r\nBurnishing broaches are used for making glazed and finished surface on a steel workpiece. These are used for finish the hole too. Burnishing teeth are rounded and not cut but compress and rub the surface of metal. The amount of stock is intentionally left for burnishing. Its thickness should not be more than 0.025 mm.\r\nFIXTURES USED IN BROACHING\r\nFixtures plays important role in broaching operation. Fixtures are used for providing an accurate pre-decided movement to broach with proper clamping action. Accuracy and rigidity of fixture make the operation of broaching repeatable and fit for mass production. Functions of broaching fixture are summarized as given below :\r\n\r\n(a) Fixture holds the workpiece accurately and rigidity and moves it to the exact cutting position.\r\n(b) Guide the movement of the broach in pre-decided manner relative to the workpiece.\r\n(c) Fixture is also responsible to give feed motion to workpiece after completion of the cut.\r\n\r\nMATERIAL OF BROACH\r\n\r\nCommon broach material is 18-4-1 stainless steel. As its name indicates, it has 4% chromium, 1% vanadium and 18% tungsten. This is corrosion and wear resistant steel. Carbide is also recommended for broach making, these broaches are used for broaching brittle material like cast iron in automobile industry. Inserted bit type and cemented carbide type broaches are also preferred to reduce the cost of broaches.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Tool Articles , notes , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\nMachine Tool , Manufacturing Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"What is Broach tool | types , material , Fixture Used For Broaching","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-05-15","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Broaching-Operation-300x200.jpg","height":200,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/welding-terminologies-welding-terms-and-definition/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/weld-sections-fig6-14-300x236.gif')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Welding Terminologies | Welding Terms and Definition</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/welding-terminologies-welding-terms-and-definition/">Welding Terminologies | Welding Terms and Definition</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Welding Terminologies | Welding Terms and Definition
Welded joints are very common in engineering for the manufacture of fabricated assemblies. Previously riveted and bolted joints were often used...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/welding-terminologies-welding-terms-and-definition/" aria-label="View Post: Welding Terminologies | Welding Terms and Definition">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Welding Terminologies | Welding Terms and Definition","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/welding-terminologies-welding-terms-and-definition\/","articleBody":"Welding Terminologies | Welding Terms and Definition\r\nWelded joints are very common in engineering for the manufacture of fabricated assemblies. Previously riveted and bolted joints were often used for these type of assemblies. For example, in the Sydney Harbour Bridge almost all the joining of the metal plates has been done with rivets and bolts. Since the time of construction of the bridge there have been technological advances in welding so that nowadays bridges are almost always constructed using welded joints. Similarly ocean going vessels, steam boilers and other pressure vessels once used to be riveted but nowadays are welded. Riveting is still used for aircraft construction. Can you think why this is so?\r\n\r\nNowadays, fabrication using welds is often used rather than casting or forging for production of machine components (particularly if only small quantities are required). You can therefore see that a mechanical engineer needs to have a good understanding of the fabrication using welded joints and how to perform stress analysis on these fabrications.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0What are the major welding application\r\n\r\nweld terminology\r\nWelding Terminologies\r\nDiscontinuities\r\nA flaw on the weld not desired, may be acceptable or unacceptable by inspectors depending on welding code specifications. Discontinuities are allowed, as long as they meet code requirements. The types of discontinuities described in AWS codes will be described in another post.\r\n\r\nDefects\r\nA flaw on the weld unaccepted by welding code specifications. Defects shall be rejected.\r\n\r\nBacking - It is the material placed on the root side of a weld for supporting of molten metal until it solidies and facilitates complete penetration.\r\n\r\nCap - It is the last bead of weld joint.\r\n\r\nCrater - The depression on weld at the point where the arc strikes the base metal.\r\n\r\nDeposition rate - The rate at which welds metal is deposited on the base metal. It is expressed in kg\/h.\r\n\r\nPenetration - The maximum depth at which molten metal penetrates on base metal and then combines them. It is measured from the top surface of the joint.\r\n\r\nPaddle - The hole in the weld joint created by the heat of welding. It is used when the sheet metal needed to weld together.\r\n\r\nTack weld - A small temporary welding to hold workpiece together during the actual welding.\r\n\r\nWeld Pass - The single movement of the electrode or torch that results weld bead.\r\n\r\nWeld bevel - Angle cut at the edge of base metal to assist penetration of molten metal. \r\n\r\nBase metal\r\nThe material which the welder is expected to join.\r\n\r\nFiller metal\r\nThe material which the welder applies to the base metal.\r\n\r\nWeld metal\r\n- A new metal formed by melting of base + filler metal.\r\n- The reason why PQR is required to verify strength. Different material batch produces different weld strength.\r\n\r\nFlux\r\n- Provides the following to the weld process: shielding gas, interpass cooling temperature control by slag, reinforcement alloy to weld metal\r\n- Present in SMAW &amp; FCAW.\r\n- Can cause inclusion discontinuity\u00a0\r\n\r\nSlag\r\nBy-product of burning flux, needs to be remove before adding additional weld passes.\r\n\r\nWeld Passes\r\nThe number of times the weld stick needs to pass between the gap to be welded. One who has never welded a pipe would think that one weld would close the gap, but it all depends on pipe size and thickness. For thicker pipes, more passes would be required usually in this manner root pass --&gt; hot pass --&gt; fill pass --&gt; cover pass. On smaller pipes, less passes would be required.\r\n\r\nBevel size &amp; angle\r\nSize of slope for bevel, V, J, U groove welds and its angle. The lesser the angle, the less filler material is consumed.\r\n\r\nSteeper angles for Bevel\/V, usually around 37deg (Usually on process pipes)\r\nLess Steep angles for J\/U, usually around 20deg. (Usually on long distribution pipelines to save time and cost)\r\n\r\nGroove face\r\nFace of the bevel.\r\n\r\nRoot face\r\nFace of the root.\r\n\r\nRoot gap\r\nThe gap between the base metal. Root gap depends on thickness of weld metal.\r\n\r\nWeld toe\r\nThe top side of weld where filler metal and base metal touches.\r\n\r\nWeld root\r\nThe bottom side of weld where filler metal and base metal touches.\r\n\r\nWeld reinforcement\r\nThe height of the weld protrusion on top side of weld. Excessive reinforcement is a discontinuity, as it weakens the joint at the weld toe, as sharp corner induced stress.\r\n\r\nWeld Face\r\nThe face of the weld looking from top side of the weld.\r\n\r\nRoot reinforcement\r\nThe protrusion on bottom side of weld. Excessive reinforcement is a discontinuity, as it weakens the joint at the weld root, as sharp corner induced stress.\r\n\r\nWeld interface\r\nThe surface on base metal where filler metal are deposited.\r\n\r\nHeat Affected Zone\r\nA section on the base metal parallel to the fusion zone. This section is slightly harder which increases likelihood of embrittement cracking, the reason why pre-heating and PWHT are required, to slow down the annealing(cool down) which reduces hardness.\r\n\r\nFusion Zone\r\nThe area where new metal is situated after welding.\r\n\r\nFusion Face\/Fusion Line\r\nSame as weld interface, but a name used for when welding has complete.\r\n\r\nHydrogen induced cracking\r\nWhen moisture content are present during welding, they break down under high temperature of approximately 3000 - 3500degC at the arc, hydrogen is produced and entrapped in the weldment. This will induce porosity and subsequently cracking.\r\n\r\nFiller rod\/Electrode\r\nCommonly known as welding stick, consumable and many more, it transmit electricity to heat up the tip of electrode which melts it along with the base metal.\r\n\r\nWeld cup\r\nCommonly for gas welding, purpose of the cup is to reduce welder handshake during weld and is a nozzle for shielding gas. Filler wire is fed from the cup for GMAW\/FCAW, no filler wire for GTAW.\r\n\r\nFCAW\r\nFlux Core Arc Welding is a type of automatic fed welding process which uses a flexible tubular electrode with flux within the tube core. It is similar to GMAW, except with a flux core and that that shielding gas may or may not be used.\r\n\r\nSAW\r\nSubmerged Arc Welding is a type of automatic fed welding process, where flux in powder form is laid before filler rod passes through the joint.\r\n\r\nX-RAY TEST\r\nX-ray tests may or may not be conducted after welding to verify weld size for integrity and soundness, it usually depends on design parameter Ew (Welding efficiency) specified by design engineer.\r\n\r\nPQR\r\nProcedure Qualification Record. This is a record of the welders ability to perform certain type of welding process and the type of materials joined. Various tests are performed on the test coupon to verify the integrity and soundness of the joint\r\n- Bend test\r\n- Tensile test\r\n- Ductility\r\n- Hardness (Rockwell)\r\n- Toughness (Charpy V-notch)\r\n\r\nWPS\r\nWelding Procedure Specification describes how the welding process will be performed. This specification needs to be backed up and referenced from the PQR. Welding inspectors will refer to these two documents to verify the weld preparation, interpass preparation and post welding inspection activities.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Tool Articles , notes , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Welding Terminologies | Welding Terms and Definition","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-05-15","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/weld-sections-fig6-14-300x236.gif","height":236,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/lathe-machine-speed-depth-of-cut-feed-machining-time/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/lathe-machine-operation-300x201.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Lathe Machine | Speed ,Depth of Cut ,Feed , Machining Time</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/lathe-machine-speed-depth-of-cut-feed-machining-time/">Lathe Machine | Speed ,Depth of Cut ,Feed , Machining Time</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Lathe Machine | Speed ,Depth of Cut ,Feed , Machining Time
Lathe is a machine tool which causes workpiece to revolve so that when cutting tool comes in contact with the workpiece it removes the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/lathe-machine-speed-depth-of-cut-feed-machining-time/" aria-label="View Post: Lathe Machine | Speed ,Depth of Cut ,Feed , Machining Time">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Lathe Machine | Speed ,Depth of Cut ,Feed , Machining Time","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/lathe-machine-speed-depth-of-cut-feed-machining-time\/","articleBody":"Lathe Machine | Speed ,Depth of Cut ,Feed , Machining Time\r\nLathe is a machine tool which causes workpiece to revolve so that when cutting tool comes in contact with the workpiece it removes the metal in the form of\u00a0 chips. Workpiece can be held securely and rigidly on the machine tool between centres or by means of chuck. To cut the material easily the cutting tool should be harder than the material of workpiece. It should be rigidly held on the machine or\u00a0 should be fed in a definite way relative to the workpiece.\r\nArrangements for setting the direction of tool advancement and its rigid holding, are already provided on lathe machine.\r\n\r\nCutting speed, feed, depth of cut and machining time are the terms which are used in cutting operation. Study of all these terms is necessary to calculate the machining cost.\r\n\r\nRead Also :\u00a0What is Cutting Speed,Feed ,Depth Of Cut in Machine tools\r\n\r\nlathe machine operation\r\nCutting Speed\r\nCutting speed of a tool is the speed at which the metal is removed from any surface by the cutting tool. In lathe, it is the peripheral speed of the work past the cutting tool expressed in meter per minute\r\n\r\nCutting speed meter \/ minute = \u03c0 d n \/1000\r\n\r\nwhere d = diameter of job in mm, and\r\nn = revolution per minute (rpm) of the work.\r\nFeed\r\nFeed is the displacement of the tool along the workpiece for each revolution of\u00a0 the work. It is expressed in millimeter per revolution.\r\nDepth of Cut\r\nIt is the perpendicular distance measured from the machined surface to the uncut surface of the workpiece. For lathe the depth of cut is expressed as follow\r\n\r\nDepth of cut = (D \u2212 d ) \/2 mm\r\n\r\nwhere D = dia of job in mm, and\r\nd = finished dia in mm (in single cut)\r\nMachining Time\r\nIn lathe work, if the speed of job, feed of tool and the length of job are given, we can calculate the machining time by the following formula\r\n\r\nMachining Time for a Complete Cut minute\r\n= l \/ (s * n)\u00a0 Minutes\u00a0\r\n\r\nwhere l = length of job to be cut in mm,\r\ns = feed in mm \/ revolution, and\r\nn = rpm (revolution per minute).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Tool Articles , notes , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Lathe Machine | Speed ,Depth of Cut ,Feed , Machining Time","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-05-14","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/lathe-machine-operation-300x201.jpg","height":201,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/list-of-engineering-drawing-tools-drawing-instrument/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Mini-draughter-300x173.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to List Of Engineering Drawing Tools | Drawing Instrument</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/list-of-engineering-drawing-tools-drawing-instrument/">List Of Engineering Drawing Tools | Drawing Instrument</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>List Of Engineering Drawing Tools | Drawing Instrument
Engineering drawing is the language of engineers and technicians. The accuracy and neatness of engineering drawing depends on the quality of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/list-of-engineering-drawing-tools-drawing-instrument/" aria-label="View Post: List Of Engineering Drawing Tools | Drawing Instrument">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"List Of Engineering Drawing Tools | Drawing Instrument","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/list-of-engineering-drawing-tools-drawing-instrument\/","articleBody":"List Of Engineering Drawing Tools | Drawing Instrument\r\nEngineering drawing is the language of engineers and technicians. The accuracy and neatness of engineering drawing depends on the quality of the instruments used.\u00a0 With good instruments, the drawing can be prepared easily, quickly and accurately.\u00a0 Therefore, the knowledge of different drawing instruments and materials, methods of using them and the preparatory works to be completed before commencing the drawing is very important.\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0What is Engineering Drawing | Basic of Machine drawing\r\nInstruments Used for Drawing\r\nThe following drawing instruments are required for preparing a neat and correct drawing.\r\n\r\n \tBasic Instruments\r\n\r\n \tDrawing board\r\n \tDrawing sheet\r\n \tDrawing pencil\r\n \tDrawing clips or pins\r\n \tEraser\r\n \tEraser shield\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tInstruments for Drawing Straight Lines\r\n\r\n \tT- square.\r\n \tSet- squares\r\n\r\n\r\n \tInstruments for Drawing Curved Lines\r\n\r\n \tLarge size compass\r\n \t(ii) Small bow compass \u2018\r\n \tFrench curve\r\n\r\n\r\n \tInstruments for Measuring Distance\r\n\r\n \tLarge size divider\r\n \tSmall bow divider\r\n \tScales\r\n\r\n\r\n \tInstruments for Measuring Angles\r\n\r\n \tProtractors\r\n \tSet-squares\r\n\r\n\r\n \tSpecial Tool\r\n\r\n \tMini drafter\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDrawing Board \u2013\u00a0Drawing Board (Top) image shows a drawing board with its working surface upward. The top surface of the board is perfectly smooth and level. Drawing Board (Bottom) image shows the bottom of the drawing board. A drawing board is rectangular in shape and is made of well seasoned soft wood such as oak or pine. A straight ebony edge is fitted on the left side on the board against which the head of the T- square moves.\r\n\r\nDrawing Sheet\u00a0\u2013 The drawing is frequently made in pencil on the drawing sheet. The best drawing sheet has the following qualities:\r\n\r\n \tLight cream buff in color to have good appearance.\r\n \tFine grains to pick up the graphite and produce clean, dense black lines.\r\n \tStrong fibers.\r\n \tSuperior erasing qualities.\r\n \tFolding strength\r\n \tToughness\r\n \tSmooth surface\r\n \tHard surface\r\n\r\nBasic of engineering drawings\r\n\r\nDrawing Pencil\u00a0\u2013 Neatness, quality and accuracy of the drawing greatly depends upon the type and conditions of the pencil used for drawing. Pencil leads are made of graphite with clay added in varying amounts to make 18 grades from 9H to 7B. These grades can be divided in three groups:\r\n\r\n \tHard : 9H to 4H\r\n \tMedium : 3H to B (3H, 2H, H, F, HB and B)\r\n \tSoft : 2B to 7B\r\n\r\nPencil of 9H is the hardest and that of 7B is the softest. Harder pencils have leads of small diameters and softer pencils of larger diameters to give adequate strength. The choice of grade of pencil depends upon the type of work, texture of paper, atmosphere, humidity, etc. Following pencils should be used for drawing work in class:\r\n\r\n2H Pencil \u2013 For drawing outlines, Centre lines, Break lines, etc.\r\n\r\nH Pencil \u2013 For dimensioning, arrowheads, hatching lines, lettering, sketching, circles, arcs, etc.\r\n\r\nMicro tip pencil \u2013 0.5mm for drawing outlines and 0.8mm for shading and sketching\r\n\r\nDrawing Clips or Pins \u2013\u00a0Drawing clips or pins are used to fix the drawing sheet on the drawing board at the required place.\u00a0 Frequent use of pins cause formation of impressions of pin pricks on the board, thus spoiling the surface of the board. The present trend is to go in for steel clips, if the size of the drawing paper is the same as that of the drawing board. Clips are used at all the four corners of the drawing board to clamp the paper. Adhesive tapes are also used for fixing the drawing sheet.\r\n\r\nEraser \u2013\u00a0Eraser is used to remove the extra lines, lines\/marks drawn by mistake and to clear soiled spots on the drawing. Only pencil eraser is used.\u00a0 Soft India-rubber is the most suitable kind of eraser for pencil drawings. The eraser used should be such that the surface of the drawing paper is not spoiled in anyway. It is desirable to use erasing shield to protect the nearby lines from being erased. The rubber crumbs formed after erasing should be swept away with a clean duster and should never be brushed off with hands. Use of eraser should be minimized by proper planning.\r\n\r\nErasing Shield \u2013\u00a0It is a thin metal or plastic plate cut with slots, circles and curves of different dimensions. It helps to erase unwanted pencil lines without erasing the surrounding lines.\r\n\r\nT- Square \u2013\u00a0It is composed of a long strip called blade, which is screwed rigidly at right angle to a shorter piece called head or stock.\u00a0 It is made of mahogany or pear wood, which is harder than the board wood. The head also has an ebony edge which slides against the working edge of the board. T- Square is used for making horizontal, vertical, inclined or parallel lines on the drawing sheet.\r\n\r\nSet-Squares \u2013\u00a0Set-squares are made of transparent plastic and are available in the shape of triangles, having a French curve or simply a gap cut in the body. These are used for drawing short straight lines, measuring and drawing certain angles. A good combination of set-squares is 30O\u00a0x 60O\u00a0set square with a long edge of 250 mm and a 45O\u00a0set squares with each edge of 200 mm.\r\n\r\nLarge Size Compass \u2013\u00a0The compass is used for drawing circles and arcs. It consists of two legs hinged together at its upper end. A pointed needle is fitted at the lower end of one leg, while a pencil lead is inserted at the end of the other leg. The lower part of the pencil leg is detachable and it can be interchanged with a similar piece containing an inking pen. Both the legs are provided with knee joints. Circles up to about 120 mm diameter can be drawn with the legs of the compass kept straight. For drawing smaller circles, both the legs should be bent at the knee joints so that these are perpendicular to the surface of the paper.\r\n\r\nSmall Bow Compass \u2013\u00a0Small bow compass is conveniently used for drawing circles and arcs of small diameters. It is very handy when a number of small circles of the same diameter are to be drawn. The adjusting nut of the small compass may be on the side or at the centre. This adjusting nut is provided to make fine adjustment for accurate small circles.\r\n\r\nFrench Curves \u2013\u00a0French curves are used to draw irregular curved lines, which cannot be drawn with a compass. A light pencil curve is first drawn free hand through the known points. Neat continuous curve is finally drawn with the longest possible curve coinciding exactly with the free hand curve. Proper care must be taken to ensure that no corners are formed anywhere on the curve. Proper use of French curves requires skill. French curves are made of transparent celluloid or plastic. These are available in various shapes.\r\n\r\nLarge Size Divider \u2013\u00a0The dividers has two legs hinged at the upper end and is provided with steel pins at both the lower ends, but it does not have the knee joints.\r\n\r\nThe dividers are used to\r\n\r\n \tDivide straight or curved lines into desired number of equal parts.\r\n \tSet off distances from the scale to the drawings.\r\n \tTransfer measurements from one part of the drawing to another.\r\n\r\nSmall Bow Divider \u2013\u00a0The small bow divider is adjusted by a nut and is very convenient for marking minute divisions and large number of short equal distances.\r\n\r\nScales \u2013\u00a0Scales are made of wood, steel, celluloid or plastic. Stainless steel scales are more durable. Scale may be flat or of triangular cross- section. 15 cm long and 2 cm wide or 30 cm long or 3 cm wide flat scales are commonly used. These are usually about 1 mm thick. The longer edges of the scale are marked with inch and its sub-divisions on one side and centimeter and its sub-divisions on the other side.\r\n\r\nProtractors \u2013\u00a0Protractors or Pro-circles are used for drawing any desired angle. These are made of hard transparent plastic. The edges are either squared or beveled.\r\n\r\nMini Drafter \u2013\u00a0A T-square, protractor and set squares can be replaced by a drawing drafter. With this, lines can be drawn at any desired angle. A mini drafter is made with several links. The scale is attached at the working end of the links. The scale unit can be rotated and set at any desired angle. The clamp end is fixed to the upper or lower edge of the drawing board. There is no need to have a working edge on a drawing board when a mini drafter is used. Mini drafter saves considerable time.\r\n\r\nMini Drafter\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSee also :\u00a0Projection Method | First And Third Angle Projection | Difference\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGuidelines for Use \u2013\u00a0The mini drafter is clamped on the board for use as follows\r\n\r\n \tSet the protractor head such that zero on protractors coincide with the reference mark on index plate. Lock the head by locking knob.\r\n \tInsert the clamp at the left-top corner of the drawing board along horizontal or vertical edge.\r\n \tAlign the bottom of horizontal scale along the bottom edge of the board. In this position tighten the clamp screw.\r\n \tPlace the drawing sheet, with already drawn border lines, underneath the scales of mini drafter and align the bottom borderline of sheet with the edge of horizontal scale of mini drafter.\r\n \tFix the drawing sheet in the same position by drawing clips or adhesive tape.\r\n \tThe protractor head along with scales can be moved to any place on the drawing sheet.\r\n \tTo draw horizontal and vertical line the reference mark should coincide with the zero on protractor head. To draw inclined line the protractor can be set to any desired angle coinciding with the reference mark on the index plate.\r\n \tAll the positioning is done by one hand while the other is used for drawing the lines.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nEngineering Drawing- Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nMachine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"List Of Engineering Drawing Tools | Drawing Instrument","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-05-14","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Mini-draughter-300x173.jpg","height":173,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/tapping-operation-formula-types-tapping-process/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/hand-tap-300x153.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Tapping Operation | Formula , Types , Tapping Process</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/tapping-operation-formula-types-tapping-process/">Tapping Operation | Formula , Types , Tapping Process</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Tapping Operation | Formula , Types , Tapping Process
 Tapping Operation : 
Tapping is the operation of cutting internal threads in a hole using a cutting tool called Tap. A tap has cutting edges...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/tapping-operation-formula-types-tapping-process/" aria-label="View Post: Tapping Operation | Formula , Types , Tapping Process">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Tapping Operation | Formula , Types , Tapping Process","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/tapping-operation-formula-types-tapping-process\/","articleBody":"Tapping Operation | Formula , Types , Tapping Process\r\n\u00a0Tapping Operation :\u00a0\r\nTapping is the operation of cutting internal threads in a hole using a cutting tool called Tap. A tap has cutting edges in the shape of threads. When the tap is screwed into a hole it removes metal and cuts internal threads for tapping the hole\r\ndrilled will be smaller than the tap size.\r\n\r\nTap drill size = 0.8 * Outer diameter of the threads\r\n\r\nFor Example For M8 Size tap ,Drill Size should be = 0.8*8 = 6.8 mm Diameter\u00a0\r\n\r\nTo understand the application and importance of the involvement of semi automation in conventional drilling machine in manufacturing.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0Drilling machine | Interview Question and Answers\r\nTypes Of Tapping Process\u00a0\r\nTapping may be done by:\r\n- hand\r\n- lathe machine\r\n- milling machine\r\n- tapping machine\r\n\r\nHAND TAPPING PROCEDURE\r\n1 Select drill size from chart.\r\n\r\nWhen choosing a tap size, this chart is the first place to look.\r\n\r\nTapping Drill Size Calculation\u00a0\r\n\r\ntapping drilling size calculation\r\n\r\n2. If necessary, add chamfer to the hole before tapping. Chamfers and countersinks are additional features that are sometimes desired for screws. For best results, the speed of the spindle should be between 150 and 250 rpm.\r\n\r\n3. Get a tap guide. The hole is now ready to tap. To do this, use the taps and guide blocks near the manual mills. The guide blocks will have several holes for different sized taps. Select the one closest to the size of the tap being used and place it over the drilled hole.\r\n\r\n4. Tap the block. Peck tap using the tap wrenches. Apply gentle pressure while turning the wrench a complete turn in, then a half-turn out. Peck tap to the desired depth.\r\n\r\n5. Complete the tap. If the tap does not go any further or the desired depth has been reached, release pressure on the tap; it has likely bottomed out. Remove the tap from the hole.\r\n\r\nHand tap Tool\r\nTAPPING PROCEDURE FOR LATHE\r\nProcedure:\r\n\r\n1. Mount the workpiece in the chuck.\r\n\r\n2. Face and center drill.\r\n\r\n3. Select the proper tap drill for the tap to be used.\r\n\r\n4. Example: \u00bc \u2013 20 unc used # 7 drill.\r\n\r\n5. Set the lathe to the proper speed and drill with the tap to the required depth. Use plenty cutting fluid.\r\n\r\n6. Note: the workpiece will rotate when tapping using the lathe power. Use a very slow spindle speed. (40 to 60 rpm) and plenty of cutting fluid.\r\n\r\n7. Chamfer the edge of the hole.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0Basic and related Drilling machine Operations\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Tool Articles , notes , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nDrilling Machine Projects\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Tapping Operation | Formula , Types , Tapping Process","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-05-14","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/hand-tap-300x153.jpg","height":153,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/lathe-operations-explained/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/thread-cutting-on-lathe-Machine-300x194.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Basic Lathe Operations | Lathe operation Explained</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/lathe-operations-explained/">Basic Lathe Operations | Lathe operation Explained</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Basic Lathe Operations | Lathe operation Explained
Lathe is a machine tool which causes workpiece to revolve so that when cutting tool comes in contact with the workpiece it removes the metal in the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/lathe-operations-explained/" aria-label="View Post: Basic Lathe Operations | Lathe operation Explained">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Basic Lathe Operations | Lathe operation Explained","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/lathe-operations-explained\/","articleBody":"Basic Lathe Operations | Lathe operation Explained\r\nLathe is a machine tool which causes workpiece to revolve so that when cutting tool comes in contact with the workpiece it removes the metal in the form of\u00a0 chips. Workpiece can be held securely and rigidly on the machine tool between centres or by means of chuck. To cut the material easily the cutting tool should be harder than the material of workpiece. It should be rigidly held on the machine or\u00a0 should be fed in a definite way relative to the workpiece.\r\n\r\nArrangements for setting the direction of tool advancement and its rigid holding, are already provided on lathe machine.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a025 Basic Operations Performed On Lathe Machine\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n LATHE OPERATIONS\r\nA standard machine is that which is able to deal with a variety of work and a wide range of operations can be performed on it. Special purpose machine is that which has been designed for specific purpose and only performs one or limited range of\u00a0 operations.\r\n\r\nA centre lathe is an example of standard lathe because on this machine we can perform the following operations :\r\n\r\n(a) Turning\r\n(b) Facing\r\n(c) Parting off \r\n(d) Knurling\r\n(e) Thread cutting\r\n(f) Grooving\r\n(g) Drilling\r\n(h) Boring\r\n(i) Reaming\r\n\r\nlathe operation\r\n\r\nThese operations are described below in detail.\r\n\r\nTurning\r\n\r\nIt is the removal of material from the outside diameter of a cylindrical job to obtain one or more finished diameter. Usually, there are three types of\u00a0 turning which are given below :\r\n\r\n(a) Plain or straight or parallel turning.\r\n(b) Stepped turning.\r\n(c) Taper turning.\r\n\r\nIn plain turning machining is done in this way that after removal of\u00a0 material, finished diameter at both the ends of length remains equal.\r\nTurning operation where the entire length is divided in steps of different diameter but each step individually finished by using plain turning is known as stepped turning. Taper turning is the operation in which the material is removed from the job to produce a conical shape. All the three types of\u00a0 turning are shown in Figure 7.13.\r\n\r\nturning operation\r\n\r\nPlain Turning and Stepped Turning\r\n\r\nIn plain turning, the workpiece is turned straight throughout the entire length when it is made to rotate about the lathe axis, and the cutting tool is fed along the lathe axis. The plain or straight turning produces a cylindrical surface after machining.\r\n\r\nIn stepped turning, the workpiece is turned in such a way that throughout the turning length it forms the steps of different diameters.\r\nAfter facing and centering at both ends faces, the job is mounted between the centres using a dog carrier attached to the workpiece, the bent tail of\u00a0 dog carrier is fitted into the slot provided on the driven plate. If the workpiece is mounted on a chuck, care should be taken to centre it accurately with the lathe axis. The trueness of the workpiece held on a chuck is tested by holding a scriber or a dial indicator against the rotating workpiece. Turning tool is clamped on the tool post by keeping its cutting edge approximately at the lathe axis or slightly above it.\r\n\r\nTaper Turning\r\n\r\nGenerally, the following methods are used for taper turning :\r\n(a) By swivelling compound rest\r\n(b) By setting over the tail stock \r\n(c) By taper turning attachment\r\n(d) By forming or broad-nose tool\r\nBy Swivelling Compound Rest \r\n\r\nThis method is used to produce short or steep tapers. The principle of\u00a0 this compound rest is that axis of workpiece rotates parallel to the bed\r\naxis and the cutting tool moves at the desired angle where the compound rest is already swivelled.\r\n\r\nLet the swivelled angle of compound rest with lathe axis is \u2018\u03b8\u2019. \u2018 L\u2019 shows the length, on which taper turning takes place. We can calculate the swivelled angle of compound rest in respect of lathe axis\r\n\r\nby following formula : tan \u03b8 = ( D - d) \/ L\r\n\r\nwhere \u2018 D\u2019 and \u2018d \u2019 are the larger and smaller diameters respectively.\r\n\r\nRead more ;\u00a0Taper turning by using taper turning attachment | Advantages\r\n\r\nFacing\r\n\r\nIt is the machining of the ends of a workpiece to make the ends smooth. For\u00a0 this operation, the cutting tool is fed perpendicular to the lathe or workpiece axis by means of cross slide.\r\n\r\nParting Off \r\n\r\nThis operation involves cutting the work-metal into two parts by using parting off tool. Feed to the cutting tool is given in same manner as in case of facing operation.\r\n\r\nKnurling\r\n\r\nIt is the process of producing rough surface of embossing diamond shaped pattern on a smooth surface of a cylindrical job. Knurling provides an effective gripping surface on a job to prevent it from slipping when operated by hand. Knurling, as shown in Figure 7.14, may be of two types :\r\n(a) straight or parallel, and\r\n(b) diamond type.\r\n\r\nlathe knurling operation\r\n\r\nKnurling is done by means of knurling tool which consists of a set of\u00a0 hardened steel rollers. The teeth are cut on the steel rollers in different pattern. For knurling operation, the knurling tool is forced with the workpiece which is already arranged in revolving condition.\r\n\r\nThread Cutting\r\n\r\nIn thread cutting operation, there is a certain ratio of motion between the travel of tool and the rotation of the spindle. This ratio is directly effected by the lead screw which is attached to the lathe spindle through gears. General set up for thread cutting is shown in Figure 7.15.\r\n\r\nFor cutting threads of different pitches, the stud (driver gear) and lead screw gear\u00a0 (driven gear) are changed as per desired ratio of revolution between the spindle and the lead screw. The ratio between the teeth on stud and lead screw gear can be calculated by the given formula,\r\n\r\nthread cutting on lathe Machine\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0Thread Cutting on Lathe -Lathe Machine Operations\r\n\r\nGrooving\r\n\r\nThis operation is also denoted as necking. Usually, grooves are cut on a cylindrical surface in narrow shape by means of grooving tool. The cutting edge of grooving tool is kept narrow.\r\n\r\nDrilling\r\n\r\nFor making a standard size of hole in a workpiece by means of drill is known as drilling operation. For this operation, drill is held in tail stock spindle.\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0Basic and related Drilling machine Operations\r\n\r\nBoring\r\n\r\nBoring is the operation of enlarging a drilled hole by means of a boring tool. The boring tool is fitted on a boring bar which is held in tail stock\u00a0 spindle.\r\n\r\nReaming\r\n\r\nIt is the operation of finishing a drilled hole to an accurate dimension with the help of reamer as a tool. The reamer is held on the tail stock spindle.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Tool Articles , notes , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Basic Lathe Operations | Lathe operation Explained","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-05-13","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 18, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/thread-cutting-on-lathe-Machine-300x194.jpg","height":194,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=46">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=45"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>45</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=46"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>46</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>47</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=48"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>48</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=49"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>49</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=48">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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