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Heat treatment is the method by which metal is heated and cooled in a series of specific operations, without melting it. The purpose of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/3-steps-of-heat-treatment-process-basic-of-heat-treatment/" aria-label="View Post: 3 Steps Of Heat Treatment Process | Basic Of Heat Treatment">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"3 Steps Of Heat Treatment Process | Basic Of Heat Treatment","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/3-steps-of-heat-treatment-process-basic-of-heat-treatment\/","articleBody":"3 Steps Of Heat Treatment Process | Basic Of Heat Treatment\r\nHeat treatment is the method by which metal is heated and cooled in a series of specific operations, without melting it. The purpose of heat treatment is to make a metal more useful by changing or restoring its mechanical properties. By heat treating, a metal can be made harder, stronger, and more resistant to impact.Also, heat treating can make a metal softer and more ductile. Some properties are improved at the expense of\u00a0others; for example, hardening a metal may make it brittle\u00a0and difficult to machine.\r\n\r\n\r\nHEAT-TREATING THEORY\r\nThe various types of heat-treating processes are somewhat similar because they all involve the heating and cooling; they differ in the heating temperatures and the cooling rates used and the final results. The usual methods of heat-treating ferrous metals (metals with iron) are annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Most nonferrous metals can be annealed, but never tempered, normalized, or case-hardened.\r\nSuccessful heat treatment requires close control over all factors affecting the heating and cooling of a metal.This control is possible only when proper equipment is available. The furnace must be of the proper size and type and controlled, so the temperatures are kept within prescribed limits for each operation. Even the furnace atmosphere affects the condition of the metal being heat-treated.The furnace atmosphere consists of the gases that circulate throughout the heating chamber and surround the metal, as it is being heated. In an electric furnace, the atmosphere is either air or a controlled mixture of\u00a0gases. In a fuel-fired furnace, atmosphere is a mixture of gases that comes from the combination of the air and the gases released by the fuel during combustion. These gases contain various proportions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and other various hydrocarbons. Fuel-fired furnaces can provide three distinct atmospheres when you vary the proportions of air and fuel.\r\n\r\nThey are called oxidizing, reducing, and neutral\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSTAGES OF HEAT\u00a0TREATMENT\r\nHeat treating is accomplished in three broad stages:\r\nStage 1 -\u00a0Heating the metal slowly to ensure a uniform temperature\r\nStage 2 - Soaking (holding) metal at a given temperature for a given time and cooling the metal to room temperature\r\nStage 3 - Cooling the metal to room temperature\r\n\r\n\r\n steps in heat treatment\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHEATING STAGE\r\nThe primary objective in heating stage is to maintain uniform temperatures. If uneven heating occurs, one section of a part can expand faster than another and result in distortion or cracking. Uniform temperatures are attained by slow heating. The heating rate of a part depends on several factors. One important factor is the heat conductivity of the metal. A metal with a high-heat conductivity heats at a faster rate than one with a low conductivity. Also, the condition of the metal determines the rate at which it may be heated. The heating rate for hardened tools and parts should be slower than unstressed or untreated metals. Finally, size and cross section figure into the heating rate. Parts with a large cross section require slower heating rates to allow the interior temperature to remain close to the surface temperature that prevents warping or cracking. Parts with uneven cross sections experience uneven heating; however, such parts are less apt to be cracked orexcessively warped when the heating rate is kept slow.\r\n\r\nSOAKING STAGE\r\nAfter the metal is heated to proper temperature, it is held at that temperature until the desired internal structural changes take place. This process is called SOAKING. The length of time held at the proper temperature is called the SOAKING PERIOD, which depends on chemical analysis of the metal and the mass of\u00a0the part. When steel parts are uneven in\u00a0cross section, the soaking period is\u00a0determined by the largest section.During the soaking stage, the temperature of the metal is rarely brought from room temperature to the final temperature in one operation; instead, metal is slowly heated to a temperature just below the point at which the change takes place and then it is held at that temperature until the heat is equalized throughout the metal. This process is called PREHEATING. Following pre-heat, metal is quickly heated to final target temperature. When apart has an intricate design, it may have to be preheated at more than one temperature to prevent cracking and excessive warping. For example, assume an intricate part needs to be heated to 1500\u00b0F (815\u00b0C)for\u00a0hardening. This\u00a0part could be slowly heated to 600\u00b0F (316\u00b0C), soaked at this temperature, then heated slowly to 1200\u00b0F (649\u00b0C), and then soaked at that temperature. Following the final preheat, the part should then be heated quickly to the hardening temperature of 1500\u00b0F (815\u00b0C).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCOOLING STAGE\r\nAfter the metal has been soaked, it must be returned to room temperature to complete the heat-treating process. To cool the metal, it can be placed in direct contact with a COOLING MEDIUM, either gas or liquid, or solid or any combination of these. The cooling rate depends on metal and the end properties. The rate of\u00a0cooling depends on cooling medium as well; therefore, the choice of a cooling medium has an important influence on end properties.Quenching is the procedure used for cooling metal rapidly in oil, water, brine or other medium. Because most metals are cooled rapidly during the hardening process, quenching is usually associated with hardening;however, quenching does not always result in increased hardness; for example to anneal copper, it is usually quenched in water. Other metals such as\u00a0air-hardened steels are cooled\u00a0at a relatively slow\u00a0rate for hardening.Some metals crack or warp easily during quenching while others suffer no effects; therefore, the quenching medium must be chosen to fit metal. Brine or water is used for metals that require a rapid cooling rate, and oil mixtures are more suitable for metals that need a slower rate of cooling. Generally, carbon steels are water-hardened and alloy steels are oil-hardened. Non-ferrous metals are normally quenched in water.","headline":"3 Steps Of Heat Treatment Process | Basic Of Heat Treatment","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/steps-in-heat-treatment-300x190.jpg","height":190,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-torque-formula-unit-of-torque-concept/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Torque_animation.gif')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Torque | Formula , Unit Of Torque Concept</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-torque-formula-unit-of-torque-concept/">What is Torque | Formula , Unit Of Torque Concept</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Torque | Formula , Unit Of Torque Concept
In the Indian sub-continent, we are always fascinated by the ability of “Royal Enfield” (popularly named “Bullet”) totravel longer distances...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-torque-formula-unit-of-torque-concept/" aria-label="View Post: What is Torque | Formula , Unit Of Torque Concept">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Torque | Formula , Unit Of Torque Concept","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-torque-formula-unit-of-torque-concept\/","articleBody":"What is Torque | Formula , Unit Of Torque Concept\r\nIn the Indian sub-continent, we are always fascinated by the ability of \u201cRoyal Enfield\u201d (popularly named \u201cBullet\u201d) totravel longer distances and carry \u201cheavy\u201d load without any problem. Royal Enfield generally comes in two variants,350 and 535 CC engine capacities with top speeds of more than 100 kilometers per hour. One of the \u201chidden\u201dparameters of this engine and for that matter, any so-called \u201cpowerful\u201d machines is Torque. From every day simple application of locking the doors, opening bottle cap to carrying 40 feet fully loaded container, \u201ctorque\u201d is an integral part of the activity.\r\n\r\n\r\n Torque_animation\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTorque is defined as the rotational force caused by applying certain amount of force at a distance.Refer figure 1 for example. Here the torque applied on a nut is decided by the length (r) of adjustable spanner(wrench) and\u00a0force (F)\u00a0applied at the\u00a0end.\u00a0\r\n\r\nRemember that\u00a0torque always causes the object to\u201drotate\u201d and hence sometimes it is also referred to as \u201cturning moment.\u201d\r\n\r\nRead More\u00a0 : \r\nWhat is the Torque - Basic Concepts of Mechanics\r\nDynamometer | Types Of Dynamometer used For Torque measurement\r\nRelation Between Torque and Power :\u00a0\r\n\r\nIn this example,\r\n\r\ntorque , T = r x F = distance from center x Force applied. For instance, if r is equal to 1 meter and F is equal to 10 kilograms, \u00a0torque applied on the \u201cnut\u201d becomes,T = 1 x 10 = 10 Kilogram-meter (Kg-m) = 10 x 10 = 100 Newton-meter (N m). We can obtain the same torque by applying 5 kilograms at 2 meters (T = 2 x 5 = 10 Kg-m). The \u201crate\u201d (speed) at which torque is applied is called \u201cPower\u201d and plays a vital role in selecting proper machine for an application. Torque is also very important in defining capacity of various automobiles. To understand, how they are interrelated, let us take one 3 phase induction motor as an example and study various parameters.\r\n\r\nMotor power, P (Kw) = 22 Motor Speed, N (RPM) = 1440.Following formula can be used to calculate the torque.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n power and torque relationship\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n22 = Torque (Newton-meter) x \u03c0 x 1440 \/ 30000\u00a0 Therefore, Torque (Nm) = 22 x 30000 \/ (1440 x \u03c0) = 146 Nm = 14.6 Kg-m From this formula, we can see that as speed reduces, torque increases and this concept is used in reduction gear boxes, automobile gear boxes to modify the torque. Let us now use the motor to perform a useful task. A one meter diameter pulley is expected to lift 2000 kilograms of weight in an over head crane.Torque required, to lift the weight, T = 2000 x 0.5 (we have to consider only the radius) = 1000 Kg-m = 10000 Nm But since the selected motor can generate only 14.6 Kg-m, it cannot directly lift the weight and hence speed needs to be reduced and hence we will install a gear box to generate the required torque. Let us now calculate the gear ratio.Required Torque, T2 = 1000 Kg-m; Available Torque = 14.6 Kg-m.\r\n\r\n\r\nTherefore, required gear ratio = T2 \/ T1 = 1000 \/ 14.6 = 68.5. With safety factor we can round this figure off to 70. Since gear ratio is 70, the rpm of pulley gets reduced by same ratio and will now be equal to (1440 \/ 70) = 20. If the designer finds this rpm too low, then kilowatt (horsepower) rating of the motor gets increased. In this application, if\u00a0gear ratio or motor capacity is reduced, it cannot lift the weight and motor gets either burnt or overloaded.\r\n\r\nTorque is also vital parameter in bolts which are designed to hold mechanical assemblies together. Normally the\u201ctightening torque\u201d is indicated in foot-pounds for most of applications. For many assemblies, even though hand tightening is an accepted practice, torque wrenches have to be used in very important applications, like engine head, clutch assembly, flywheel assembly and more. On torque wrenches, the user will adjust prescribed value and start tightening the bolt. As soon as set torque is reached, torque wrench clicks and does not tighten the bolt any further.\r\nThis will prevent major \u201cerror of judgment\u201d of hand tightening which needs to be avoided as much as possible, at leastin critical assemblies.\r\nTorque Units :\u00a0\r\nLet us take a brief look at commonly used units for specifying torques.\r\n\r\n\r\ntorque unit\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWith increase in complexity of production facility, it is essential to prevent machine breakdowns as much as possible. TPM \u2013 Total Productive Maintenance \u2013 a concept conceived by Japanese is becoming extremely popular in reducing breakdowns and increasing efficiencies of machineries. As per 40 year long analyses made by TPM, it is observed that \u201cimproper tightening\u201d is one of the important causes of major breakdowns. In other words, applying less than or more than required torque (usually to prove one\u2019s physical strength in shop floor!) is the root cause for such breakdowns.\r\n\r\nSome of the points to be considered with reference to torque are as follows\r\n\r\n \tHigher the weight to be lifted (crane for example) or moved (automobile), higher the torque necessary\r\n \tIf an undersized prime mover (motor, for example) is selected, torque can be increased by reducing the gear boxes (speed)\r\n \tIf both high torque and high speed are essential, the prime mover\u2019s size will increase considerably.\r\n \tWhen tightening bolts, its torque limits should not be exceeded\r\n \tTorque wrenches should be made a standard part of maintenance department tool box","headline":"What is Torque | Formula , Unit Of Torque Concept","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Torque_animation.gif","height":154,"width":220},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/tata-motors-industrial-training-pdf-report-download/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/tata-motors-products-300x265.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to TATA Motors | Industrial Training PDF report Download</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/tata-motors-industrial-training-pdf-report-download/">TATA Motors | Industrial Training PDF report Download</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>TATA Motors | Industrial Training PDF report Download
TATA MOTORS- AN INTRODUCTION  Established in 1945, Tata Motors is India's largest and only fully integrated automobile company. Tata Motors...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/tata-motors-industrial-training-pdf-report-download/" aria-label="View Post: TATA Motors | Industrial Training PDF report Download">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"TATA Motors | Industrial Training PDF report Download","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/tata-motors-industrial-training-pdf-report-download\/","articleBody":"TATA Motors | Industrial Training PDF report Download\r\nTATA MOTORS- AN INTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nEstablished in 1945, Tata Motors is India's largest and only fully integrated automobile company. Tata Motors began manufacturing commercial vehicles in 1954 with a 15-year collaboration agreement with Daimler Benz of Germany. Since 1969, the company's products have come out of its own design and development efforts.\r\nToday, Tata Motors is India's largest commercial vehicle manufacturer with a 59 per cent market share and ranks among the top six manufacturers of medium and heavy commercial vehicles in the areas of business Tata Motors' product range covers passenger cars, multi-utility vehicles as well as light, medium and heavy commercial vehicles for goods and passenger transport. Seven out of 10 medium and heavy commercial vehicles in India bear the most trusted TATA mark.\r\nCV Unit Commercial Vehicle Business unit. The company has over 130 models of light, medium and heavy commercial vehicles ranging from two tones to 40 tones, buses ranging from 12-seaters to 60-seaters, tippers, special purpose vehicles, off-road vehicles and defense vehicles.\r\nPassenger Car Unit\r\n\r\nThe Company\u2019s passenger car range comprises the hatchback Indica, the Indigo sedan and the Marina, its station wagon variant, in petrol and diesel versions. The Tata Sumo, its rural variant, the Spacio and the Tata Safari (the country's first sports utility vehicle) are the company's multi-utility offerings. The Tata Indica, India's first indigenously designed and manufactured car, was launched by Tata Motors in 1999 as part of its ongoing effort towards giving India transport solutions that were designed for Indian conditions. Currently, the company's passenger cars and multi-utility vehicles have a 16-per cent market share. In addition to the growth opportunities in the buoyant domestic market, the company is pursuing growth through acquisitions (it acquired Daewoo Commercial Vehicles, Korea, in 2004) and alliances (it has entered into a tie-up with MG Rover, UK, to supply 1, 00,000 Indicas to be budged as City Rover) in other geographies.\r\n\r\ntata motors products\r\nCONTENTS\r\n\r\n \tDeclaration\r\n \tAcknowledgement\r\n \tTATA MOTORS- An Introduction\r\n \tTATA Journey-Year by year\r\n \tTelco (Lucknow Plant)\r\n \tOrganization Structure\r\n \tVehicle Classification\r\n \tEastern complex\r\n \tDetailed Study of cowl line of TCF trim line\r\n \tProjects:\r\n1. TIME STUDY OF SUB TRIM LINE (COWL LINE)\r\n2. REMOVAL OF UNNECESSARY PROCESSES IN SUB TRIM LINE\r\n \t\u00a0Summary\r\n\r\nThere are five factories in Tata Motors, Lucknow:\r\n- CV-CX (Commercial Vehicle) Factory\r\n- Transmission Factory\r\n- TATA MARCOPOLO MOTORS Limited\r\n- Integral Bus Factory (IBF)\r\n- RECON Factory\r\n\r\nDepartments in TATA Motors Lucknow are:\r\n\r\n \tPlanning\r\n \tTechnical services\r\n \tCentral tool room\r\n \tCentral procurement\r\n \tDispatch\r\n \tCentral logistics\r\n \tFactory logistics group-CV\r\n \tFactory logistics gear-transmission\r\n \tFactory logistics Gr-sumo\r\n \tSQIG\r\n \tEngineering services\r\n \tCentral maintenance\r\n \tFPIG - CV factory\r\n \tFPIG-transmission factory\r\n \tCentral quality (CQ)\r\n \tArea office, Lucknow\r\n \tRegional sales office (Lucknow)\r\n \tService deptt., Lucknow works\r\n \tPlant head office\r\n\r\nDownload Report :\r\nTATA Motors | Industrial Training PDF report Download\r\n\r\nPages ; 40 nos\r\n\r\nClick here to Download TATA Motors industrial training pdf report download\u00a0","headline":"TATA Motors | Industrial Training PDF report Download","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/tata-motors-products-300x265.jpg","height":265,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/format-for-preparing-the-internship-project-report/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/bonafide-certificate-275x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to FORMAT FOR PREPARING THE INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/format-for-preparing-the-internship-project-report/">FORMAT FOR PREPARING THE INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>FORMAT FOR PREPARING THE INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT
The write-up should focus on the specific objectives of the project, the methodology used, and the major findings. Regarding title, instead of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/format-for-preparing-the-internship-project-report/" aria-label="View Post: FORMAT FOR PREPARING THE INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"FORMAT FOR PREPARING THE INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/format-for-preparing-the-internship-project-report\/","articleBody":"FORMAT FOR PREPARING THE INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT\r\nThe write-up should focus on the specific objectives of the project, the methodology used, and the major findings. Regarding title, instead of giving a general, topic-like title, be specific and emphasize the explicit nature of the work. The report should be brief, with the number of\r\npages of the main content of the report being not be more than 30 pages (Please consult with respective departments for specific instructions in this regard). Front matter, appendix, etc can be extra.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0Project Report Format engineering Students\r\n\r\n1. ARRANGING THE CONTENTS:\r\n\r\nThe sequence in which the project report material should be arranged and bound should be as follows:\r\n1.1. Cover Page &amp; Title Page\r\n1.2. Bonafide Certificate from the project supervisor(s), counter signed by the HoD \/ Division or Group Head\r\n1.3. Declaration by author(s)\r\n1.4. Abstract\r\n1.5. Table of Contents\r\n1.6. List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature\r\n1.7. Chapters\r\n1.8. Appendices\r\n1.9. References\r\n\r\n2. PAGE DIMENSION AND BINDING SPECIFICATIONS:\r\nThe dimension of the project report should be in A4 size. The project report should be neatly bound. The cover should be printed in black letters and the text (or font?) for printing should be identical.\r\n\r\n3. PREPARATION FORMAT:\r\n\r\n3.1 Cover Page &amp; Title Page \u2013 A specimen copy of the Cover page &amp; Title page of the project report are given in Appendix 1.\r\n\r\n3.2 Bonafide Certificate \u2013\r\n\r\nThe Bonafide Certificate shall be in double line spacing Times New Roman using Font Style and Font Size 14, as per the format in Appendix 2.\r\n\r\nbonafide certificate\r\n\r\nThe certificate shall carry the supervisor\u201fs signature and HoD's signature fro projects done in IIST and signatures of equivalent people if it is done outside IIST.\r\n\r\n3.3 Declaration by Author(s) \u2013 see template in appendix 3\r\n\r\n3.4 Abstract \u2013 Abstract should be straight to the point; not too descriptive but fully informative. The following things should appear in the abstract.\r\n\r\n(a) the problem addressed,\r\n(b) its importance\/novelty,\r\n(c) the approach adopted for solving the problem, highlighting novelty, if any,\r\n(d) the major results obtained,\r\n(e) and the major conclusion.\r\n\r\nThe abstract does not have to be an entire summary of the project, but rather a concise summary of the scope and results of the project. It should inform a reader whether to read or not the full text, and also give a precise idea on what has been attempted. An abstract should be short, and limited to 1 page. Include key words (Font Style: Times New Roman and Font Size: 12, Spacing: Single)\r\n\r\n3.5 Table of Contents \u2013 \r\n\r\nThe table of contents should list all material following it as well as any material which precedes it. The title page, Bonafide Certificate, and Declaration by Authors may not be included in the Table of Contents, but the page numbers of which are in lower case Roman numbers. The format of the table of contents is given in Appendix 4.\r\n\r\n3.6 List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature \u2013Standard symbols, abbreviations etc. should be used.\r\n\r\n3.7 Chapters \u2013 \r\n\r\nThe main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may further be divided into sections and subsections. Chapters, sections, and subsections should be given appropriate titles. Tables and figures should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the first reference to them. Figure and table numbers should carry their chapter number. For example Fig.\u00a0 is the second figure in the fourth chapter.\r\nThe following are suggested chapters and what they could contain. The division into chapters may vary from project to project. The important point is that the report should mainly contain the work accomplished in the project, with a small portion devoted to describing the problem addressed and how others have tackled this or similar problems. The report should be understandable to your classmates. It should have sufficient detail to enable the examiners to assess the validity of the approaches used and the results obtained.\r\n\r\na) Introduction\r\nIntroduction could contain the following. (a) brief statement of the problem, (b) importance\/novelty of the problem, (c) related literature - how others have addressed this or similar problems and the relevant results they obtained (For example, \u201cIt has already\u00a0 been reported [1]\u2026\u2026\u201d OR \u201cJiang et al [2] reported that\u2026.\u201d OR \u201cIt is known [3] that\u2026.\u201d etc., where [1], [2], [3], should be detailed in the reference section as per the format given below), (d) scope of the project - precise idea on what is to be achieved in the work, (e) brief statements on what subsequent chapters contain.\r\n\r\nb) Approach Used\r\nThis could be in one or more chapter. It should give the details of the approaches used by the student for arriving at results. The approach could be theoretical, computational, experimental, or a combination of these. The description should be detailed enough to enable someone else with the author's background to use the same approach and get the same results. Detailed part of the description, parameter values\r\nused, etc can be be presented in Appendices.\r\n\r\nc) Results and Discussion\r\nThis could also be in one or more chapters. These chapters include the specific details of data generated and results obtained, in graphical and\/or tabular form. Based on the analysis and interpretation of data and results, major findings should be pointed out unambiguously. It should be noted that the findings are to be summarized according to the significance to the stated objectives, and should complement the latter. Detailed aspects can be presented in Appendices.\r\n\r\nd) Conclusions and Recommendations\r\nConclusions are to be drawn with reference to the previously stated objectives of the project. This should highlight the major results. Recommendations are often more important than conclusions. It is known to us how to do better only after we finish a project, i.e. after we obtain an appropriate experience. Particularly, students\u201f experiments are hampered due to lack of experience, time, methods and equipment as well as insufficient attention to accuracy and details. Recommendations should be given for any further changes or work that would better accomplish the project objectives, or can extend them.\r\n\r\nNote: It is very important to draw the figures and prepare the tables yourself. If any figure or table or data or result or opinion is not yours, cite relevant reference. If you do not cite reference in such cases, you will be regarded to have plagiarized\/stolen the material. This could lead to punitive action.\r\n\r\n(e) Appendices \u2013 Appendices may be provided to give supplementary information, which is included in the main text may serve as a distraction and cloud the central theme.\r\n\r\n(f) List of References \u2013The listing of references should be typed below the heading \u201cREFERENCES\u201d in the order in which they appear in the work. A typical illustrative list is given below.\r\n\r\nREFERENCES\r\n\r\n1. Shapiro, A. H., The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compressible Fluid Flow - Vol.1, The Ronald Press Company, New York, 1953, p.383-384.\r\n2. Jiang, Z., Takayama, K., and Skews, B. W., \u201cNumerical Study on Blast Flow Fields Induced by Supersonic projectiles Discharged from Shock Tubes,\u201d Physics of Fluids, Vol.10, No.1, 1998, pp.277-288.\r\n3. Ahmadikia, H. and Shirani, E., \u201cTransonic and Supersonic Overtaking of a Projectile Preceding a Shock Wave,\u201d Report-IC\/2001\/48, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Italy, 2001.\r\nDownload pdf Format Template :\u00a0\r\nhttps:\/\/www.iist.ac.in\/sites\/default\/files\/projectinternship\/Internship%20Report%20Format_3.pdf","headline":"FORMAT FOR PREPARING THE INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/bonafide-certificate-275x300.jpg","height":300,"width":275},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/project-report-format-engineering-students/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/project-report-index-pcie1-1-638-232x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Project Report Format engineering Students</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/project-report-format-engineering-students/">Project Report Format engineering Students</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Project Report Format engineering Students
Project report is a written evidence of tasks, processes and activities that are undertaken and accomplished by the students while pursuing their projects...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/project-report-format-engineering-students/" aria-label="View Post: Project Report Format engineering Students">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Project Report Format engineering Students","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/project-report-format-engineering-students\/","articleBody":"Project Report Format engineering Students\r\nProject report is a written evidence of tasks, processes and activities that are undertaken and accomplished by the students while pursuing their projects and implementing it.\r\n\r\nThis report is an official document that reflects precise and concrete information about the different aspects of the project ranging from the overview, requirements, practical aspects, theoretical considerations, tasks furnished, outcomes gained, objectives listed, reports attached, abstracts, experiments and results, conclusions and recommendations to the implementation and scope of the project.\r\n\r\nThus, a project report provides complete information about the project to the reader, and therefore, it is a mandatory document that must be submitted to the respective department heads after the successful completion and implementation of the projects.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0Major Project Report: Front Page, Certificate and Acknowledgement Format\r\n\r\nFORMAT FOR PREPARATION OF PROJECT REPORT (M.tech)\r\n\r\nARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS :\r\nThe sequence in which the project report material should be arranged and bound as follows:\r\n1. Cover Page\r\n2. Inner Title Page (Same as cover page)\r\n3. Certificate\r\n4. Acknowledgement\r\n5. Abstract\r\n6. Table of Contents\r\n7. List of Tables\r\n8. List of Figures\r\n9. Abbreviations and Nomenclature( If any)\r\n10. Chapters\r\n11. References\r\n12. Appendices( If any)\r\n13. Publication ( If any)\r\n\r\nThe tables and figures shall be introduced in the appropriate places.\r\n\r\nproject report index\r\nTypical Format of the Project Report\r\nTitle page\r\n\r\nAll the letters of the title page must be capitalized, and the title page should not contain page numbers. The other aspects of the title page like the title should be like a report, and should contain the name of the organization to which the project is intended to be submitted.\r\n\r\nDeclaration and Approval\r\n\r\nThe declaration is a statement written by the student who declares that he or she has sincerely completed his or her project. The declaration statement concludes with the signature of the student.\r\n\r\nThe Approval page is also a confirmation from the head of the department, guide, and external examiner about their acceptance of the project. The approval page is endorsed with the signatures of the heads confirming their approval of the project.\r\n\r\nAcknowledgement\r\n\r\nThe acknowledgement page depicts the gratitude, respect and thankfulness of the student towards the people who helped him in pursuing the project successfully and ensured successful completion and implementation of the project. In this page, the author expresses his gratitude and concern by using praising and thanksgiving words.\r\n\r\nAbstract\r\n\r\nAbstract represents a summarized report of the complete project in a very concise and informative format covering main objective and aim of the project, the background information, processes and methods used, and methodologies implemented, followed with a brief conclusion of two to three lines talking about the results and scope of the project.\r\n\r\nThe entire abstract of a project report should be written in about 250 to 350 words, and therefore, should not exceed any further.\r\n\r\nTable of Contents, List of Figures and Tables\r\n\r\nTable of contents provides a complete sketch of the title, subtitles, headings, topics and the project elements that are involved in those headings. In other words, different sections and their titles are included here.\r\n\r\nThe whole project report in a nutshell is made known in the table of contents section, and therefore, it should include the titles of the first, second and third level headers, and must give a clear picture of the report to the reader.\r\n\r\nSimilarly, a list of figures and tables helps the reader to locate diagrams, charts and tables in the document, and therefore, it should be numbered accordingly by chapter and page number. It is not necessary to indicate page numbers for symbols and abbreviations used in the document.\r\n\r\nThe Main Body of the Project\r\n\r\nThe main body of the project should comprise several chapters with the corresponding titles, and each page within these chapters must be numbered in numerals as page numbers. The usual way of presenting these chapters is given below.\r\n\r\nChapter 1:\u00a0Introduction chapter. This chapter should contain brief background information about the project, the methodology implemented for problem solving and the outlines of the results and future scope of the project. It rarely contains drawings and graphical illustrations.\r\n\r\nChapter 2:\u00a0Chapter of Literature Review. It evaluates the current work with the previous one. It depicts the current implementations that overcome the previous problems and limitations of the project, and draws the attention and focus on the foreknowledge work that would be conducted based on the ongoing work at present. It must be clear and simple to understand.\r\n\r\nChapter 3-4 or 5:\u00a0These chapters describe the overall in-depth information about the project. These chapters also involve the basic theoretical information about each and every component &amp; aspect of the project, such as\u00a0circuit design, simulation implementation and modeling, software implementation, statistical analysis and calculations done, results gained, and so on.\r\n\r\nThe appropriate information should always be accompanied with pictorial representations, tabular demonstrations, diagrams, flow charts, visible graphs, Images, photos other representations and depictions of the project, along with simulation results with good resolution and clarity.\r\n\r\nConclusion and Recommendations\r\n\r\nThe conclusion and recommendations part summarizes the whole report by highlighting all the chapters and their significance and the importance of the project and about the achievements.\r\n\r\nThe Recommendations are interlinked with conclusion. The conclusion drawn from the project report can be further implemented in the recommendation section to overcome the constraints of the project.\r\n\r\nReferencing and Appendices\r\n\r\nThe project report must be considered as a very standard report, and therefore, it should follow all rules, guidelines and protocols of gathering and presenting information, and implementing that and drawing conclusions out of it.\r\n\r\nAll these activities require appropriate and authentic sources of information and that particular information must be referenced or cited according to the copyrights and other guidelines. Therefore, to make the report original, it should be free from plagiarism and must follow standard citations and guidelines of citations to represent the reference names","headline":"Project Report Format engineering Students","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-22","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/project-report-index-pcie1-1-638-232x300.jpg","height":300,"width":232},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/screw-pump-working-design-advantages-and-disadvantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/screw-pump-300x176.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Screw Pump | Working , Design , Advantages and Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/screw-pump-working-design-advantages-and-disadvantages/">Screw Pump | Working , Design , Advantages and Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Screw Pump | Working , Design , Advantages and Disadvantages
Screw Pumps
A screw pump is a positive-displacement (PD) pump that use one or several screws to move fluids or solids along the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/screw-pump-working-design-advantages-and-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: Screw Pump | Working , Design , Advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Screw Pump | Working , Design , Advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/screw-pump-working-design-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"Screw Pump | Working , Design , Advantages and Disadvantages\r\nScrew Pumps\r\nA\u00a0screw pump\u00a0is a positive-displacement (PD) pump that use one or several screws to move fluids or solids along the screw(s) axis. In its simplest form (the\u00a0Archimedes' screw pump), a single screw rotates in a cylindrical cavity, thereby moving the material along the screw's\u00a0spindle. This ancient construction is still used in many low-tech applications, such as\u00a0irrigation systems\u00a0and in agricultural machinery for transporting grain and other solids.\r\n\r\nThese pumps have two or more gear-driven helical meshing screws in a close fitting case to develop the desired pressure. These screws mesh to form a fluid-type seal between the screws and casing.\r\n\r\nA schematic diagram of a screw pump is shown in Fig . A two-screw pump consists of two parallel rotors with inter-meshing threads rotating in a closely machined casing. The driving screw and driven screw are connected by means of timing gears. When the screws turn, the space between the threads is divided into compartments. As the screws rotate, the inlet side of the pump is flooded with hydraulic fluid because of partial vacuum.When the screws turn in normal rotation, the fluid contained in these compartments is pushed uniformly along the axis toward the center of the pump, where the compartments discharge the fluid. Here the fluid does not rotate but moves linearly as a nut on threads. Thus, there are no pulsations at a higher speed; it is a very quiet operating pump.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0What is Positive Displacement Pumps | Types and Advantages\r\n\r\n screw pump\r\n\r\nIn a screw pump, a chamber is formed between thread and housing as shown in Fig. The following expression gives the volumetric displacement\r\n\r\n screw pump design\r\n\r\nAdvantages and disadvantages of screw pump\r\n\r\nThe advantages are as follows:\r\n1.They are self-priming and more reliable.\r\n2. They are quiet due to rolling action of screw spindles.\r\n3.They can handle liquids containing gases and vapor.\r\n4. They have long service life.\r\n\r\nThe disadvantages are as follows:\r\n\r\n1.They are bulky and heavy.\r\n2.They are sensitive to viscosity changes of the fluid.\r\n3. They have low volumetric and mechanical efficiencies.\r\n4. Manufacturing cost of precision screw is high.","headline":"Screw Pump | Working , Design , Advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-21","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/screw-pump-300x176.jpg","height":176,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=100">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=99"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>99</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=100"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>100</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>101</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=102"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>102</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=103"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>103</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=102">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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