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Handwritten Notes Download</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing Handwritten Notes Download
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of software to control machine tools and related ones in the manufacturing of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/computer-aided-design-and-manufacturing-handwritten-notes-download/" aria-label="View Post: Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing Handwritten Notes Download">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing Handwritten Notes Download","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/computer-aided-design-and-manufacturing-handwritten-notes-download\/","articleBody":"Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing Handwritten Notes Download\r\nComputer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of software to control machine tools and related ones in the manufacturing of workpieces. This is not the only definition for CAM, but it is the most common; CAM may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all operations of a manufacturing plant, including planning, management, transportation and storage. Its primary purpose is to create a faster production process and components and tooling with more precise dimensions and material consistency, which in some cases, uses only the required amount of raw material (thus minimizing waste), while simultaneously reducing energy consumption.[citation needed] CAM is now a system used in schools and lower educational purposes. CAM is a subsequent computer-aided process after computer-aided design (CAD) and sometimes computer-aided engineering (CAE), as the model generated in CAD and verified in CAE can be input into CAM software, which then controls the machine tool. CAM is used in many schools alongside Computer-Aided Design (CAD) to create objects.\r\n\r\ncomputer aided design notes\r\n\r\nCourse Objectives:\r\nDevelopments of software computer interface in design of various elements\r\nUse of software for manufacturing\r\nAutomation of manufacturing methods\r\n\r\nCourse Contents:\r\nModule - I\r\nFundamentals of CAD: The design process, applications of computer for design, creating the Manufacturing, Database, The design workstation, Graphical Terminal, Operator input Devices, Plotters and other devices, the CPU secondary storage\r\n\r\nModule - II\r\nComputer graphics Software and Database: Configuration, Graphics Packages, Constructing the Geometry, transformations, Database structure and content, wire frame versus solid modeling\r\n\r\nModule - III\r\nCAM \u2013 Introduction, Numerical Control and NC Part Programming: NC Coordinate system, NC motion control system, Economics of NC, Manual and Computer Aid Programming, the APT language, NC programming with interactive graphics\r\n\r\nModule - IV\r\nProblems with conventional NC, NC technology: CNC, DNC combined DNC\/CNC system, Adopter control manufacturing systems, Computer Integrated manufacturing system, Machine Tools and related Equipment, Materials Handling and Storage system, computer system\r\n\r\nText Book(s):\r\n1. Computer Aided design and Manufacture, Grover M.P.Simmers, E.W. Prentice Hall\r\n2. CAD\/CAM\/CIM P.Radhakrishnan &amp; Subramanyam, Willey Eastern Limited.\r\n3. Automation, Production System and CIM, Goover, Prentice hall\r\n\r\nCourse Outcomes:\r\nDefine the principles of optimum design\r\nApply surface modelling techniques\r\nAnalyze production systems at operation level\r\n\r\nComputer Aided Design and Manufacturing Handwritten Notes Download\r\n\r\nClick here : 108 pages\r\n\r\nFile Size : 25 mb\r\n\r\nClick here to Download CAD and Manufacturing pdf Download\u00a0","headline":"Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing Handwritten Notes Download","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-13","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/computer-aided-design-notes-300x156.jpg","height":156,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/theory-of-metal-cutting-interview-question-and-answers/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/difference-between-orthogonal-and-oblique-cutting-300x134.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Theory Of Metal Cutting | Interview question and Answers</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/theory-of-metal-cutting-interview-question-and-answers/">Theory Of Metal Cutting | Interview question and Answers</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Theory Of Metal Cutting | Interview question and Answers
 THEORY OF METAL CUTTING -Question and Answers for interview ,viva ,oral examination 
1. Define Metal Cutting .
Metal cutting or...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/theory-of-metal-cutting-interview-question-and-answers/" aria-label="View Post: Theory Of Metal Cutting | Interview question and Answers">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Theory Of Metal Cutting | Interview question and Answers","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/theory-of-metal-cutting-interview-question-and-answers\/","articleBody":"Theory Of Metal Cutting | Interview question and Answers\r\n\u00a0THEORY OF METAL CUTTING -Question and Answers for interview ,viva ,oral examination\u00a0\r\n1. Define Metal Cutting .\r\nMetal cutting or machining is the process of by removing unwanted material from a block of metal in the form of chips.\r\n\r\n2. What are the important characteristics of materials used for cutting tools?\r\n\r\n \tHigh red hardness High wear resistance\r\n \tLow frictional co- efficient\r\n \tHigh toughness\r\n \tHigh thermal conductivity.\r\n\r\n3. How do you define tool life?\r\n\r\nThe time period between two consecutive resharpening, with which the cuts the material effectively is called as tool life.\r\n\r\n4. What is tool signature?\r\n\r\nThe various angles of tools are mentioned in a numerical number in particular order. That is known as tool signature.\r\n\r\n5. What is the effect of back rack angle and mention the types?\r\n\r\nBack rake angle of tool is increases the strength of cutting tool and cutting action. \r\n\r\nIt can be classified in to two types.\r\n1. Negative Rake angle.\r\n2. Positive rake angle.\r\n\r\n6. Explain the nose radius?\r\n\r\nJoining of side and end cutting edges by means of small radius in order to increase the tool life and better surface finish on the work piece.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0Nomenclature |Terminology of Single Point Cutting Tool\r\n\r\n7. What are all conditions for using positive rake angle?\r\n\r\n1. To machine the work hardened materials.\r\n2. To machine low strength ferrous and non-ferrous metals.\r\n3. To machine long shaft of small diameters.\r\n4. To machine the metal blow recommended cutting speeds.\r\n5. Using small machine tools with low horsepower.\r\n\r\n8. Define the orthogonal and oblique cutting.\r\n\r\n \tOrthogonal cutting: The cutting edge of tool is perpendicular to the work piece axis.\r\n \tOblique cutting: The cutting edge is inclined at an acute angle with normal to the cutting velocity vector is called oblique cutting process.\r\n\r\nRead more ;Difference between Orthogonal and Oblique Cutting\r\n\r\n9. What are the favorable factors for discontinuous chip formation?\r\n\r\n \tMaching of brittle materials. Small rake angle\r\n \tHigher depth of cut Low cutting speeds\r\n \tExcess cutting fluid.\r\n \tCutting ductile materials with low speed and small rake angle of the tool.\r\n\r\n10. What are the favorable factors for continuous chip formation?\r\n\r\n \tSmall rake angle Low cutting speed\r\n \tStrong adhesion between chip and tool face. Coarse feed\r\n \tInsufficient cutting fluid. Large uncut thickness.\r\n\r\n11. Define machineability of metal.\r\n\r\n \tMachine ability is defined as the ease with which a material can be satisfactorily machined.\r\n \tLife of the tool before tool failure or resharpening.\r\n\r\n12. What is shear plane?\r\n\r\nThe material of work piece is stressed beyond its yield point under the compressive force. This causes the material to deform plastically and shear off. The plastic floe takes place in a localized region is called shear plane.\r\n\r\n13. What is chip and mention its different types?\r\n\r\nThe sheared material begins to along the cutting tool face in the form of small pieces is called chip. The chips are mainly classified into three types.\r\na. Continuous chip.\r\nb. Discontinuous chip.\r\nc. Continuous chip with built up edge\r\n\r\n14. Write the factors affecting the tool life or Write the Taylor\u2019s tool life equation.\r\n\r\nTaylor\u2019s equation VT n = C\r\ni. Cutting speed\r\nii. Feed and Depth of cut.\r\niii.Tool Geometry\r\niv. Tool material\r\nv. Type of Cutting Fluid\r\nvi. Work material\r\nvii. Rigidity of the Machine tool.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0Factor Affecting on Tool Life- taylor 's Equation For tool Life Calculation\r\n\r\n15. Define \u201cSide relief\u201d and \u201cEnd relief\u201d angle.\r\n\r\nSide relief angle: It is the angle between the portion of the side flank immediately below the side cutting edge and a line perpendicular to the base of the tool, and measured at right angle to the side flank.\r\n\r\nEnd relief angle: It is the angle between the portion of the end flank immediately below the end cutting edge and a line perpendicular to the base of the tool, and measured at right angle to the angle.\r\n\r\n16. What are the importance of Nose Radius?\r\n\r\nNose radius is favorable to long tool life and good surface finish. A sharp point on the end of a tool is highly stressed, Short lived and leaves a groove in the path of cut. There is an improvement in surface finish and permissible cutting speed as nose radius is increased from zero value.\r\n\r\n17. What are the differences between orthogonal cutting and oblique cutting ?\r\n\r\ndifference between orthogonal and oblique cutting","headline":"Theory Of Metal Cutting | Interview question and Answers","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-12","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/difference-between-orthogonal-and-oblique-cutting-300x134.jpg","height":134,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-are-the-types-of-air-conditioning-basic-of-air-conditioning/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/zoned-system-300x183.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What are the types Of Air Conditioning | Basic Of Air Conditioning</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-are-the-types-of-air-conditioning-basic-of-air-conditioning/">What are the types Of Air Conditioning | Basic Of Air Conditioning</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What are the types Of Air Conditioning | Basic Of Air Conditioning
CONCEPT OF AIR CONDITIONING
Air conditioning (often referred to as aircon, AC or A/C) is the process of altering the properties of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-are-the-types-of-air-conditioning-basic-of-air-conditioning/" aria-label="View Post: What are the types Of Air Conditioning | Basic Of Air Conditioning">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What are the types Of Air Conditioning | Basic Of Air Conditioning","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-are-the-types-of-air-conditioning-basic-of-air-conditioning\/","articleBody":"What are the types Of Air Conditioning | Basic Of Air Conditioning\r\nCONCEPT OF AIR CONDITIONING\r\nAir conditioning (often referred to as aircon, AC or A\/C) is the process of altering the properties of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more favorable conditions, typically with the aim of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space to\r\nimprove thermal comfort and indoor air quality. \r\n\r\nTYPES OF AIR CONDITIONERS\r\n\u2022 Room air conditioners\r\n\u2022 Zoned Systems\r\n\u2022 Unitary Systems\r\n\u2022 Window Air-conditioning System\r\n\u2022 Split Air-conditioning System\r\n\u2022 Central air conditioning systems\r\n\r\nROOM AIR CONDITIONER\r\n\r\n \tRoom air conditioners cool rooms rather than the entire home.\r\n \tLess expensive to operate than central unit\r\n \tTheir efficiency is generally lower than that of central air conditioners.\r\n \tCan be plugged into any 15- or 20-amp, 115-volt household circuit that is not shared with any other major appliances\r\n\r\nZONED SYSTEMS\r\n\r\n zoned system\r\n\r\nCENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING\r\n\r\n\u2022 Circulate cool air through a system of supply and return ducts. Supply ducts and registers (i.e., openings in the walls, floors, or ceilings covered by grills) carry cooled air from the air conditioner to the home. \r\n\r\n\u2022 This cooled air becomes warmer as it circulates through the home; then it flows back to the central air conditioner through return ducts and registers\r\n\r\n CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING\r\n\r\nUNITARY SYSTEMS\r\nA unitary air conditioning system comprises an outdoor unit including a compressor for compressing a refrigerant, an outdoor heat exchanger for heat exchange of the refrigerant and an expander connected to the outdoor heat exchanger, for expanding the refrigerant; a duct installed inside a zone of a building; a central blower unit having a heat exchanger connected to the outdoor unit through a first refrigerant pipe and a blower for supplying the air heat-exchanged by the heat exchanger to the duct; and an individual blower unit including a heat exchanger connected to the outdoor unit through a second refrigerant pipe and a fan for sending the air heat exchanged by the heat exchanger and disposed in a zone in the building, for individually cooling or heating the zone. Accordingly, cooling or heating operation is performed on each zone of the building, and simultaneously, additional individual heating or cooling operation can be performed on a specific space, so that a cost can be reduced and cooling or heating in the building can be efficiently performed.\r\n\r\n unitary air conditioning\r\n\r\nWINDOW AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM\r\nIt is the most commonly used air conditioner for single rooms. In this air conditioner all the components, namely the compressor, condenser, expansion valve or coil, evaporator and cooling coil are enclosed in a single box. This unit is fitted in a slot made in the wall of the room, or often a window sill. Windows air conditioners are one of the most widely used types of air conditioners because they are the simplest form of the air conditioning systems. Window air conditioner comprises of the rigid base on which all the parts of the window air conditioner are assembled.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0\r\n\r\nWindows air Conditioning | Working , Components and Application\r\n\r\nWindow Air Conditioner - Working and Installation\r\n\r\nThe base is assembled inside the casing which is fitted into the wall or the window of the room in which the air conditioner is fitted. The whole assembly of the window air conditioner can be divided into two compartments: the room side, which is also the cooling side and the outdoor side from where the heat absorbed by the room air is liberated to the atmosphere. The room side and outdoor side are separated from each other by an insulated partition enclosed inside the window air conditioner assembly. In the front of the window air conditioner on the room side there is beautifully decorated front panel on which the supply and return air grills are fitted (the whole front panel itself is commonly called as front grill). The louvers fitted in the supply air grills are adjustable so as to supply the air in desired direction. There is also one opening in the grill that allows access to the Control panel or operating panel in front of the window air conditioner. \r\n\r\nTYPES OF CENTRAL AC\r\n\u2022 split-system\r\n\u2022 An outdoor metal cabinet contains the condenser and compressor, and an indoor cabinet contains the evaporator\r\n\u2022 Packaged\r\n\u2022 The evaporator, condenser, and compressor are all located in one cabinet.\r\n\r\n split air conditioner Diagram\r\n\r\nSPLIT AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM:\r\nThe split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this unit you don't have to make any slot in the wall of the room. Further, the present day split units have aesthetic looks and add to the beauty of the room. The split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.\r\n\r\nRead more ;\u00a0Split type air conditioner | Diagram , Working , Parts","headline":"What are the types Of Air Conditioning | Basic Of Air Conditioning","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-12","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/zoned-system-300x183.jpg","height":183,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-are-the-application-of-compressor/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/air-compressor-300x273.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What are the Application Of Compressor</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-are-the-application-of-compressor/">What are the Application Of Compressor</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What are the Application Of Compressor
Basic Of Compressor  : 
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.  Compressor is a machine which...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-are-the-application-of-compressor/" aria-label="View Post: What are the Application Of Compressor">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What are the Application Of Compressor","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-are-the-application-of-compressor\/","articleBody":"What are the Application Of Compressor\r\nBasic Of Compressor\u00a0 :\u00a0\r\nA compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.\r\n\r\nCompressor is a machine which increases the pressure of a fluid by mechanically decreasing its volume (i.e. by compressing it).(The fluid here is generally air since liquids are theoretically incompressible).\r\nSIGNIFICANCE OF AIR COMPRESSORS\r\n\r\n \tCompressed Air is often described as the fourth utility, although not as ubiquitous as electricity, petrol and gas, it plays a fundamental part in the modern world.\r\n \tThe importance of compressed air is often over looked, but in reality it plays a vital part in most modern manufacturing processes and modern civilization.\r\n \tAlthough we may not realize it most products we use today could simply not be made without compressed air.\r\n \tCompressed air accounts for about 10% of the global energy used in industry today.\r\n \tWith so many applications in different environments being dependant on compressed air, the compressors not only have to compress the air to a specific pressure, at a certain flow, it has to deliver air of the right quality.\r\n \tTo most people, a compressor is all that is required to compress air, but to obtain the right quality of the compressed air, more equipment is often needed.\r\n \tFilters and dryers are often needed to remove oil and water before it reaches the application.\r\n \tCompressed Air has a range of completely oil-less compressors where air comes into contact with the process it serves and so the quality is critical, for example in where a compressor may be used in a food packaging role.\r\n\r\nair compressor\r\nAPPLICATION OF COMPRESSORS\r\n\r\n \tReciprocating compressors are typically used where high compression ratios (ratio of discharge to suction pressures) are required per stage without high flow rates, and the process fluid is relatively dry.\r\n \tScrew compressors: Trailer mounted diesel powered units are often seen at construction sites, and are used to power air operated construction machinery.\r\n \tP.E.T bottling industries, gas filling stations usually use reciprocating compressors. Processing equipment, Oxygen Generators Oil\r\n \tAtomization use compressors of required capacity.\r\n \tAir compressors: a compressor that takes in air at atmospheric pressure and delivers it at a higher pressure.\r\n \tCompressors serve the basic necessities &amp; form an integral part of the company .\r\n \tPneumatic brakes\r\n \tPneumatic drills\r\n \tPneumatic jacks\r\n \tPneumatic lifts\r\n \tSpray painting\r\n \tShop cleaning\r\n \tInjecting fuel in Diesel engines\r\n \tRefrigeration and Air conditioning systems.","headline":"What are the Application Of Compressor","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-12","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/air-compressor-300x273.jpg","height":273,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/multistage-compression-advantages-of-multistage-compression/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/multi-stage-compressor-300x146.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Multistage Compression | Advantages of Multistage Compression</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/multistage-compression-advantages-of-multistage-compression/">Multistage Compression | Advantages of Multistage Compression</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Multistage Compression | Advantages of Multistage Compression
Multistage Compression
As the pressure of the air increases, its temperature rises. It is essential to reduce the air temperature to...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/multistage-compression-advantages-of-multistage-compression/" aria-label="View Post: Multistage Compression | Advantages of Multistage Compression">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Multistage Compression | Advantages of Multistage Compression","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/multistage-compression-advantages-of-multistage-compression\/","articleBody":"Multistage Compression | Advantages of Multistage Compression\r\nMultistage Compression\r\nAs the pressure of the air increases, its temperature rises. It is essential to reduce the air temperature to avoid damage of compressor and other mechanical elements. The multistage compressor with intercooler in-between is shown in Figure . It is used to reduce the temperature of compressed air during the compression stages. The inter-cooling reduces the volume of air which used to increase due to heat. The compressed air from the first stage enters the intercooler where it is cooled. This air is given as input to the second stage where it is compressed again. The multistage compressor can develop a pressure of around 50 bar.\u00a0\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0Reciprocating Compressor- Diagram , Parts , Working\r\n\r\n multi stage compressor\r\n\r\nMultistage compression refers to the compression process completed in more than one stage i.e., a part of compression occurs in one cylinder and subsequently compressed air is sent to subsequent cylinders for further compression. In case it is desired to increase the compression ratio of compressor then multi-stage compression becomes inevitable. If we look at the expression for volumetric efficiency then it shows that the volumetric efficiency decreases with increase in pressure ratio. This aspect can also be explained using\r\np-V representation shown in Figure\r\n\r\nEffect of Intercooling on compression Works :\r\n\r\neffect of intercooling on the compression works\r\n\r\nA multi-stage compressor is one in which there are several cylinders of different diameters. The intake of air in the first stage gets compressed and then it is passed over a cooler to achieve a temperature very close to ambient air. This cooled air is passed to the intermediate stage where it is again getting compressed and heated. This air is again passed over a cooler to achieve a temperature as close to ambient as possible. Then this compressed air is passed to the final or the third stage of the air compressor where it is compressed to the required\r\nAdvantages of multistage compression are:\r\n1) Reduced work of compression per kg of refrigerant\r\n\r\n2) COP increases\r\n\r\n3) Wall thickness of L.P. cylinder is reduced, since it has to withstand lower pressures. This makes compressor lighter and cheaper.\r\n\r\n4) Heat removal during condensation is reduced hence size of condenser is reduced.\r\n\r\n5) Volumetric efficiency of compressor increases due to reduced pressure ratio in each stage.\r\n\r\n6) Temperature at end of compression would be less. As a result lubrication would be effective. Hence, compressor life increases.\r\n\r\n7) Leakages past the piston are reduced\r\n\r\n8) Operating cost is reduced\r\n\r\n9) It gives more uniform torque, hence size of flywheel is reduced.","headline":"Multistage Compression | Advantages of Multistage Compression","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-12","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/multi-stage-compressor-300x146.png","height":146,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-steam-nozzle-types-of-steam-nozzle-shapes/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/shapes-of-nozzle-300x228.gif')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Steam Nozzle &#8211; Definitions, Types, Efficiency, Application</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-steam-nozzle-types-of-steam-nozzle-shapes/">Steam Nozzle &#8211; Definitions, Types, Efficiency, Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Steam Nozzle | Types Of Steam Nozzle shapes
Introduction to Steam Nozzle ;
A steam turbine converts the energy of high-pressure, high-temperature steam produced by a steam generator into...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-steam-nozzle-types-of-steam-nozzle-shapes/" aria-label="View Post: Steam Nozzle &#8211; Definitions, Types, Efficiency, Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Steam Nozzle &#8211; Definitions, Types, Efficiency, Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-steam-nozzle-types-of-steam-nozzle-shapes\/","articleBody":"What is Steam Nozzle | Types Of Steam Nozzle shapes\r\nIntroduction to Steam Nozzle ;\r\nA steam turbine converts the energy of high-pressure, high-temperature steam produced by a steam generator into shaft work.\r\n\r\nA steam nozzle may be defined as a passage of varying cross-section, through which heat energy of steam is converted to kinetic energy. Steam Nozzle major function is to produce steam jet with high velocity to drive steam turbines.\r\n\r\nThe energy conversion is brought about in the following ways:\r\n1. The high-pressure, high-temperature steam first expands in the nozzles emanates as a high-velocity fluid stream.\r\n2. The high-velocity steam coming out of the nozzles impinges on the blades mounted on a wheel. The fluid stream suffers a loss of momentum while flowing past the blades that is absorbed by the rotating wheel entailing the production of torque.\r\n3. The moving blades move as a result of the impulse of steam (caused by the change of momentum) and also as a result of the expansion and acceleration of the steam relative to them. In other words they also act as the nozzles.\r\n\r\nA steam nozzle is a duct or passage of smoothly varying cross-sectional area which converts heat energy of steam into kinetic energy. The shape of the nozzle is designed such that it will perform this conversion of energy with minimum loss.\r\nWorking of Steam Nozzle: \r\nDuring the first part of the nozzle, the steam increases its velocity. And then the later part of the nozzle, in which the steam derives more in volume than in velocity.\r\n\r\nNote:\r\n\r\n1. Since the mass of steam which is passed through any section of the nozzle remains\u2019 constant.\r\n2. The variation of steam pressure in the nozzle depends upon the velocity, specific volume, and dryness fraction of steam.\r\n\r\nUses: The main use of a steam nozzle in steam turbines is to produce a jet of steam with a high velocity. The smallest section of the nozzle is called the throat.\r\nTypes of Nozzles:\r\n1. Convergent Nozzle\r\n2. Divergent Nozzle\r\n3. Convergent-Divergent Nozzle\r\n\r\n types of nozzle\r\n\r\nConvergent Nozzle:\r\n\r\nA typical convergent nozzle is shown in fig. in a convergent nozzle, the cross-sectional area decreases continuously from its entrance to exit. It is used in a case where the backpressure is equal to or greater than the critical pressure ratio.\r\n\r\nDivergent Nozzle:\r\n\r\nThe cross-sectional area of the divergent nozzle increases continuously from its entrance to exit. It is used in a case, where the back pressure is less than the critical pressure ratio.\r\n\r\nConvergent-Divergent Nozzle:\r\n\r\nIn this case, the cross-sectional area first decreases from its entrance to the throat and then increases from throat to exit.it is widely used in many types of steam turbines.\r\nFlow-Through Nozzles\r\n\r\n \tA nozzle is a duct that increases the velocity of the flowing fluid at the expense of pressure drop.\r\n\r\n\r\n \tA duct which decreases the velocity of a fluid and causes a corresponding increase in pressure is a diffuser.\u00a0 \r\n \tThe same duct may be either a nozzle or a diffuser depending upon the end conditions across it. If the cross-section of a duct decreases gradually from inlet to exit, the duct is said to be convergent.\r\n \tConversely if the cross-section increases gradually from the inlet to exit, the duct is said to be divergent.\r\n \tIf the cross-section initially decreases and then increases, the duct is called a convergent-divergent nozzle.\r\n \tThe minimum cross-section of such ducts is known as the throat.\r\n \tA fluid is said to be compressible if its density changes with the change in pressure brought about by the flow\r\n \tIf the density does not change or changes very little, the fluid is said to be in-compressible. Usually the gases and vapors are compressible, whereas liquids are incompressible.\r\n\r\nShapes of nozzles\r\n shapes of nozzle\r\n\r\n1. At subsonic speeds (Ma&lt;1) a decrease in the area increases the speed of flow.\r\n2. In supersonic flows (Ma&gt;1), the effect of area changes are different.\r\nSignificance of Mach number \u2013\r\n\r\n \tIf the Mach number is less than one, flow is sonic, and the nozzle is convergent.\r\n \tIf Mach number is equal to one, flow is sonic.\r\n \tIf Mach number is greater than one, flow is supersonic and the nozzle is divergent.\r\n\r\nNozzle efficiency:\r\nIt is the ratio of useful heat drop to the isentropic heat drop. It is denoted by K\r\n\r\nK = Useful Heat Drop \/ Isentropic Heat Drop\r\n\r\nHow were we finding Useful heat drop &amp; isentropic heat drop, so let\u2019s discuss some given useful points for finding nozzle efficiency?\r\n\r\nWhen the steam flows through a nozzle, some loss in its enthalpy or total heat takes place due to friction between the nozzle surface and the flowing steam. This can be best understood with the help of h-s diagram or Mollier chart, as shown in Figure:\r\n\r\nProcess of h-s Diagram:\r\n\r\n Process of h-s Diagram - nozzle efficiency\r\n\r\n1. First of all, locate the point A for the initial conditions of the steam. It is a point, where the saturation line meets the initial pressure (P1) line.\r\n2. Now draw a vertical line through A to meet the final pressure (P2) line. This is done as the flow through the nozzle is isentropic, which is expressed by a vertical line AB. The heat drop (h1 - h2) is known as the isentropic heat drop.\r\n3. Due to friction in the nozzle the actual heat drop in the steam will be less than (h1- h2). Let this heat drop be shown as AC instead of AB.\r\n4. As the expansion of steam ends at the pressure P2, therefore a final condition of steam is obtained by drawing a horizontal line through C to meet the final pressure (P2) Line at B'.\r\n5. Now the actual expansion of steam in the nozzle is expressed by the curve AB' (adiabatic expansion) instead of AB (isentropic expansion). The actual heat drop (h1 - h3) is known as a useful heat drop.\r\n\r\nThe efficiency of a nozzle generally varies from 0.85 to 0.95.\r\nFactors affecting nozzle efficiency\r\n1. Material of the nozzle.\r\n2. Size and shape of the nozzle.\r\n3. Finish of the nozzle.\r\n4. Angle of divergence.\r\n5. Nature of the fluid and its state,\r\n6. Friction.\r\n7. Fluid velocity.\r\n8. Turbulence in the flow passages\r\nSelection Criteria of nozzle.\r\nSituation first: It is used when the backpressure is equal or more than the critical pressure ratio. It is also used for non \u2013 compressible fluids.\r\n\r\nConvergent nozzle: Cross-sectional area is decreased continuously from entrance to exit. \r\n\r\nSituation second: When back pressure is less than the critical pressure divergent nozzle is used.\r\n\r\nDivergent nozzle: Cross-sectional area is increases continuously from entrance to exit.\r\n\r\nSituation third: When back pressure is less than the critical pressure convergent-divergent nozzle is used.\r\n\r\nConvergent and Divergent nozzle: Cross-sectional area of nozzle first continuously decreases and then increases from entrance to exit.\r\nApplication Of Steam Nozzle :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tSteam and Gas turbine -\r\n \tJet Engine\u00a0\r\n \tRocket Motors-\r\n \tIt is used to measure the discharge of fluid.- e.g. Venturimeter\u00a0\r\n \tInjectors for pumping feed water to boilers.\r\n \tThe supersonic gas turbine engine: for the air intake when the air requirement of the engine is high.\r\n \tRockets: for providing sufficient thrust to move upwards.\r\n \tFor removing air from the condenser using the injector.\r\n \tSpray painting\r\n \tSteam jet refrigeration system\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMechanical MCQ Objectives Question and Answers\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Steam Nozzle &#8211; Definitions, Types, Efficiency, Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-12","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 12, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/shapes-of-nozzle-300x228.gif","height":228,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=109">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=108"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>108</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=109"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>109</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>110</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=111"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>111</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=112"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>112</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=111">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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