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michelson interferometer</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-interferometer-michelson-interferometer/">What is Interferometer &#8211; michelson interferometer</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Interferometer - michelson interferometer
1. Types of light sources and interferometer
(A) Types of light sources
A wide varieties of light sources are available for interferometer. The...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-interferometer-michelson-interferometer/" aria-label="View Post: What is Interferometer &#8211; michelson interferometer">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Interferometer &#8211; michelson interferometer","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-interferometer-michelson-interferometer\/","articleBody":"What is Interferometer - michelson interferometer\r\n1. Types of light sources and interferometer\r\n(A) Types of light sources\r\nA wide varieties of light sources are available for interferometer. The selection of proper source for an application depends on the result to be obtained by interferometer cost and convenience. For simple applicating like testing of surface geometry where the different between the interfering path is of the order of few wavelengths only a tungsten lamp with a filter transmitting only a narrow band of wavelength would be adequate.\r\nHowever sophisticated application requires the use the light sources such as mercury 198 cadmium krypton thallium helium hydrogen neon sodium potassium zinc laser radiation etc. in these sources the discharge lamp is charged with the particular element and contains means to vaporize them. The atoms of these elements are excited electrically so that they limit radiation at certain discrete wavelength.\r\n(B) Interferometer &amp; types of interferometers\r\nInterferometers are optical instrument used for measuring flatness and determining the length of slip gauges. They are based upon the interference principle and employ wavelength of light as their measuring units. The interferometers make use of some type of beam deliver that splits an incoming ray into 2 parts as shown in fig . the 2 parts of the ray travel along different parts until they are recombined.\r\nIn interferometers the lay of optical system can be controlled and the fringes can be oriented to the best advantage. Secondly an arrangement to view the fringes directly from top and above the fringes is also in corporate.\r\n\r\nmethod of producing interference pattern\r\n\r\nTypes of interferometer\r\n\r\nThe various types of interferometers are:\r\n(1) Michelson interferometer\r\n(2) Fabre parrot interferometer\r\n(3) Fringe counting interferometer\r\n(4) N.P.L flatness interferometer\r\n(5) Pitter NPL gauge interferometer\r\n(6) Zeiss gauge block interferometer\r\n(7) Multiple beam interferometer\r\n(8) Laser interferometer\r\nMichelson interferometer\r\nThis is the oldest type of interferometer. It which is monochromatic light from an extend source. The monochromatic light falls on a beam splitter as shown in fig . the beam splitter is a lain parallel plate having a semi transparent layer of silver at its back. It has 50% reflectance. It splits the light into two rays of equal intensity at right angles. One is transmitted through compensating plate to the mirror and the other\r\nreflected through beam splitter to mirror m. from both these mirror the rays are reflected back and these reunite at the semi reflecting surface from where they are transmitted to the eye as shown in fig . as a result of which the fringes can be observed. The mirror m is fixed whereas the mirror m is movable i.e it is attached to the object whose dimension is to be measured.\r\n\r\nmichelson interferometer\r\n\r\nEach half wavelength of mirror travel produces a change in the measured optical path of one wavelength and the reflected beam from the moving mirror shifts through 360 phase change. When the reference beam reflected from fixed mirror and the beam reflected from moving mirror rejoin at the beam splitter, they alternately rein force and cancel each other as the mirror moves. Thus each cycle of intensity at the eye represents distance of mirror travel.","headline":"What is Interferometer &#8211; michelson interferometer","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-13","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/method-of-producing-interference-pattern-300x223.jpg","height":223,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-centerless-grinding-advantages-and-applications/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/centerless-grinding-300x150.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Centerless grinding | Advantages and Applications</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-centerless-grinding-advantages-and-applications/">What is Centerless grinding | Advantages and Applications</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Centerless grinding | Advantages and Applications
What is Grinding
Grinding is the most common form of abrasive machining. It is a material cutting process that engages an abrasive tool...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-centerless-grinding-advantages-and-applications/" aria-label="View Post: What is Centerless grinding | Advantages and Applications">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Centerless grinding | Advantages and Applications","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-centerless-grinding-advantages-and-applications\/","articleBody":"What is Centerless grinding | Advantages and Applications\r\nWhat is Grinding\r\nGrinding is the most common form of abrasive machining. It is a material cutting process that engages an abrasive tool whose cutting elements are grains of abrasive material known as grit. These grits are characterized by sharp cutting points, high hot hardness, chemical stability and wear resistance. The grits are held together by a suitable bonding material to give shape of an abrasive tool. Grinding machine is employed to obtain high accuracy along with very high class of surface finish on the work piece. However, advent of new generation of grinding wheels and grinding machines, characterized by their rigidity, power and speed enables one to go for high efficiency deep grinding (often called as abrasive milling) of not only hardened material but also ductile materials.\r\n\r\nGrain size\r\nCompared to the normal cutting tool, the abrasive used in grinding wheels are relatively small. The size of an abrasive grain or more generally called grit is identified by a number which is based on the sieve size used. This would vary from a very coarse size of 6 to 8 to a super fine size of 500 or 600. Sieve number is specified in terms of the number of opening per square inch. The surface finish generated would depend upon grain size used. The fine grain will take a very small depth of cut and hence a better surface finish is produced. Fine grains generate less heat are good for faster material removal. Fine grains are used for making the form grinding wheels. Coarse grains are good for higher material removal rates. These have better friability and as a result are not good for intermittent where they are likely to chip easily.\r\n\r\nBonded Abrasives\r\n\u2022 A composite of the abrasive powder and a matrix\r\n\u2022 Bonding material can be glass, resin, rubber.\r\n\u2022 Can be solid discs (grinding wheel) or bonded to paper\/cloth which is then stuck to a backing disc.\r\n\r\nThe most commonly used bond materials are Vitrified\r\n\r\n \tSilicate\r\n \tSynthetic resin\r\n \tRubber\r\n \tShellac\r\n \tMetal\r\n\r\nCENTRELESS GRINDING\r\n\r\nIt is used to grind cylindrical work-piece without actually fixing the work-piece using centres or a chuck, due to which the work rotation is not provided separately.\r\nIts process consists of wheel, one large grinding wheel and another smaller regulating wheel. The work-piece is supported by the rest blade and held against the regulating wheel by the grinding force which is mounted at an angle to the plane of grinding wheel. The regulating wheel is generally a rubber or resinoid bonded wheel with wide face. The axial feed of the work-piece is controlled by the angle of tilt of the regulating wheel. Typical work speeds are about 10 to 50 m\/mm.\r\n\r\ncenterless grinding\r\n\r\nThere are three types of centre-less grinding operations possible. They are:\r\na) Through feed centre-less grinding.\r\nb) In feed centre-less, the grinding is done by plunge feeding so that any form surface can be produced. This is useful if the work-piece has an obstruction which will not allow it to be traversed past the grinding wheel. The obstruction could be a shoulder, head, round form, etc.\r\nc) End feed centre-less grinding, where tapered work-piece can be machined.\r\n\r\nConventional grinding machines can be broadly classified as:\r\n\r\n(a) Surface grinding machine\r\n(b) Cylindrical grinding machine\r\n(c) Internal grinding machine\r\n(d) Tool and cutter grinding machine\r\n\r\nAdvantages\r\n\r\nA grinding wheel requires two types of specification\r\n\r\n \tdimensional accuracy\r\n \tgood surface finish\r\n \tgood form and locational accuracy\r\n \tapplicable to both hardened and unhardened material\r\n\r\nApplications\r\n\r\n \tsurface finishing\r\n \tslitting and parting\r\n \tdescaling, deburring\r\n \tstock removal finishing of flat as well as cylindrical surface\r\n \tgrinding of tools and cutters and re sharpening of the same.\r\n\r\nConventionally grinding is characterized as low material removal process capable of providing both high accuracy and high finish. However, advent of advanced grinding machines and grinding wheels has elevated the status of grinding to abrasive machining where high accuracy and surface finishas well as high material removal rate can be achieved even on an unhardened material.","headline":"What is Centerless grinding | Advantages and Applications","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-13","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/centerless-grinding-300x150.jpg","height":150,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/lubrication-system-used-for-ic-engines/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/splash-lubrication-system-300x213.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Lubrication system used for IC engines</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/lubrication-system-used-for-ic-engines/">Lubrication system used for IC engines</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Lubrication system used for IC engines
Lubrication system : various lubrication system used for IC engines are,
(a) Mist lubrication system
(b) Wet sump lubrication system
(c) Dry sump...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/lubrication-system-used-for-ic-engines/" aria-label="View Post: Lubrication system used for IC engines">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Lubrication system used for IC engines","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/lubrication-system-used-for-ic-engines\/","articleBody":"Lubrication system used for IC engines\r\nLubrication system : various lubrication system used for IC engines are,\r\n(a) Mist lubrication system\r\n(b) Wet sump lubrication system\r\n(c) Dry sump lubrication system\r\nRead also :\u00a0What is Lubrication System | Function of lubrication\r\n(a) Mist lubrication system:\r\n-Used where crankcase lubrication is not suitable\r\n- Generally adopted in two stroke petrol engine line scooter and motor cycle. It is the simplest form of lubricating system.\r\n- It is the simplest form of lubricating system. It does not consist of any separate part like oil pump for the purpose of lubrication.\r\n- In this system the lubricating oil is mixed into the fuel (petrol) while filling in the petrol tank of the vehicle in a specified ratio (ratio of fuel and lubricating oil is from 12:1 to 50:10 as per manufacturers specifications or recommendations.\r\n- When the fuel goes into the crank chamber during the engine operation, the oil particles go deep into the bearing surfaces due to gravity and lubricate then. The piston rings, cylinder walls, piston pin etc. are lubricated in the same way.\r\n-If the engine is allowed to remain unused for a considerable time, the lubricating oil separates oil from petrol &amp; leads to clogging (blocking) of passages in the carburettor, results in the engine starting trouble. This is the main disadvantage of this system.\r\n-It causes heavy exhaust smoke due to burning of lubricating oil partially or fully\r\n-Increase deposits on piston crown and exhaust ports which affect engine efficiency\r\n-Corrosion of bearing surfaces due to acids formation\r\n-thorough mixing can fetch effective lubrication\r\n-Engine suffers insufficient lubrication during closed throttle i.e. vehicle moving down the hill.\r\n(b) Wet sump lubrication system:\r\nBottom of the crankcase contains oil pan or sump from which the lubricating oil is pumped to various engine components by a pump. After lubrication, oil flows back to the sump by gravity. Three types of wet sump lubrication system,\r\n(i) Splash system\r\n(ii) Splash and pressure system\r\n(iii) Pressure feed system\r\n(i) Splash system:\r\n-In this system of lubrication the lubricating oil is stored in an oil sump. A scoop or dipper is made in the lower part of the connecting rod. When the engine runs, the dipper dips in the oil once in every revolution of the crank shaft, the oil is splashed on the cylinder wall. Due to this action engine walls, piston ring, crank shaft bearings are lubricated.\r\n-It is used for light duty engine\r\n\r\nsplash lubrication system\r\n\r\n(ii) Splash and pressure system:\r\nLubricating oil is supplied under pressure to main, camshaft bearings and pipes which direct a stream of oil against the dippers on the big end of connecting rod bearing cup and thus crankpin bearings are lubricated by the splash or spray of oil thrown up by the dipper.\r\n\r\nsplash and pressure lubricating system\r\n\r\n(iii) Pressure feed system:\r\nIn this system of lubrication, the engine parts are lubricated under pressure feed. The lubricating oil is stored in a separate tank (in case of dry sump system) or in the sump (in case of wet sump system), from where an oil pump (gear pump) delivers the oil to the main oil gallery at a pressure of 2-4 kg\/cm2 through an oil filter. The oil from the main gallery goes to main bearing, from where some of it falls back to the sump after lubricating the main bearing and some is splashed to lubricate the cylinder walls and remaining goes through a hole to the crank pin. From the crank pin the lubricating oil goes to the piston pin through a hole in the connecting rod, where it lubricates the piston rings. For lubricating cam shaft and gears the oil is led through a separate oil line from the oil gallery. The oil pressure gauge used in the system indicates the oil pressure in the system. Oil filter &amp; strainer in the system clear off the oil from dust, metal particles and other harmful particles.\r\n\r\npressure lubrication system","headline":"Lubrication system used for IC engines","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-13","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/splash-lubrication-system-300x213.jpg","height":213,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-are-the-properties-of-good-lubricant/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/characteristics-of-good-lubricant-300x281.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What are the properties of Good Lubricant</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-are-the-properties-of-good-lubricant/">What are the properties of Good Lubricant</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What are the properties of Good Lubricant
Properties of Lubricant:  Read More :   Importance of Lubrication and Cooling Systems in an Engine  What is Lubrication System | Function of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-are-the-properties-of-good-lubricant/" aria-label="View Post: What are the properties of Good Lubricant">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What are the properties of Good Lubricant","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-are-the-properties-of-good-lubricant\/","articleBody":"What are the properties of Good Lubricant\r\nProperties of Lubricant:\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0\r\n\r\nImportance of Lubrication and Cooling Systems in an Engine\r\n\r\nWhat is Lubrication System | Function of lubrication\r\n\r\n1. Viscosity: \r\n\r\nViscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow or the internal friction of the lubricant.\r\n-usually measured by Saybolt universal seconds (SUS) and Redwood viscometer. Also it is expressed with centistoke (unit of kinematic viscosity) and centipoise (unit of absolute viscosity)\r\n-expressed in two temperature i.e. -18\u1d52C (0\u1d52F) and 99\u1d52C (210\u1d52F)\r\n\r\n2. Viscosity Index:\r\n\r\n It is used to grade lubricants. Viscosity is inversely proportional to temp.\r\n-If temp. increases, the viscosity of the lubricant decreases and if temp. decreases, the viscosity of the lubricant increases.\r\n-The variation of viscosity of oil with changes in temperature is measured by viscosity index\r\n-oil to measure is compared with 2 reference oil having same viscosity at 99\u1d52C. one is paraffinic base oil index of zero and another naphthenic base oil index of 100\r\n-high viscosity index number indicates relatively smaller change in viscosity of the oil with temperature.\r\n-low viscos oil is recommended for automobile engines in winter than summer. The viscosity of a lubricant should be just sufficient to ensure lubrication. If it is more than this value, power loss will be higher due to increased oil resistance.\r\n-VI improver are added to improve viscosity index\r\n\r\n3. Oiliness: \r\n\r\nIt is the property of a lubricating oil to spread &amp; attach itself firmly to the bearing surfaces as well as provide lubricity. Generally, the oiliness of the lubricating oil should be high particularly when it is to be used for mating surfaces subjected to a high intensity of pressure and smaller clearance portion to avoid the squeezing out of the oil. Such a way that the metal is protected by a thin layer of the oil and the wear is also considerably reduced. It is measured by co-efficient of friction at extreme operating condition.\r\n\r\n4. Flash Point: \r\n\r\nFlash point of oil is the min. temp. at which the vapours of lubricating oil will flash when a small flame is passed across its surface. It is of two type open flash point and closed flash point. The flash point of the lubricating oil must be higher than the temp. likely to be developed in the bearings in order to avoid the possibility of fire hazards.\r\n\r\nCharacteristics of Good Lubricant\r\n\r\ncharacteristics of good lubricant\r\n\r\n5. Fire Point: \r\n\r\nIf the lubricating oil is further heated after the flash point has been reached, the lowest temp. at which the oil will burn continuously for 5 seconds is called fire point.\r\n-usually 11\u1d52C higher than open flash point and varies from 190\u1d52C to 290\u1d52C for the lubricants used for IC engines -The fire point of a lubricant also must be high so that the oil does not burn in service.\r\n\r\n6. Cloud Point:\r\n\r\n It is the temp. at which the lubricating oil changes its state from liquid to solid. Its temp. must high for the low temp. operability of the lubricating oil during winter.\r\n\r\n7. Pour Point: \r\n\r\nIt is the lowest temp. at which the lubricating oil will not flow or totally form wax or solidify. This property must be considered because of its effect on starting an engine in cold weather. Oil derived from paraffinic crudes tends to have higher pour points than those derived from naphthenic crudes. The pour points can be lower by the addition of pour point depressant usually a polymerised phenol or ester. Pour point must be at least 15\u1d52F lower than the operating temperature to ensure maximum circulation.\r\n\r\n8. Corrosiveness:\r\n\r\n The present of acid (mineral acid, petroleum acid) is harmful to the metal surfaces. The lubrication oil should not attack chemically the materials of the engine. The lubricant should not be corrosive, but it should give protection against corrosion. New oil has low neutralisation number i.e. it maintains the alkaline and acid solution to make the oil neutral.\r\n\r\n9. Oxidation stability: \r\n\r\nIt is resistance to oxidation. Due to oxidation the oil will form deposits on the piston rings and lose its lubricating property. Low temperature operation avoiding the hot-area contact and crankcase ventilation can help in preserving the stability of oil over longer periods. Oxidation inhibitors are used to improve oxidation stability. These are complex compounds of sulphur and phosphorus or amine and phenol derivatives.\r\n\r\n10. Cleanliness: \r\n\r\nLubricating oil must be clean. It should not contain dust and dirt particles as well as water content which promote corrosion.\r\n\r\n11. Carbon residue: \r\n\r\nafter evaporation of a mass sample of lubricating oil under specific condition may remain as carbonaceous residue. It indicates the deposit characteristics of oil. Paraffinic oil has higher carbon residues than the naphthenic base oil.","headline":"What are the properties of Good Lubricant","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-13","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/characteristics-of-good-lubricant-300x281.jpg","height":281,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-lubrication-system-function-of-lubrication/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/lubrication-system-objective-300x222.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Lubrication System | Function of lubrication</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-lubrication-system-function-of-lubrication/">What is Lubrication System | Function of lubrication</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Lubrication System | Function of lubrication System 
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
IC engine is made of many moving parts. Due to continuous movement of two metallic surfaces over each other, there...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-lubrication-system-function-of-lubrication/" aria-label="View Post: What is Lubrication System | Function of lubrication">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Lubrication System | Function of lubrication","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-lubrication-system-function-of-lubrication\/","articleBody":"What is Lubrication System | Function of lubrication System\u00a0\r\nLUBRICATION SYSTEM\r\nIC engine is made of many moving parts. Due to continuous movement of two metallic surfaces over each other, there is wearing moving parts, generation of heat and loss of power in the engine. Hence, lubrication of moving parts is essential to prevent all these harmful effects.\r\n\r\nIn engine the frictional losses is attributed due to the following mechanical losses;\r\n\r\n(i) Direct frictional losses:\r\n-power absorbed due to the relative motion of different bearing surfaces such as piston rings, main bearings, cam shaft bearings etc.\r\n\r\n(ii) Pumping loss:\r\n-net power spent by the piston on the gas during intake and exhaust stroke\r\n-more in case of four stroke engine compared to two stroke engine\r\n\r\n(iii) Power loss to drive components to charge and scavenge:\r\n-In four stroke supercharged engine, compressor used to provide high pressure air which is mechanically driven by the engine. This is counted as negative frictional loss.\r\n-In two-stroke engine scavenging pump is used which is also driven by the engine\r\n\r\n(iv) Power loss to drive the auxiliaries:\r\n-Some power is used to drive auxiliaries such as water pump, lubricating oil pump, fuel pump, cooling fan, generator etc.\r\nRead also :\u00a0Importance of Lubrication and Cooling Systems in an Engine\r\n\r\n\r\nlubrication system objective\r\nFunction of lubrication :\r\nLubrication produces the following effects:\r\n\r\n(a) Reducing friction effect\r\n(b) Cooling effect\r\n(c) Sealing effect and\r\n(d) Cleaning effect.\r\n\r\n(a) Reducing frictional effect:\r\n\r\nThe primary purpose of the lubrication is to reduce friction and wear between two rubbing surfaces. Two rubbing surfaces always produce friction. The continuous friction produce heat which causes wearing of parts and loss of power. In order to avoid friction, the contact of two sliding surfaces must be reduced as far as possible. This can be done by proper lubrication only. Lubrication forms an oil film between two moving surfaces. Lubrication also reduces noise produced by the movement of two metal surfaces over each other.\r\n\r\n(b) Cooling effect:\r\n\r\nThe heat, generated by piston, cylinder, and bearings is removed by lubrication to a great extent. Lubrication creates cooling effect on the engine parts.\r\n\r\n(c) Sealing effect:\r\n\r\nThe lubricant enters into the gap between the cylinder liner, piston and piston rings. Thus, it prevents leakage of gases from the engine cylinder.\r\n\r\n(d) Cleaning effect:\r\n\r\nLubrication keeps the engine clean by removing dirt or carbon from inside of the engine along with the oil.\r\n\r\n[1] It should have a high viscosity index.\r\n\r\n[2] It should have flash and fire points higher than the operating temperature of the machine.\r\n\r\n[3] It should have high oiliness.\r\n\r\n[4] The cloud and pour points of a good lubricant should always be lower than the operating temperature of the machine.\r\n\r\n[5] The volatility of the lubricating oil should be low.\r\n\r\n[6] It should deposit least amount of carbon during use.\r\n\r\n[7] It should have higher aniline point.\r\n\r\n[8] It should possess a higher resistance towards oxidation and corrosion.\r\n\r\n[9] It should have good detergent quality.\r\n\r\nLubrication theory:\r\n\r\nThere are two theories in existence regarding the application of lubricants on a surface:\r\n\r\n(i) Fluid film theory and\r\n(ii) Boundary layer theory.\r\n\r\n(i) Fluid film theory:\r\n\r\nAccording to this theory, the lubricant is, supposed to act like mass of globules, rolling in between two surfaces. It produces a rolling effect, which reduces friction.\r\n\r\n(ii) Boundary layer theory:\r\n\r\nAccording to this theory, the lubricant is soaked in rubbing surfaces and forms oily surface over it. Thus the sliding surfaces are kept apart from each other, thereby reducing friction.","headline":"What is Lubrication System | Function of lubrication","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-13","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/lubrication-system-objective-300x222.jpg","height":222,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/water-cooling-systems-parts-advantages-and-disadvantage/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/parts-of-liquid-cooled-system-300x202.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Water Cooling &#8211; Parts, Working, diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/water-cooling-systems-parts-advantages-and-disadvantage/">Water Cooling &#8211; Parts, Working, diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Water / Liquid cooling systems
The cooling system is needed to keep the engine from not getting so hot as to cause problems and yet to permit it to run hot enough to ensure the maximum efficiency of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/water-cooling-systems-parts-advantages-and-disadvantage/" aria-label="View Post: Water Cooling &#8211; Parts, Working, diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Water Cooling &#8211; Parts, Working, diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/water-cooling-systems-parts-advantages-and-disadvantage\/","articleBody":"Water \/ Liquid cooling systems\r\nThe cooling system is needed to keep the engine from not getting so hot as to cause problems and yet to permit it to run hot enough to ensure the maximum efficiency of the engine. During the process of converting the thermal energy to mechanical energy, high temperatures are produced in the cylinders because of the combustion process. A large portion of this heat is transferred to the cylinder head and walls, piston and valves. Unless this excess heat is carried away and these parts are adequately cooled, the engine will be damaged. So the adequate cooling system must be provided to prevent the damage of mechanical parts as well as to obtain maximum performance of the engine\r\nParts of water cooling systems\r\nRadiator: The purpose of the radiator is to cool down the water received from the engine.\r\n\r\nFunction: To ensure the close contact of the hot coolant coming out of the engine with the outside air, so as to ensure a high rate of heat transfer from the coolant to air.\r\n\r\nThe radiator consists of three main parts:\r\n\r\n(i) upper tank,\r\n(ii) lower tank and\r\n(iii) tubes.\r\n\r\nHot water from the upper tank, which comes from the engine, flows downwards through the tubes. The heat contained in the hot water is conducted to the copper fins provided around the tubes. An overflow pipe, connected to the upper1 tank, permits excess water or steam to escape.\r\n\r\nRead more: Water Cooling System in Engine | types of water cooling system\r\n\r\nThere are three types of radiators:\r\n\r\n(i) gilled tube radiator,\r\n(ii) tubular radiator and\r\n(iii) honeycomb or cellular radiator\r\n\r\n parts of liquid-cooled system\r\n\r\nGilled tube radiator:\r\nThis is perhaps the oldest type of radiator, although it is still in use. In this, water flows inside the tubes. Each tube has a large number of annular rings or fins pressed firmly over its outside surface.\r\n\r\nTubular radiator:\r\n\r\nThe only difference between a gilled tubes radiator and a tubular one is that in this case there are no separate fins for individual tubes. The radiator vertical tubes pass through thin fine copper sheets that run horizontally.\r\n\r\nHoneycomb or cellular radiator:\r\n\r\nThe cellular radiator consists of a large number of individual air cells that are surrounded by water. In this, the clogging of any passage affects only a small part of the cooling surface. However, in the tubular radiator, if one tube becomes clogged, the cooling effect of the entire tube is lost.\r\n\r\nWater Pump:\r\n\r\nFunction: To increase the velocity of the circulating water.\r\n\r\nThis is a centrifugal type pump. It is centrally mounted at the front of the cylinder block and is usually driven by means of a belt.\r\n\r\nThis type of pump consists of the following parts:\r\n\r\n(i) body or casing,\r\n(ii) impeller (rotor),\r\n(iii) shaft,\r\n(iv) bearings, or bush,\r\n(v) water pump seal and\r\n(vi) pulley.\r\n\r\nThe bottom of the radiator is connected to the suction side of the pump. The power is transmitted to the pump spindle from a pulley mounted at the end of the crankshaft. Seals of various designs are incorporated in the pump to prevent loss of coolant from the system.\r\n\r\nCooling Fan:\r\n\r\nFunction: To maintain an adequate airflow across the radiator matrix especially at low car speeds and under-engine idling conditions.\r\n\r\nThe fan is generally mounted on the water pump pulley, although on some engines it is attached directly to the crankshaft. It serves two purposes in the cooling system of an engine.\r\n\r\n(i) It draws atmospheric air through the radiator and thus increases the efficiency of the radiator in cooling hot water.\r\n(ii) It throws fresh air over the outer surface of the engine, which takes away the heat conducted by the engine parts and thus increases the efficiency of the entire cooling system.\r\n\r\nThermostat:\r\n\r\n To regulate the circulation of water in system to maintain the normal working temperature of the engine parts during the different operating conditions.\r\n\r\nPressure cap: \r\n\r\nTo form an airtight joint due to which the coolant is maintained at some pressure higher than the atmosphere.\r\n\r\nExpansion tank: \r\n\r\nTo recover the excess coolant as the engine temperature increases and when the cooling water cools down, to return the coolant to the reservoir.\r\nDiagram of Water Cooling \/ Liquid cooling System :\r\nWater cooling system diagram\r\nWorking of Water Cooling System :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tA water-cooled engine block and cylinder head have interconnected coolant channels running through them. At the top of the cylinder head all the channels converge to a single outlet.\r\n \tA pump, driven by a pulley and belt from the crankshaft, drives hot coolant out of the engine to the radiator, which is a form of heat exchanger.\r\n \tUnwanted heat is passed from the radiator into the air stream, and the cooled liquid then returns to an inlet at the bottom of the block and flows back into the channels again. Usually the pump sends coolant up through the engine and down through the radiator, taking advantage of the fact that hot water expands, becomes lighter and rises above cool water when heated. Its natural tendency is to flow upwards, and the pump assists circulation.\r\n \tThe radiator is linked to the engine by rubber hoses and has a top and bottom tank connected by a core bank of many fine tubes.\r\n \tThe tubes pass through holes in a stack of thin sheet-metal fins so that the core has a very large surface area and can lose heat rapidly to the cooler air passing through it.\r\n \tOn older cars the tubes run vertically, but modern, low-fronted cars have crossflow radiators with tubes that run from side to side.\r\n \tIn an engine at its ordinary working temperature, the coolant is only just below normal boiling point.\r\n \tThe risk of boiling is avoided by increasing the pressure in the system, which raises the boiling point.\r\n \tThe extra pressure is limited by the radiator cap, which has a pressure valve in it.\r\n \tExcessive pressure opens the valve, and the coolant flows out through an overflow pipe.\r\n \tIn a cooling system of this type there is a continual slight loss of coolant if the engine runs very hot. The system needs topping up from time to time. Later cars have a sealed system in which any overflow goes into an expansion tank, from which it is sucked back into the engine when the remaining liquid cools.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of a water cooling system\r\n\r\n \tBecause of even cooling of cylinder barrel and head (due to jacketing) makes it possible to reduce the cylinder head and valve seat temperatures.\r\n \tThe volumetric efficiency of water-cooled engines is higher than that of air-cooled engines.\r\n \tThe compact design of engines with an appreciably smaller frontal area is possible.\r\n \tIn the case of water-cooled engines, installation is not necessarily at the front of the mobile vehicles, aircraft, etc. as the cooling system can be conveniently located.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of water cooling system over Air Cooling System :\u00a0\r\n\r\n1. Engine can be installed anywhere on the vehicle\r\n2. Volumetric Efficiency of the water-cooled engine is more than the air-cooled engine\r\n3. Uniform cooling of the cylinder, cylinder head, and valves.\r\n4. The specific fuel consumption of the engine improves by using a water cooling system.\r\n5. Engine is less noisy as compared with air-cooled engines, as it has water for damping noise.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of water cooling system\r\n\r\n \tThe system requires more maintenance.\r\n \tThe engine performance becomes sensitive to climatic conditions.\r\n \tThe power absorbed by the pump is considerable and affects the power output of the engine.\r\n \tIn the event of failure of the cooling system serious damage may be caused to the engine.","headline":"Water Cooling &#8211; Parts, Working, diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-13","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 12, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/parts-of-liquid-cooled-system-300x202.jpg","height":202,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=107">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=106"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>106</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=107"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>107</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>108</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=109"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>109</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=110"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>110</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=109">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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