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Slot, Holes ,Groove, Keyway- Basic Of Mechanical</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Slot Vs Holes Vs Groove Vs Keyway 
In this article we will see the basic difference between slot , holes, groove, and keyways.  1. Hole: circular cutout, either through the material or to a blind...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/difference-slot-holes-groove-keyway-basic-mechanical/" aria-label="View Post: Difference Between Slot, Holes ,Groove, Keyway- Basic Of Mechanical">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Difference Between Slot, Holes ,Groove, Keyway- Basic Of Mechanical","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/difference-slot-holes-groove-keyway-basic-mechanical\/","articleBody":"Slot Vs Holes Vs Groove Vs Keyway\u00a0\r\nIn this article we will see the basic difference between slot , holes, groove, and keyways.\r\n\r\n1. Hole: circular cutout, either through the material or to a blind depth.\r\n\r\nTypes of Hole :\r\n\r\nThey are different types of holes that are mentioned below.\r\n\r\n1.Simple Hole\r\n2.Counter board\r\n3.counter sunk\r\n4.Tapered\r\n5.counter drilled.\r\n\r\n types of hole\r\n\r\n2. Slot or Slotted Holes: an elongated hole. It is stretched in one direction but still has full radii on the ends. A slot is cut into a flat plate or normal to the axis of a cylinder.\r\n\r\nSlot Hole Design Consideration :\u00a0\r\n\r\nSlotted holes are widely used in most sorts of mechanical design. Apply mainly in precisely fine-tuning for uncontrollable dimensions beforehand, alignment accuracy, fixation in certain direction meanwhile keeping slipping free in other directions, and so on. Such as tension device of belt pulley, thermal stress protection for slender bar structural parts or long spindle shafts, alignment accuracy in complex dimension chain, a mechanism for enhancing tolerance, and eliminating accumulated error.\r\n\r\n Slotted Holes Slotted holes can be dimensioned in several different ways\r\n\r\nIn mechanical design, some principles and factors we should take into account include the shape and travel of the slotted holes, the structural strength affected by the holes, and so on. In actual application, they can be classified into the following types: singleton slotted holes, coupled slotted holes.\r\n\r\nSlotted Holes Slotted holes can be dimensioned in several different ways.\r\n\r\na. Center points on the longitudinal axis are located and the radii are indicated with a note.\r\nb. Linear measurements indicate the overall size of the slot and the radii are specified.\r\nc. A note indicates the two linear dimensions of the slot and another note specifies the radii.\r\nChoose the most appropriate technique for sizing the slotted hole. The technique used for sizing the slot determines how the slot is located.\r\n\r\nSee Also:\u00a0What is Slotting Machine- Principal parts of Slotter Machine\r\n\r\n3. Groove: a groove is a cylindrical slot. Grooves are cut around the OD or ID of a cylinder and do not pass through the axis of the cylinder.\r\n\r\nYou can simply understand that a slot can be through or blind but a groove is always blind.\r\n\r\nIn manufacturing or mechanical engineering a groove is a long and narrow indentation built into a material, generally for the purpose of allowing another material or part to move within the groove and be guided by it.\r\n\r\n Grooves\r\n\r\nExamples include:\r\n\r\n \tA canal cut in a hard material, usually metal. This canal can be round, oval or an arc in order to receive another component such as a boss, a tongue or a gasket. It can also be on the circumference of a dowel, a bolt, an axle or on the outside or inside of a tube or pipe etc. This canal may receive a circlip an o-ring or a gasket.\r\n \tA depression on the entire circumference of a cast or machined wheel, a pulley or sheave. This depression may receive a cable, a rope or a belt.\r\n \tA longitudinal channel formed in a hot rolled rail profile such as a grooved rail. This groove is for the flange on a train wheel.\r\n\r\n4. Keyway:\u00a0\r\n\r\nIn mechanical engineering, a key is a machine element used to connect a rotating machine element to a shaft. The key prevents relative rotation between the two parts and may enable torque transmission. For a key to function, the shaft and rotating machine element must have a keyway and a keyseat, which is a slot and pocket in which the key fits. The whole system is called a keyed joint.\r\n\r\nRead More:\u00a0Types Of Mechanical Keys- Design Of Keys.","headline":"Difference Between Slot, Holes ,Groove, Keyway- Basic Of Mechanical","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-01-04","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 7, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Slotted-Holes-Slotted-holes-can-be-dimensioned-several-different-ways..jpg-300x225.jpg","height":225,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-fabrication-magnet-spring-suspension-bicycle/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Design-and-Fabrication-of-Magnet-and-Spring-Suspension-in-Bicycle-300x114.gif')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Design and Fabrication of Magnet and Spring Suspension in Bicycle</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-fabrication-magnet-spring-suspension-bicycle/">Design and Fabrication of Magnet and Spring Suspension in Bicycle</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Design and Fabrication of Magnet and Spring Suspension in Bicycle- Mechanical Project.
Abstract
This project deals with the new form of suspension system. This is developed to solve the three...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-fabrication-magnet-spring-suspension-bicycle/" aria-label="View Post: Design and Fabrication of Magnet and Spring Suspension in Bicycle">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Design and Fabrication of Magnet and Spring Suspension in Bicycle","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/design-fabrication-magnet-spring-suspension-bicycle\/","articleBody":"Design and Fabrication of Magnet and Spring Suspension in Bicycle- Mechanical Project.\r\nAbstract\r\nThis project deals with the new form of suspension system. This is developed to solve the three problems in existing suspension system. i.e.(life, smooth driving, avoid damage of chassis). The project adding magnetic repulsion method to improve the smooth driving of automobiles. It can be thought of us a spring suspension followed by a magnetic repulsion. The ordinary suspension system is coupled with magnetic repulsion to add more comfortable ride to the rider. Whenever the vehicle undergoes any bumps or imperfection in the road, first the spring compress, the spring is in turn connected with a set of magnet repulsion assembly .The additional magnetic repulsion system provides smooth driving of automobiles both in slow speed, high speed, and all imperfections in road. When the vehicle moving in slow speed it provides suspension in spring movement and magnetic repulsion, but in higher speed the vehicle undergoes any imperfection in road spring compress to maximum extent but the magnetic repulsion system does not compress to that extent. The magnetic repulsion can behave according to the types of imperfection it experience during riding. we done this project in bicycle\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\nThe modern motorcycle uses suspension to accomplish several things; it provides a smooth comfortable ride absorbing bumps and imperfections in the road. It also allows the rider to fine tune the machine to give him\/her better control over the machine when riding.Whenever the vehicle undergoes any bumps or imperfection in the road, the shock is transferred directly to the vehicle suspension system.\r\nThe shock is a vector quantity it have both magnitude and direction, the direction of the shock is perpendicular to the road surface. The magnitude of the shock is directly proportional to speed, that the vehicle hits the bumpsIn such a situation, due to the magnitude of shock the wheels can lose contact with the road completely. Then, under the downward force of gravity, the wheels can slam back into the road surface. when we decrease the stiffness of the spring below to minimum value, the magnitude of the shock is maximum there is possible for damage of chassis or other parts of the automobile .In existing condition, whenever the vehicle hits any bumps or imperfection in the obtained shock is transmitted to the conventional system and the spring or conventional system moves up.\r\n\r\nSuspension:\r\nSuspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two. Suspension systems serve a dual purpose contributing to the vehicle's road holding\/handling and braking for good active safety and driving pleasure, and keeping vehicle occupants comfortable and reasonably well isolated from road noise, bumps, and vibrations, etc.\r\n\r\nDesign and Fabrication of Magnet and Spring Suspension in Bicycle\r\n\r\nBicycle Suspension\r\nBicycle suspension is the system, or systems, used to suspend the rider and bicycle in order to insulate them from the roughness of the terrain. Bicycle suspension is used primarily on mountain bikes, but is also common on hybrid bicycles. Bicycle suspension can be implemented in a variety of ways, and any combination thereof:\r\n\r\n \tFront suspension\r\n \tRear suspension\r\n \tSuspension saddle\r\n \tSuspension stem\r\nMountain bike suspension technology has made great advances since first appearing in the early 1990s. Early full suspension frames were heavy and tended to bounce up and down while a rider pedaled. This movement was called pedal bob, kickback, or monkey motion and took power out of a rider's pedal stroke especially during climbs up steep hills. Input from hard braking efforts also negatively affected early full suspension designs.\r\n\r\nWORKING PROCEDURE\r\nWhen the vehicle is driven on the rough surface ,a disturbance in the road causes the wheel to move up and down perpendicular to the wheel surface .According to Newton vehicle undergoes any bumps or imperfection in road, it has both magnitude and direction .The direction is perpendicular to the road surface .The magnitude is equal to the speed that he going to hits the bump. Then the vertical energy is transferred to the spring and Magnetic repulsion setup. Whenever the vehicle undergoes any bumps or imperfection in the road, first the spring compress , the inner side of the spring is connected with a push rod . when spring compress push rod connected inside the spring doesn't compress, rather it pushes the magnet against the magnet repulsion. Set of magnet repulsion assembly to compress, that make the rider to ride without jerk. The additional magnetic repulsion system provides smooth driving of automobiles both in slow speed, high speed, and all imperfections in road.\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\nIt give smooth suspension in both in slow and high speed\r\nDue to good magnetic repulsion setup, it increase the life of the suspension setup\r\nDue to strong repulsion force, it avoid damaging of chassis in the automobiles\r\nLow cost\r\n\r\nRead more and Reference :\u00a0http:\/\/www.rroij.com\/open-access\/design-and-fabrication-of-magnet-and-springsuspension-in-bicycle.php?aid=49778","headline":"Design and Fabrication of Magnet and Spring Suspension in Bicycle","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-01-03","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Design-and-Fabrication-of-Magnet-and-Spring-Suspension-in-Bicycle-300x114.gif","height":114,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fabrication-rotary-kaller-mechanical-project/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/design-and-fabrication-rotary-kaller-300x176.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Fabrication of Rotary Kaller- Mechanical Project</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fabrication-rotary-kaller-mechanical-project/">Fabrication of Rotary Kaller- Mechanical Project</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Fabrication of Rotary Kaller- Mechanical Project
SYNOPSIS  This project work titled “FABRICATION OF ROTARY KALLER” has been conceived having studied the difficulty in powder the any type of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fabrication-rotary-kaller-mechanical-project/" aria-label="View Post: Fabrication of Rotary Kaller- Mechanical Project">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Fabrication of Rotary Kaller- Mechanical Project","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/fabrication-rotary-kaller-mechanical-project\/","articleBody":"Fabrication of Rotary Kaller- Mechanical Project\r\nSYNOPSIS\r\n\r\nThis project work titled \u201cFABRICATION OF ROTARY KALLER\u201d has been conceived having studied the difficulty in powder the any type of harden masala powder substance. Our survey in the regard in several home\/hotel, revealed the facts that mostly some difficulty occurs in powder huge amount of masala powder. The powdering of huge amount of masala in hand is taking more time and high manual force.\r\nNow the project has mainly concentrated on this difficulty, and hence a suitable device has been designed. Such that the masala powdering operation can be done without application of any impact force.\r\n\r\ndesign and fabrication rotary kaller- mechanical project\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\nThis device the rotary Kaller has been developed to later the needs of small and medium home\/hotel application, who are normally man powered. In most of the house\/hotel the powder are powdered by using human hand. This needs more time and high working load.\r\nIn order to avoid all such disadvantages. This, machine has been designed in such a way that it can be used to powder the masala substance very smoothly without any impact force. The operation is made be simple that even an unskilled labour can handled, by just demonstrating the working of the automatic vegetable cutting machine once.\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES\r\n1. Handling is easy\r\n2. No Manual power\r\n3. Easy to Repair.\r\n4. Replacement of parts are easy\r\n\r\nDISADVANTAGES\r\n\r\nAdditional cost is required in domestic people\r\nThis system requires high maintenance care.\r\nCare must be taken for the handling the equipment such as proper wiring connection, etc.\r\n\r\nAPPLICATIONS\r\n\r\nThis is very useful in\r\n\r\n \tHome\r\n \tHotel\r\n \tCanteen, etc.","headline":"Fabrication of Rotary Kaller- Mechanical Project","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-01-02","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/design-and-fabrication-rotary-kaller-300x176.jpg","height":176,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/flexible-manufacturing-system-types-flexible-manufacturing-system/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/categories-of-flexible-manufacturing-system-300x234.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Flexible Manufacturing System- Types Of Flexible Manufacturing System</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/flexible-manufacturing-system-types-flexible-manufacturing-system/">Flexible Manufacturing System- Types Of Flexible Manufacturing System</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Flexible Manufacturing System- Types Of Flexible Manufacturing System
INTRODUCTION TO FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM
“Manufacturing Industries are facing vigorous threats by inflation in market...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/flexible-manufacturing-system-types-flexible-manufacturing-system/" aria-label="View Post: Flexible Manufacturing System- Types Of Flexible Manufacturing System">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Flexible Manufacturing System- Types Of Flexible Manufacturing System","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/flexible-manufacturing-system-types-flexible-manufacturing-system\/","articleBody":"Flexible Manufacturing System- Types Of Flexible Manufacturing System\r\nINTRODUCTION TO FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM\r\n\u201cManufacturing Industries are facing vigorous threats by inflation in market needs, corporate lifestyle and globalization. Hence, in current\r\nsituation, Industries which are responding rapidly to market fluctuations with more competitiveness will have great capabilities in\r\nproducing products with high quality and low cost. In the view of manufacturers, production cost is not at all a significant factor which\r\naffects them. But, some of the factors which are important to the manufacturer are flexibility, quality, efficient delivery and customer\r\nsatisfaction.\u201d\r\n\u201cHence, with the help of automation, robotics and other innovative concepts such as just-in-time (JIT), Production planning and control\r\n(PPC), enterprise resource planning (ERP) etc., manufacturers are very keen to attain these factors.\u201d\r\n\u201cFlexible manufacturing is a theory which permits production systems to perform under high modified production needs. The problems\u00a0such as minimum inventories and market-response time to bump into customer needs, response to adjust as per the deviations in the market. In order to sweep market by reducing the cost of products and services will be mandatory to various companies to shift over to flexible manufacturing systems. FMSs as a possible way to overcome the said issues while making reliable and good quality and cost effective yields. Flexible manufacturing system has advanced as a tool to bridge the gap\u00a0between high mechanized line and CNC Machines with efficient mid volume production of a various part mix with low setup time, low working\u00a0 process, low inventory, short manufacturing lead time, high machine utilization and high quality. FMS is especially attractive for medium and low-capacity industries such as automotive, aeronautical, steel andcelectronics.\u201d\r\n\u201c\u201dFlexible manufacturing system incorporates the following concepts and skills in an automated production system\u00a0\r\n1. Flexible automation\r\n2. Group technology\r\n3. Computer numerical control machine tools\r\n4. Automated material handling between machines\u201d\r\nTYPES OF FMS\r\n\u201cFlexible manufacturing systems can be separated into various types subject to their natures:\u201d\r\n\r\n1. DEPENDING UPON KINDS OF OPERATION\r\n\u201cFlexible manufacturing system can be illustrious subject to the kinds of operation performed:\u201d\r\n\r\na. \u201cProcessing operation. It performs some activities on a given job. Such activities convert the job from one shape to another continuous up to the final product. It enhances significance by\u00a0altering the geometry, features or appearance of the initial materials.\u201d\r\n\r\nb. \u201cAssembly operation. It comprises an assembly of two or more parts to make a new component which is called an assembly\/subassembly. The subassemblies which are joined permanently use processes like welding, brazing, soldering , adhesive bonding, rivets, press fitting.\u201d\r\n\r\n2. BASED ON NUMBER OF MACHINES\r\n\u201cThere are typical varieties of FMS based on the number of machines in the system:\u201d\r\n\r\na. \u201cSingle machine cell (SMC). It consists of completely automated machines which are capable of performing unattended operations within a time period lengthier than one complete machine cycle. It is skilful of dispensing various part mix, reacting to fluctuations in manufacture plan, and inviting introduction of a part as a new entry. It is a sequence dependent production system.\u201d\r\n\r\nb. \u201cFlexible manufacturing cell (FMC). It entails two or three dispensing workstations and a material handling system. The material handling system is linked to a load\/unload station. It is a simultaneous production system.\u201d\r\n\r\nc. An Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS). \u201cIt has four or more processing work stations (typically CNC machining centers or turning centers) connected mechanically by a common part\u00a0handling system and automatically by a distributed computer system. It also includes non-processing work stations that support production but do not directly participate in it e.g., part \/ pallet\r\nwashing stations, co-ordinate measuring machines. These features significantly differentiate it from Flexible manufacturing cell\r\n(FMC).\u201d\r\n\r\ncategories of flexible manufacturing system\r\n\r\n3. BASED ON LEVEL OF FLEXIBILITY\r\n\u201cFMS is further classified based on the level of flexibility related to the manufacturing system. Two categories are depicted here:\u201d\r\n\r\na. Dedicated FMS. \u201cIt is made to produce a certain variety of part styles. The product design is considered fixed. So, the system can be\r\ndesigned with a certain amount of process specialization to make the operation more efficient.\u201d\r\n\r\nb.Random order FMS. \u201cIt is able to handle the substantial variations in part configurations. To accommodate these variations, a random order FMS must be more flexible than the dedicated FMS. A random order FMS is capable of processing parts that have a higher degree of complexity. Thus, to deal with these kinds of complexity, sophisticated computer control system is used for this FMS type.\u201d","headline":"Flexible Manufacturing System- Types Of Flexible Manufacturing System","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-01-02","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/categories-of-flexible-manufacturing-system-300x234.jpg","height":234,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/304-stainless-steel-properties-application/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/304-stainless-pipe-300x198.jpeg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to 304 Stainless Steel &#8211; Properties, Application</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/304-stainless-steel-properties-application/">304 Stainless Steel &#8211; Properties, Application</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>304 Stainless Steel - Properties, Application
304 stainless steel is the most common form of stainless steel used around the world, largely due to its excellent corrosion resistance and value. It...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/304-stainless-steel-properties-application/" aria-label="View Post: 304 Stainless Steel &#8211; Properties, Application">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"304 Stainless Steel &#8211; Properties, Application","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/304-stainless-steel-properties-application\/","articleBody":"304 Stainless Steel - Properties, Application\r\n304 stainless steel is the most common form of stainless steel used around the world, largely due to its excellent corrosion resistance and value. It contains between 16 and 24 percent chromium and up to 35 percent nickel, as well as small amounts of carbon and manganese.\r\n\r\nThe most common form of 304 stainless steel is 18-8, or 18\/8, stainless steel, which contains 18 percent chromium and 8 percent nickel.\r\n\r\n304 can withstand corrosion from most oxidizing acids. That durability makes 304 easy to sanitize, and therefore ideal for kitchen and food applications. It is also common in buildings, d\u00e9cor, and site furnishings.\r\n\r\nRead also:\u00a0What is stainless steel-Types of stainless steel \u00a0\r\n\r\n304 stainless steel does have one weakness: it is susceptible to corrosion from chloride solutions, or from saline environments like the coast. Chloride ions can create localized areas of corrosion, called \"pitting,\" which can spread beneath protective chromium barriers to compromise internal structures. Solutions with as little as 25 ppm of sodium chloride can begin to have a corrosive effect.\r\n\r\n304 stainless pipe\r\n304 Stainless Steel Properties\r\n\r\n \t304 stainless steel is non-magnetic and exhibits high resistance to corrosion and oxidation against atmospheric, chemical, petroleum, textile, and food industry sources.\r\n \tIt has good drawability \u2013 the combination of low yield strength and high elongation permits fabrication into complex shapes. (Care should be taken to fully anneal them immediately after forming.)\r\n \tThis austenitic kind of steel is easily weldable. (During welding, there is a likelihood of chromium carbide formation, which might compromise resistance to corrosion. To overcome this, welding needs to be followed by full annealing, which dissolves chromium carbide. Additionally, the austenitic structure is prone to cracking during welding \u2013 this is countered by adding a small amount of ferrite while resolidifying.)\r\n \tIt has high strength and toughness, even at very low temperatures (cryogenic).\r\n \tIt has a smooth surface, which is easy to clean.\r\n\r\nType 304\r\n\r\nThe most common of austenitic grades, containing approximately 18% chromium and 8% nickel. It is used for chemical processing equipment, for food, dairy, and beverage industries, for heat exchangers, and for the milder chemicals.\r\n\r\nType 304L Stainless Steel\r\nType 304L stainless steel is an extra-low carbon version of the 304 steel alloy. The lower carbon content in 304L minimizes deleterious carbide precipitation as a result of welding. 304L can, therefore, be used \"as welded\" in severe corrosion environments and it eliminates the need for annealing.\r\n\r\nThis grade has slightly lower mechanical properties than the standard 304 grade, but it's nonetheless widely used thanks to its versatility. Like Type 304 stainless steel, it's commonly used in beer-brewing and wine-making, but also for purposes beyond the food industry such as in chemical containers, mining, and construction. It's ideal for use in metal parts such as nuts and bolts that will be exposed to salt water.\r\n\r\nPhysical\/Mechanical\/Electrical\/Thermal properties\r\n\r\n \tVickers hardness = 129\r\n \tMelting Point = 1400 \u2013 1455 degree C\r\n \tModulus of Elasticity = 193 \u2013 200 GPa\r\n \tTensile Strength = 505 MPa\r\n \tPoisson\u2019s Ratio = 0.29\r\n \tDensity = 8 g\/cc\r\n \tMagnetic Permeability = 1.008\r\n \tElectrical Resistivity = 7.2 e-005 ohm-cm\r\n\r\nApplications and uses\r\n\r\n \tChemical industry \u2013 Large storage tanks and containers for liquids and solids\r\n \tFood industry \u2013 food processing equipment like milking machines, storage tanks, hauling tanks, piping, valves, milk trucks etc. Also used in breweries, wine-making and the fruit juice industry.\r\n \tDomestic uses \u2013 304 stainless steel can resist the corrosive action of acids found in fruits, milk, meat and vegetables, and is fairly resistant to abrasion. Therefore, it is widely used in sinks, tabletops, stoves, refrigerators, cutlery, utensils and various other appliances.\r\n \tArchitectural uses \u2013 paneling, molding, railings, d\u00e9cor.\r\n \tIndustrial applications \u2013 tools, bolts, nuts, screws etc.\r\n \tAutomotive and aerospace industries \u2013 fuel tanks, various structural components.\r\n \tHospitals \u2013 surgical equipment.\r\n \tCommercial \u2013 sanitary fittings, pipes.","headline":"304 Stainless Steel &#8211; Properties, Application","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-01-01","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/304-stainless-pipe-300x198.jpeg","height":198,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/stainless-steel-types-stainless-steel/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/What-is-stainless-steel-Types-of-stainless-steel-300x215.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is stainless steel-Types of stainless steel</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/stainless-steel-types-stainless-steel/">What is stainless steel-Types of stainless steel</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is stainless steel-Types of stainless steel
Stainless steel stains less easily than other iron-based metals, but it’s not literally “stainless”. Just like standard steel, stainless can...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/stainless-steel-types-stainless-steel/" aria-label="View Post: What is stainless steel-Types of stainless steel">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is stainless steel-Types of stainless steel","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/stainless-steel-types-stainless-steel\/","articleBody":"What is stainless steel-Types of stainless steel\r\nStainless steel stains less easily than other iron-based metals, but it\u2019s not literally \u201cstainless\u201d. Just like standard steel, stainless can get marked up by fingerprints and grease, develop discoloration, and eventually rust. The difference is resilience. Stainless steel can withstand much more time and abuse before showing signs of wear.\r\n\r\nAll steels have the same basic iron and carbon composition, but stainless steel also contains a healthy dose of chromium\u2014the alloy that gives stainless steel its famous corrosion resistance.\r\n\r\nAnd this is where things get complicated. There are multiple grades under the stainless steel umbrella, each with slightly different alloy composition, and therefore slightly different physical characteristics.\r\n\r\nStainless steel must contain at least 10.5 percent chromium. Depending on the grade, it may contain much higher chromium levels, and additional alloying ingredients like molybdenum, nickel, titanium, aluminum, copper, nitrogen, phosphorous and selenium.\r\nWhat is\u00a0 stainless steel ?\r\nStainless steel is iron base alloy that has a great resistance to corrosion. It is the addition of a minimum of 12% chromium to the steel that makes it resist rust (or) stainless than other types of steel It is observed that a thin, transparent and very tough film forms on the surface of stainless steel which is inert or passive and does not react with many corrosive materials. In a temperature range of 235\u00b0c to 980\u00b0c, it exhibits strength, toughness and corrosion resistance superior to other metals. It is thus ideally suited for handling and storage of liquid helium, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen that exist at cryogenic temperature. The property of corrosion resistance is obtained by adding chromium only (or) by adding chromium and nickel together. Stainless steel is manufactured in electric furnaces.\r\n\r\nWhy stainless steel is corrosive resistance\r\nStainless steels are very slightly oxidisable. Slight oxidation forms very thin film of oxide and this oxide film acts as a protective coating and in this way further corrosion is stopped. This protective film of oxide is so thin that the colour and beauty of the basic materials is not affected.\r\n\r\nWhat is stainless steel-Types of stainless steel\r\nTypes of Stainless steel\r\nStainless steels can be classified into the following groups:\r\n\r\nAustenitic Stainless steel:\r\n\r\nAustenitic steels have austenite as their primary phase. These are alloys containing atleast 24% chromium and nickel combined and the percentage of each of them alone is not less than 8%. These steels may contain other elements for particular purposes. Standard austenitic steels are vulnerable to stress corrosion cracking. Higher nickel austenitic steels have increased resistance to stress corrosion cracking. These are non-hardenable by heat treatment and non-magnetic but usually exhibit some magnetic response depending on the composition and the work hardening of the steel.\r\n\r\nType 304\r\n\r\nThe most common of austenitic grades, containing approximately 18% chromium and 8% nickel. It is used for chemical processing equipment, for food, dairy, and beverage industries, for heat exchangers, and for the milder chemicals.\r\n\r\nType 316\r\n\r\nContains 16% to 18% chromium and 11% to 14% nickel. It also has molybdenum added to the nickel and chrome of the 304. The molybdenum is used to control pit type attack. Type 316 is used in chemical processing, the pulp and paper industry, for food and beverage processing and dispensing and in the more corrosive environments. The molybdenum must be a minimum of 2%.\r\n\r\nType 317\r\n\r\nContains a higher percentage of molybdenum than 316 for highly corrosive environments. It must have a minimum of 3% \u201cmoly\u201d. It is often used in stacks which contain scrubbers.\r\n\r\nMartensitic Stainless steel\r\nThese are alloys of iron, carbon and chromium. The difference between the percentage of chromium and 17 times the percentage of carbon is less than 12.5%. These are also called chromium steel, and are harden able and magnetic. They are used where high strength and moderate corrosion resistance is required.They have generally low weld ability and form ability. They are magnetic.\r\n\r\nType 410\r\n\r\nBasic martensitic grade, containing the lowest alloy content of the three basic stainless steels (304, 430, and 410). Low cost, general purpose, heat treatable stainless steel. Used widely where corrosion is not severe (air, water, some chemicals, and food acids. Typical applications include highly stressed parts needing the combination of strength and corrosion resistance such as fasteners.\r\n\r\nType 410S\r\n\r\nContains lower carbon than Type 410, offers improved weldability but lower hardenability. Type 410S is a general purpose corrosion and heat resisting chromium steel recommended for corrosion resisting applications.\r\n\r\nType 414\r\n\r\nHas nickel added (2%) for improved corrosion resistance. Typical applications include springs and cutlery.\r\n\r\nFerritic Stainless steel\r\nThese are alloys of iron, carbon, steel. These steels are based on Chromium with small amounts of Carbon usually less than 0.10%. These steels have a similar microstructure to carbon and low alloy steels. They cannot be hardened by heat treatment.Ferritic steels are also chosen for their resistance to stress corrosion cracking. They are not as formable as austenitic stainless steels. They are magnetic.\r\n\r\nType 430\r\n\r\nThe basic ferritic grade, with a little less corrosion resistance than Type 304. This type combines high resistance to such corrosives as nitric acid, sulfur gases, and many organic and food acids.\r\n\r\nType 405\r\n\r\nHas lower chromium and added aluminum to prevent hardening when cooled from high temperatures. Typical applications include heat exchangers.\r\n\r\nType 409\r\n\r\nContains the lowest chromium content of all stainless steels and is also the least expensive. Originally designed for muffler stock and also used for exterior parts in non-critical corrosive environments.\r\n\r\nDuplex\r\n\r\nPrimarily used in chemical plants and piping applications, the duplex stainless steels are developing rapidly today and have a microstructure of approximately equal amounts of ferrite and austenite. Duplex stainless steels typically contain approximately 22-25% chromium and 5% nickel with molybdenum and nitrogen. Although duplex and some austenitics do have similar alloying elements, duplexes have higher yield strength and greater stress corrosion cracking resistance to chloride than austenitic stainless steels.\r\n\r\nPrecipitation Hardening\r\n\r\nPrecipitation-hardening stainless steels are chromium-nickel stainlesses, which contain alloying additions such as aluminum, copper or titanium that allow them to be hardened by a solution and aging heat treatment. They can be either austenitic or martensitic in the aged condition. Precipitation- hardening stainless steels are grouped into three types: martensitic, semiaustenitic and austenitic. The martensitic (such as Type 630) and semiaustenitic (such as Type 631) can provide higher strength than the austenitic (such as Type 660, also known as A286).\r\n\r\nApplications and uses\r\n\r\n \tChemical industry \u2013 Large storage tanks and containers for liquids and solids\r\n \tFood industry \u2013 food processing equipment like milking machines, storage tanks, hauling tanks, piping, valves, milk trucks etc. Also used in breweries, wine-making and the fruit juice industry.\r\n \tDomestic uses \u2013 304 stainless steel can resist the corrosive action of acids found in fruits, milk, meat and vegetables, and is fairly resistant to abrasion. 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