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Shaping Machine Operation :
 The main functions of shaping machines are to produce flat surfaces in different planes. Fig. shows the basic...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/operation-performed-on-shaping-machine/" aria-label="View Post: Operation Performed On Shaping Machine Or Shaper.">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Operation Performed On Shaping Machine Or Shaper.","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/operation-performed-on-shaping-machine\/","articleBody":"Operation Performed On Shaping Machine Or Shaper.\r\nShaping Machine Operation :\r\n\u00a0The main functions of shaping machines are to produce flat surfaces in different planes. Fig. shows the basic principle of generation of flat surface by shaping machine. The cutting motion provided by the linear forward motion of the reciprocating tool and the intermittent feed motion provided by the slow transverse motion of the job along with the bed result in producing a flat surface by gradual removal of excess material layer by layer in the form of chips. The vertical infeed is given either by descending the tool holder or raising the bed or both. Straight grooves of various curved sections are also made in shaping machines by using specific form tools. The single point straight or form tool is clamped in the vertical slide which is mounted at the front face of the reciprocating ram whereas the workpiece is directly or indirectly through a vice is mounted on the bed.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nshaping machine operation\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMain Application Of Shaping Machine ;\r\n\r\nIt is already mentioned that shaping machines are neither productive nor versatile.\r\n\r\nHowever, its limited applications include :\r\n\r\n\r\n \tMachining flat surfaces in different planes. Fig. \u00a0shows how flat surfaces are produced in shaping machines by single point cutting tools in\r\n\r\n\u00a0(a) Horizontal,\u00a0\r\n\r\n(b) Vertical and\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n(c) Inclined planes.\r\n\r\nshaping operation on flat surface\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \t\r\nMaking features like slots, steps etc. which are also bounded by flat surfaces. Fig. visualises the methods of machining\r\n\r\n\r\n(a) slot,\r\n\r\n(b) pocket\r\n(c) T-slot and\u00a0\r\n(d) Vee-block in shaping machine by single point tools.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSHAPING OPERATION MACHINING SLOT POCKET SLOT\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n(b) straight tooth of spur gears can be made in shaping machine Forming grooves bounded by short width curved surfaces by using single point but form tools. Fig. \u00a0typically shows how\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tSome other machining applications of shaping machines are cutting external keyway and splines, smooth slitting or parting, cutting teeth. of rack for repair etc. using simple or form type single point cutting tools. Some unusual work can also be done, if needed, by developing and using special attachments.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSHAPING OPERATION VIA FORM CUTTER\r\n\r\n\r\nHowever, due to very low productivity, less versatility and poor process capability, shaping machines are not employed for lot and even batch production. Such low cost primitive machine tools may be reasonably used only for little or few machining work on one or few pieces required for repair and maintenance work in small machine shops.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nKeyway Cutting\r\n\r\n\r\nKeyway cutting on shaper is complete by holding work piece in a vice through using a V-block. The axis of shaft is set parallel to movement of stroke by the help of dial indicator. The position of shaft is done by dial indicator as of top with the side of shaft. Keyway cutting process is carrying out just similar to cutting grooveon shaper. The major dissimilarity among groove cutting and keyway cutting lies in the way of holding the work piece.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMachine Tool Articles , notes , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\n\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Operation Performed On Shaping Machine Or Shaper.","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-06-13","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/shapingmachineoperation-300x258.jpg","height":258,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-cam-and-followers/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/TYPESOFFOLLOWERS-300x162.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Types Of Cam And Followers-Basic Of Theory Of machine</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-cam-and-followers/">Types Of Cam And Followers-Basic Of Theory Of machine</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Types Of Cam And Followers - Basic Of Theory Of machine  A cam is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion to another element known as follower. The cam and the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-cam-and-followers/" aria-label="View Post: Types Of Cam And Followers-Basic Of Theory Of machine">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types Of Cam And Followers-Basic Of Theory Of machine","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-cam-and-followers\/","articleBody":"Types Of Cam And Followers - Basic Of Theory Of machine\r\n\r\nA cam is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion to another element known as follower. The cam and the follower have a line contact and constitute a higher pair. The cams are usually rotated at uniform speed by a shaft, but the follower motion is pre- determined and will be according to the shape of the cam. The cam and follower is one of the simplest as well as one of the most important mechanisms found in modern machinery today.\r\nThe cams are widely used for operating the inlet and exhaust valves of internal combustion engines, automatic attachment of machinery, paper cutting machines, spinning and weaving textile machinery, feed mechanism of automatic lathes etc.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTypes Of Cam And Followers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n1. According to the surface in contact.\r\n\r\nThe followers, according to the surface in contact, are as follows:\r\n\r\n(a) Knife edge follower.\r\n\r\nWhen the contacting end of the follower has a sharp knife edge, it is called a knife edge follower, as shown in Fig.. The sliding motion takes place between the contacting surfaces (i.e. the knife edge and the cam surface). It is seldom used in practice because the small area of contacting surface results in excessive wear. In knife edge followers, a considerable side thrust exists between the follower and the guide.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTypes Of Followers according to surface of contacts\r\n\r\n\r\n(b) Roller follower.\r\nWhen the contacting end of the follower is a roller, it is called a roller follower, as shown in Fig. Since the rolling motion takes place between the contacting surfaces (i.e. the roller and the cam), therefore the rate of wear is greatly reduced. In roller followers also the side thrust exists between the follower and the guide. The roller followers are extensively used where more space is available such as in stationary gas and oil engines and aircraft engines.\r\n\r\n(c) Flat faced or mushroom follower.\r\n\r\nWhen the contacting end of the follower is a perfectly flat face, it is called a flat-faced follower, as shown in Fig. It may be noted that the side thrust between the follower and the guide is much reduced in case of flat faced followers. The only side thrust is due to friction between the contact surfaces of the follower and the cam. The relative motion between these surfaces is largely of sliding nature but wear may be reduced by off-setting the axis of the follower, as shown in Fig so that when the cam rotates, the follower also rotates about its own axis. The flat faced followers are generally used where space is limited such as in cams which operate the valves of automobile engines.\u00a0\r\n\r\n(d) Spherical faced follower\r\n\r\nWhen the contacting end of the follower is of spherical shape, it is called a spherical faced follower, as shown in Fig. It may be noted that when a flat-faced follower is used in automobile engines, high surface stresses are produced. In order to minimize these stresses, the flat end of the follower is machined to a spherical shape.\r\n\r\n\r\n2. According to the motion of the follower.\r\n\r\nThe followers, according to its motion, are of the following two types:\r\n\r\n\r\na. oscillating Follower \u00a0 b. Reciprocating followers\r\n\r\n\r\n(a) Reciprocating or translating follower.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhen the follower reciprocates in guides as the cam rotates uniformly, it is known as reciprocating or translating follower.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n(b) Oscillating or rotating follower.\u00a0\r\n\r\nWhen the uniform rotary motion of the cam is converted\u00a0into predetermined oscillatory motion of the follower, it is called oscillating or rotating follower.\r\n\r\nThe follower, as shown in Fig ., is an oscillating or rotating follower.\r\n\r\n3. According to the path of motion of the follower.\u00a0\r\nThe followers, according to its path of motion, are of the following two types:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\na. Radial \u00a0b. Off-set follower\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n(a) Radial follower.\u00a0\r\n\r\nWhen the motion of the follower is along an axis passing through the centre of the cam, it is known as radial follower.\u00a0\r\n\r\n(b) Off-set follower.\r\n\r\nWhen the motion of the follower is along an axis away from the axis of the cam centre, it is called off-set follower,\r\n\r\nCAMS :\r\n\r\n\r\nCams can be classified into the following three types based on their shapes.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTypes Of Cams\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n1.) Plate or disk cams:\u00a0\r\n\r\nPlate or disk cams are the simplest and most common type of cam. A plate cam is illustrated in figure. This type of cam is formed on a disk or plate. The radial distance from the center of the disk is varied throughout the circumference of the cam. Allowing a follower to ride on this outer edge gives the follower a radial motion.\r\n\r\n2) Cylindrical or drum cam:\u00a0\r\n\r\nA cylindrical or drum cam is illustrated in figure . This type of cam is formed on a cylinder. A groove is \u00a0cut into the cylinder, with a varying location along the axis of rotation. Attaching a follower that rides in the groove gives the follower motion along the axis of rotation.\r\n\r\n3) Linear cam:\u00a0\r\n\r\nA linear cam is illustrated in figure. This type of cam is formed on a translated block. A groove is cut into the block with a distance that varies from the plane of translation. Attaching a follower that rides in the groove gives the follower motion perpendicular to the plane of translation.\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0Applications of cams \u00a0\r\nCams are widely used in automation of machinery, gear cutting machines, screw machines, printing press, textile industries, automobile engine valves, tool changers of machine centers, conveyors, pallet changers, sliding fork in wearhouses etc.\r\n\r\nCams are also used in I.C engines to operate the inlet valves and exhaust valves.The cam shaft rotates by using prime moveres. It causes the rotation of cam. This rotation produces translatory motion of tappet against the spring. This translatory motion is used to open or close the valve.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nTheory of Machine Article , Notes , Question and Answer\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Types Of Cam And Followers-Basic Of Theory Of machine","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-06-09","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/TYPESOFFOLLOWERS-300x162.png","height":162,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fuel-specifications-diese/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/fuels-octane-number-cetane-number-5-638-300x225.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Important fuel specifications for Diesel Used In IC Engine</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fuel-specifications-diese/">Important fuel specifications for Diesel Used In IC Engine</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Important fuel specifications for Diesel Used In IC Engine
In IC engines, the chemical energy contained in the fuel is converted into mechanical power by burning (oxidizing) the fuel inside the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fuel-specifications-diese/" aria-label="View Post: Important fuel specifications for Diesel Used In IC Engine">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Important fuel specifications for Diesel Used In IC Engine","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/fuel-specifications-diese\/","articleBody":"Important fuel specifications for Diesel Used In IC Engine\r\nIn IC engines, the chemical energy contained in the fuel is converted into mechanical power by burning (oxidizing) the fuel inside the combustion chamber of the engine.\r\n\r\nFuels suitable for fast chemical reaction have to be used in IC engines, they are following types-\r\n\r\n(a) Hydrocarbons fuels derived from the crude petroleum by proper refining process such as thermal and catalytic cracking method, polymerisation, alkylation, isomerisation, reforming and blending.\r\n\r\n(b) Alternative fuels such as-Alcohols (methanol, ethanol)\r\n\r\n \tNatural gas (methane)\r\n \tLPG (propane, butane)\r\n \tHydrogen\r\n\r\nGeneral Fuel Specifications:\r\n\r\nDifferent properties of fuels have,\r\n\r\n \tRelative density (specific gravity)\r\n \tFuel composition\r\n \tSpecific heating value\r\n \tFlash point\r\n \tViscosity\r\n \tSurface tension\r\n \tFreezing point\r\n\r\n\r\n1) Flash point:\r\n\r\n \tFlash point is the lowest temperature of a sample at which the fuel vapour starts to ignite when in contact with a flame (ignition source).\r\n \tMarcusson method \u2013 fuel container is slowly heated, while the fuel vapour is in contact with an open flame \u2013 T is measured\r\n \tFor gasoline it is 25 oC, diesel fuel 35 oC and heavy diesel 65 oC\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n2) \u00a0Specific heating value:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tSpecific heating value, Hu is a measure of the energy content of the fuel per unit mass (kJ\/kg or kcal\/kg)\r\n \tGaseous fuels sp heating value is given in terms of energy content per unit volume (kJ\/liter or kJ\/m3, kcal\/m3)\r\n \tIn IC engines lower heating value is given as the combustion products contain water in vapour form.\r\n \tFor gasoline and diesel fuel, Hu=42000-44000 kJ\/kg or Hu=10200-10500 kcal\/kg\r\n \tHeating value of the combustible air-fuel mixture is a decisive factor for engine performance.\r\n\r\n3) Viscosity:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tViscosity is an important parameter for CI engines, also influences fuel metering orifices since Re is an inverse function of fuel viscosity lower the viscosity, smaller the diameter of the droplets in the spray.\r\n \tBelow certain limits, low viscosity increases the leaks in the fuel system. It is a strong function of T \u2013 must be given at certain T values at 50 oC, 1.5 \u2013 5.0 Engler or 0.5 to 0.6 centistokes.\r\n\r\n4) Surface tension:\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n \tSurface tension is a parameter which effects the formation of fuel droplets in sprays\r\n \tincreasing the surface tension will reduce mass flow and air-fuel ratio in gasoline engines lower the value, smaller the droplet diameter diesel fuel value is in the range of 0.023 \u2013 0.032 N\/m and for gasoline it is 0.019 \u2013 0.023 N\/m\r\n\r\n5) \u00a0Freezing point:\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThe precipitation of paraffin crystals in winter can lead to clogged filters. It can be prevented by either removing paraffins from the fuel or adding flow improvers (additives).\r\n \tAntifreezing properties are determined by its filterability.\r\n \tFor gasoline freezing point is \u201365 oC and for diesel fuel \u201310 oC\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n6) \u00a0Cetane number:\r\noctane-Cetane number charts\r\n\r\n \t\r\nCetane number is used to specify the ignition quality of diesel fuel.\r\n \tRunning on low Cetane number will produce cold start problems. Peak cylinder pressure, combustion noise and HC emissions will increase -more fuel will be injected before ignition, less time for combustion.\r\n \tHigher CN results in a sooner ignition - extremely high CN may ignite before adequate Fuel-Air mixing can take place - higher emissions. Power output can be reduced if burning starts too early.\r\n \tMeasurement of cetane number:\r\n\r\ncetane number formula\r\n\r\n \t\r\nCetane number is in the range of,Cetane number is measured by comparing the \u201cignition delay time\u201d of the sample fuel with a mixture of cetane (C16H34) and alphamethyl naptane (C10H7CH3). The Cetane percentage in the mixture gives the CN of the sample fuel.\r\n \tCN of the reference fuel cetane is arbitraryly set at 100, and of alphamethyl naptane at 0.\r\n \tCFR engine is used to measure the compression ratio at which ignition starts. CR is gradually increased while the engine is driven by an electric motor - a curve of CN vs critical CR is obtained.\r\n \tInlet air temp is 30 oC and cooling water temp is at 100 oC\r\n \tAn easier and practical method to obtain Cetane Number is by calculating the Diesel Index.\r\n \tIncreasing the DI, increases the tendency to ignite.\r\n \tAP is obtained by heating equal amounts of annilin and diesel fuel. While cooling down, the temp at which the annilin separates from the mixture is the AP\r\n\r\n\r\n \t50 - 60 for high speed Diesel engines\r\n \t25 - 45 for low speed Diesel engines\r\n \tNormal Diesel fuel CN is 40 - 55\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\n\r\nIC Engine Articles , Notes , Question and Answer\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Important fuel specifications for Diesel Used In IC Engine","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-06-07","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/fuels-octane-number-cetane-number-5-638-300x225.jpg","height":225,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/important-fuel-specifications-for/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/propertiesoffuel-300x225.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Important fuel specifications for gasoline/ Petrol Used In IC Engine</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/important-fuel-specifications-for/">Important fuel specifications for gasoline/ Petrol Used In IC Engine</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Important fuel specifications for gasoline/ Petrol Used In IC Engine  In IC engines, the chemical energy contained in the fuel is converted into mechanical power by burning (oxidizing) the fuel...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/important-fuel-specifications-for/" aria-label="View Post: Important fuel specifications for gasoline/ Petrol Used In IC Engine">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Important fuel specifications for gasoline\/ Petrol Used In IC Engine","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/important-fuel-specifications-for\/","articleBody":"Important fuel specifications for gasoline\/ Petrol Used In IC Engine\r\n\r\n\r\nIn IC engines, the chemical energy contained in the fuel is converted into mechanical power by burning (oxidizing) the fuel inside the combustion chamber of the engine.\r\n\r\nFuels suitable for fast chemical reaction have to be used in IC engines, they are following types-\r\n\r\n(a) Hydrocarbons fuels derived from the crude petroleum by proper refining process such as thermal and catalytic cracking method, polymerisation, alkylation, isomerisation, reforming and blending.\r\n\r\n(b) Alternative fuels such as-Alcohols (methanol, ethanol)\r\n\r\n \tNatural gas (methane)\r\n \tLPG (propane, butane)\r\n \tHydrogen\r\n\r\nGeneral Fuel Specifications:\r\n\r\nDifferent properties of fuels have,\r\n\r\n \tRelative density (specific gravity)\r\n \tFuel composition\r\n \tSpecific heating value\r\n \tFlash point\r\n \tViscosity\r\n \tSurface tension\r\n \tFreezing point\r\n\r\nProperties Of Petrol and Diesel\r\n1) Flash point:\r\n\r\n \tFlash point is the lowest temperature of a sample at which the fuel vapour starts to ignite when in contact with a flame (ignition source).\r\n \tMarcusson method \u2013 fuel container is slowly heated, while the fuel vapour is in contact with an open flame \u2013 T is measured\r\n \tFor gasoline it is 25 oC, diesel fuel 35 oC and heavy diesel 65 oC\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n2) \u00a0Specific heating value:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tSpecific heating value, Hu is a measure of the energy content of the fuel per unit mass (kJ\/kg or kcal\/kg)\r\n \tGaseous fuels sp heating value is given in terms of energy content per unit volume (kJ\/liter or kJ\/m3, kcal\/m3)\r\n \tIn IC engines lower heating value is given as the combustion products contain water in vapour form.\r\n \tFor gasoline and diesel fuel, Hu=42000-44000 kJ\/kg or Hu=10200-10500 kcal\/kg\r\n \tHeating value of the combustible air-fuel mixture is a decisive factor for engine performance.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n3) Viscosity:\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n \tViscosity is an important parameter for CI engines, also influences fuel metering orifices since Re is an inverse function of fuel viscosity lower the viscosity, smaller the diameter of the droplets in the spray.\r\n \tBelow certain limits, low viscosity increases the leaks in the fuel system. It is a strong function of T \u2013 must be given at certain T values at 50 oC, 1.5 \u2013 5.0 Engler or 0.5 to 0.6 centistokes.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n4) Surface tension:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tSurface tension is a parameter which effects the formation of fuel droplets in sprays\r\n \tincreasing the surface tension will reduce mass flow and air-fuel ratio in gasoline engines lower the value, smaller the droplet diameter diesel fuel value is in the range of 0.023 \u2013 0.032 N\/m and for gasoline it is 0.019 \u2013 0.023 N\/m\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n5) \u00a0Freezing point:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThe precipitation of paraffin crystals in winter can lead to clogged filters. It can be prevented by either removing paraffins from the fuel or adding flow improvers (additives).\r\n \tAntifreezing properties are determined by its filterability.\r\n \tFor gasoline freezing point is \u201365 oC and for diesel fuel \u201310 oC\r\n\r\n6) Gasoline volatility:\r\n\r\nBenzene for example has vapor pressure of 0.022 MPa at 38 0C in a closed container of 38 0C, benzene evaporates until the partial p has a value of 0.022 MPa, If T is raised to 80.5 OC, then saturation p will be 0.1 MPa and will be constant during the boiling\r\nFor gasoline it is not possible to indicate a single value of evaporation T or vapor pressure.\r\nGasoline contains large number of compounds - up to about 400\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n7) Cold starting:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tFor SI engines to start, A\/F ratio must be within the ignitable range, ie in general must be between 7:1 to 20:1 by weight.\r\n \tWhen the engine is cold, it is difficult to ignite lean mixtures, because fuel may not vaporize sufficiently - under these conditions the mixture is rich to bring it to ignitable range. This is done by the injection time or by the use of a choke with carburetted engines.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAntiknock quality of gasoline:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tKnock occurs when the unburnt gases ahead of flame front (the end gases) spontaneously ignite causing a sudden rise in pressure accompanied by a characteristic pinging sound \u2013 this result in a loss of power and can lead to damage the engine.\r\n \tCombustion chamber shape, spark plug location, ignition timing, end gas temperatures, in cylinder gas motion, air-fuel ratio of the mixture, fuel specifications etc. effects the occurrence of knock.\r\n \tCompression ratio of the engine also strongly effects knock. The higher the CR, the better the thermal efficiency - but the greater the tendency for knock to occur.\r\n \tCritical compression ratio - when knock starts. So higher fuel octane quality is required.\r\n \tAutoignition of the end gases causes a rapid increase of p, producing p waves which resonate in the combustion chamber at a frequency of between 5000 - 8000 Hz, depending on the geometry of the chamber\r\n \tKnock results in an increase of T in the cylinder and causes a severe damage to engine components like cylinder head gasket, piston, spark plugs etc.\r\n\r\n\r\nOctane number:\r\n-In 1929 Octane scale was proposed by Graham Edgar. In this scale two paraffinic HCs have been selected as standards (PRF, primary reference fuels)- iso-octane (2-2-4 trimethyl pentane) with very high resistance to knock (arbitrary assigned a value of 100) and n-heptane with extremely low knock resistance (assigned a value of 0).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nOctane Rating\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n-Test engine for determining Octane values, was developed by Cooperative Fuel Research Committee (CFR). It is a single cylinder, variable CR engine.-Octane number of the fuel is the volume percentage of iso-octane in a blend with n-heptane (PRF), that shows the same antiknock performance as test fuel tested in standard engine and standard conditions.\r\n-Two different test conditions specifies the Research Octane Number (RON) and the Motor Octane Number (MON)\r\n-Antiknock Index = (RON + MON) \/ 2\r\n-TEL is added to the PRF to increase the ON above 100 or n-heptane is added to the sample to reduce ON below 100, then nonlinear extrapolation is applied\r\nON can be increased by antiknock agents - at less expense than modifying HC composition by refinery process.\r\nMost effective agents are lead alkyls -\r\nTEL - tetraethyl lead, (C2H5)4 Pb\r\nTML - tetramethyl lead,\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nIC Engine Articles , Notes , Question and Answer\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Important fuel specifications for gasoline\/ Petrol Used In IC Engine","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-06-05","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/propertiesoffuel-300x225.jpg","height":225,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/hand-operated-can-crusher-mechanica/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/handoperatedcancrushermechanicalproject-300x215.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Hand Operated Can Crusher mechanical project Full report Download</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/hand-operated-can-crusher-mechanica/">Hand Operated Can Crusher mechanical project Full report Download</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Hand Operated Can Crusher mechanical project Full report Download  ABSTRACT  The study of manufacturing was very important in order to carried out this project to ensure that student understand...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/hand-operated-can-crusher-mechanica/" aria-label="View Post: Hand Operated Can Crusher mechanical project Full report Download">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Hand Operated Can Crusher mechanical project Full report Download","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/hand-operated-can-crusher-mechanica\/","articleBody":"Hand Operated Can Crusher mechanical project Full report Download\r\n\r\nABSTRACT\r\n\r\nThe study of manufacturing was very important in order to carried out this project to ensure that student understand on what are needs to do. This project is about designing and fabricating the Can Crusher to helps people easy to crush the Aluminium,tin and soda cans. This project involves the process of designing the crusher using considering forces and ergonomic factor for people to use. After the design has complete,it was transformed to its real product where the design is used for guideline. These projects also require ensuring the safety for indeed of publishing. Methods and process involve in this project for instance joining using bending, welding, drilling, and cutting process. This project is mainly about generating a new concept of Can Crusher that would make easier to bring anywhere and easier to crush the tin. After all process had been done, this crusher may help us to understand the fabrication and designing process that involve in this project.Even though there are many types of the can crusher machine in the market, the completion of this new model provide same practical usage.\r\nIntroduction:\r\nThe main purpose of this project is to understand the fundamental knowledge of design and mechanism by using gear system and a simple mechanism property. This project contains of designing and fabrication of can crusher machine. There have many differences between this can crusher with current design in marketplace. This project is to develop and improving it performance as well so that there has no doubt about the design and concept. This design required little forces to crush the aluminum cans, can crush a can at a time. In this project, it requires lot of skills, information and also knowledge such as Computer Aided Design software, Solid works software, using machine called shearing machine, bending machine, vertical bend saw, bench work and welding process. This design definitely would help the user. So, this design would through much process before it get into prototype term in order to achieve the objectives and off course customer need.\r\nA mechanical tin can crusher is basically one of the most aid able machines. It helps to reduce the pollute environment of this world. Thus helps create a better place to live in. apart from that, this can crusher can actually be the future mode of recycle part from the recycle bins. It can be placed everywhere, in the park, houses, even incurs, by using a smaller can crusher. Therefore, this project interest and expose me the field of mechanism and design Engineering. To design the mechanical part of a can crusher and to fabricate the Mechanical part of the system.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHand Operated Can Crusher mechanical project\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRaw material used in Can Crusher:\r\n1. 4 pieces of Angle arm two of 30 inch. and two of 10 inch For the base, made up of cast iron\r\n2. Cylinder or sleeve made up of steel\r\n3. Piston made up of steel\r\n4. Connecting rod made up of cast iron\r\n5. Crank shaft up of cast iron\r\n\r\n6. Two shafts made up of cast iron having 1.5 inch Diameter.\r\n7. Handle with rotor of steel\u00a0\r\n8. Chain wheel Pinion(driving) gear having 14 teeth made up of cast iron.\r\n9. Chain wheel Driven (bull) gear having 42 teeth made up of cast iron.\r\n10. Four bushes made up of brass or bronze.\r\n11. Nut bolts.\r\n12. Hood or cover made up of sheet metal.\r\n13. Hinge.\r\n14. Round iron bars for hopper.\r\n15. Angle arm for gear box and legs of base.\r\nDownload:\r\nHand Operated Can Crusher mechanical project Full report Download\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nProject Sample report , Final report Download\r\nProduct Ideas , Innovative Machine Ideas Projects\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )","headline":"Hand Operated Can Crusher mechanical project Full report Download","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-06-04","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/handoperatedcancrushermechanicalproject-300x215.png","height":215,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/paper-cutting-and-rewinding-machine/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/PaperCuttingAndRewindingMachineMechanicalProject-300x237.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Paper Cutting And Rewinding Machine Mechanical Project</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/paper-cutting-and-rewinding-machine/">Paper Cutting And Rewinding Machine Mechanical Project</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Paper Cutting And Rewinding Machine Mechanical Project
ABSTRACT
Paper Cutting and Rewinding Machine is one of the simplest machine which cuts rolled paper in needed amount and re-winded form. The...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/paper-cutting-and-rewinding-machine/" aria-label="View Post: Paper Cutting And Rewinding Machine Mechanical Project">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Paper Cutting And Rewinding Machine Mechanical Project","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/paper-cutting-and-rewinding-machine\/","articleBody":"Paper Cutting And Rewinding Machine Mechanical Project\r\nABSTRACT\r\nPaper Cutting and Rewinding Machine is one of the simplest machine which cuts rolled paper in needed amount and re-winded form. The conventional paper rewinding machine has complex mechanism and bulk size. We made some modification to the conventional machine and eliminating its defects. The main peculiarity of machine is its simplicity, reduced size, weight. And also reduces floor space. This project can be directly implemented to paper cutting and rewinding machines in Paper mills. This machine can also use in textile mills, plastic and rubber sheets cutting and rewinding process in various industries by changing its cutting components.\r\n\r\n\r\nBy applying these modifications to the conventional machine reduce maintenance and servicing cost, floor area and overhead expenditures. It is well suited for small scale industries.\r\nSee also:\u00a0Automatic paper cutting machine using Geneva mechanism\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nCOMPONENTS OF PAPER CUTTING AND REWINDING MACHINE\r\n\r\n1) BASIC FRAME\r\n\r\nThe entire unit is mounted on a rigid frame. The frame is made of mild steel C- Channels (75X40 mm) connected in rectangular form and weld at their joints.\r\n\r\n2) ROLLERS\r\n\r\nThe paper rotating element in this device is the \u03d5 89 mm outer diameter rollers with \u03d5 40 mm outer diameter journals, which made up of three components.\r\n1) G. I Hollow Pipe of \u03d5 89 mm outer Diameter.\r\n2) M.S Rod of \u03d5 40 mm Diameter.\r\n3) M.S Circular Plate of \u03d5 81 mm Diameter.\r\nThe rotation of motor is transferred to the one of the four rollers on which cut paper is mounting in operation. The rotating roll makes all other three rollers to rotate. The roller is supported at its two ends by Plummer block with ball bearing blocks. The main functions of roller are to favor the cutting operation by moving paper and rewind it to rolls.\r\n\u00a0\r\n4) PLUMMER BLOCK\r\n\r\nThe roller is supported at the two ends with the help of Plummer block fitted with \u03d5 40 mm diameter Ball bearings.\r\n\r\n5) BEARINGS\r\n\r\nBall bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain the separation between the bearing races.\r\n\u00a0\r\n6) INDUCTION MOTOR\r\n\r\nAn induction or asynchronous motor is an AC motor in which all electromagnetic energy is transferred by inductive coupling from a primary winding to a secondary winding, the two windings being separated by an air gap.\r\n\r\n7) SINGLE V-BELT AND PULLEY SYSTEM\r\n\r\nVee belts (also known as V-belt or wedge rope) solved the slippage and alignment problem. It is now the basic belt for power transmission. They provide the best combination of traction, speed of movement, load of the bearings, and long service life. They are generally endless, and their general cross-section shape is trapezoidal (hence the name \"V\").\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPaper Cutting And Rewinding Machine\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWORKING OF MACHINE\r\n\r\nAs we give number of modifications it is necessary to briefly explain working procedure of machine. When the paper being manufactured in paper mill it is not of standard size an also get torn out at the edges. And here is the need of re-winding machine. The roll of paper manufactured is mounted on the roll (A). In our machine we have given the self-aligning bearing with inner extended ring for ease in mounting and urn-mounting.\r\nThen paper is passed around roll (B) to ensure that paper remain straight and tight. Then it passed through the cutter and grooved roll on top of machine, where it is cut. Because of our modification to this cutter roll the wt. ofmachine is decreased.\r\nThen the paper which is cut is come to the roll at bottom, The roll is powered by 1 Hp motor with 1440 rpm. This rotating roll makes other roll (C) to rotate and not only wound the paper but also pull the paper to make the operation going.\r\n\r\nAdvantages\r\n\r\n1) It is more compact as compared with conventional one.\r\n2) Operation is simple Because of eliminating complex mechanisms.\r\n3) Saving of floor space as motor is adjusted inside the structure.\r\n4) New cutter clamping assembly given will eliminate the biggest\u00a0disadvantage of machine i.e. high weight.\r\n\r\nRead Also: Paper Industry Projects :\u00a0\u00a0Paper Industry Projects For Mechanical Engineers\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nProduct Ideas , Innovative Machine Ideas Projects\r\nMachine Tool , Manufacturing Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )","headline":"Paper Cutting And Rewinding Machine Mechanical Project","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-05-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/PaperCuttingAndRewindingMachineMechanicalProject-300x237.jpg","height":237,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=268">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=267"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>267</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=268"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>268</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>269</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=270"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>270</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=271"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>271</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=270">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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