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class="excerpt"><p>Seminar On Active Magnetic Bearing ( AMB) Free Download PPT  A magnetic bearing is a bearing which supports a load using magnetic levitation. Magnetic bearings support moving machinery without...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-active-magnetic-bearing-amb/" aria-label="View Post: Seminar On Active Magnetic Bearing ( AMB) Free Download PPT">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Seminar On Active Magnetic Bearing ( AMB) Free Download PPT","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/seminar-on-active-magnetic-bearing-amb\/","articleBody":"Seminar On Active Magnetic Bearing ( AMB) Free Download PPT\r\n\r\nA magnetic bearing is a bearing which supports a load using magnetic levitation. Magnetic bearings support moving machinery without physical contact, for example, they can levitate a rotating shaft and permit relative motion without friction or wear. In active magnetic bearings (AMB) a stable equilibrium is achieved by means of one or more control loops. The use of control loop for maintaining the gap between the shaft and bearing differentiate the active magnetic bearings (AMB) from passive ones. They are in service in such industrial applications as electric power generation, petroleum refining, machine tool operation and natural gas pipelines.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe typical AMB system diagram is illustrated in above figure. Besides the controller, the general control system also includes the sensor, A\/D and D\/A conversion and power amplifier. The rotor\u2019s displacement along one of the axes is detected by the position sensors and converted into signals of standard voltage. Then compared with the setting value, the error signal enters the controller. After A\/D conversion, the controller processes this digital signal according to a given regulating rule (control arithmetic) and generates a signal of current setting. After D\/A conversion, this current signal enters the power amplifier, whose function is to maintain the current value in the electric magnet winding at the current level set by the controller. Therefore, if the rotor leaves its center\r\nposition, the control system will change the electromagnet current in order to change its attraction force and, respectively, draws the rotor back to its balance position.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBasic Operation Of Active Magnetic bearing\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSYSTEM COMPONENTS\r\nMAGNETIC BEARING\r\n\r\n\r\nThe radial and axial magnetic bearings are located in the generator. In order to reduce the range of products, magnetic bearings for generator rotor and turbocompressor rotor are designed as the unified size according to the generator rotor load in operation condition. The radial bearing radial gap is 0.15mm considering the gap of 0.4mm between the compressor stator and blades in order to protect the compressor.\r\n\r\n\r\nPOSITION SENSOR\r\n\r\nThe rotor displacements in radial and axial are monitored by the position sensors, which are of induction type. The sensor consists of sensitive elements located on the stator and an acting element located on the rotor in front of the sensitive elements. The sensitive element is an annular magnetic circuit with 24 poles, of which each 6 poles are grouped to detect the radial displacements in X and Y directions. In such design, a kind of 2\/3 redundancy working mode for sensor signals can be easily realized. The acting element is an extension made of the laminated ferromagnetic steel, which is fixed on turbomachine shaft. Windings around the stator perimeter are distributed in order to average and\r\nsmooth the measure value. This kind of sensor has good sensitivity of no less than 10mV\/\u03bcm and resolution of at least 1\u03bcm. Its cut-off frequency is enough so high (&gt;5kHz) that the phase lag at operation frequency can be neglected. The voltage signal after the sensor modulator can be transferred more than 200m without obvious attenuation.\r\n\r\nCONTROLLER\r\n\r\nThe controllers, as well as all its peripheral equipment, including A\/D, D\/A, network card, etc., is standard industry type, usually selected as high speed Digital Signal Processing (DSP) computer, which has good stability and excellent hard real-time interrupt processing capability. For example, the new DSP product of TI 6713 has powerful floating-point operation of 1350 MFLOPS and can be adopted as the ideal micro processor of the controller. The A\/D converter has 10 channels with 500kS\/s rate and 16bit precision, while the D\/A converter have 5 channels with 1MS\/s rate and 14bit\r\nprecision.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES OF AMB\r\n\r\n\r\n \tElimination of leaks, flash, contaminants\r\n \tDirect-drive, direct-coupled machines (no gearbox)\r\n \tAccurate, dynamic control of rotor position &amp; stability\r\n \tImproved rotor dynamic performance through more compact designs, shorter shafts and bearing spans and the possibility of multiple bearing systems.\r\n \tAbsence of mechanical contact between shaft and bearing.\r\n \tVery low wear rate.\r\n \tLow power dissipation in the bearing.\r\n \tAbsence of lubricants.\r\n \tHigh speeds of rotation.\r\n \tPossibility to adjust position between the shaft and the bearing.\r\n \tUnbalance compensation.\r\n \tAbility to work in a broad spectrum of temperatures, in vacuum, in aggressive\r\n \tsurroundings, etc.\r\n \tLow vibration.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAPPLICATIONS\r\n\r\nMagnetic bearing advantages include very low and predictable friction, ability to run without lubrication and in a vacuum. Magnetic bearings are commonly used in watt-hour meters by electric utilities to measure home power consumption. Magnetic bearings are also used in high-precision instruments and to support equipment in a vacuum, for example in flywheel energy storage systems. A flywheel in a vacuum has very low windage losses, but conventional bearings usually fail quickly in a vacuum due to poor lubrication. Magnetic bearings are also used to support maglev trains in order to get low noise and smooth ride by eliminating physical contact surfaces. Disadvantages include high cost, and relatively large size.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMagnetic Bearing Application\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMagnetic bearings allow contact-free levitation. This offers a number of interesting advantages. Magnetic bearings do not require lubrication, they allow high circumferential speeds at high loads, they do not suffer friction or wear, and therefore they offer a virtually unlimited lifetime while no maintenance is needed.\r\nFurthermore, the bearing force can be modulated, either for compensating unbalance forces, or for deliberately exciting vibrations. Because of these advantages, they are used in an increasing number of commercial high-performance applications in the domain of rotating machinery. These include ultra-high vacuum pumps, canned pipeline compressors and expanders, high-speed milling and grinding spindles, flywheels for energy storage, gyroscopes for space navigation, spinning spindles, and others.\r\n\r\nDownload:\r\nSeminar On Active Magnetic Bearing ( AMB) Free Download PPT\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Seminar On Active Magnetic Bearing ( AMB) Free Download PPT","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-05-14","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/AMBactivemagneticbearingworking-300x242.jpg","height":242,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automatic-pneumatic-vulcanizing-machine/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/automaticpneumaticvalcanizingmachine-300x168.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC VULCANIZING  MACHINE</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automatic-pneumatic-vulcanizing-machine/">AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC VULCANIZING  MACHINE</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC VULCANIZING MACHINE  SYNOPSIS
          The technology of pneumatic's has gained tremendous importance in the field of workplace rationalization and automation from...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/automatic-pneumatic-vulcanizing-machine/" aria-label="View Post: AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC VULCANIZING  MACHINE">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC VULCANIZING  MACHINE","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/automatic-pneumatic-vulcanizing-machine\/","articleBody":"AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC\u00a0VULCANIZING\u00a0MACHINE\r\n\r\nSYNOPSIS\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 The technology of pneumatic's has gained tremendous importance in the field of workplace rationalization and automation from old-fashioned timber works and coal mines to modern machine shops and space robots. It is therefore important that technicians and engineers should have a good knowledge of pneumatic system, air operated valves and accessories. The air is compressed in an air compressor and from the compressor plant the flow medium is transmitted to the pneumatic cylinder through a well laid pipe line system. To maintain optimum efficiency of pneumatic system, it is of vital importance that pressure drop between generation and consumption of compressed air is kept very low.\r\n\r\nThe aim is to design and develop a control system based an electronically controlled automotive pneumatic vulcanizing machine\u201d. In our project is consists of heat sensor circuit, solenoid valve and Pneumatic cylinder. The heat sensor is used to detect the heating coil temperature. In our project, the heat sensor temperature is varied by adjusting the variable braking system.\r\n\r\nWhat Is Vulcanizing ?\r\n\r\n\r\nVulcanization, chemical process by which the physical properties of natural or synthetic rubber are improved; finished rubber has higher tensile strength and resistance to swelling and abrasion, and is elastic over a greater range of temperatures. In its simplest form, vulcanization is brought about by heating rubber with sulfur.\r\n\u00a0\r\nA variety of methods exist for vulcanization. The economically most important method (vulcanization of tires) uses high pressure and temperature after the curative has been added to the rubber. A typical vulcanization temperature for a passenger tire is 10 minutes at 170 \u00b0C. This process employs the technique known as compression molding, where the rubber article is intended to adopt the shape of the mold. Other methods, for instance to make door profiles for cars, use hot air vulcanization or microwave heated vulcanization (both continuous processes).\r\n\r\nVulcanized materials are less sticky and have superior mechanical properties. The term vulcanized fibre refers to cellulose that has been treated in a zinc chloride solution to cross-link the cellulose fibers.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nautomatic pneumatic valcanizing machine\r\n\r\n\r\nWORKING OPERATION\r\n\r\nThe impartant components of our project are,\r\n\r\n \tHeat Sensor\r\n \tControl Unit with Power supply\r\n \tSolenoid Valve\r\n \tFlow control Valve\r\n \tCompressor\r\n\r\n\r\nThe heating coil is drawn power from the 230V a.c supply. The heating coil temperature is changed by adjusting the variable resistor temperature value. So the coil gets heated up to the particular temperature.\r\n\r\nThe tube is fixed on the base of the L-bracket. The Heating coil is fixed bellow the L-bracket bed. The vulcanize tube side is kept above the heating coil. The tube gets heated to the particular temperature. The control unit gives the supply to the solenoid valve, so that the pneumatic cylinder is in forward stroke. After reaching the set temperature value, automatically the solenoid valve supply is cut by the sensor unit. The ram is release to the previous position after vulcanization process completed. This machine is compact in size and semi-automated one. Time consumption during the operation is very less when compared to the manual operation.\r\n\r\nAPPLICATIONS\r\n\r\n\r\n \tAutomobile Applications-tyres\u00a0\r\n \tShoe Soles, Hoses, and Conveyor belts are made by Vulcanized rubber.\r\n\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES\r\n\r\n\r\n \tCompact size and portable\r\n \tEasy to move from one place to another place\r\n \tOperating principle is simple.\u00a0\r\n \tNon-skilled person also operate this machine\r\n \tTime conception is very less when compare to the manual machine\r\n \tHeating coil temperature is varied one.\r\n \tAutomatic thermostat is used to maintain the particular temperature\r\n \tThe force required to operate this system is low.\r\n\r\n\r\nDISADVANTAGES\r\n\r\n\r\n \tMay be the choice of air leakage problems\r\n \tWe need the compressed air\r\n \tMay be the chance of over heating the tube.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPneumatic or Air operated projects\r\nHydraulic and Pneumatic Projects List - Abstract , Report Download\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"AUTOMATIC PNEUMATIC VULCANIZING  MACHINE","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-05-13","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/automaticpneumaticvalcanizingmachine-300x168.png","height":168,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/project-on-sensor-operated-vice/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/sensoroperatedvicemechanicalproject-300x159.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Mechanical Project On Sensor Operated Vice</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/project-on-sensor-operated-vice/">Mechanical Project On Sensor Operated Vice</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Mechanical Project On Sensor Operated Vice   A vice is a mechanical screw apparatus used for holding or clamping a work piece to allow work to be performed on it with tools such as saws, planes,...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/project-on-sensor-operated-vice/" aria-label="View Post: Mechanical Project On Sensor Operated Vice">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Mechanical Project On Sensor Operated Vice","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/project-on-sensor-operated-vice\/","articleBody":"Mechanical Project On Sensor Operated Vice\u00a0\r\n\r\nA vice is a mechanical screw apparatus used for holding or clamping a work piece to allow work to be performed on it with tools such as saws, planes, drills, mills, screwdrivers, sandpaper, etc. Vices usually have one fixed jaw and another, parallel, jaw which is moved towards or away from the fixed jaw by the screw.\r\n\r\nSee Also: FABRICATION HIGH PRESSURE PNEUMATIC MACHINE VICE\r\n\r\nAn \u00a0vice is used in metalworking applications. The jaws are made of soft or hard metal. The vice is bolted onto the top surface of the bench with the face of the fixed jaws just forward of the front edge of the bench. The bench height should be such that the top of the vice jaws is at or just below the elbow height of the user when standing upright. The vice may include other features such as a small anvil on the back of its body.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSensor Operated Vice\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe nut in which the screw turns may be split so that, by means of a lever, it can be removed from the screw and the screw and movable jaw quickly slid into a suitable position at which point the nut is again closed onto the screw pneumatic screw, making setup not only faster, but more accurate as human error is reduced.\r\nIn over sensor operated vice a sensor is fitted in front off jaws \u00a0Place work in vice. At jaws open position vice sense the work and the movable jaw moves automatically to fixed jaw and hold the work rigidly. After finishing the work we press a release button .the movable jaw move in back ward direction.\r\n\r\nSensor used For this Project:\r\n\r\nIn that the sensor is main roll the sensor is IR type -\r\nThere are two part of sensor one is transmitter anther one is receiver\r\n\r\n\r\n \tTransmitter transmit the ray\r\n \tReceiver receive the ray\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nIf the ray is brake by work the motor start operated and move the movable jaw to front.\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\n\r\n \tIt is very easy in operation \r\n \tIt needs less man power\r\n \tNo need of more physical energy\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\n\r\nJig and Fixture (Work Holding) Projects\r\nMachine Shop Projects List , Abstract\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Mechanical Project On Sensor Operated Vice","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-05-12","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/sensoroperatedvicemechanicalproject-300x159.jpg","height":159,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-magneto-abrasive-flow/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/SeminarOnMagnetoabrasiveflowmachining28MAFM29FreeReportDownload-284x300.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Seminar On Magneto abrasive flow machining (MAFM) Free Report Download</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-magneto-abrasive-flow/">Seminar On Magneto abrasive flow machining (MAFM) Free Report Download</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Seminar On Magneto abrasive flow machining (MAFM) Free Report Download
Magneto abrasive flow machining (MAFM) is a new technique in machining. The orbital flow machining process has been recently...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-magneto-abrasive-flow/" aria-label="View Post: Seminar On Magneto abrasive flow machining (MAFM) Free Report Download">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Seminar On Magneto abrasive flow machining (MAFM) Free Report Download","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/seminar-on-magneto-abrasive-flow\/","articleBody":"Seminar On Magneto abrasive flow machining (MAFM) Free Report Download\r\nMagneto abrasive flow machining (MAFM) is a new technique in machining. The orbital flow machining process has been recently claimed to be another improvement over AFM, which performs three-dimensional machining of complex components. These processes can be classified as hybrid machining processes (HMP)\u2014a recent concept in the advancement of non-conventional machining.\r\nThe reasons for developing a hybrid machining process is to make use of combined or mutually enhanced advantages and to avoid or reduce some of the adverse effects the constituent processes produce when they are individually applied.\r\nIn almost all non-conventional machining processes such as electric discharge machining, electrochemical machining, laser beam machining, etc., low material removal rate is considered a general problem and attempts are continuing to develop techniques to overcome it. The present paper reports the preliminary results of an on-going research project being conducted with the aim of exploring techniques for improving material removal (MR) in AFM. One such technique studied uses a magnetic field around the work piece. Magnetic fields have been successfully exploited in the past, such as machining force in magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF), used for micro machining and finishing of components, particularly circular tubes. The process under investigation is the combination of AFM and MAF, and is given the name\r\n\r\nMagneto Abrasive Flow Machining (MAFM).\r\n\r\nPROCESS PARAMETERS\r\nFollowing process parameters were hypothesised to influence\r\nthe performance of MAFM:\r\n1. Flow rate (volume) of the medium,\r\n2. Magnetic flux density,\r\n3. Number of cycles,\r\n4. Extrusion pressure,\r\n5. Viscosity of the medium,\r\n6. Grain size and concentration of the abrasive,\r\n7. Work piece material,\r\n8. Flow volume of the medium, and\r\n9. Reduction ratio.\r\n\r\nPRINCIPLE\r\n\r\nThe volume of abrasive particles is carried by the abrasive fluid through the work piece. Abrasives are impinged on the work piece with a specified pressure which is provided by the piston and cylinder arrangement or with the help of an intensifier pump. The pressure\r\nenergy of the fluid is converted into kinetic energy of the fluid in order to get high velocity.\r\n\r\nWhen a strong magnetic field is applied around the work piece, the flowing abrasive particles (which must essentially be magnetic in\r\nnature) experience a sideways pull that causes a deflection in their path of movement to get them to impingeon to the work surface with a small angle, thereby resulting in microchipping of the surface. The magnetic field is also expected to affect the abrasive distribution pattern at the machining surface of the work piece. The particles that otherwise would have passed without striking the surface now change their path and take an active part in the abrasion process, thus causing an enhancement in material removal. It is to be mentioned here that although the mechanical pull generated by the magnetic field is small, it is sufficient to deflect the abrasive\r\nparticles, which are already moving at considerable speed. Therefore it appears that, by virtue of the application of the magnetic field, more abrasive particles strike the surface. Simultaneously, some of them impinge on the surface at small angles, resulting in an increased amount of cutting wear and thereby giving rise to an overall enhancement of material removal rate.\r\n\r\n\r\nPrinciple Of Magneto abrasive flow machining (MAFM)\r\n\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES\r\n\r\n1. A very high volume of internal deburring is possible.\r\n2. MAFM deburrs precision gears.\r\n3. MAFM polishes internal and external features of various components.\r\n4. MAFM removes recast layer from components.\r\n5. Effective on all metallic materials.\r\n6. Controllability, repeatability and cost effectiveness.\r\n7. Less Time Consumption.\r\nLIMITATIONS\r\n1. Abrasive materials tend to get embedded, \u00a0if the work material is ductile.\r\n2. Require closed environment.\r\n3. Require start up hole.\r\n4. Mostly Magnetic materials.\r\nDOWNLOAD:\r\nSeminar On Magneto abrasive flow machining (MAFM) Free PDF report Download\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Seminar On Magneto abrasive flow machining (MAFM) Free Report Download","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-05-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/SeminarOnMagnetoabrasiveflowmachining28MAFM29FreeReportDownload-284x300.png","height":300,"width":284},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-hybrid-manufacturing/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/classificationofhybridmachining2-300x281.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What Is Hybrid Manufacturing and Classification of hybrid machining process</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-hybrid-manufacturing/">What Is Hybrid Manufacturing and Classification of hybrid machining process</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What Is Hybrid Manufacturing and Classification of hybrid machining process
Technological improvement of machining processes can be achieved by combining different machining actions or phases to be...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-hybrid-manufacturing/" aria-label="View Post: What Is Hybrid Manufacturing and Classification of hybrid machining process">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What Is Hybrid Manufacturing and Classification of hybrid machining process","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-hybrid-manufacturing\/","articleBody":"What Is Hybrid Manufacturing and Classification of hybrid machining process\r\nTechnological improvement of machining processes can be achieved by combining different machining actions or phases to be used on the material being removed. A mechanical conventional single cutting or MA action process can be combined with the respective machining phases of electrodischarge (ED) in electrodischarge machining (EDM) or ECD in ECM. The reason for such a combination and the development of a hybrid machining process is mainly to make use of the combined advantages and to avoid or reduce some adverse effects the constituent processes produce when they are individually applied. The performance characteristics of a hybrid process are considerably different from those of the single-phase processes in terms of productivity, accuracy, and surface quality Depending on the major machining phase involved in the material removal, hybrid machining can be classified into hybrid chemical and electrochemical processes and hybrid thermal machining.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nclassification of hybrid machining\r\n\r\nHybrid chemical and electrochemical processes. \r\n\r\nIn this family of hybrid machining processes, the major material removal phase is either CD or ECD. Such a machining action can be combined with the thermal assistance by local heating in case of laser-assisted electrochemical machining (ECML). In other words, the introduction of the mechanical abrasion action assists the ECD machining phase during electrochemical grinding (ECG) and electrochemical superfinishing (ECS).\r\n\r\nUltrasonic-assisted electrochemical machining (USMEC) employs an USM component with ECM. The mechanical action of the fluid jet assists the process of chemical dissolution in electrochemical buffing (ECB). Kozak and Rajurkar (2000) reported that the mechanical interaction with workpiece material changes the conditions for a better anodic dissolution\r\nprocess through mechanical depassivation of the surface. Under such conditions, removing thin layers of oxides and other compounds from the anode surface makes the dissolution and smoothing processes more intensive. Significant effects of the mechanical machining action have been observed with ultrasonic waves. The cavitations generated by such vibrations enhance the ECM by improving electrolyte flushing and hence the material removal from the machined surface.\r\n\r\n\u00a0Hybrid thermal machining.\u00a0\r\n\r\nIn this case the main material removal mechanism is a thermal one. The combination of this phase with the ECD phase, MA action, and ultrasonic (US) vibration generates a family of double action processes. The triplex hybrid machining is also achievable by combining the electrodischarge erosion (EDE) phase, the ECD action, and the MA in grinding (G). Such a combination enhance the rate of material removal and surface quality in electrochemical discharge grinding (ECDG) and the other hybrid processes.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"What Is Hybrid Manufacturing and Classification of hybrid machining process","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-05-07","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/classificationofhybridmachining2-300x281.jpg","height":281,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/valve-timing-diagram-for-ic-petro/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Valve-timing-diagram-for-2-stroke-diesel-engine-300x176.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Valve Timing Diagram For IC 2 stroke and 4 Stroke SI and CI engine</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/valve-timing-diagram-for-ic-petro/">Valve Timing Diagram For IC 2 stroke and 4 Stroke SI and CI engine</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Valve Timing Diagram 
What is the Valve timing Diagram?  Valve timing is the regulation of the points in the cycle at which the valves are set to open and close.
 A valve timing diagram is a...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/valve-timing-diagram-for-ic-petro/" aria-label="View Post: Valve Timing Diagram For IC 2 stroke and 4 Stroke SI and CI engine">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Valve Timing Diagram For IC 2 stroke and 4 Stroke SI and CI engine","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/valve-timing-diagram-for-ic-petro\/","articleBody":"Valve Timing Diagram \r\nWhat is the Valve timing Diagram?\r\n\r\n \tValve timing is the regulation of the points in the cycle at which the valves are set to open and close.\r\n \tA valve timing diagram is a graphical representation of the exact moments, in the sequence of operations, at which the two valves (i.e. inlet and exhaust valves) open and close as well as the firing of the fuel. It is, generally, expressed in terms of angular positions of the crankshaft. Here we shall discuss theoretical valve timing diagrams for four-stroke and two-stroke cycle engines.\r\n \tIn the ideal cycle inlet and exhaust valves open and close at dead centers, but in actual cycles they open or close before or after dead centers as explained below.\u00a0\r\n\r\nTheoretical Vs Actual Valve Timing Diagram :\u00a0\r\nThere are two factors, one mechanical and other dynamics, for the actual valve timing to be different from the theoretical valve timing.\r\n\r\n(a) Mechanical factor.\r\nThe poppet valves of the reciprocating engines are opened and closed by cam mechanisms. The\u00a0clearance between cam, tappet, and valve must be slowly taken up and the valve slowly lifted, at first, if noise and wear is to be avoided. For the same reasons the valve cannot be closed abruptly, else it will 'bounce' on its seat. (Also the cam contours should be so designed as to produce gradual and smooth changes in directional acceleration). Thus the valve opening and closing periods are spread over a considerable number of crankshaft degrees. As a result, the opening of the valve must commence ahead of the time at which it is fully opened (i.e., before dead centers).\u00a0\r\nb) Dynamic factor;\r\n\r\nBesides the mechanical factor of opening and closing of valves, the actual valve timing is set taking\u00a0into consideration the dynamic effects of gas flow.\r\nTheoretical valve timing diagram :\r\n1. Theoretical valve timing diagram for four-stroke cycle engine\r\n\r\n \tThe theoretical valve timing diagram for a four-stroke cycle engine is shown In this diagram, the inlet valve opens at A and the suction takes place from A to B.\r\n \tThe crankshaft revolves through 180\u00ba and the piston moves from T.D.C. to B.D.C. At B, the inlet valve closes and the compression takes place from B to C.\r\n \tThe crankshaft revolves through 180\u00ba and the piston moves from B.D. C. to T.D. C. At C, the fuel is fired and the expansion takes place from C to D.\r\n \tThe crankshaft revolves through 180\u00ba and the piston again moves from T.D.C. to B.D.C. At D, the exhaust valve opens and the exhaust takes place from D to E. The crankshaft again revolves through 180\u00ba and the piston moves back to T.D.C.\r\n\r\nTheoretical valve timing diagram for four-stroke cycle engine\r\n\r\n2. Theoretical valve timing diagram for the two-stroke cycle engine.\r\n\r\n \tThe theoretical valve timing diagram for a two-stroke cycle engine is shown. In this diagram, the fuel is fired at A and the expansion of gases takes place from A to B.\r\n \tThe crankshaft revolves through approximately 120\u00ba and the piston moves from T.D.C. towards B.D.C. At B, the valves open, and suction, as well as exhaust, take place from B to C.\r\n \tThe crankshaft revolves through approximately 120\u00ba and the piston moves first to B.D.C and then little upwards. At C. both the valves close and compression takes place from C to A. The crankshaft revolves through approximately 120\u00ba and the piston moves to T.D.C\r\n\r\nTheoretical valve timing diagram for two-stroke cycle engine\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nValve Timing Of Four-Stroke Petrol \/Spark Ignition Engine. ( SI Engine)\r\nActual Valve Timing Diagram For Four Stroke petrol Engine\r\n\r\nOr we can represent valve timing as shown in below,\r\n\r\nValve timing diagram for 4 stroke SI Engine diagram\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThe valve timing diagram, as shown we see that the inlet valve opens before the piston reaches TDC or in other words, while the piston is still moving up before the beginning of the suction stroke.\r\n \tNow the piston reaches the TDC and the suction stroke starts. The piston reaches the BDC and then starts moving up. The inlet valve closes, when the crank has moved a little beyond the BDC This is done as the incoming charge continues to flow into the cylinder although the piston is moving upwards from BDC Now the charge is compressed (with both valves closed) and then and temperature) push the piston downwards with full force and the expansion or working stroke takes place.\r\n \tNow the exhaust valve opens before the piston again reaches BDC and the burnt gases start leaving the engine cylinder. Now the piston reaches BDC and then starts moving up, thus performing the exhaust stroke.\r\n \tThe inlet valve opens before the piston reaches TDC to start suction stroke. This is done as the fresh incoming charge helps in pushing out the burnt gases.\r\n \tNow the piston again reaches TDC, and the suction stroke starts. The exit valve closes after the crank has moved a little beyond the TDC. This is done as the burnt gases continue to leave the engine cylinder although the piston is moving downwards. It may be noted that for a small fraction of a crank revolution, both the inlet and outlet valves are open. This is known as valve overlap.\r\n\r\nValve Timing Diagram For A Four Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tIn the valve timing diagram as shown we see that the inlet valve opens before the piston reaches TDC; or in other words while the piston is still moving up before the beginning of the suction stroke.\r\n \tNow the piston reaches the TDC and the suction stroke starts. The piston reaches the BDC and then starts moving up. The inlet valve closes, when the crank has moved a little beyond the BDC.\r\n\r\nvalve timing diagram for 4 stroke CI Engine\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThis is done as the incoming air continues to flow into the cylinder although the piston is moving upwards from BDC. Now the air is compressed with both valves closed. The fuel valve opens a little before the piston reaches the TDC. Now the fuel is injected in the form of very fine spray, into the engine cylinder, which gets ignited due to the high temperature of the compressed air. The fuel valve closes after the piston has come down a little from the TDC. This is done as the required quantity of fuel is injected into the engine cylinder. The burnt gases (under high pressure and temperature) push the piston downwards, and the expansion or working stroke takes place. \r\n \tNow the exhaust valve opens before the piston again reaches BDC and the burnt gases start leaving the engine cylinder. \r\n \tNow the piston reaches BDC and then starts moving up thus performing the exhaust stroke. The inlet valve opens before the piston reaches TDC to start suction stroke. This is done as the fresh air helps in pushing out the burnt gases. \r\n \tNow the piston again reaches TDC, and the suction starts. The exhaust valve closes when the crank has moved a little beyond the TDC. This is done as the burnt gases continue to leave the engine cylinder although the piston is moving downwards.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nValve timing Diagram For Two Stroke Petrol \/ SI Engine : ( Port Timing Diagram For SI Engine )\r\n\r\n \tIn the valve timing diagram, as shown we see that the expansion of the charge (after ignition) starts as the piston moves from TDC towards BDC.\r\n\r\nValve timing diagram for 2 stroke petrol engine\r\n\r\n \tFirst of all, the exhaust port opens a fraction of the crank revolution, the transfer port also opens and the fresh fuel-air mixture enters into the engine cylinder. This is done as the fresh incoming charge helps in pushing out the burnt gases.\r\n \tNow the piston reaches BDC and then starts moving upwards. As the crank moves a little beyond BDC, first the transfer port closes and then the exhaust port also closes. This is done to suck fresh charge through the transfer port and to exhaust the burnt gases through the exhaust port simultaneously.\r\n \tNow the charge is compressed with both ports closed and then ignited with the help of a spark plug before the end of the compression stroke. This is done as the charge requires some time to ignite. By the time the piston reaches TDC, the burnt gases (under high pressure and temperature) push the piston downwards with full force, and the expansion of the burnt gases takes place.\r\n \tIt may be noted that the exhaust and transfer ports open and close at equal angles on either side of the BDC position.\r\n\r\nValve Timing Diagram For A Two-Stroke Diesel Engine : ( Port Timing Diagram For CI Engine )\r\n\r\n \tIn the valve timing diagram, as shown, we see that the expansion of the charge (after ignition) starts as the piston moves from TDC towards BDC. First of all, the exhaust port opens before the piston reaches BDC and the burnt gases start leaving the cylinder. After a small fraction of the crank revolution, the transfer port also opens and the fresh air enters into the engine cylinder. This is done as the fresh incoming air helps in pushing out the burnt gases.\r\n \tNow the piston reaches BDC and then starts moving upwards. As the crank moves a little beyond BDC, first the transfer port closes and then the exhaust port also closes. This is done to suck fresh air through the transfer port and to exhaust the burnt gases through the exhaust port simultaneously.\r\n \tNow the charge is compressed with both the ports closed. The fuel valve opens a little before the piston reaches the TDC.\r\n \tNow the fuel is injected in the form of very fine spray into the engine cylinder, which gets ignited due to the high temperature of the compressed air. The fuel valve closes after the piston has come down a little from the TDC. 'This is done as the required quantity of fuel is injected into the engine cylinder.\r\n \tNow the burnt gases (under high pressure and temperature) push the piston downwards with full force and expansion of the gases takes place. It may be noted that in a two-stroke cycle diesel engine, like a two-stroke petrol engine, the exhaust and transfer ports open and close at equal angles on either side of the BDC position.\r\n\r\nValve timing diagram for 2 stroke diesel engine\r\n\r\n\r\nDifference Between Actual Valve Diagram and Theoretical Valve Timing\r\n\n\n\n\n\tSr. No.Actual Valve DiagramTheoretical Valve Timing\n\n\n\n\n\t1.The inlet valve starts opening 10 degrees to 30 degrees before the beginning of suction stroke (TDC) and closes after 30 degrees to 40 degrees at the end of the stroke (BDC)The inlet valve opens exactly at the beginning of suction stroke (TDC) and closes at the end of the stroke (BDC)\n\n\n\t2.The exhaust valve starts opening 30 degrees to 60 degrees before the beginning of exhaust stroke (BDC) and closes after 8 degrees to 10 degrees at the end of the stroke (TDC)The exhaust valve opens exactly at the beginning of exhaust stroke (BDC) and closes at the end of the stroke (TDC)\n\n\n\t3.The inertia of the valve operating mechanism is consideredInertia of the valve operating mechanism is not considered\n\n\n\t4.Time for the charge to fill completely into the cylinder is consideredTime for the charge to fill completely into the cylinder is not considered\n\n\n\t5.Time for the exhaust gases to escape out of the cylinder is consideredTime for the exhaust gases to escape out of the cylinder is not considered\n\n\n\t6.The inlet valve is closed when the piston reaches a point in its next stroke at which the pressure in the cylinder equals the pressure outside.The inlet valve is closed when the piston reaches TDC\n\n\n\t7.The valves are opened or closed slowly.The valves are closed or opened instantaneously\n\n\n\t8.There is valve overlap.There is no valve overlap.\n\n\n\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nOther Posts Related to Valve Timing\u00a0 :\u00a0\r\nWhat is VVT | Variable Valve Timing ( VVT ) Diagram\r\nTheoretical and Actual valve timing diagram For Four Stroke SI Engine\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\n\r\nIC Engine Articles , Notes , Question and Answer\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Valve Timing Diagram For IC 2 stroke and 4 Stroke SI and CI engine","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-05-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 6, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/Valve-timing-diagram-for-2-stroke-diesel-engine-300x176.jpg","height":176,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=270">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=269"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>269</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=270"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>270</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>271</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=272"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>272</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=273"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>273</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=272">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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