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pump (or electric submersible pump (ESP) is a device which has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-submersible-pump-and-how-i/" aria-label="View Post: What is Submersible Pump and How it Works?">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Submersible Pump and How it Works?","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-submersible-pump-and-how-i\/","articleBody":"What is Submersible Pump and How it Works?\u00a0\r\n\r\nA submersible pump (or electric submersible pump (ESP) is a device which has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be pumped.\r\n\r\n\r\n \tA submersible pump is a pump that is able to be placed underwater and still carry out its intended purpose. Some pumps may be designed to work while being fully submerged, whereas others may be submerged or placed in a dry area.\r\n \tA submersible water pump pushes water to the surface, instead of sucking the water out of the ground like above ground water pumps..\r\n\r\n\r\nSubmersible series pump is vertically submerged under water and driven by electric. It connects pump body and motor in to a whole one. It is suitable for conveying liquid with slurry, solid particles of gravel, cinders, tailings and groundwater or hot water extraction for irrigation, municipal water use, etc. There many kinds of submersible pump for choose according to different situations for example, some special work may need submersible sewage pump. Inside the motor line packaged with oil-immersed, water immersion and dry-type, check the instructions first before use can not go wrong.\r\n\r\n\r\nSubmersible Pump Working\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWorking Principle\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThe submersible pumps used in ESP installations are multistage centrifugal pumps operating in a vertical position. Although their constructional and operational features underwent a continuous evolution over the years, their basic operational principle remained the same.\r\n \t\u0097Produced liquids, after being subjected to great centrifugal forces caused by the high rotational speed of the impeller, lose their kinetic energy in the diffuser where a conversion of kinetic to pressure energy takes place.\r\n \tThe pump shaft is connected to the protector by a mechanical coupling at the bottom of the pump. Well fluids enter the pump through an intake screen and are lifted by the pump stages.\r\n \tOther parts include the radial bearings (bushings) distributed along the length of the shaft providing radial support to the pump shaft turning at high rotational speeds.\r\n \tAn optional thrust bearing takes up part of the axial forces arising in the pump but most of those forces are absorbed by the protector\u2019s thrust bearing.\r\n\r\n\r\nApplications\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThe pump shaft is connected to the protector by a mechanical coupling at the bottom of the pump. Well fluids enter the pump through an intake screen and are lifted by the pump stages.\r\n \tOther parts include the radial bearings (bushings) distributed along the length of the shaft providing radial support to the pump shaft turning at high rotational speeds.\r\n \tAn optional thrust bearing takes up part of the axial forces arising in the pump but most of those forces are absorbed by the protector\u2019s thrust bearing.\r\n \tEfficiency: Compared to the ordinary pumps, the submersible pumps are more efficient as it pumps liquid which is close to the pump. It therefore functions less than the ordinary pumps. As these pumps are placed inside the sumps, it can detect the level of water quite easily.\r\n \tNoise level: The submersible pumps seldom produce less amount of noise as it is submerged under water. The walls of the sump help to soften the sounds caused by the pumps. The ordinary pumps are placed outside the wells or sumps which creates a huge amount of noise.\r\n \tSafe: These pumps are quite safe compared to the other types of pumps as all the potential dangerous components of the pumps are placed under water. It is usually covered and seldom involves the prospects of children tampering with its internal components and valves.\r\n\r\n\r\nDisadvantages:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThe largest disadvantage of these pumps is that you put it in the water. This means it will have a shorter life because it is sitting in and sucking up muck from your pond. It is also harder to clean and maintenance because it is sitting on the bottom of the pond.\r\n \tThere is the chance the pump will become corroded and lose its seals, thus allowing liquid to penetrate into the motor housing and causing substantial damage to the unit.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\n\r\nFluid Mechanics - Notes , articles , Interview Que. &amp; Ans\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"What is Submersible Pump and How it Works?","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-04-23","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/submersible-pump-300x246.jpg","height":246,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/basic-of-welding-symbols-and-charts/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/weldingsymbolcharts-141x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Basic Of Welding : Symbols And Charts</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/basic-of-welding-symbols-and-charts/">Basic Of Welding : Symbols And Charts</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Basic Of Welding : Symbols And Charts
INTRODUCTION:
Welding may be described as a process of uniting two pieces of metal or alloy by raising the temperature of the surfaces to be joined so that...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/basic-of-welding-symbols-and-charts/" aria-label="View Post: Basic Of Welding : Symbols And Charts">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Basic Of Welding : Symbols And Charts","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/basic-of-welding-symbols-and-charts\/","articleBody":"Basic Of Welding : Symbols And Charts\r\nINTRODUCTION:\r\nWelding may be described as a process of uniting two pieces of metal or alloy by raising the temperature of the surfaces to be joined so that they become plastic or molten. This may be done with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of added metal.\r\nWelding symbols:\r\nWhen welds are specified on engineering and fabrication drawings, a cryptic set of symbols issued as a sort of shorthand for describing the type of weld, its size, and other processing and finishing information. The purpose of this practical is to introduce you to the common symbols and their meaning.\r\n\r\n\r\nRead More :Basic Of Welding Symbol \u2013 Symbolic Representation of Welding Symbol\r\n\r\n\r\nBasic Welding Symbol Charts:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBasic Welding symbol chart\r\nSome examples of the application of Supplementary Symbols\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWelding symbol\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nwelding Symbol Chart 3\u00a0","headline":"Basic Of Welding : Symbols And Charts","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-04-23","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/weldingsymbolcharts-141x300.jpg","height":300,"width":141},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-friction-stir-welding-repor/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/frictionstirwelding-300x199.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Seminar On Friction Stir Welding report Pdf Download</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-friction-stir-welding-repor/">Seminar On Friction Stir Welding report Pdf Download</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Seminar On Friction Stir Welding report Pdf Download 
Introduction To Friction Stir Welding   Friction-stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process (the metal is not melted) that uses a...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-friction-stir-welding-repor/" aria-label="View Post: Seminar On Friction Stir Welding report Pdf Download">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Seminar On Friction Stir Welding report Pdf Download","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/seminar-on-friction-stir-welding-repor\/","articleBody":"Seminar On Friction Stir Welding report Pdf Download\u00a0\r\nIntroduction To Friction Stir Welding\u00a0\r\n\r\nFriction-stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process (the metal is not melted) that uses a third body tool to join two facing surfaces. Heat is generated between the tool and material which leads to a very soft region near the FSW tool. It then mechanically intermixes the two pieces of metal at the place of the joint, then the softened metal (due to the elevated temperature) can be joined using mechanical pressure (which is applied by the tool), much like joining clay, or dough. It is primarily used on aluminium, and most often on extruded aluminium (non-heat treatable alloys), and on structures which need superior weld strength without a post weld heat treatment.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead more : Friction Welding | Advantages ,Disadvantages and Applications\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFriction Stir Welding\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIt was invented and experimentally proven at The Welding Institute UK in December 1991. TWI holds patents on the process, the first being the most descriptive.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPrinciple Of Operation\r\n\r\n\r\n \tIn friction stir welding (FSW) a cylindrical, shouldered tool with a profiled probe is rotated and slowly plunged into the joint line between two pieces butted together.\r\n \tThe parts have to be clamped onto a backing bar in a manner that prevents the abutting joint faces from being forced apart.\r\n \tFrictional heat is generated between the wear resistant welding tool and the material of the work pieces.\r\n \tThis heat causes the material to soften without reaching the melting point and allows traversing of the tool along the weld line.\r\n \tThe maximum temperature reached is of the order of 0.8 of the melting temperature of the material.\r\n \tIt leaves a solid phase bond between the two pieces.\r\n \tThe process can be regarded as a solid phase keyhole welding technique since a hole to accommodate the probe is generated, then filled during the welding sequence.\r\n\r\nImportant welding parameters\r\n\r\n\u00a01 ) Tool rotation and traverse speeds\r\n\r\n\r\n \tIn general, it can be said that increasing the rotation speed or decreasing the traverse speed will result in a hotter weld.\r\n \tIn order to produce a successful weld it is necessary that the material surrounding the tool is hot enough to enable the extensive plastic flow required and minimize the forces acting on the tool.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n2) \u00a0Tool rotation and traverse speeds\r\nIf the material is too cold then voids or other flaws may be present in the stir zone and in extreme cases the tool may break.\r\n\r\n3) Tool tilt and plunge depth\r\n\r\n\r\n \tPlunging the shoulder below the plate surface increases the pressure below the tool and helps ensure adequate forging of the material.\r\n \tTilting the tool by 2\u20134 degrees, such that the rear of the tool is lower than the front, has been found to assist this forging process.\r\n \tThe plunge depth needs to be correctly set, both to ensure the necessary downward pressure is achieved and to ensure that the tool fully penetrates the weld.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAdvantages\r\n\r\n\r\n \tLow distortion and shrinkage, even in long welds\r\n \tExcellent mechanical properties in fatigue and tensile tests\r\n \tNo arc or fumes\r\n \tNo porosity\r\n \tCan operate in all positions (horizontal, vertical, etc.), as there is no weld pool.\r\n \tEnergy efficient\r\n \tOne tool can typically be used for up to 1000m of weld length in 6XXX series aluminium alloys\r\n \tNo filler wire required\r\n \tNo gas shielding is also required for welding\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nDisadvantages\r\n\r\n\r\n \tExit hole left when tool is withdrawn.\r\n \tLess flexible than manual and arc processes\r\n \tWork pieces must be rigidly clamped\r\n \tOften slower traverse rate than some fusion welding techniques.\r\n \tCannot make joints which required metal deposition (e.g. fillet welds)\r\n\r\n\r\nApplication Of Friction Stir Welding:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tShipbuilding and Marine Construction\r\n \tAerospace Industry\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tWings, fuselages\r\n \tCryogenic fuel tanks for space vehicles\r\n \tAviation fuel tanks\r\n \tExternal throw away tanks for military aircraft\r\n \tMilitary and scientific rockets\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a03. Land Transportation\r\n\r\n\r\n \tWheel rims\r\n \tTruck bodies &amp; tail lifts for lorries\r\n \tMobile cranes\r\n \tFuel tankers\r\n \tCaravans\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a04. Railway Industry\r\n\r\n\r\n \tRolling stock of railways and underground carriages\r\n \tRailway tankers and goods wagons\r\n \tContainer bodies.\r\n\r\nDownload :\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSeminar On Friction Stir Welding report Pdf Download\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nWelding projects List - Abstract , Report","headline":"Seminar On Friction Stir Welding report Pdf Download","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-04-23","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/frictionstirwelding-300x199.jpg","height":199,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/construction-and-working-of-air-brake/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/air-braking-system-diagram-300x149.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Air Brake System &#8211; Parts, Working, Diagram, Principle, Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/construction-and-working-of-air-brake/">Air Brake System &#8211; Parts, Working, Diagram, Principle, Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Construction and working of Pneumatic ( Air) Brake System used in Automobile
Introduction To Air Brake :
An air brake or, more formally, a compressed air brake system, is a type of friction brake...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/construction-and-working-of-air-brake/" aria-label="View Post: Air Brake System &#8211; Parts, Working, Diagram, Principle, Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Air Brake System &#8211; Parts, Working, Diagram, Principle, Advantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/construction-and-working-of-air-brake\/","articleBody":"Construction and working of Pneumatic ( Air) Brake System used in Automobile\r\nIntroduction To Air Brake :\r\nAn air brake or, more formally, a compressed air brake system, is a type of friction brake for vehicles in which compressed air pressing on a piston is used to apply the pressure to the brake pad needed to stop the vehicle. Air brakes are used in large heavy vehicles, particularly those having multiple trailers that must be linked into the brake system, such as trucks, buses, trailers, and semi-trailers in addition to their use in railroad trains.\r\n\r\nConstruction Of Air Brakes :\r\nThe air brake system consists of a two-stage air-compressor driven by the crankshaft or gearbox shaft. It takes air from the atmosphere, compresses it, and delivers to the air reservoir through an un-loader valve. Where the pressure of the reservoir reaches the maximum degree, the unloader valve opens to the atmosphere. Then the compressed air is directed into the atmosphere directly.\r\n\r\nEach of the four wheels fitted with brake chambers consists of a diaphragm, and which the air pressure is applied and pushes it. This force operates the cam actuating lever and applies the brake. Each of the brake chambers is connected to the brake pedal, and the air filter is also fitted between the brake valve and reservoir.\r\n\r\nAir Brake Components and their Functions :\r\nFollowing are the main parts of an air brake:\r\n\u00a0\r\n1. Air compressor\r\n\r\n \tIt is used to build-up and maintain air pressure. \r\n \tThe function of the air compressor is to build up and maintain air pressure required to operate air brakes and air-powered accessories.\r\n \tA compressor is designed to pump air into a reservoir which results in pressurized air.\r\n \tThe compressor is driven by the vehicle\u2019s engine, either by belts and pulleys or shafts and gears.\r\n \tThe compressor is in constant drive with the engine. Whenever the engine is running, so is the compressor.\r\n\r\n2) Reservoir\r\n\r\n \tThe reservoir is used to store the compressed air. Reservoirs are pressure-rated tanks, which hold a supply of compressed air until required for braking or operating auxiliary air systems. \r\n \tThey must store a sufficient volume of air to allow several brake applications if the engine stops or the compressor fails.\r\n \tThe number and size of the reservoirs on a vehicle will depend on the number of brake chambers and their size, along with the parking brake configuration.\r\n\r\n3. Air Dryer\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tAn air dryer may be installed between the compressor and the wet reservoir to help remove moisture from the compressed air.\r\n \tIt may be partially filled with a high moisture\u2013absorbent desiccant and an oil filter, or it may be hollow with baffles designed to assist in separating the moisture from the air.\r\n\r\n4. Safety Valve\r\n\r\n \tA safety valve protects reservoirs from becoming over-pressurized and bursting if the governor malfunctioned and did not place the compressor in the unloading stage.\r\n \tThe valve consists of a spring-loaded ball that will allow air to exhaust from the reservoir into the atmosphere. The valve\u2019s pressure setting is determined by the force of the spring\r\n\r\n5. Foot valve. \r\n\r\n \tFoot Valve is used to draw compressed air from reservoirs when it is needed for braking. \r\n \tThis foot-operated valve applies air to operate the brakes.\r\n \t The amount of air delivered to the brakes is regulated by the driver according to the distance the treadle or brake pedal is depressed. Releasing it exhausts air in the service brakes through its exhaust port.\r\n \tThe distance the treadle of the foot valve is depressed by the driver determines the air pressure that will be applied, but the maximum application will not exceed the pressure in the reservoir. Releasing the foot valve treadle releases the brakes.\r\n\r\nair foot valve diagram\r\n\r\n \tWhen the driver applies the brakes, depressing the treadle partway, the foot valve will automatically maintain the application air pressure without the driver having to adjust the pressure of his foot on the treadle.\r\n \tReleasing the treadle allows the application air to be released through the exhaust ports into the atmosphere. Air treadles are spring-loaded, producing a different \u201cfeel\u201d from hydraulic brake applications.\r\n\r\n(v) Brake chamber.\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tBrake chamber is used to transfer the force of compressed air to mechanical linkages. \r\n \tService-brake chambers convert compressed air pressure energy into mechanical force and movement, which apply the vehicle\u2019s brakes.\r\n \tA brake chamber is a circular container divided in the middle by a flexible diaphragm.\r\n \tAir pressure pushing against the diaphragm causes it to move away from the pressure, forcing the push rod outward against the slack adjuster.\r\n\r\n Brake chamber assembly\r\n\r\n \tThe force exerted by this motion depends on air pressure and diaphragm size. If a leak occurs in the diaphragm, air is allowed to escape, reducing the effectiveness of the brake chamber.\r\n \tA brake chamber is usually mounted on the axle, near the wheel that is to be equipped for braking.\r\n\r\n(vi) Brake Assembly\r\n\r\n \tBrake assembly includes brake chamber and slack adjuster mounted on the backing\u2013plate because of the steering action.\r\n \tA brake chamber is usually mounted on the axle, near the wheel that is to be equipped for braking.\r\n \tAir pressure is fed through an inlet port. The air pushes against the diaphragm and the pushrod.\r\n\r\n air brake assembly\r\n\r\n \tThe pushrod is connected by a clevis and pin to a crank arm\u2013type lever called a \u201cslack adjuster\u201d.\r\n \tThis converts the pushing motion of the pushrod from the brake chamber to a twisting motion of the brake camshaft and S\u2013cams.\r\n \tWhen the air is exhausted, the return spring in the brake chamber returns the diaphragm and pushrod to the released position.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n air brake used for automobile vehicles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWorking of Air Braking System :\u00a0\r\n\r\nWhen the brake pedal is pushed the brake valve opens and compressed air is allowed into the brake chamber.\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe brake valve consists of three passages.\r\n1. Air intake\u00a0\r\n2. Exhaust\u00a0\r\n3. Brake chamber\r\n\r\nWhen the brake pedal is pressed the exhaust passage will be closed and Air intake passage open and compressed air goes back to the chamber. During return stroke the exhaust passage opens while intake closes and used air goes to the atmosphere. This system fitted with an emergency mechanical brake, which can be used when air supply fails the air brake system, which is called an air-assisted hydraulic braking system.\r\n\r\n\r\nAir Braking System Diagram :\r\n\r\n\r\n air braking system diagram\r\n\r\n\r\nWorking principle:\r\nAs shown in the figure, in the air brakes the compressed air (around 700 kPa) is used to actuate the brake mechanism. The figure shows the complete layout of the Air Brake System. It consists of Air filter, unloading valve, Air compressor, Air reservoir, Brake valve, and 4 numbers brake chamber. The compressor takes atmospheric air through the air filter and compresses the air. This air is stored under pressure in the air reservoir. From this reservoir air goes to various accessories of the vehicle which operates on compressed air. Part of the air goes to the brake valve. The control of the brake valve is done by a driver who controls the intensity of braking according to an emergency.\r\n\r\nPedal Depressed: When the brake pedal is depressed, compressed air from the reservoir is transmitted through pipes equally in all directions to the brake chambers through brake valve which further applies the brake.\r\n\r\nPedal Released: When the driver releases the brake pedal, the master cylinder piston returns to its original position due to return spring, and the pressure is dropped. It releases brake shoes from brake drum to their: original position and brakes are released\r\nDifference between air brakes and hydraulic brakes :\r\n\n\n\n\n\tAir brakesHydraulic brakes\n\n\n\n\n\t1. Compressed air is used as a working substance.1. Hydraulic oil is used as a working substance.\n\n\n\t2. Air brake has more powerful than a hydraulic brake.2. Hydraulic brake has less powerful than air brake.\n\n\n\t3. Components: Air compressor, unloader valve, brake valve, brake chamber.3. Components: Master cylinder, wheel cylinder, oil reservoir.\n\n\n\t4. The air brake system is used in trucks, buses, trains, etc.4. Hydraulic oil brake system is used for light vehicles such as cars, light-duty trucks, etc.\n\n\n\t5. Air compressor uses a certain amount of engine power.5. No engine power is used.\n\n\n\t6. It is not self lubricating.6. Hydraulic brakes are self lubricating.\n\n\n\n\r\n\r\nProbable causes and remedies of the air brake system\r\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\tSr no.Cuases \/ Problems in air brake systemRemedies \/ Solution \n\n\n\n\n\t1.Insufficient air in the system.Identify the source of cause and rectify it.\n\n\n\t2.Brake shoes worn outRepair or replace\n\n\n\t3.No air pressure in brake systemIdentify the source of cause and rectify it\n\n\n\t4.Restricted or broken pipe or hoseClean or replace\n\n\n\t5.Leaky, defective brake valveReplace\n\n\n\t6.Broken return spring of brake shoe, brake pedalReplace spring\n\n\n\t7.Leaky drain plug of reservoirRepair or replace\n\n\n\t8.Defective air compressorRepair or replace\n\n\n\t9.Loose compressor beltTight it properly\n\n\n\t10.Leakage in pipes or jointsRepair or replace\n\n\n\t11.Brake linkages jammedLubricate\n\n\n\t12.Damaged air boostersReplace\n\n\n\n\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Air Braking System :\r\n1. It is more effective when compared to other brakes.\r\n2. The air brake parts are easily located where the chassis design making is simple.\r\n3. The compressed air can be used for tyre inflation wipers, horn, and other accessories.\r\n4. It employs only air as the working medium which is easily available.\r\n5. It is easy to store air at high pressure.\r\n6. It provides a heavy braking effect used in heavy vehicles and trucks.\r\n7. It provides better control.\r\n8. It reduces the stopping distance.\r\n9. It mainly allows less wear and tear of parts.\r\n10. It has a flexible hose connection.\r\n\r\nDisadvantage Of Air Braking System :\r\n1. If there is any leakage in the passage the entire system will fail. Therefore sealing of air is very difficult.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nApplications of Air Braking System:\r\n(1) Trucks.\r\n(2) Buses.\r\n(3) Trailers\r\n(4) Semi Trailers\r\n(5) Railway Train.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Air Brake System &#8211; Parts, Working, Diagram, Principle, Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-04-21","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 8, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/air-braking-system-diagram-300x149.jpg","height":149,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-mechanical-keys-design-of-keys/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/types-of-keys-300x169.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Types Of Mechanical Keys- Design Of Keys , Keyways</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-mechanical-keys-design-of-keys/">Types Of Mechanical Keys- Design Of Keys , Keyways</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Types Of Mechanical Keys- Design Of Keys, Keyways 
Introduction To Mechanical Key:  A key is the piece inserted in an axial direction between a shaft and hub of the mounted machine element such...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-mechanical-keys-design-of-keys/" aria-label="View Post: Types Of Mechanical Keys- Design Of Keys , Keyways">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types Of Mechanical Keys- Design Of Keys , Keyways","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-mechanical-keys-design-of-keys\/","articleBody":"Types Of Mechanical Keys- Design Of Keys, Keyways\u00a0\r\nIntroduction To Mechanical Key:\r\n\r\nA key is the piece inserted in an axial direction between a shaft and hub of the mounted machine element such as pulley or gear etc.,\r\n\u2022 keys are used to prevent relative rotation but sometimes may allow sliding movement along the shaft if required.\r\n\u2022 Keys are temporary fastening and are always made of mild steel because they are subjected to shearing and compressive stresses caused by the torque they transmit.\r\n\u2022 A keyway is the groove cut in the shaft or hub to accommodate a key. Keyways can be milled horizontally or vertically.\r\n\r\n\r\nFunctions of Key:\r\na) To transmit torque from shaft to hub of the mating element such as the pulley, gear, etc.\r\nb)To prevent relative motion between the shaft &amp; mating machine element\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTypes Of keys\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTypes Of Keys:\r\nThere is a large variety of machine keys and they may be classified under four broad headings:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tSunk keys,\u00a0\r\n \tFlat keys,\u00a0\r\n \tSaddle keys\r\n \tPins or round keys\r\n\r\n\r\nSunk keys may be further classified into the following categories:\r\n\r\n(a) Rectangular sunk keys\r\n\r\nRectangular sunk keys are shown in figure- \u00a0They are the simplest form of machine keys and may be either straight or slightly tapered on one side. The parallel side is usually fitted into the shaft.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nRECTANGULAR SUNK KEY\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n(b) Gib head sunk keys\r\nThe gib head keys are ordinary sunk keys tapered on top with a raised head on one side so that its removal is easy.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ngib headed key\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n(c) Feather keys\r\n\r\nA feather key is used when one component slides over another. The key may be fastened either to the hub or the shaft and the keyway usually has a sliding fit.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFeather Key\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n(d) Woodruff keys\r\nA woodruff key is a form of sunk key where the key shape is that of a truncated disc, as shown in the figure-. It is usually used for shafts less than about 60 mm diameter and the keyway is cut in the shaft using a milling cutter. It is widely used in machine tools and automobiles due to the extra advantage derived from the extra depth. Steel keys are widely used in securing machine parts such as gears and pulleys.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nwoodruff key design\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSaddles keys are sub-classified as :\r\n\r\n\r\n \tHollow saddle key\r\n \tFlat saddle key\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nA flat key, as shown in figure- is used for light load because they depend entirely on friction for the grip. The sides of these keys are parallel but the top is slightly tapered for a tight fit. Theses keys have about half the thickness of sunk keys.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nflat key design\r\n\r\n\r\nA saddle key, shown in figure- \u00a0is very similar to a flat key except that the bottom side is concave to fit the shaft surface. These keys also have friction grip and therefore cannot be used for heavy loads. A simple pin can be used as a key to transmit large torques. Very little stress concentration occurs in the shaft in these cases.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRound Keys are sub-classified as,\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \t\u00a0Parallel pin\r\n \t\u00a0Taper pin\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRound key\r\n\r\nLewis keys, shown in figure- are expensive but offer excellent service.\r\n\r\n\r\nThey may be used as a single or double key. When they are used as a single key the positioning depends on the direction of rotation of the shaft.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nlewis key\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSpline shaft and hub:\r\n\r\nA spline shaft is used when the hub is required to slide along the shaft. These shafts are used mostly for sliding gear applications as in the automotive gearbox and propeller shaft of aircraft.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nsplined key\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u2022 By this means the power transmitted is equally divided amongst the number of keys giving\r\n\u2022 A spline shaft in which are cut equiangular longitudinal groove, the metal between these grooves forming splines or feathers of uniform depth. great strength and security against total failure than by using a single key.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDesign Consideration of key :\r\n1) Power to be transmitted.\r\n2) Tightness of fit\r\n3) Stability of connection\r\n4) Cost\r\n5) Crushing failure of key:\r\n6) shearing failure of key\r\n7) The material of key, shaft should be the same but the key should be weaker than the shaft.\r\nApplication Of Mechanical Keys :\r\n1) Sunk Key: used for heavy-duty application\r\na) Rectangular sunk key: for preventing rotation of gears and pulleys on the shaft\r\nb) Gib headed key: used where the key to be removed frequently.\r\nc) feather key: Machine tool\r\n2) Saddle key: for light-duty or low power transmission\r\n3) Round key: Used for low Power drive\r\n4) Splines: Where providing axial movement between the shaft and mounted member\r\nKeyway Design :\u00a0\r\nEffect of Keyway on strength of shaft:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThe keyway is a slot machined either on the shaft or in the hub to accommodate the key. It is cut by a vertical or horizontal milling cutter.\r\n \tA little consideration will show that the keyway cut into the shaft reduces the load-carrying capacity of the shaft.\r\n \tThis is due to the stress concentration near the corners of the keyway and reduction in the cross-sectional area of the shaft. It other words, the torsional strength of the shaft is reduced.\r\n \tThe following relation for the weakening effect of the keyway is based on the experimental results by\r\n \tH.F. Moore. e = 1-0.2(w\/d)-1.1(h\/d)\r\n\r\nwhere e = Shaft strength factor.\r\nw = Width of the keyway,\r\nd = Diameter of shaft, and\r\nh = Depth of keyway =Thickness of key (t )\/2\r\nIt is usually assumed that the strength of the keyed shaft is 75% of the solid shaft, which is somewhat higher than the value obtained by the above relation.\r\n\r\n \tIn case the keyway is too long and the key is of sliding type, then the angle of twist is increased in the ratio k\u03b8 as given by the following relation\r\n \tK\u03b8 = 1+0.4 ( w\/d ) - 0.7 ( h\/d )\r\n\r\nwhere k\u0473= Reduction factor for angular twist.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\nMachine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Types Of Mechanical Keys- Design Of Keys , Keyways","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-04-21","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/types-of-keys-300x169.jpg","height":169,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/nomenclature-basic-parts-dri/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/drillbitnomenclature-300x236.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Nomenclature and Basic Parts Of Drilling tool (Twist bit)</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/nomenclature-basic-parts-dri/">Nomenclature and Basic Parts Of Drilling tool (Twist bit)</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Nomenclature and Basic Parts Of Drilling tool (Twist bit)
Drill bit Nomenclature:  Drilling is the process of cutting or originating a round hole from the solid material. There are many ways of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/nomenclature-basic-parts-dri/" aria-label="View Post: Nomenclature and Basic Parts Of Drilling tool (Twist bit)">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Nomenclature and Basic Parts Of Drilling tool (Twist bit)","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/nomenclature-basic-parts-dri\/","articleBody":"Nomenclature and Basic Parts Of Drilling tool (Twist bit)\r\nDrill bit Nomenclature:\r\n\r\nDrilling is the process of cutting or originating a round hole from the solid material. There are many ways of classifying drills. The tool(drill) and not the work piece is revolved and is fed into the material along its axis.\r\nFor example , according to material, number and types of flutes, drill size , type of shank(straight or taper) and cutting point geometry etc. However the most common type of drill is the fluted drill shown in figure.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\ndrill bit nomenclature\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDrill Construction: Drill Construction:\r\nA twist drill is made up of three components: A twist drill is made up of three components:\r\n\r\n\u2013 Shank\r\n\r\n\r\nIt is the portion of the drill by which it is clamped in the spindle. The shank may be either straight or tapered. Straight shank drills are used with a chuck. Tapered shank drills have self-holding tapes that fit directly into the drill press spindle. On the taper shank is the another term is used which is called tang. This fits into a slot in the spindles sleeve.\r\n\r\n\r\n\u2013 Body\r\nIt is the portion between the point and the shank.\r\n\r\n\u2013 Drill point\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDrilling tool Nomenclature :\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tCutting Diameter:\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\u201cLargest diameter measured across the\u00a0top of the lands behind the point\u201d\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tBack Taper \u2013\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0The diameter reduces slightly toward the shank\u00a0end of the drill, this is known as \u201cback taper\u201d.\u00a0Back taper provides clearance between the drill and workpiece preventing friction and heat\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tFlute Length: Flute Length:\r\n\r\n\r\n\u201cThe length of flute measured from the drill\u00a0point to the end of the flute runout\u201d\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tLand:\r\n\r\n\r\n\u00a0\u201cThe part of the drill body \u201cThe part of the drill body\u00a0between the flutes\u201d between the flutes\u201d\r\n\u2013 The lands provide the drill with\u00a0much of its torsional strength\r\n\u2013 Reducing the land width increases\u00a0chip space, but reduces strength.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tWebs\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u201cThe thickness \u201cThe thickness\u00a0measured measured\u00a0across the across the\u00a0base of the base of the\u00a0flutes\u201d flutes\u201d\r\n\u2013 Contributes\u00a0to the\u00a0torsional\u00a0strength of\u00a0the drill.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tHelix Angle: Helix Angle:\r\n\r\n\r\nAngle formed between a line\u00a0drawn parallel to the axis of the drawn parallel to the axis of the\u00a0drill and the edge of the land.\r\n\r\nHelix angles generally fall into three categories: Helix angles generally fall into three categories:\r\n\u2013 Slow Spiral\u2013 12\u00b0 to 22\u00b0 helix angle\r\n\u2013 Regular Spiral\u2013 28\u00b0 to 32\u00b0 helix angle\r\n\u2013 Fast Spiral\u2013 34\u00b0 to 38\u00b0 helix angle\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tMargins:\r\n\r\n\r\n\u201cThe cylindrical portion of \u201cThe cylindrical portion of\u00a0the land that is the land that is not cut not cut\u00a0away to provide clearance\u201d to provide clearance\u201d\r\n\u2013 The balance of the land is\u00a0reduced in diameter, known\u00a0as \u201ccleared diameter\u201d or\u00a0\u201cbody clearance\u201d.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tCutting Lips Cutting Lips\r\n\r\n\r\n\u201cCutting edges that extend from \u201cCutting edges that extend from\u00a0the center of the drill to the the center of the drill to the\u00a0outer diameter\u201d outer diameter\u201d\r\n\u2013 On most standard drills, the\u00a0cutting edge should form a\u00a0straight line.\r\n\u2013 Some specialty and high\u00a0performance drills have curved\u00a0cutting lips.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tChisel Edge Chisel Edge\r\n\r\n\r\n\u201cThe edge at the end of the web, that \u201cThe edge at the end of the web, that\u00a0connects the cutting lips\u201d connects the cutting lips\u201d\r\n\u2013 The chisel edge does not cut does not cut- it\u00a0penetrates displacing the workpiece\u00a0material.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tChisel Edge Angle Chisel Edge Angle\r\n\r\n\r\n\u201cThe angle formed between the \u201cThe angle formed between the\u00a0chisel edge and the cutting lips\u201d chisel edge and the cutting lips\r\n\u2013 The chisel edge angle is generally\u00a0125\u00b0 to 135\u00b0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tPoint:\r\n\r\n\r\nThe point is the cone shaped end and it does the cutting. It consists of the following:\r\n(A) \u00a0 dead center: It is the sharp edge at the extreme tip of the drill. This should always be the exact center of the drill.\r\n(B) \u00a0 Lips: these are the cutting edges of the drill.\r\n(C) \u00a0 Heel : It is the portion of the point back from the cutting edge.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Tool Articles , notes , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nDrilling Machine Projects\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Nomenclature and Basic Parts Of Drilling tool (Twist bit)","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-04-21","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/drillbitnomenclature-300x236.jpg","height":236,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=272">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=271"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>271</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=272"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>272</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>273</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=274"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>274</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=275"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>275</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=274">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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