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Cooling Fins:  Fins are the extended surfaces designed to Increase heat transfer rate for a fixed surface temperature, or lower surface temperature for a fixed heat transfer rate....</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-fins-heat-transfer-equation/" aria-label="View Post: Types Of Cooling Fins | Fin Efficiency, Applications, Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types Of Cooling Fins | Fin Efficiency, Applications, Advantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-fins-heat-transfer-equation\/","articleBody":"Introduction of Cooling Fins:\r\n\r\n \tFins are the extended surfaces designed to Increase heat transfer rate for a fixed surface temperature, or lower surface temperature for a fixed heat transfer rate. \r\n \tHeat transfer by convection between a surface and the fluid surrounding can be increased by attaching to the surface called fins. \r\n \tThe heat-conducting through solids, walls, or boundaries has to be continuously dissipated to the surroundings or environment to maintain the system in a steady-state condition. In many engineering applications large quantities of heat needed to be dissipated from small areas. \r\n \tThe fins increase the effective area of a surface thereby increasing the heat transfer by convection. Rectangular fin and triangular fins are straight fins. Triangular fins are attractive, since for an equal heat transfer it requires much less volume than rectangular fins. Hence the fins have practical importance because it gives maximum heat flow per unit mass with ease of manufacture.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTypes of Fins:\r\nFins can be broadly classified as:\r\n1. Longitudinal fin\r\n2. Radial fin\r\n3. Pin fin\r\n\r\n(a) Longitudinal fin \u2013 Rectangular profile\r\n(b) Longitudinal fin \u2013 Rectangular profile\r\n(c) Longitudinal fin - Trapezoidal profile\r\n(d) Longitudinal fin - Concave parabolic\r\n\r\nlongitudinal fin\r\n\r\n(e) Radial fin \u2013 Rectangular profile\r\n(f) Radial fin \u2013 Triangular profile\r\n\r\nRadial fin\r\n\r\n(g) Pin fin \u2013 Cylindrical\r\n(h) Pin fin \u2013 Tapered profile\r\n(i) Pin fin \u2013 Concave parabolic\r\n\r\npin fin\r\n\r\nOther types of Fins are :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tConstant area straight fin\r\n \tVariable area straight fin\r\n \tPin Fin\r\n \tAnnular Fin\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \t\r\n \ttypes of fins\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMaterials of fins \r\n\r\n \tThe most common heat sink materials are aluminum alloy has one of the higher thermal conductivity values at 229 W\/mK but is mechanically soft. \r\n \tCopper has around twice the thermal conductivity of aluminum and faster, more efficient heat absorption. But it is more expensive than aluminum\r\n\r\n\r\nHeat Transfer From Extended Surface\u00a0\r\nThe rate of heat transfer from a surface at a temperature Ts to the surrounding medium at T infinity is given by Newton\u2019s law of cooling as,\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \t\r\n \tEquation of fins\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhere,\u00a0\r\nAs is the heat transfer surface area and where.\r\nh is the convection heat transfer coefficient\r\ntemperatures Ts and Tinfinity\u00a0are fixed by design considerations,\r\n\r\nThere are two ways to increase the rate of heat transfer:\r\n\r\n \tTo increase the convection heat transfer coefficient ( h) - Increasing h may require the installation of a pump or fan, or replacing the existing one with a larger one, but this approach may or may not be practical. Besides, it may not be adequate.\r\n \t To increase the surface area ( As) -\u00a0 The alternative is to increase the surface area by attaching to the surface extended surfaces called fins made of highly conductive materials such as aluminum. Finned surfaces are manufactured by extruding, welding, or wrapping a thin metal sheet on a surface. Fins enhance heat transfer from a surface by exposing a larger surface area to convection and radiation.\r\n\r\nFinned surfaces are commonly used in practice to enhance heat transfer, and they often increase the rate of heat transfer from a surface several-fold. The car radiator is shown in Fig. below is an example of a finned surface. The closely packed thin metal sheets attached to the hot water tubes increase the surface area for convection and thus the rate of convection heat transfer from the tubes to the air many times. There are a variety of innovative fin designs available in the market, and they seem to be limited only by imagination.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \t\r\n \tInnovation In Fins\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \tIn the analysis of fins, we consider steady operation with no heat generation in the fin, and we assume the thermal conductivity k of the material to remain constant.\r\n \tWe also assume the convection heat transfer coefficient h to be constant and uniform over the entire surface of the fin for convenience in the analysis.\r\n \tWe recognize that the convection heat transfer coefficient h, in general, varies along the fin as well as its circumference, and its value at a point is a strong function of the fluid motion at that point.\r\n \tThe value of h is usually much lower at the fin base than it is at the fin tip because the fluid is surrounded by solid surfaces near the base, which seriously disrupt its motion to the point of \u201csuffocating\u201d it, while the fluid near the fin tip has little contact with a solid surface and thus encounters little resistance to flow.\r\n \tTherefore, adding too many fins on a surface may actually decrease the overall heat transfer when the decrease in h offsets any gain resulting from the increase in the surface area.\r\n\r\nFin efficiency\r\nFin efficiency is the ratio of heat transfer from the actual fin to the heat transfer of an imaginary fin of the same geometry and same conditions but with an infinite conductivity (In other words, if the entire fin surface was in a temperature equal to that of the fin base).\r\n\r\nThis ratio will always be smaller than one\r\n\r\nfin efficiency Equation\r\nFin effectiveness\r\nFin effectiveness is the ratio of heat transfer from the fin to the heat transfer if the fin wasn\u2019t existing. In other words, this quantity tells us how much extra heat is being transferred by the fin.\r\n\r\nfin effectiveness\r\n\r\nThe desire is to have this ration as large as possible while keeping the additional cost of adding the fins as low as possible.\r\nFins are not provided on the inner surface of the cylinder :\r\nThe reasons are,\r\n\r\n \t\r\nHeat transfer through a fin occurs through convective heat transfer. Convective heat transfer can be expressed as the product of the following,\r\n\r\n\r\n \tHeat transfer coefficient (HTC)\u00a0of fluid to which they are exposed,\r\n \tSurface Area\u00a0of the fin(s),\r\n \tThe temperature difference\u00a0between the fin(s) and the fluid to which they are exposed.\r\n\r\n\r\n \t\r\nEffectiveness and efficiency depend on the medium in which fins are being used.\r\n\r\n \t\r\nNow, efficiency for internal combustion engines of on-road vehicles is less than 40%. Which means 60% of energy is being dissipated to the surrounding. So, there is a need of fins on the outer surface of the cylinder as you have to transfer heat energy from the engine to the surrounding (else the engine will wear out quickly). What would be the use of fins inside the cylinders? They simply won\u2019t help to cool down the engine as\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThere is no increase in the surface area from which heat will be transferred to the surrounding.\r\n \tHTC of the fluid inside the cylinder is higher than the HTC of fluid on the outer surface of the cylinder.\r\n\r\nIt is okay to apply fins on both surfaces of pipes or tubes when HTC of fluid on the inner and the outer surface is comparable in magnitude.\r\n\r\n\r\nAdvantages Of Fins :\r\n\r\n \tBy using the fins, the heat transfer rate can be increased without any preventive maintenance. It is the cheapest way for increasing the heat transferring rate from the hot bodies.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages Of Fins :\r\nWe know that the length of the fins is directly proportional to the heat-transferring rate. But the larger length is may be cause of bending in the fins and also increases the weight of the engine. Therefore the overall efficiency will go to decrease.\r\nApplication Of Fins :\u00a0\r\nExample of surfaces where fins are used\r\n1. Air-cooled I.C. engines\r\n2. Refrigeration condenser tubes\r\n3. Electric transformers\r\n4. Reciprocating air compressors\r\n5. Semiconductor devices\r\n6. Automobile radiator\r\n7. Cooling Of Electronic components\r\n8. Dry-type cooling towers\r\n9. They are also used in newer technology such as hydrogen fuel cells.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\n\r\nHeat Transfer Notes , Article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Types Of Cooling Fins | Fin Efficiency, Applications, Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-05-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 12, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/typesoffins-300x71.png","height":71,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/effect-of-hot-working-on-mechanica/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hotworking-300x182.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to EFFECT OF HOT WORKING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/effect-of-hot-working-on-mechanica/">EFFECT OF HOT WORKING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>EFFECT OF HOT WORKING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS  Introduction to hot working:
Mechanical working processes which are done above recrystallisation temperature of the metal are know as hot...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/effect-of-hot-working-on-mechanica/" aria-label="View Post: EFFECT OF HOT WORKING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"EFFECT OF HOT WORKING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/effect-of-hot-working-on-mechanica\/","articleBody":"EFFECT OF HOT WORKING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS\r\n\r\nIntroduction to hot working:\r\nMechanical working processes which are done above recrystallisation temperature of the metal are know as hot working processes. Some metals, such as lead and tin, have a low recrystallisation temperature and can be hot-worked even at room temperature, but most commercial metals require some heating. However, this temperature should not be too high to reach the solidus temperature; otherwise the metal will burn and become unsuitable for use. In hot working, the temperature of completion of metal working is important since any extra heat left after working aid in grain growth. This increase in size of the grains occurs by a process of coalescence of adjoining grains and is a function of time and temperature. Grain growth results in poor mechanical properties. If the hot working is completed just above the recrystallisation temperature then the resultant grain size would be fine. Thus for any hot working process the metal should be heated to such a temperature below its solidus temperature, that after completion of the hot working its temperature will remain a little\u00a0higher than and as close as possible to its\u00a0re-crystallization\u00a0\u00a0temperature\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nhot working\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nEFFECT OF HOT WORKING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS\r\n1. This process is generally performed on a metal held at such a temperature that the metal does not work-harden. A few metals e.g., Pb and Sn (since they possess low crystallization temperature) can be hot worked at room temperature.\r\n\r\n2. Raising the metal temperature lowers the stresses required to produce deformations and increases the possible amount of deformation before excessive work hardening takes place.\r\n\r\n3. Hot working is preferred where large deformations have to be performed that do not have the primary purpose of causing work hardening.\r\n\r\n4. Hot working produces the same net results on a metal as cold working and annealing. It does not strain harden the metal.\r\n\r\n5. In hot working processes, compositional irregularities are ironed out and nonmetallic impurities are broken up into small, relatively harmless fragments, which are uniformly dispersed throughout the metal instead of being concentrated in large stress-raising metal working masses.\r\n\r\n6. Hot working such as rolling process refines grain structure. The coarse columnar dendrites of cast metal are refined to smaller equiaxed grains with corresponding improvement in mechanical properties of the component.\r\n\r\n7. Surface finish of hot worked metal is not nearly as good as with cold working, because of oxidation and scaling.\r\n\r\n8. One has to be very careful as regards the temperatures at which to start hot work and at which to stop because this affects the properties to be introduced in the hot worked metal.\r\n\r\n9. Too high a temperature may cause phase change and overheat the steel whereas too low temperature may result in excessive work hardening.\r\n\r\n10. Defects in the metal such as blowholes, internal porosity and cracks get removed or welded up during hot working.\r\n\r\n11. During hot working, self-annealing occurs and recrystallization takes place immediately following plastic deformation. This self-annealing action prevents hardening and loss of ductility.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"EFFECT OF HOT WORKING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-05-05","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/hotworking-300x182.jpg","height":182,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/francis-turbine-working-main-parts-of-turbines/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/francisturbines-300x284.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to How Does Francis Turbine works? Main Parts of Francis Turbines</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/francis-turbine-working-main-parts-of-turbines/">How Does Francis Turbine works? Main Parts of Francis Turbines</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>How Does Francis Turbine works? Main Parts of Francis Turbines
Francis Turbine
Reaction Turbine:
The principal feature of a reaction turbine that distinguishes it from an impulse turbine is that...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/francis-turbine-working-main-parts-of-turbines/" aria-label="View Post: How Does Francis Turbine works? Main Parts of Francis Turbines">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"How Does Francis Turbine works? Main Parts of Francis Turbines","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/francis-turbine-working-main-parts-of-turbines\/","articleBody":"How Does Francis Turbine works? Main Parts of Francis Turbines\r\nFrancis Turbine\r\nReaction Turbine:\r\nThe principal feature of a reaction turbine that distinguishes it from an impulse turbine is that only a part of the total head available at the inlet to the turbine is converted to velocity head, before the runner is reached. Also in the reaction turbines the working fluid, instead of engaging only one or two blades, completely fills the passages in the runner. The pressure or static head of the fluid changes gradually as it passes through the runner along with the change in its kinetic energy based on absolute velocity due to the impulse action between the fluid and the runner. Therefore the cross-sectional area of flow through the passages of the fluid. A reaction turbine is usually well suited for low heads. A radial flow hydraulic turbine of reaction type was first developed by an American Engineer, James B. Francis (1815-92) and is named after him as the Francis turbine. The schematic diagram of a Francis turbine is shown in Fig.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGuide Mechanism For Francis Turbine\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nA Francis turbine comprises mainly the four components:\r\n(i) sprical casing,\r\n(ii) guide on stay vanes,\r\n(iii) runner blades,\r\n(iv) draft-tube\u00a0\r\n\r\nSpiral Casing :\u00a0Most of these machines have vertical shafts although some smaller machines of this type have horizontal shaft. The fluid enters from the penstock (pipeline leading to the turbine from the reservoir at high altitude) to a spiral casing which completely surrounds the runner. This casing is known as scroll casing or volute. The cross-sectional area of this casing decreases uniformly along the circumference to keep the fluid velocity constant in magnitude along its path towards the guide vane.\r\n\r\nThis is so because the rate of flow along the fluid path in the volute decreases due to continuous entry of the fluid to the runner through the openings of the guide vanes or stay vanes.\r\n\r\nGuide or Stay vane:\r\nThe basic purpose of the guide vanes or stay vanes is to convert a part of pressure energy of the fluid at its entrance to the kinetic energy and then to direct the fluid on to the runner blades at the angle appropriate to the design. Moreover, the guide vanes are pivoted and can be turned by a suitable governing mechanism to regulate the flow while the load changes. The guide vanes are also known as wicket gates. The guide vanes impart a tangential velocity and hence an angular momentum to the water before its entry to the runner. The flow in the runner of a Francis turbine is not purely radial but a combination of radial and tangential. The flow is inward, i.e. from the periphery towards the centre. The height of the runner depends upon the specific speed. The height increases with the increase in the specific speed. The main direction of flow change as water passes through the runner and is finally turned into the axial direction while entering the draft tube.\r\n\r\nRunner Blades:\r\nThe shape of the blades of a Francis runner is complex. The exact shape depends on its specific speed. It is obvious from the equation of specific speed that higher specific speed means lower head. This requires that the runner should admit a comparatively large quantity of water for a given power output and at the same time the velocity of discharge at runner outlet should be small to avoid cavitation\r\n\r\nDraft tube:\r\nThe draft tube is a conduit which connects the runner exit to the tail race where the water is being finally discharged from the turbine. The primary function of the draft tube is to reduce the velocity of the discharged water to minimize the loss of kinetic energy at the outlet. This permits the turbine to be set above the tail water without any appreciable drop of available head. A clear understanding of the function of the draft tube in any reaction turbine, in fact, is very important for the purpose of its design. The purpose of providing a draft tube will be better understood if we carefully study the net available head across a reaction turbine.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nFluid Mechanics - Notes , articles , Interview Que. &amp; Ans\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"How Does Francis Turbine works? Main Parts of Francis Turbines","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-05-05","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/francisturbines-300x284.jpg","height":284,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/components-fuctions-hydraulic-syste/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/componenetsofhydraulicsystem-300x195.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Basic Components and its Functions of a Hydraulic System</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/components-fuctions-hydraulic-syste/">Basic Components and its Functions of a Hydraulic System</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Hydraulic System - Introduction 
 Hydraulic systems are power-transmitting assemblies employing pressurized liquid as a fluid for transmitting energy from an energy-generating source to an...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/components-fuctions-hydraulic-syste/" aria-label="View Post: Basic Components and its Functions of a Hydraulic System">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Basic Components and its Functions of a Hydraulic System","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/components-fuctions-hydraulic-syste\/","articleBody":"Hydraulic System - Introduction\u00a0\r\n\u00a0Hydraulic systems are power-transmitting assemblies employing pressurized liquid as a fluid for transmitting energy from an energy-generating source to an energy-using point to accomplish useful work. The figure shows a simple circuit of a hydraulic system with basic components. Hydraulic systems are used for transmission of power through the medium of hydraulic oil. The hydraulic system works on the principle of Pascal\u2019s law which says that \u201c the pressure in a fluid at rest is transmitted uniformly in all directions\u201d.\r\nThe fluid medium used is hydraulic oil, which may be mineral oil or water or combinations. This area is also known as oil hydraulics.\u00a0\r\n\r\nRead More: Hydraulic Circuit (System) - Parts, Application, Advantages, Disadvantages\r\n\r\ncomponents of hydraulic system\r\nFunctions of the components\r\n1. The hydraulic actuator \r\n\r\n \tIt is a device used to convert fluid power into mechanical power to do useful work. The actuator may be of the linear type (e.g., hydraulic cylinder) or rotary type(e.g., hydraulic motor) to provide linear or rotary motion, respectively.\u00a0\r\n \tThe pressurized hydraulic fluid delivered by the hydraulic pump is supplied to the actuators, which converts the energy of the fluid into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used to get the work done. \r\n \tTYPES OF ACTUATORS:\r\n1. Linear Actuators (Hydraulic cylinders)\r\n2. Rotary Actuators (Hydraulic motors)\r\na. Continuous rotary actuators\r\nb. Semi rotary actuators\r\n \t\u00a0Functions Of Actuators :\r\n1) To produce motion in one line\r\n2) To produce continuous rotary motion\r\n3) To produce rotary or oscillatory motion less than 3600\r\n4) To apply a force and clamp the job.\r\n\r\n2. The hydraulic\u00a0 Pump\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tIt is used to force the fluid from the reservoir to the rest of the hydraulic circuit by converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.\r\n \tA pump which is the heart of a hydraulic system converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. The mechanical energy is delivered to the pump via prime mover such as the electric motor. Due to the mechanical action the pump creates a partial vacuum at its inlet. This permits atmospheric pressure to force the fluid through the inlet line and into the pump. The pump then pushes the fluid into the hydraulic system.\r\n\r\nImportance of Pump :\u00a0\r\n\r\n1. They convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.\r\n2. The Volumetric efficiency of the pump is relatively high\r\n3.They have high-performance characteristics under varying speed and pressure requirements\r\n4.Pumps used to generate high pressure in the hydraulic system \r\n\r\n\u00a03. Valves \r\n\r\n \t\u00a0Valves are used to control the direction, pressure, and flow rate of a fluid flowing through the circuit.\r\nMotor 1 \u2013 Off 2 \u2013 Forward 3\u2013 Return 3 2 1 Load Direction control valve Pump Oil tank Filter Actuator Pressure regulator.\r\n \tA fluid power system can be broken down into three segments. The power input segment consisting of the prime mover and the pump. The control segment consisting of valves that control the direction, pressure, and flow rate. The power output segment, consisting of the actuators and the load. This unit is devoted to each of the following categories of control valves.\r\n1. Directional control valves\r\n2. Pressure control valves\r\n3. Flow control valves\r\n \tDCVs control the direction of flow in a circuit, which among other things; can control the direction of the actuator. PCVs control the pressure level, which controls the output force of a cylinder or the output torque of a motor. FCVs control the flow rate of the fluid which controls the speed of the actuators.\r\n\r\nDifferent types of valves and their functions :\r\n\r\n \tPressure relief valves - Relief valve opens and bypasses fluid when pressure exceeds its setting. These are used mostly in all circuits.\r\n \tPressure-Reducing Valve - This type of valve (which is normally open) is used to maintain reduced pressures in specified locations of hydraulic systems.\r\n \tUnloading Valves - high-low pump circuits where two pumps move an actuator at a high speed and low pressure, punching press.\r\n \tCounterbalance valves - They are used to prevent a load from accelerating uncontrollably. This situation can occur in vertical cylinders in which the load is a weight. This can damage the load or even the cylinder itself when the load is stopped quickly at the end of the travel.\r\n\r\n4. External power supply (motor) is required to drive the pump.\u00a0\r\n\r\n5. Oil Tank or Reservoir: \r\n\r\n \tThis is an oil storage tank in which hydraulic oil is stored. The oil passes through various pipelines and after doing useful work in actuator; the oil returns to the oil tank. In the regions of low temperature, oil heaters are attached to air tanks.\r\n \tReservoir is used to hold the hydraulic liquid, usually hydraulic oil.\u00a0\r\n\r\n6.Pipelines :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tPipelines (Fluid Conducting elements): It is the functional connection for oil flow in the hydraulic system. The efficiency of oil flow is greatly influenced by the physical characteristics of piping systems.\r\n \tThere are two pipes:\r\na) The pipe which carries pressurized oil is called pressure pipelines\r\nb) Pipes that carry low pressurized oil or used oil (are called as return pipelines).\r\n \tHoses, pipes, pipe fitting are the parts of the fluid power pipeline. \r\n\r\n7. Filters \r\n\r\n \tIt is used to remove any foreign particles so as keep the fluid system clean and efficient, as well as avoid damage to the actuator and valves.\r\n \t When hydraulic fluids are contaminated, hydraulic systems may get damaged and malfunction due to clogging and internal wear. They require filtration to remove contaminants.\r\n \tFilters are classified as\r\ni. Reservoir filters:\r\nii. Line filters\r\niii. Off-line filters\r\niv. Other cleaning equipment\r\n \tFunctions of Filter:\r\n1) Take care of the cleanliness of the components.\r\n2) Reduce the maintenance.\r\n3) To remove silting.\r\n4) To increase the system reliability.\r\n5) To prevent the entrance of solid contaminants to the system.\r\n\r\n8. Pressure regulator\r\n\r\n \t Pressure regulator regulates (i.e., maintains) the required level of pressure in the hydraulic fluid. \r\n \tThe piping is shown in Fig. \u00a0is of closed-loop type with fluid transferred from the storage tank to one side of the piston and returned from the other side of the piston to the tank. Fluid is drawn from the tank by a pump that produces fluid flow at the required level of pressure. If the fluid pressure exceeds the required level, then the excess fluid returns back to the reservoir and remains there until the pressure acquires the required level.\r\n\r\n9. Accumulators\r\n\r\n \tAccumulators are devices that store hydraulic fluid under pressure. Storing hydraulic fluid under pressure is a way of storing energy for later use. Perhaps the most common application for an accumulator is supplementing the pump flow in a hydraulic system in which a high flow rate is required for a brief period of time. \r\n \tTypes of Accumulators ;\r\n1. Weight loaded accumulator\r\n2. Spring-loaded accumulator\r\n3. Gas-charged accumulator\r\n4. Piston type\r\n5. Bladder type\r\n6. Diaphragm type\r\n\r\n10. Hydraulic Power Pack :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tThe hydraulic power unit (power supply unit) provides the energy required for the hydraulic installation. \r\n \tThe main components of power packs are \u2013 The reservoir (tank), Drive (electric motor), Hydraulic pump, Pressure relief valve, filter, and cooler.\r\n \tThe pump or motor unit may be mounted on the tank or separately a packs are usually available in either horizontal or vertical configurations.\u00a0 The basic unit may be piped to the cylinders or actuators through a suitable control valve.\u00a0\r\n \tThe hydraulic power packs consist of a reservoir\/tank that house the hydraulic fluid, which is the working medium.\u00a0\r\n\r\nDiagram of hydraulic power pack\r\n\r\nWorking of Hydraulic Power Pack :\u00a0\r\n\r\n \tThe working of a power pack commences when the pump is initialized with the help of an electric motor coupled to it. The oil is pumped from the reservoir along the suction\u00a0 line through a suction strainer with a capability to retain the foreign particles up to 149 \r\nmicrons.\r\n \tFrom the suction line the oil is forced into the pressure line through the pump at\u00a0 35 bars. There is provision to measure the pressure, with the help of a pressure gauge. An isolator is used to measure the pressure immediately in any line.\r\n \t When the set of pressure is reached, the fluid moves to the cylinder present at the fixture (clamp). The hydraulic energy of the fluid is converted back to the mechanical energy by the cylinder.\r\n \t According to the direction of the energizing of the solenoid valve, the linear movement of the clamps (clamping and unclamping) is controlled. When the solenoid valve is energized in reverse, the unclamping of the workpiece occurs. There is a return line provided so that the used fluid may be utilized again. Due to the friction losses, the total energy is not converted into useful work so a part is converted into the heat. So, a heat exchanger is incorporated. The return line filter has a return capacity of 10 microns.\r\n\r\nCylinder movement is controlled by a three-position change over a control valve.\r\n\r\n1. When the piston of the valve is changed to the upper position, the pipe pressure line is connected to port A and thus the load is raised.\r\n2. When the position of the valve is changed to a lower position, the pipe pressure line is connected to port B and thus the load is lowered.\r\n3. When the valve is at the center position, it locks the fluid into the cylinder(thereby holding it in position) and dead-ends the fluid line (causing all the pump output fluid to return to tank via the pressure relief).\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSome questions related to hydraulic circuit :\u00a0\r\nDraw a sketch of a simple oil hydraulic circuit and write down the name and working function of each of the components used in it.\r\nBasic Hydraulic Circuit Diagram :\u00a0\r\nbasic hydraulic circuit diagram\r\n\r\na) Oil Tank or Reservoir: This is an oil storage tank in which hydraulic oil is stored. The oil passes through various pipelines and after doing useful work in actuator; the oil returns back to the oil tank. In the regions of low temperature, oil heaters are attached to air tanks.\r\nb) Filter: This element filters the oil before going to the next element i.e. pump.\r\nc) Pump: Hydraulic pump is the heart of any hydraulic system. Its main function is to create the flow of oil under pressure through the entire hydraulic system and hence to assist the transfer of power and motion (i.e. useful work).\r\nd) Direction control valves\/Flow control valves\/ Pressure Relief Valves (Fluid Controlling Elements): These valves are fitted in hydraulic system at particular locations. These valves control the flow of oil in the system. They also direct the flow of oil in the system as also they control the speed of the actuator.\r\ne) Actuators: (Fluid Power utilization elements): These elements are known as actuators (either rotary or linear). The pressurized oil acts on actuator elements. The oil gives or transfers its power to the actuator to create useful work or Mechanical Advantage.\r\nf) Pipelines (Fluid Conducting elements): It is the functional connection for oil flow in the hydraulic system. The efficiency of oil flow is greatly influenced by the physical characteristics of piping systems.\r\n\r\nThere are two pipes:\r\na) Pipe which carries pressurized oil is called as pressure pipelines\r\nb) Pipes that carry low pressurized oil or used oil (are called as return pipelines). Hoses, pipes, pipe fitting are the parts of the fluid power pipeline.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nFluid Mechanics - Notes , articles , Interview Que. &amp; Ans\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Basic Components and its Functions of a Hydraulic System","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-05-05","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/componenetsofhydraulicsystem-300x195.jpg","height":195,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-extrusion-and-advantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/TYPESOFEXTRUSION-300x126.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Types Of Extrusion And Advantages of Extrusion</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-extrusion-and-advantages/">Types Of Extrusion And Advantages of Extrusion</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Types Of Extrusion And Advantages of Extrusion
INTRODUCTION  TO EXTRUSION TECHNOLOGY
Extrusion is a process in which the metal is subjected to plastic flow by enclosing the metal in a closed...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-extrusion-and-advantages/" aria-label="View Post: Types Of Extrusion And Advantages of Extrusion">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types Of Extrusion And Advantages of Extrusion","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-extrusion-and-advantages\/","articleBody":"Types Of Extrusion And Advantages of Extrusion\r\nINTRODUCTION \u00a0TO EXTRUSION TECHNOLOGY\r\nExtrusion is a process in which the metal is subjected to plastic flow by enclosing the metal in a closed chamber in which the only opening provided is through a die. The material is usually treated so that it can undergo plastic deformation at a sufficiently rapid rate and may be squeezed out of the hole in the die. In the process the metal assumes the opening provided in the die and comes out as a long strip with the same cross-section as the die-opening. Incidentally, the metal strip produced will have a longitudinal grain flow.\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe process of extrusion is most commonly used for the manufacture of solid and hollow sec- tions of nonferrous metals and alloys e.g., aluminium, aluminium-magnesium alloys, magnesium and its alloys, copper, brass and bronze etc. However, some steel products are also made by extrusion. The stock or the material to be extruded is in the shape of cast ingots or billets. Extrusion may be done hot or cold. The cross-sections of extruded products vary widely. Some of these sections are shown in Fig.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTYPES OF EXTRUSION\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSome advantages of extrusion process are described below:\r\n\r\n(i) The complexity and range of parts which can be produced by extrusion process is very large. Dies are relative simple and easy to make.\u00a0\r\n(ii) The extrusion process is complete in one pass only. This is not so in case of rolling, amount of reduction in extrusion is very large indeed. Extrusion process can be easily automated.\u00a0\r\n(iii) Large diameter, hollow products, thin walled tubes etc. are easily produced by extrusion process.\u00a0\r\n(iv) Good surface finish and excellent dimensional and geometrical accuracy is the hall mark of extruded products. This cannot be matched by rolling.\r\n\r\n\r\nPressure required for extrusion depends upon the strength of material and upon the extrusion temperature. It will reduce if the material is hot. It will also depend upon the reduction in cross-section required and the speed of extrusion. There is a limit to the extrusion speed. If extrusion is done at a high speed, the metal may crack. The reduction of cross-sectional area required is also called \u201cextrusion ratio\u201d. There is a limit to this also. For steel extruded hot, this ratio should not exceed 40 : 1, but for aluminium extruded hot it can be as high as 400 : 1.\r\n\r\nEXTRUSION PROCESSES\u00a0\r\n\r\nExtrusion processes can be classified as followed:\r\n\r\n\u00a0(A) Hot Extrusion\u00a0\r\n(i) Forward or Direct extrusion.\u00a0\r\n(ii) Backward or Indirect extrusion.\u00a0\r\n\r\n(B) Cold Extrusion\u00a0\r\n(i) Hooker extrusion.\u00a0\r\n(ii) Hydrostatic extrusion.\u00a0\r\n(iii) Impact extrusion.\u00a0\r\n(iv) Cold extrusion forging.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Types Of Extrusion And Advantages of Extrusion","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-05-05","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/TYPESOFEXTRUSION-300x126.jpg","height":126,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/thermodynamics-mechanical-interview-question/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/THERMALENGINEERINGINTERVIEWQUESTION-300x219.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Mechanical Technical Interview Questions : Thermodynamics</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/thermodynamics-mechanical-interview-question/">Mechanical Technical Interview Questions : Thermodynamics</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Thermodynamics most frequently asked question at the viva or Interview:
1. What is the importance of the Thermodynamics in the field of Mechanical Engineering?   All the mechanical engineering...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/thermodynamics-mechanical-interview-question/" aria-label="View Post: Mechanical Technical Interview Questions : Thermodynamics">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Mechanical Technical Interview Questions : Thermodynamics","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/thermodynamics-mechanical-interview-question\/","articleBody":"Thermodynamics most frequently asked question at the viva or Interview:\r\n1. What is the importance of the Thermodynamics in the field of Mechanical Engineering?\r\n\r\n\u00a0All the mechanical engineering systems are studied with the help of thermodynamics. Hence it is very important for the mechanical engineers.\u00a0\r\n\r\n2. How many Laws of Thermodynamics are there?\r\n\r\n\u00a0There are three laws of the thermodynamics.\r\n\u00a0\r\nFirst Law:\u00a0 \r\nEnergy can be neither created nor destroyed. It can only change forms.In any process in an isolated system, the total energy remains the same.\u00a0\r\n\r\nSecond Law:\u00a0\r\nWhen two isolated systems in separate but nearby regions of space, each in thermodynamic equilibrium in itself, but not\r\nin equilibrium with each other at first, are at some time allowed to interact, breaking the isolation that separates the two systems, and they exchange matter or energy, they will eventually reach a mutual thermodynamic equilibrium. The sum of the entropies of the initial, isolated systems is less than or equal to the entropy of the final exchanging systems. In the process of reaching a new thermodynamic equilibrium, entropy has increased, or at least has not decreased.\u00a0\r\n\r\nThird Law:\r\n\u00a0As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a minimum.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n THERMAL ENGINEERING INTERVIEW QUESTION\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n3. State Laws of conservation of energy?\u00a0\r\n\r\nAccording to the laws of conservation of energy, \u201cenergy can neither be created nor be destroyed. It can only be transformed from one form to another.\u201d\u00a0\r\n\r\n4. Is the boiler a closed system?\u00a0\r\n\r\nYes definitely the boiler is a closed system.\u00a0\r\n\r\n5. What is Carnot engine?\r\n\r\nIt was being designed by Carnot and let me tell you that Carnot engine is an imaginary engine which follows the Carnot cycle and provides 100% efficiency.\r\n\r\n\r\n6. Difference between Gas and Vapour\r\n\r\n\r\n \tVapour can turn back and forth into liquid and solid states but a gas cannot.\r\n \tGases cannot be see while vapours are visible.\r\n \tVapours settle down on ground while gases do not.\r\n\r\n\r\n7. Difference between Boiling Point and Melting Point\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThe melting point is a defined for solids when it transfers from solid state to liquid state.\r\n \tThe boiling point is defined for liquids for a state change from liquid to gas.\r\n\r\n8.What is the effect of reheat on rankine \u00a0cycle?\u00a0\r\n\r\n1.efficiency increases\u00a0\r\n2.work output increases\u00a0\r\n3. both\u00a0\r\n4. none of these.\r\n\r\n1.Efficiency increases.\r\nthis prevents the vapor from condensing during its expansion which can seriously damage the\u00a0turbine blades, and improves the efficiency of the cycle, as more of the heat flow into the cycle occurs at higher temperature.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n9. What is flashpoint?\r\n\r\nFlash point: the lowest temperature at which the vapor of a combustible liquid can be ignited in air.\r\n\r\n10. What is refrigerant?\u00a0\r\n\r\nAny substance that transfers heat from one place to another, creating a cooling effect. water is the refrigerant in absorption machines.\u00a0\r\n\r\n11.\u00a0Explain Otto cycle.\u00a0\r\n\r\nOtto cycle can be explained by a pressure volume relationship diagram. It shows the functioning cycle of a four stroke engine. The cycle starts with an intake stroke, closing the intake and moving to the compression stroke, starting of combustion, power stroke, heat exchange stroke where heat is rejected and the exhaust stroke. It was designed by Nicolas Otto, a German engineer.\r\n\r\n12. How do you measure temperature in a Wet Bulb Thermometer?\u00a0\r\n\r\nWet bulb temperature is measured in a wet bulb thermometer by covering the bulb with a wick and wetting it with water. It corresponds to the dew point temperature and relative humidity.\r\n\r\n13.) In the Thermal Power Plant why Deaerator (D\/A) placed on height?\r\n\r\nTo build a Very high pressure and the temperature for a boiler feed water pump and it discharge high pressure water to the boiler. And to provide the required Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) for the BFW pump and to serve as a storage tank to ensure a continuous supply of feed water during rapid changes in BFP.\r\n\r\n14.) What is the differences between gas turbine and a steam turbine?\u00a0\r\n\r\nGas turbine works on Bryton cycle where as steam turbine works Rankine cycle. Construction, operation of a gas turbine are entirely different to steam turbine. Gas turbine has a compressor to compress the combustion air, a combustion chamber to burn the fuel and a turbine section to extract the work for burning fuel. Steam turbine is just has a turbine section to extract the work from steam.\r\n\r\n15.) What is a stage in a steam turbine?\r\n\r\nIn an impulse turbine, the stage is a set of moving blades behind the nozzle. In a reaction turbine, each row of blades is called a \"stage.\" A single Curtis stage may consist of two or more rows of moving blades.\r\n\r\n16) In which part of the steam turbine does stress corrosion cracking (SCC) occur?\r\n\r\nIn the wet stages of the low-pressure turbine.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\nTechnical Mechanical Interview Question and Answers\r\n\r\n\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Mechanical Technical Interview Questions : Thermodynamics","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2016-04-24","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/THERMALENGINEERINGINTERVIEWQUESTION-300x219.jpg","height":219,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=271">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=270"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>270</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=271"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>271</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>272</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=273"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>273</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=274"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>274</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=273">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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