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class="excerpt"><p>Seminar/Project Report On thermoacoustic refrigeration Pdf ppt Download
Abstract Of thermoacoustic refrigeration
Thermo acoustic have been known for over years but the use of this phenomenon to...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminarproject-report-on-thermoacoustic/" aria-label="View Post: Seminar/Project Report On thermoacoustic refrigeration Pdf ppt Download">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Seminar\/Project Report On thermoacoustic refrigeration Pdf ppt Download","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/seminarproject-report-on-thermoacoustic\/","articleBody":"Seminar\/Project Report On thermoacoustic refrigeration Pdf ppt Download\r\nAbstract Of\u00a0thermoacoustic refrigeration\r\nThermo acoustic have been known for over years but the use of this phenomenon to develop engines and pumps is fairly recent. Thermo acoustic refrigeration is one such phenomenon that uses high intensity sound waves in a pressurized gas tube to pump heat from one place to other to produce refrigeration effect. In this type of refrigeration all sorts of conventional refrigerants are eliminated and sound waves take their place. All we need is a loud speaker and an acoustically insulated tube. Also this system completely eliminates the need for lubricants and results in 40% less energy consumption. Thermo acoustic heat engines have the advantage of operating with inert gases and with little or no moving parts, making them highly efficient ideal candidate for environmentally-safe refrigeration with almost zero maintenance cost. Now we will look into a thermo acoustic refrigerator, its principle and functions.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nProject Model Of thermoacoustic Refrigeration\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIntroduction :\r\nThermoacoustic engines (sometimes called \"TA engines\") are thermoacoustic devices which use high-amplitude sound waves to pump heat from one place to another, or conversely use a heat difference to induce high-amplitude sound waves. In general, thermoacoustic engines can be divided into standing wave and travelling wave devices. These two types of thermoacoustics devices can again be divided into two thermodynamic classes, a prime mover (or simply heat engine), and a heat pump. The prime mover creates work using heat, whereas a heat pump creates or moves heat using work. Compared to vapor refrigerators, thermoacoustic refrigerators have no ozone-depleting or toxic coolant and few or no moving parts therefore require no dynamic sealing or lubrication.\r\nConstruction Of Device:\r\n\r\n\r\nThermoacoustic Refrigeration-Working principle\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nA thermoacoustic device basically consists of heat exchangers, a resonator, and a stack (on standing wave devices) or regenerator (on travelling wave devices). Depending on the type of engine a driver or loudspeaker might be used as well to generate sound waves.\r\n\r\nConsider a tube closed at both ends. Interference can occur between two waves traveling in opposite directions at certain frequencies. The interference causes resonance creating a standing wave. Resonance only occurs at certain frequencies called resonance frequencies, and these are mainly determined by the length of the resonator.\r\n\r\nThe stack is a part consisting of small parallel channels. When the stack is placed at a certain location in the resonator, while having a standing wave in the resonator, a temperature difference can be measured across the stack. By placing heat exchangers at each side of the stack, heat can be moved. The opposite is possible as well, by creating a temperature difference across the stack, a sound wave can be induced. The first example is a simple heat pump, while the second is a prime mover.\r\nDownload:\r\n1. Seminar\/Project Presentation On thermoacoustic refrigeration PPT Download\r\n2. Seminar\/Project Report On thermoacoustic refrigeration PDF Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n\r\nIC Engine Articles , Notes , Question and Answer\r\n\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nRefrigeration and Air conditioning Projects\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )","headline":"Seminar\/Project Report On thermoacoustic refrigeration Pdf ppt Download","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-09-09","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/thermoacousticProjectModel-300x152.jpg","height":152,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-water-jet-machining/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/waterjetmachineworking-127x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Introduction To Water Jet Machining Process | Advantages and Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-water-jet-machining/">Introduction To Water Jet Machining Process | Advantages and Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction To Water Jet Machining Process | Advantages and Disadvantages  Introduction To Water Jet Machining :  Water Jet Machining (WJM) called hydrodynamic or equipment may be used for...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-water-jet-machining/" aria-label="View Post: Introduction To Water Jet Machining Process | Advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Introduction To Water Jet Machining Process | Advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/introduction-to-water-jet-machining\/","articleBody":"Introduction To Water Jet Machining Process | Advantages and Disadvantages\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIntroduction To Water Jet Machining :\r\n\r\nWater Jet Machining\u00a0(WJM) called hydrodynamic or equipment may be used for applications similar to the laser. Connection, except the obvious reasons.\u00a0\r\nWater Jet Machining Working Principle:\r\n\r\nWater jet machine\u00a0widely used for cutting plastic, cloth, rubber, paper and leather, because of the lack of heat it produces kerf very narrow, and if set up correctly produce very smooth edges no scraps or burrs\u00a0Water jet machine\u00a0is a very clean job with no dust or noise, odor and very little, in fact, the health and safety and environmental impact is minimal, almost.\r\n\r\nThe waterjet cutting machine uses a stream of water and abrasive particles, such as garnet, to perform the cutting operation. The waterjet cutter takes city water (typically 80 psi), and through the use of an intensifier-type pump, pressurizes the water to 55,000 psi. When the abrasivejet cutting head is enabled, the water flows through a 0.010-inch diameter orifice into a mixing chamber. As the waterjet stream enters the mixing chamber, it creates a partial vacuum that draws the flow of abrasive particles through the abrasive delivery line. The abrasive particles combine with the waterjet stream to create the high energy abrasivejet cutting stream. This stream exits the cutting head at a velocity of up to 3,000 feet per second. Today's waterjet cutting machines are CNC controlled for accuracy, repeatability and ease of setup\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nA diagram of a water jet cutter. 1: high-pressure water inlet. 2: jewel (ruby or diamond). 3: abrasive (garnet). 4: mixing tube. 5: guard. 6: cutting water jet. 7: cut material\r\nParts Of Water Jet Machine:\r\n\r\n \tLP booster pump \u00a0\r\n \tOrifice\u00a0\r\n \tHydraulic unit\r\n \tMixing Chamber\u00a0\r\n \tAdditive Mixer\r\n \tFocussing tube or inserts\u00a0\r\n \tIntensifier\u00a0\r\n \tAccumulator\u00a0\r\n \tFlexible high pressure\r\n \ttransmission line\u00a0\r\n \tOn-off valve\u00a0\r\n \tCatcher\u00a0\r\n \tCNC table\u00a0\r\n \t\u00a0Abrasive metering device\u00a0\r\n \tCatcher\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nGeneral Water Jet Machining Process Parameters:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n1. LP Booster\r\n2. Hydraulic drive\r\n3. Additive mixer\r\n4. Direction control\r\n5. Intensifier\r\n5A.LP Intensifier\r\n5B.HP Intensifier\r\n6. \u00a0 Accumulator\u00a0\r\n\r\nGeneral Water Jet Machining Process Parameters:\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nthe general domain of parameters in entrained type AWJ machining system\u00a0is given below:\u00a0\r\n\u2022 Orifice \u2013 Sapphires \u2013 0.1 to 0.3 mm\r\n\u2022 Focussing Tube \u2013 WC \u2013 0.8 to 2.4 mm\r\n\u2022 Pressure \u2013 2500 to 4000 bar\r\n\u2022 Abrasive \u2013 garnet and olivine - #125 to #60\r\n\u2022 Abrasive flow - 0.1 to 1.0 Kg\/min\r\n\u2022 Stand off distance \u2013 1 to 2 mm\r\n\u2022 Machine Impact Angle \u2013 60\u00a0to 90\r\n\u2022 Traverse Speed \u2013 100 mm\/min to 5 m\/min\r\n\r\n\u2022 Depth of Cut \u2013 1 mm to 250 mm\u00a0\r\nAdvantages of Water Jet Machining (WJM):\r\n\r\n \tWater jet machining is a relatively fast process.\r\n \tIt prevents the formation of heat affected zones on the workpiece.\r\n \tIt automatically cleans the surface of the workpiece.\r\n \tWJM has excellent precision. Tolerances of the order of \u00b10.005\u2033 can be obtained.\r\n \tIt does not produce any hazardous gas.\r\n \tIt is eco-friendly.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Water Jet Machining:\r\n\r\n \tOnly soft materials can be machined.\r\n \tVery thick materials cannot be easily machined.\r\n \tInitial investment is high.\r\n\r\nApplication Of Water Jet Machining:\r\nThe applications and materials, which are generally machined using WJ and\u00a0AWJ, are given below:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Paint removal\r\n\u2022 Cleaning\r\n\u2022 Cutting soft materials\r\n\u2022 Cutting frozen meat\r\n\u2022 Textile, Leather industry\r\n\u2022 Mass Immunization\r\n\u2022 Surgery\r\n\u2022 Peening\r\n\u2022 Cutting\u00a0\r\n\u2022 Pocket Milling\u00a0\r\n\u2022 Drilling\r\n\u2022 Turning\r\n\u2022 Nuclear Plant Dismantling\u00a0\r\nDownload:\r\nSeminar Report On Water Jet Machining.doc\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nComputer integrated manufacturing Notes , Articles , Interview Que and Ans\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Introduction To Water Jet Machining Process | Advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-09-09","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/waterjetmachineworking-127x300.jpg","height":300,"width":127},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-metal-casting-casting/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/metalcastingparts-300x166.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Introduction to Metal Casting | Casting terms | Advantages and Disadvantages Of Casting</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-metal-casting-casting/">Introduction to Metal Casting | Casting terms | Advantages and Disadvantages Of Casting</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to Metal Casting | Casting terms | Advantages and Disadvantages Of Casting  Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-metal-casting-casting/" aria-label="View Post: Introduction to Metal Casting | Casting terms | Advantages and Disadvantages Of Casting">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Introduction to Metal Casting | Casting terms | Advantages and Disadvantages Of Casting","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/introduction-to-metal-casting-casting\/","articleBody":"Introduction to Metal Casting | Casting terms | Advantages and Disadvantages Of Casting\r\n\r\n\r\nCasting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nExamples Of Casting Parts\r\n\r\n\r\nExamples Of Casting Parts\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMetal Casting is one of the oldest materials shaping methods known. Casting means pouring molten metal into a mold with a cavity of the shape to be made, and allowing it to solidify. When solidified, the desired metal object is taken out from the mold either by breaking the mold or taking the mold apart. The solidified object is called the casting. By this process, intricate parts can be given strength and rigidity frequently not obtainable by any other manufacturing process. \u00a0The mold, into which the metal is poured, is made of some heat resisting material. Sand is most often used as it resists the high temperature of the molten metal. Permanent molds of metal can also be used to cast products.\r\n\r\nCasting Terms\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCasting Terms\r\n\r\n\r\nCasting Terms\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n \tFlask: A metal or wood frame, without fixed top or bottom, in which the mold is formed. Depending upon the position of the flask in the molding structure, it is referred to by various names such as drag \u2013 lower molding flask, cope \u2013 upper molding flask, cheek \u2013 intermediate molding flask used in three piece molding\r\n \tPattern: It is the replica of the final object to be made. The mold cavity is made with the help of pattern.\r\n \tParting line: This is the dividing line between the two molding flasks that makes up the mold.\r\n \tMolding sand: Sand, which binds strongly without losing its permeability to air or gases. It is a mixture of silica sand, clay, and moisture in appropriate proportions.\r\n \tFacing sand: The small amount of carbonaceous material sprinkled on the inner surface of the mold cavity to give a better surface finish to the castings.\r\n \tCore: A separate part of the mold, made of sand and generally baked, which is used to create openings and various shaped cavities in the castings.\r\n \tPouring basin: A small funnel shaped cavity at the top of the mold into which the molten metal is poured.\r\n \tSprue: The passage through which the molten metal, from the pouring basin, reaches the mold cavity. In many cases it controls the flow of metal into the mold.\r\n \tRunner: The channel through which the molten metal is carried from the sprue to the gate.\r\n \tGate: A channel through which the molten metal enters the mold cavity.\r\n \tChaplets: Chaplets are used to support the cores inside the mold cavity to take care of its own weight and overcome the metallostatic force.\r\n \tRiser: A column of molten metal placed in the mold to feed the castings as it shrinks and solidifies. Also known as \u201cfeed head\u201d.\r\n \tVent: Small opening in the mold to facilitate escape of air and gases.\r\n\r\nAdvantages Of casting\r\n\r\nThe metal casting process is extensively used in manufacturing because of its many advantages.\r\n\r\n \tMolten material can flow into very small sections so that intricate shapes can be made by this process. As a result, many other operations, such as machining, forging, and welding, can be minimized or eliminated.\r\n \tIt is possible to cast practically any material that is ferrous or non-ferrous.\r\n \tAs the metal can be placed exactly where it is required, large saving in weight can be achieved.\r\n \tThe necessary tools required for casting molds are very simple and inexpensive. As a result, for production of a small lot, it is the ideal process.\r\n \tThere are certain parts made from metals and alloys that can only be processed this way.\r\n \tSize and weight of the product is not a limitation for the casting process.\r\n\r\nLimitations of casting\r\n\r\n \tDimensional accuracy and surface finish of the castings made by sand casting processes are a limitation to this technique. Many new casting processes have been developed which can take into consideration the aspects of dimensional accuracy and surface finish. Some of these processes are die casting process, investment casting process, vacuum-sealed molding process, and shell molding process.\r\n \tThe metal casting process is a labor intensive process","headline":"Introduction to Metal Casting | Casting terms | Advantages and Disadvantages Of Casting","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-09-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/metalcastingparts-300x166.jpg","height":166,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-pattern-types-of/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/examplesOfPatternusedincasting-300x200.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Introduction To Pattern | Types Of Pattern used in Casting Process</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-pattern-types-of/">Introduction To Pattern | Types Of Pattern used in Casting Process</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction To Pattern | Types Of Pattern used in Casting Process
What Is Pattern ?  The pattern is the principal tool during the casting process. It is the replica of the object to be made...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-pattern-types-of/" aria-label="View Post: Introduction To Pattern | Types Of Pattern used in Casting Process">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Introduction To Pattern | Types Of Pattern used in Casting Process","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/introduction-to-pattern-types-of\/","articleBody":"Introduction To Pattern | Types Of Pattern used in Casting Process\r\nWhat Is Pattern ?\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThe pattern is the principal tool during the casting process. It is the replica of the object to be made by the casting process, with some modifications. The main modifications are the addition of pattern allowances, and the provision of core prints. If the casting is to be hollow, additional patterns called cores are used to create these cavities in the finished product.\u00a0\r\n \tThe quality of the casting produced depends upon the material of the pattern, its design, and construction.\u00a0\r\n \tThe costs of the pattern and the related equipment are reflected in the cost of the casting.\u00a0\r\n \tThe use of an expensive pattern is justified when the quantity of castings required is substantial.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nexamples Of Pattern used in casting\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMaterial used for making Pattern:\r\nTypically, materials used for pattern making are wood, metal or plastics. Wax and Plaster of Paris are also used, but only for specialized applications. Mahogany is the most commonly used material for patterns, primarily because it is soft, light, and easy to work, but also once properly cured it is about as stable as any wood available, not subject to warping or curling. Once the pattern is built the foundry does not want it changing shape.\r\nTypes of Patterns:\r\n\u00a0\r\nThe common types of patterns are as follows:\r\n\r\n1. \u00a0 \u00a0 Solid or Single piece patterns\r\n\r\n\r\nThis is the simplest type of pattern, exactly like the desired casting. For making a mould, the pattern is accommodated either in cope or drag.\r\nUsed for producing a few large castings, for example, stuffing box of steam engine.\r\n\r\n\r\n2. \u00a0 \u00a0 Split or two\/multiple piece patterns\r\n\r\n\r\nThese patterns are split along the parting plane (which may be flat or irregular surface) to facilitate the extraction of the patternout of the mould before the pouring operation. For a more complex casting, the pattern may be split in more than two parts.\r\n\r\n\r\ntypes of patterns\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n3. \u00a0 \u00a0 match plate pattern\r\n4. \u00a0 \u00a0 cope and drag pattern\r\n5. \u00a0 \u00a0 loose piece pattern\r\n6. \u00a0 \u00a0 gated patterns\r\n7. \u00a0 \u00a0 sweep pattern\r\n8. \u00a0 \u00a0 skeleton pattern\r\n9. \u00a0 \u00a0 shell pattern\r\n10. segmental pattern\r\n11. follow board pattern\r\n12. lagged up pattern\r\n13. left and right hand pattern\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMachine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Introduction To Pattern | Types Of Pattern used in Casting Process","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-09-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/examplesOfPatternusedincasting-300x200.jpg","height":200,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-chips-formed-in-machining/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/typesOfchipformationinmetalcutting-300x186.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Types of Chips in Metal Cutting &#8211; Basic of Chip Formation</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-chips-formed-in-machining/">Types of Chips in Metal Cutting &#8211; Basic of Chip Formation</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Types of chips formed in the machining process  There are three main types Of cutting chips that Formed due to machining a workpiece by using a single-point cutting tool either on the Lathe...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-chips-formed-in-machining/" aria-label="View Post: Types of Chips in Metal Cutting &#8211; Basic of Chip Formation">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types of Chips in Metal Cutting &#8211; Basic of Chip Formation","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-chips-formed-in-machining\/","articleBody":"Types of chips formed in the machining process\r\n\r\n\r\nThere are three main types Of cutting chips that Formed due to machining a workpiece by using a single-point cutting tool either on the Lathe machine Or Milling machine.\r\n\r\nDifferent types of chips of various shape, size, color, etc. are produced by machining depending upon:\r\n\r\n \tType of cut, i.e., continuous (turning, boring etc.) or intermittent cut (milling).\r\n \tWork material (brittle or ductile etc.).\r\n \tCutting tool geometry (rake, cutting angles etc.).\r\n \tLevels of the cutting velocity and feed (low, medium, or high).\r\n \tCutting fluid (type of fluid and method of application).\r\n\r\nWhatever the cutting conditions can be, the chips produced may belong to one of the following three types.\r\n\r\n1. Discontinuous chips:\r\n2. Continuous chips.\r\n3. Continuous chips with build-up edge (BUE).\r\n4. Non-homogeneous chip\r\nTypes of chips in Metal Cutting:\r\nThe three common types of chips from a single point tool are.\r\n\u00a01: Discontinuous or segmental chip: \r\nThese types of chips are usually produced when cutting more brittle materials like grey cast iron, bronze, and hard brass. These materials lack the ductility necessary for appreciable plastic chips formation. The material ahead of the tool edge fails in a brittle fracture manner along the shear zone.\r\n\r\nThis produces small fragments of discontinuous chips. Since the chips break up into small segments, the friction between the tool and the chips reduces, resulting in better surface finish. These chips are convenient to collect, handle and dispose off. \r\n\r\nDiscontinuous chips are also produced when cutting more ductile materials under the following conditions:\r\n\r\n\r\n(i) large chip thickness.\r\n(ii) low cutting speed.\r\n(iii) cutting with the use of a cutting fluid.\r\n(iv) small rake angle of the tool.\r\n\r\n\r\nDiscontinuous chips are also produced when cutting more ductile material with the use of a cutting fluid.\r\n\r\n\r\n types Of chip formation in metal cutting\r\n2: Continuous Chips:\r\nThese types of chips are produced when, machining more ductile materials. Due to large plastic deformations possible with ductile materials, longer continuous chips are produced. This type of chip is the most desirable, since it is stable cutting, resulting in generally good surface finish. On the other hand, these chips are difficult to handle and dispose off. The chips coil in a helix (chip curl) and curl around the work and the tool and may injure the operator when break loose. Also, this type of chip remains in contact with the tool face for a longer period, resulting in more frictional heat. These difficulties are usually avoided by attaching to the tool face or machine on the tool face, a 'chip breaker', The function of the chip breaker is to reduce 1 curvature of the chip and thus break it.\r\n\r\n The following cutting conditions also help in the production of continuous chips :\r\n\r\n \tSmall chip thickness.\r\n \tHigh cutting speed.\r\n \tLarge rake angle of the cutting tool.\r\n \tReducing the friction of the chip along the tool face, by: imparting high surface finish to the tool face, use of tool material with a low coefficient of friction, and use of good cutting fluid.\r\n\r\n3: Continuous Chip with Built-up Edge:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tWhen machining ductile materials, conditions of high local temperature and extreme pressure in the cutting zone and also high friction in the tool-chip interface, may cause the work material to adhere or weld to the cutting edge of then tool forming the built-up edge.\r\n \tSuccessive layers of work material are then added to the built-up edge. When this edge becomes larger and unstable, it breaks up and part of it is carried up the face of the tool along with the chip while the remaining is left over the surface being machined, which contributes to the roughness of the surface.\r\n \tThe built-up edge changes its size during the cutting operation. It first increases, then decreases, then again increases, etc. This cycle is a source of vibration and poor surface finish.\r\n \tAlthough the built-up edge protects the cutting edge of the tool, it changes the geometry of the cutting tool. Low cutting speed also contributes to the formation of the built-up edge.\r\n \tIncreasing the cutting speed, increasing the rake angle, and using a cutting fluid contribute to the reduction or elimination of the built-up edge.\r\n \tBenefits of Continuous chip- After generation of continuous chips during machining the quality of the machined surface is quiet better (low surface roughness value) than discontinuous chips generation.\r\n\r\n4. Non-homogeneous chip(Serrated chip)\r\n\r\n\r\n \tThe temperatures generated in the machining zone control the rate of tool wear, the practical cutting speed, and the MRR.\r\n \tIt is important to understand the factors which influence the generation of heat, the flow of heat, and the temperature distribution in the tool and work material near the cutting edge.\r\n\u2022 Temperature is developed in three types of zones as\r\n1. Shear zone\r\n2. Tool-chip interface\r\n3. Tool-work interface\r\n\r\n Types of chips - Segmental, Continuous, Continuous chips with build-up edge, inhomogeneous chips ( serrated chips)\r\nConditions in which above chips are generated \u2013\r\n\n\n\n\n\tSr. no. Types of chipsConditions\n\n\n\n\n\t1.Segmental or discontinuous chipProduced in brittle material machining and while cutting ductile material at low speed with high DOC.\n\n\n\t2.Continuous chipProduced ductile material machining at normal cutting speeds with lower DOC.\n\n\n\t3.Continuous chip with built-up edgeCutting ductile materials with high-speed steel tools at low cutting speeds.\n\n\n\t4.Non-homogeneous chipDue to the higher temperature at the shear plane a large strain is developed at the tool chip interface at medium cutting speeds.\n\n\n\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nSome Questions and Answers :\u00a0\r\n\r\n1. Explain with sketch chip formed during machining cast iron.\u00a0\r\n\r\nDiscontinuous or segmental chips\r\n\r\nMachining of brittle materials like cast iron produces these types of chips. Small fragments are produced because of a lack in ductility of the material. Friction between tool and chip reduces, resulting in better surface finish.\r\n\r\n Discontinuous or segmental chips\r\n\r\n2. Write the type of chip formed with the following factors.\r\n\r\n(i) High rake angle\r\n(ii) High cutting speed\r\n(iii) Small depth of cut\r\n(iv) Low cutting speed\r\n(v) Large depth of cut\r\n(vi) Low rake angle\r\n\r\nAnswer:\r\n\r\n(i) High rake angle: Continuous chips\r\n(ii) High cutting speed: Continuous chips\r\n(iii) Small depth of cut: Continuous chips\r\n(iv) Low cutting speed: Continuous chips with built-up edge\r\n(v) Large depth of cut: Continuous chips with built-up edge\r\n(vi) Low rake angle: Continuous chips with built-up edge\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nCAD Software | CAD Tutorials\r\nStrength of material- Notes , articles , Interview Que. &amp; Ans\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Types of Chips in Metal Cutting &#8211; Basic of Chip Formation","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-09-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/typesOfchipformationinmetalcutting-300x186.jpg","height":186,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-machine-design-types-of/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/cardesign-300x234.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Introduction to machine Design | Types Of Machine Design</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-machine-design-types-of/">Introduction to machine Design | Types Of Machine Design</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to machine Design | Concepts Of machine Design:   Design is essentially a decision-making process. If we have a problem, we need to design a solution. In other words, to design is...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/introduction-to-machine-design-types-of/" aria-label="View Post: Introduction to machine Design | Types Of Machine Design">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Introduction to machine Design | Types Of Machine Design","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/introduction-to-machine-design-types-of\/","articleBody":"Introduction to machine Design\u00a0| Concepts Of machine Design:\u00a0\r\n\r\nDesign is essentially a decision-making process. If we have a problem, we need\u00a0to design a solution. In other words, to design is to formulate a plan to satisfy a\u00a0particular need and to create something with a physical reality.\r\n\r\n\u00a0Consider for an\u00a0example, design of a chair.\r\n\r\nA number of factors need be considered first:\u00a0\r\n\r\n(a) The purpose for which the chair is to be designed such as whether it is to\u00a0be used as an easy chair, an office chair or to accompany a dining table.\u00a0\r\n(b) Whether the chair is to be designed for a grown up person or a child.\r\n(c) Material for the chair, its strength and cost need to be determined.\r\n(d) Finally, the aesthetics of the designed chair.\u00a0\r\n\r\nAlmost everyone is involved in design, in one way or the other, in our daily lives\u00a0because problems are posed and they need to be solved.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nThe designers consider different factors and come to certain conclusions leading to an optimum design. Market survey gives an indication of what people want. Existing norms play an important role. Once a critical decision is made, the rest of the design features follow.\u00a0\r\n\r\nFor example, once we decide the engine capacity, the shape and size, then the subsequent course of the design would follow. A bad decision leads to a bad design and a bad product.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nDesign may be for different products and with the present specialization and knowledge bank, we have a long list of design disciplines e.g. ship design, building design, process design, bridge design, clothing or fashion design and so on.\r\n\r\n\r\nTypes of design \u00a0\r\nThere may be several types of design such as\u00a0\r\n\r\nAdaptive design\u00a0\r\nThis is based on existing design, for example, standard products or systems\u00a0adopted for a new application. Conveyor belts, control system of machines and\u00a0mechanisms or haulage systems are some of the examples where existing\u00a0design systems are adapted for a particular use.\r\n\r\nDevelopmental design\r\nHere we start with an existing design but finally a modified design is obtained.A\u00a0new model of a car is a typical example of a developmental design .\u00a0\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nCAD DESIGN\r\n\r\n\r\nNew design\r\nThis type of design is an entirely new one but based on existing scientific principles. No scientific invention is involved but requires creative thinking to solve a problem. Examples of this type of design may include designing a small vehicle for transportation of men and material on board a ship or in a desert. Some research activity may be necessary.\u00a0\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTypes of design based on methods\u00a0\r\nRational design\r\n\r\nThis is based on determining the stresses and strains of components and thereby deciding their dimensions.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nEmpirical design\r\n\r\nThis is based on empirical formulae which in turn is based on experience and\u00a0experiments. For example, when we tighten a \u00a0nut on a bolt the force exerted or the stresses induced cannot be determined exactly but experience shows that the tightening force may be given by P=284d where, d is the bolt diameter in mm and P is the applied force in kg. There is no mathematical backing of this equation but it is based on observations and experience.\u00a0\r\n\r\nIndustrial design\r\n\r\nThese are based on industrial considerations and norms viz. market survey,\u00a0external look, production facilities, low cost, use of existing standard products.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nCAD Software | CAD Tutorials\r\nMachine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Introduction to machine Design | Types Of Machine Design","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-09-07","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/cardesign-300x234.jpg","height":234,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=309">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=308"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>308</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=309"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>309</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>310</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=311"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>311</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=312"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>312</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=311">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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