Table of Contents

水电站

Working principle

水电站(Hydel plant) utilizes the potential energy of water stored in a dam built across the river. The potential energy of the stored water is converted into kinetic energy by first passing it through the penstock pipe. The kinetic energy of the water is then converted into mechanical energy in a water turbine. The turbine is coupled to the electric generator. The mechanical energy available at the shaft of the turbine is converted into electrical energy by means of the generator.
因为重力提供使瀑布的力，所以储存在水中的能量被称为重力势能。

水力发电设备的布局

Fig. shows the schematic representation of a Hydroelectric power plant.

The main components are
•水库
•大坝
•Spillway
• 门
•压力隧道
•浪涌坦克
•钢笔
•水轮机
•草稿管道
•尾部比赛水平
•强国

水电电厂图 — hydroelectric power plant diagram

水库:

在水库中，在雨季从集水区收集的水储存在大坝后面。集水区从下雨和溪流获得水。水的持续可用性是水力发电设备的基本必要性。储存器中的水面的水平称为下部水平。可用于发电的水头取决于水库高度。

Dam:

大坝的目的是储存水并调节水流的水。大坝有助于储存所有进入的水。它还有助于增加水头。为了产生所需的功率，需要足够的头部。

溢洪道：

Excess accumulation of water endangers the stability of dam construction. Also in order to avoid the overflow of water out of the dam especially during rainy seasons spillways are provided. This prevents the rise of the water level in the dam. Spillways are passages that allow the excess water to flow to a different storage area away from the dam.

门：

A gate is used to regulate or control the flow of water from the dam.

压力隧道：

这是一条来自水库到电涌罐的水。

Surge tank:

电涌罐是一个小储液或罐，其中水位升高或落下，由于压力突然变化。由于突然的水突然回流，因此突然增加了钢管管中的压力，因为涡轮机上的负载减小。钢管管中压力突然上升称为水锤。

Penstock:

Penstock pipe is used to bring water from the dam to the hydraulic turbine. Penstock pipes are made up of steel or reinforced concrete. The turbine is installed at a lower level from the dam. Penstock is provided with a gate valve at the inlet to completely close the water supply.
It has a control valve to control the water flow rate into the turbine. Water turbine or hydraulic turbine (Prime mover): The hydraulic turbine converts the energy of water into mechanical energy. The mechanical energy (rotation) available on the turbine shaft is coupled to the shaft of an electric generator and electricity is produced. The water after performing the work on the turbine blade is discharged through the draft tube.

The prime movers which are in common use are Pelton wheel, Kaplan turbine, Francis turbine.

草稿管：

Draft tube is connected to the outlet of the turbine. It converts the kinetic energy available in the water into pressure energy in the diverging portion. Thus, it maintains a pressure of just above the atmospheric at the end of the draft tube to move the water into a tailrace. Water from the tailrace is released for irrigation purposes.

Tailrace级别：

Tailrace is a water path to lead the water discharged from the turbine to the river or canal. The water held in the tailrace is called the Tailrace water level.

动力屋：

该电力房可容纳水轮机，发电机，变压器和控制室。随着水冲过涡轮机，它旋转涡轮轴，涡轮轴连接到发电机。发电机具有称为转子的旋转电磁铁和称为定子的固定部分。转子产生磁场，该磁场在定子中产生电荷。电荷作为电力传输。升压变压器增加来自定子的电流的电压。电力通过电力线分布。

Classification of Hydroelectric power plant

水力发电设备通常根据水头的可供分类
•High head power plants
•Medium head power plants
•Low head power plants

High head power plants:当水的运行头超过70米时，该植物被称为高头电厂。佩尔顿轮涡轮机是使用的主要动器。

Medium head power plants:当水范围为15到70米，那么电厂被称为中型电厂。它使用弗朗西斯涡轮机。

低头电厂：When the head is less than 15 meters, the plant is named as Low head power plant. It uses Francis or Kaplan turbine as the prime mover.

Advantages of hydroelectric power plant

1. The water source is perennially available. No fuel is required to be burnt to generate electricity. It is aptly termed as ‘the white coal’. Water passes through turbines to produce work and downstream its utility remains undiminished for irrigation of farms and quenching the thirst of people in the vicinity.
2. The running costs of hydropower installations are very low as compared to thermal or nuclear power stations. In thermal stations, besides the cost of fuel, one has to take into account the transportation cost of the fuel also.
3.在热站中的灰烬处置没有问题。排放污染气体和颗粒于大气中的问题也不存在。水电不会产生任何温室效果，导致有害的酸雨，并发出令人讨厌的不。
4. The hydraulic turbine can be switched on and off in a very short time. In a thermal or nuclear power plant the steam turbine is put on turning gear for about two days during start-up and shut-down.
5.液压发电厂的概念相对简单，操作中的自包含。其系统可靠性远大于其他发电厂的可靠性。
6. Modern hydropower equipment has a greater life expectancy and can easily last 50 years or more. This can be compared with an effective life of about 30 years of a thermal or nuclear station.

7.由于其易于占用和抛出负荷，可以用作热，水电和核电站系统混合中的理想纺纱储备。
8. Modern hydro-generators give high efficiency over a considerable range of load. This helps in improving the system efficiency.
9. Hydro-plants provide ancillary benefits like irrigation, flood control, afforestation, navigation, and aqua-culture.
10. Being simple in design and operation, the hydro-plants do not require highly skilled workers. Manpower requirement is also low.

水力缺点

1. Hydro-power projects are capital-intensive with a low rate of return. The annual interest of this capital cost is a large part of the annual cost of hydropower installations.
2. The gestation period of hydro projects is quite large. The gap between the foundation and completion of a project may extend from ten to fifteen years.
3.发电依赖于数量啊f water available, which may vary from season to season and year to year. If the rainfall is in time and adequate, then only the satisfactory operation of the plant can be expected.
4. Such plants are often far away from the load center and require long transmission lines to deliver power. Thus the cost of transmission lines and losses in them are more.
5.大型水力植物通过砍伐森林造成地区的生态，摧毁植被和连根拔起的人。强烈的舆论。这种植物的勃起是威慑因子。现在重点是小型，迷你和微型水椅。