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Mechanical project</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/thermo-structural-analysis-of-cryogenic-fluid-circuit-mechanical-project/">Thermo Structural Analysis of Cryogenic Fluid Circuit &#8211; Mechanical project</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Thermo Structural Analysis of Cryogenic Fluid Circuit - Mechanical project
Abstract—  The Cryogenic piping circuit under discussion is designed to handle the Liquid Hydrogen and is one of the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/thermo-structural-analysis-of-cryogenic-fluid-circuit-mechanical-project/" aria-label="View Post: Thermo Structural Analysis of Cryogenic Fluid Circuit &#8211; Mechanical project">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Thermo Structural Analysis of Cryogenic Fluid Circuit &#8211; Mechanical project","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/thermo-structural-analysis-of-cryogenic-fluid-circuit-mechanical-project\/","articleBody":"Thermo Structural Analysis of Cryogenic Fluid Circuit - Mechanical project\r\nAbstract\u2014\r\n\r\nThe Cryogenic piping circuit under discussion is designed to handle the Liquid Hydrogen and is one of the important piping networks present between the heat exchange and the ground delivery terminal of Cryogenic upper Stage in Geo Synchronous Launch Vehicle of Indian Space Research\r\nOrganization at Sriharikota. It consists of many flow components like vacuum jacketed control valves, check valves, instrumentation with associated piping elements like expansion joints\/loops and various support elements (anchors, Guides, Vstops etc). This Paper mainly discusses about the thermal stresses\r\ninduced in the piping circuit when liquid Hydrogen flows through it and how these stresses can be reduced by incorporating various expansion loops\/joints with optimal placement of supports. Towards this, a Process &amp; Instrumentation diagram drawn in AutoCAD version and associated design features have been taken as an input data.\r\nConsidering the same, a smart P&amp;ID has been generated using Autodesk P&amp;ID software. By considering the given space constraints, a 3D piping layout is developed using Autodesk Plant 3D software. The total piping circuit has been segmented into 5 parts and corresponding nodal isometric drawings were generated. Subsequently the individual isometric segments have been modelled in piping analysis software - \"AutoPIPE\" and the corresponding loading &amp; boundary conditions are imposed. The analyzed results were evaluated and necessary modifications in flexible elements, supports, component data and nodal distances are carried out in an iterative manner towards achieving the overall code compliance.\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\nCryogenics is defined as that branch of physics which deals with the production of very low temperatures . In a more operational way, it is also defined as the science and technology of temperatures below 123 K. As the critical temperature of a cryogenic fluid is less than ambient temperature, it cannot be liquefied by the application of pressure alone at or above ambient temperature. Helium, Hydrogen, Neon, Nitrogen, Fluorine, Argon, Oxygen, Methane and Krypton are some of the cryogenic fluids.\r\nCryogenic engineering deals with the low temperature techniques, processes, design &amp; development of storage equipment and associated transfer circuits. Since the normal boiling point of cryogenic liquids is far less than ambient temperature, these liquids cannot be stored in uninsulated tanks unlike the other liquids. Because of the heat\u00a0in-leak, this demands some special constructional aspects while design of storage &amp; handling equipment. This includes\r\ndouble wall construction (vacuum jacket) of the vessel\/piping, insulation &amp; well designed suspension system. In addition to the above, proper selection of metallic &amp; non-metallic materials plays a major role in design of the cryogenic systems.\r\nFlexibility is another important factor that needs tobe addressed in design of the cryogenic piping circuits. This is achieved by incorporating flexible metallic bellows or expansion loops, as the case may be. In case of complex fluid circuits involving number of branches, bends and associated flow components, estimation of thermal contractions, support reactions and piping stresses involves a greater analytical computations. By using the hand calculations it may not be possible to predict the above in an accurate &amp; effective manner within the given time frame. In addition to the above, establishing the code compliance for the entire piping system is a complex task.\r\n\r\nThermo Structural Analysis of Cryogenic Fluid Circuit\r\n\r\nSTORAGE AND TRANSFER OF CRYOGENICPROPELLENTS\u00a0\r\n\r\nAfter a cryogenic fluid has been liquefied and purified to the desired level, it may be required to store or transport as the case may be. The thermal performance of the storage vessels can range from ordinary to very high depending upon the type of insulation employed and the nature of suspension system. Accordingly the type of insulation will vary between normal foam insulation to MultiLayer Insulation (MLI) and suspension system can be of nonmetallic to metallic construction based on the desired thermal performance. There are six most commonly used insulations.\r\nThese are listed in order of increasing performance and generally in order of increasing cost. The specific insulation to be used for a particular application is determined through a compromise among cost, ease of application, weight, ruggedness and the required thermal performance of the insulation .\r\n\r\nThe various insulations used are:\r\na. Expanded foam insulations\r\nb. Gas-filled powders and fibrous insulations\r\nc. Vacuum insulation\r\nd. Evacuated powder &amp; fibrous insulations\r\ne. Opacified powder insulations\r\nf. Multilayer insulations\r\n\r\nThis project deals with the cryogenic pipelines which\u00a0 are of vacuum jacketed construction and provided with multilayer insulation. Multilayer insulations consist of alternative layers of a highly reflecting material such as aluminium foil, copper foil, or aluminized mylar and a low conductivity spacer, such as fiberglass mat or paper, glass fabric or nylon net. The reflecting layers may also be separated by crinkling or embossing the sheets so that they\r\ntouch only at a few discrete points and a spacer is not required.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n MATERIAL SELECTION\r\nFor the cryogenic piping design austenitic steels with FCC crystal structure are selected. These constitute the largest stainless family in terms number of alloys and usage. The austenitic steels are non-magnetic and cannot be hardened by heat treatment. They possess excellent ductility, formability and toughness even at cryogenic temperatures. In addition, they can be substantially hardened by cold work. Nickel is the chief element used to stabilize austenite. Carbon and nitrogen are also used because they are readily soluble in the FCC structure. A wide range of corrosion resistance can be achieved by balancing the ferrite forming elements (such as chromium and molybdenum) and austenite-forming elements.\r\n\r\nThe material being used is austenitic stainless steel of 304L grade and its composition is Carbon &lt;0.035%, Chromium 18- 20%, Nickel 8-12%, Manganese &lt; 2%, Nitrogen &lt; 0.1%, Iron 66-74% and small quantities of silicon, sulphur and phosphorous.\r\n\r\nFactors for selection of material:\r\nCharacteristics to be considered in selecting the proper type of stainless steel for a specific application include:\r\na. Corrosion resistance.\r\nb. Resistance to oxidation and sulfidation.\r\nc. Strength and ductility at ambient and service temperatures.\r\nd. Suitability for intended fabrication techniques.\r\ne. Suitability for intended cleaning procedures.\r\nf. Stability of properties in service.\r\ng. Toughness.\r\nh. Resistance to abrasion, erosion, galling, and sizing.\r\ni. Surface finish.\r\nj. Physical property characteristics.\r\nk. Sharpness or retention of cutting edge.\r\nl. Rigidity.\r\n\r\nDesign of pipeline considering the following inputs:\r\na. Medium: Liquid Hydrogen\r\nb. Flow rate : 2.2 Kg\/s\r\nc. Density : 70.2 Kg\/m3\r\nd. Design Pressure: 13.75 bar.\r\ne. Limiting velocity: 7 m\/s.\r\nf. Material of construction: SS304 L\r\ng. The allowable stress for the pipe material: 115 MPa.\r\nh. Corrosion allowance : 0\r\n\r\nAdvantages of an Expansion Joint over a Pipe Loop\r\n\r\nAn expansion joint and a pipe loop are two methods employed to safely absorb thermal expansion or contraction in piping systems due to thermal temperature changes. During a design consideration, where an expansion joint or a pipe loop can be utilized, the major advantages of using an bellow\/expansion joint are as follows:\r\n1. Space is inadequate for a pipe loop with sufficient flexibility.\r\n2. A minimum pressure drop throughout the pipe line is required and the absence of flow turbulence from the elbows and piping is required by process flow conditions.\r\n3. The fluid is abrasive and flows at a very high velocity.\r\n4. There is no adequate support structure to support the size, shape and weight of a pipe loop.\r\n5. The pipe loop is impractical and in an application of low pressure or large diameter.\r\n6. Construction schedule does not allow for the man-hours required to install the pipe loop and the piping loop support structure.\r\n7. In most cases it is more economical to use an expansion joint instead of pipe loops.","headline":"Thermo Structural Analysis of Cryogenic Fluid Circuit &#8211; Mechanical project","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-01-17","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Thermo-Structural-Analysis-of-Cryogenic-Fluid-Circuit-300x148.jpg","height":148,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/modification-and-implementation-of-lower-link-bush-press-machine/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/bush-pressing-machine-mechanical-project-278x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Modification and Implementation Of Lower Link Bush Press Machine</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/modification-and-implementation-of-lower-link-bush-press-machine/">Modification and Implementation Of Lower Link Bush Press Machine</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Modification and Implementation Of Lower Link Bush Press Machine - Mechanical Projects
ABSTRACT
A Hydraulics bush pressing machine is designed for pressing C.I. bushes into a Lower arm of SUV’s....</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/modification-and-implementation-of-lower-link-bush-press-machine/" aria-label="View Post: Modification and Implementation Of Lower Link Bush Press Machine">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Modification and Implementation Of Lower Link Bush Press Machine","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/modification-and-implementation-of-lower-link-bush-press-machine\/","articleBody":"Modification and Implementation Of Lower Link Bush Press Machine - Mechanical Projects\r\nABSTRACT\r\nA Hydraulics bush pressing machine is designed for pressing C.I. bushes into a Lower arm of SUV\u2019s. The machine is symmetrical about a vertical plane; A Hydraulics presses utilizing oil in its operation and gives higher outlet hydraulic pressure 50 to 70 kg. In this project the press is design and manufacture for pressing Bush into the circular casting part. Casting part is thick cylinder and bush is kind of cylindrical part. One actuator is used in the press for vertical pressing. This project includes the concept development, design, analysis and manufacturing of press machine. Various parts of the press are modeled by using Pro-E modeling software. This project focuses on designing of box type cage to be used in the fixture that used to ease of operation on machine of workers. The project idea basically developed from turning tables which are one type of fixture having ability to rotate about its axis and able to fix the component at any angle, so there is no requirement of angle plate and sine plates. which is fixed of .it is not possible to rotate or handle component manually and proceed on them to make this process accident proof and automated for this purpose we are designing a box type cage which rotate 360 degree and allow continue to process on the component.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0HYDRAULIC BEARING PULLER- Mechanical Engineering Project\r\n\r\nObjectives of the Project\r\n\r\nThe general objective of this paper is to design and validate by making fixture for ease of working of workers &amp; improve productivity of existing hydraulic press machine at the case company . Press working techniques utilizing large quantities of economical tooling equipment design and it quickly, accurately and economically cold working of mild steel and other ductile materials. The component produced range over an extremely wide field and is used throughout industry for economical production of quantities of pressing; consideration has to be given to the rate of production, the cost of the press tool to be employed. Press may be defined as the chip less manufacturing process by which various `components are made from sheet. It uses large force by press tools far short time interval which results in cutting a shaping the sheet metal.\r\nPoka-yoke is a quality improvement concept, coined by Shigeo Shingo in Japan during the 1960s who was one of the Industrial Engineers at Toyota. The initial term was Poka-yoke, which means fool proofing. Poka-yoke helps people and processes work right the first time. Poka-yoke refers to techniques that make it impossible to make mistakes. These techniques can drive defects out of products and processes and substantially improve quality and reliability. The use of simple Poka-yoke ideas and methods in product and process design can\u00a0eliminate both human and mechanical errors. Thus, Poka Yoke is central to the concept of Lean thinking, which aims to reduce waste and make sure that everything and every process is as efficient as possible. The concept of stopping defects or mistakes from happening is central to Poka Yoke thinking. It is not about rectifying mistakes or defects; it is about ensuring that they simply do not happen. The Poka-Yoke entrance is promoted in the manufacturing industry as a way of improving productivity by reducing errors using often very simple modification. This research gives that, as Poka-Yoke are designed to make process mistake proof quality control.\r\n\r\n bush pressing machine mechanical project\r\n\r\nScope\r\n1. This project will helps to reduce the problems creating while working on machine\r\n2. It helps to keep safe operation of the worker while working.\r\n3. It helps to increase the productivity of the machine.\r\n4. It will helps keep in safe side to making more cars &amp; reduce the waiting of peoples for getting car.\r\n5. It helps to maximize the profit of the company with respet ro order completion.\r\n\r\nMethodology\r\nOur methodology of project is\r\n1. Existing condition\r\n2. Possible solution\r\n3. Analysis\r\n3.1 Take all dimensions of working space.\r\n3.2 Simulate it into modeling software.\r\n3.3 Model it into modeling software.\r\n4. Implementation\r\n5. Result\r\n\r\nCONCLUSION\r\n\r\n The manufacturing of fixture will reduce the human effort of loading and unloading the work piece on the machine. The new designed fixture will help to reduce the working time on machine for one job, also it reduces unnecessary skill labour requirement. The cost of new fixture is low. The rate of production using new fixture is high compare to existing production rate.\r\n\r\nReference and Download :\r\n\r\nhttp:\/\/www.ijirse.com\/wp-content\/upload\/2016\/02\/553Y.pdf","headline":"Modification and Implementation Of Lower Link Bush Press Machine","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-01-16","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/bush-pressing-machine-mechanical-project-278x300.jpg","height":300,"width":278},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fundamentals-of-tally-erp-9-tutorial-pdf-free-download/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/tally-erp-300x268.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Fundamentals of Tally.ERP 9 &#8211; Tutorial pdf free Download</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fundamentals-of-tally-erp-9-tutorial-pdf-free-download/">Fundamentals of Tally.ERP 9 &#8211; Tutorial pdf free Download</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Fundamentals of Tally.ERP 9 - Tutorial pdf free Download
Introduction
Tally.ERP 9 is the world's fastest and most powerful concurrent Multi-lingual business Accounting and Inventory Management...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fundamentals-of-tally-erp-9-tutorial-pdf-free-download/" aria-label="View Post: Fundamentals of Tally.ERP 9 &#8211; Tutorial pdf free Download">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Fundamentals of Tally.ERP 9 &#8211; Tutorial pdf free Download","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/fundamentals-of-tally-erp-9-tutorial-pdf-free-download\/","articleBody":"Fundamentals of Tally.ERP 9 - Tutorial pdf free Download\r\nIntroduction\r\nTally.ERP 9 is the world's fastest and most powerful concurrent Multi-lingual business Accounting and Inventory Management software. Tally.ERP 9, designed exclusively to meet the needs of small and medium businesses, is a fully integrated, affordable and highly reliable software. Tally.ERP 9 is easy to buy, quick to install, and easy to learn and use. Tally.ERP 9 is designed to automate and integrate all your business operations, such as sales, finance, purchasing, inventory, and manufacturing. With Tally.ERP 9, accurate, up-todate business information is literally at your fingertips anywhere. The powerful new features and blazing speed and power of Tally.ERP 9 combined with enhanced MIS, Multi-lingual, Data Synchronization and Remote capabilities help you simplify all your business processes easily and cost-effectively.\r\n\r\ntally erp\r\n\r\nSalient Features of Tally.ERP 9\r\nA leading accounting package: The first version of Tally was released in 1988 and, through continuous development, is now recognised as one of the leading accounting packages across the world, with over a quarter million customers. Tally\u2019s market share is more than 90%.\r\nNo accounting codes: Unlike other computerised accounting packages which require numeric codes, Tally.ERP 9 pioneered the \u2018no accounting codes\u2019 concept. Tally.ERP 9 users have the freedom to allocate meaningful names in plain English to their data items in the system.\r\nComplete business solution: Tally.ERP 9 provides a comprehensive solution to the accounting and inventory needs of a business. The package comprises financial accounting, book-keeping and inventory accounting. It also has various tools to extract, interpret and present data.\r\nIntegrated\/ Non-integrated accounting and inventory: With Tally.ERP 9, the user is able to choose between accounting and accounting with inventory. If accounting with inventory is opted for, the user can choose whether it should be integrated or not.\r\nFlexible and easy to use: Tally.ERP 9 is very flexible. It mimics the human thought process, which means that Tally.ERP 9 can adapt to any business need. Tally.ERP 9 users need not change the way their business is run to adapt to the package.\r\nSpeed : Tally.ERP 9 provides the capability to generate instant and accurate reports, which assists the management to take timely and correct decisions for the overall productivity and growth of the company.\r\nPower : Tally.ERP 9 allows the user to maintain multiple companies and with unlimited levels of classification &amp; grouping capabilities. It also allows drill downfacility from report level to transaction level.\r\nFlexibility : Tally.ERP 9 provides flexiblity to generate instant reports for any given period (month\/year) or at any point of time besides providing the facility to toggle between Accounting &amp; Inventory reports of the same company or between companies.\r\nConcurrent multi-lingual capability : Tally.ERP 9 offers you the exclusive capability of maintaining your accounts in any Indian language, viewing them in another language and printing them in yet another Indian language.\r\nReal time processing : Immediate posting &amp; updation of books of accounts as soon as the transactions are entered, thereby facilitating instant statements &amp; Reports. It also faciliaties real-time multi-user environment.\r\nVersatility: Tally.ERP 9 is suitable for a range of organisations, from small grocery stores to large corporations with international locations and operations.\r\nMulti-platform availability: Tally.ERP 9 is available on Windows 95, 98, ME, 2000 and NT. It runs on a single PC or on a network. On a network, it supports access via any combination of platforms.\r\nTechnology Advantages\r\nSimple and rapid installation: Tally.ERP 9 has a simple, menu-driven installation procedure. The user can install the program files on any drive if the hard disk has partitions. The user can also specify the name and directory location of the program files. Tally.ERP 9\r\nuses minimum hard disk space in the local drive. Its installation on the local disk takes just a few seconds.\r\nUnlimited multi-user support: A multi-user version of Tally.ERP 9 can be installed on a network, having any number of computers with different operating systems such as Win 95, 98, NT, 2000, XP and Linux.\r\nInternal backup\/ restore: Tally.ERP 9 has an in-built, user-friendly \u2018backup and restore\u2019 option. It helps the user to take a backup of one or more companies or all companies, in a single directory, in the local hard disk, or in any external media.\r\nData reliability: Tally.ERP 9 offers reliable data. It uses a flexi-field, flexi-length, selfindexed, weighted file structure for an extremely compact and fast database. Tally.ERP 9 is robust and even if there is a power failure or the computer is incorrectly shut down, data is\r\nnot lost. Tally.ERP 9 uses signalling quality data integrity checks, at regular levels, to ensure the complete reliability of data.\r\n\r\nUser-defined security levels: Tally.ERP 9 offers high levels of security. Users can define multiple levels of security according to their requirements. Every authorised user in the company can have an individual password, with rights to use specific features only. The\r\nuser with the administrator level password will have full access and can set controls for other users.\r\n\r\nDownload\u00a0\r\n\r\nTally.ERP 9 Tutorials pdf Free Download\u00a0\r\n\r\nFile size: 20 mb\r\n\r\nPages : 1150\u00a0\r\n\r\nClick here to Download Tally.ERP 9 Pdf Tutorial","headline":"Fundamentals of Tally.ERP 9 &#8211; Tutorial pdf free Download","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-01-16","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/tally-erp-300x268.jpg","height":268,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-production-planning-and-control-objectives-of-ppc/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/production-planning-and-control-300x200.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Production Planning and Control &#8211; Objectives, Functions Of PPC</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-production-planning-and-control-objectives-of-ppc/">Production Planning and Control &#8211; Objectives, Functions Of PPC</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Introduction to Production Planning and Control ( PPC )
Production is done by manufacturing different things with various processes. Planning looks ahead, anticipates possible difficulties, and...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-production-planning-and-control-objectives-of-ppc/" aria-label="View Post: Production Planning and Control &#8211; Objectives, Functions Of PPC">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Production Planning and Control &#8211; Objectives, Functions Of PPC","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-production-planning-and-control-objectives-of-ppc\/","articleBody":"Introduction to Production Planning and Control ( PPC )\r\nProduction is done by manufacturing different things with various processes. Planning looks ahead, anticipates possible difficulties, and decides in advance about the production. The control phase makes sure that the programmed production is constantly maintained.\r\nA production planning and control (PPC) system has many functions to perform like:-\r\n\r\n\r\n \tPlanning phase:- Forecasting, order writing, product, product design, material control, tool control, loading, etc.\r\n \tAction phase:- Dispatching\r\n \tControl phase:- Data processing, expediting and replanning\r\n\r\n\r\n \tProduction planning and control can be viewed as the nervous system of the production operation.\r\n \tThis function aims at the efficient utilization of material resources, people, and facilities in any undertaking through planning, coordinating, and controlling the production activities that transform the raw material into finished products or components as the most optimal manner.\r\n \tAll the activities in the manufacturing or production cycle must be planned, coordinated, organized, and controlling to its objectives.\r\n \tProduction planning and control as a department plays a vital role in manufacturing organizations.\r\n \tIt is clear from the name that it is something about planning. Planning is defined as setting goals. Production planning and control provides different kinds of information to different departments.\r\n \tIt provides information about available manufacturing resources to the marketing department. Marketing department receives orders according to that information. Similarly, it coordinates with other departments and provides relevant information.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n production planning and control\r\nWhat is PPC?\r\n\r\n \tProduction planning and control may be defined as the direction and coordination of the firm's material and physical facilities towards the attainment of pre-specified production goals, most efficiently and economically.\r\n \tAccording to Samuel Elion: \u201cThe highest efficiency in production is obtained by manufacturing the required quantity of the product, of the required quality, at the required time, by the best and cheapest method.\u201d\r\n \tTo attain this target, management employs production planning and control, the tool that co-ordinates all manufacturing activities.\r\n \tThe four factors mentioned above\u2014namely: quantity, quality, time and price encompass the production system, of which production planning and control is the brain.\r\n \tProduction control will be in action when production activity begins.\r\n\r\nIt can comprise the following activities\r\n\r\n1) Determination of the required product mix and factory load to satisfy customer\u2019s needs.\r\n2) Matching the required level of production to the existing resources.\r\n3) Scheduling (Scheduling is the process of arranging, controlling, and optimizing work and workloads in a production process or manufacturing process. Scheduling is used to allocate plant and machinery resources, plan human resources, plan production processes and purchase materials) and choosing the actual work to be started in the manufacturing facility\"\r\n4) Setting up and delivering production orders to production facilities.\r\nRelations between Production Planning and Control\r\n\r\n \tThere exists a very close inter-relationship among the phases and functions of the production planning and control and they are mutually supporting. For instance, realistic planning is quite dependent upon the data which is compiled during the function phase. Action, in turn, is dependent upon continuous planning of the work to be performed by the activity. Follow-up is the comparison of the work that was originally planned against the work actually done. It must be understood, that if the plans are lacking, or not stated properly or are recorded inadequately in terms of objectives, starting and completion dates, and utilization of resources, there will not be a basis for a comprehensive follow up phase. \r\n\r\nRelation between production planning and production control\r\n\r\n \tThe planning and control is an integral part of the system and it is very difficult to isolate one from the other. They are so inter-related that one is always identified with the other. Planning concerns with the formulation of production strategies and targets for the enterprise whereas control is vested with actual implementation and execution of planned Objectives. Production planning determines the operations required to manufacture the product and control regulates and supervises these operations. Through production control information the organization can locate shortcomings in the planning process and the necessary modifications can be done at the time of planning in the future. Similarly, production control operations can be improved to adjust with the planning requirements.\r\n\r\nNeed of PPC\r\nPPC is needed to achieve:\r\n1) Effective utilization of the firm\u2019s resources.\r\n2) To achieve the production objective concerning quality, quantity, cost, and timeliness of delivery.\r\n3) To obtain the uninterrupted production flow to meet the customer demands concerning quality and committed delivery schedule.\r\n4) To help the company to supply a good quality product to the customer continuously at company rates.\r\nObjectives of PPC\r\n\r\n \tThere are three M's of production viz, Men, Materials and Machines without which production cannot be carried out.\r\n \tThe production planning and control (P.P.C.) system integrates and coordinates the use of manpower, machines, and materials for efficient production to meet the sales requirements.\r\n\r\nObjectives of PPC are discussed below:\r\n1. To design a system and plan, by which production may be carried out to meet the promised delivery date consistent with minimum cost and quality standard.\r\n2. To ensure efficient utilization of production facilities.\r\n3. To coordinate the production activities of different departments.\r\n4. To maintain adequate but not excessive stock of raw materials, work in process, and of finished goods to meet production requirements and delivery schedules at the most economical level.\r\n5. To ensure the production of the right product in the right quality at the right time.\r\n6. To maintain flexibility in manufacturing operations, to accommodate rush jobs or to meet contingencies.\r\n7. To co-ordinate labor, machines, and equipment most effectively and economically.\r\n8. Ensuring smooth flow of materials by eliminating bottlenecks if any, in production.\r\n9. Establishing targets and checking it against performance.\r\n10. To provide alternative production strategies in case of emergencies.\r\n11. To determine the nature and magnitude of various input factors to manufacture the desired output\r\n12. The PPC department guides production by preparing and issuing manufacturing orders which direct the use of facilities and material and allocate labor to the output of the required quantity of products of the required quality.\r\nFactors affecting on PPC\r\nPPC is affected by the different factors, which all are discussed below:\r\n\r\n1) Use of Computers:\r\n\r\nModern factories are using office automation equipment like PC, punch cards, etc. It helps accurate computation of required of men and machines.\r\n\r\n2) Seasonal Variations:\r\n\r\nThe demand for certain products is affected by seasons, for instance umbrellas and raincoats during the monsoons and outputs. Production planning and control must consider such changes while planning and control activities of inputs and outputs.\r\n\r\n3) Test Marketing:\r\n\r\nIn an aggressive marketing strategy new products are to be test marketed to know the trends. This is a short- cycle operation, intermittent and often upsets regular production.\r\n\r\n4) After Sales Service:\r\n\r\nThis has become an important parameter for success. In after-sales services, many items are returned for repair. These are unscheduled work and also overload the production line.\r\n\r\n5) Losses due to Unpredictable Factors:\r\n\r\nLosses occur due to accidents, fire, and theft of production inputs, mainly materials and components. These are unpredictable. Shortage of input due to such factors upset the planned production schedule in time and quantity.\r\n\r\n6) Losses due to Predictable Factors:\r\n\r\nThere are losses of inputs, due to natural engineering phenomena like production losses and changes in the consumption of materials and the occurrence of defectives.\r\n\r\n7) Production of Order:\r\n\r\nThere are occasions when last-minute prioritization of existing orders due to external pressure takes place. These changes in priority are often decided by a sufficiently high level of management.\r\n\r\n8) Design Changes:\r\n\r\nDesign changes are issued by R &amp; D and the engineering department. This will necessarily force production planning control to change the input materials and process.\r\n\r\n9) Rejection and Replacement:\r\n\r\nThere are occasions when sub-assemblies or finished goods are rejected during a stage or final inspection. Production planning and control must cater for contingent plans to take care of rework without affecting scheduled quality\r\nFunctions of PPC\r\nThree main phases of PPC:\r\n1. Planning phase\r\n2. Action phase\r\n3. Follow up or control phase \r\n\r\n \tThese three phases as mentioned above make up the main body of functions of PPC. There are other secondary functions that are essential contributors to the efficient performance of production, planning, and control. \r\n \tAlso there are other functions that are supported by these three phases which are not generally considered to be direct functions of production planning and control. \r\n \tThese include quality control- cost control and so on.\r\n\r\nfunction of ppc\r\n\r\nPrior Planning:\r\n\r\n \tPrior planning implies that a course of action is established in advance. The whole activity must be planned and exists on paper before the very first action takes place\r\n1. Fore-canting (Estimation of future work): Fore-casting is defined as the estimation of future activities i.e. the estimation of type, quantity, and quality of future work. These estimates provide the basis for establishing the future requirement for men, materials, machines, time, and money.\r\n2. Order writing (Preparation of work authorization): If the work is to be controlled, it must begin with a specified documents authorising it. So it means giving the authority to one or more persons to do a particular job.\r\n3. Product design (Preparation of specifications): After the work authorization has been prepared the next step is to collect the information necessary to describe the work in detail. This includes blueprints or drawings, a list of specifications, a bill of material, and so on.\r\n\r\nAction Planning:\r\n\r\nIn any type of work activity the following steps are necessary for planning details of the work to be done:\r\n\r\n1. Process planning: The determination of the most economical method of performing an activity, all factors being considered. Routing. The arrangement of work stations is determined by the route.\r\n2. Material control: Determination of material requirements and control of material (inventory control).\r\n3. Tool control: Tool control may be subdivided into two categories :\r\n(a) Design and procurement of new tools.\r\n(b) Control storage and maintenance of tools after procurement.\r\n4. Loading: Determination and control of equipment and manpower requirements. Loading may be defined as the assignment of work to the facility. The facility may be equipment, manpower, or both.\r\n5. Scheduling: Determination when the work is to be done. Scheduling consists of time phasing of loading (workload) i.e., setting both, starting and ending time for the work to be done.\r\n\r\nThe common practice dictates that routing, loading, and scheduling be performed simultaneously.\r\n\r\nAction Phase:\r\n\r\n \tThe work is started in the action phase. There is only one production planning activity in the action phase i.e., dispatching. Dispatching is the transition from the planning phase to the action phase.\r\n \tIt consists of the actual release of detailed work authorization to the work centers. Follow up or Control Phase:\r\n \tOnce the work is started in an activity it is necessary to evaluate continuously the progress in terms of plan so that deviations can be detected and corrected as quickly as possible. The control phase accordingly consists of two parts:\r\n\r\nProgress report:\r\n1. Progress reporting: (Data collection). The first step in progress reporting is to collect data for what is actually happening in the activity (Progress of work).\r\n2. Data interpretation. After the data has been collected, then it is necessary to interpret it by comparing the actual performance against the plan.\r\n\r\nCorrective Action:\r\n1. Expediting. If the data collected from the production unit indicates that there is a significant deviation from the plan and the plan cannot be changed, then some action must be taken to get back on plan.\r\n2. Replanning. It should be emphasized that the plan is not to be changed but to be followed, however, if after expediting to correct deviation it is found that, it is impossible to perform according to plan. It would be necessary to replan the whole affair. It may also be found that there were errors made while developing the original plan. In all such cases replanning is necessary.","headline":"Production Planning and Control &#8211; Objectives, Functions Of PPC","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-01-15","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/production-planning-and-control-300x200.jpg","height":200,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-plant-layout-objectives-and-principles/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/plant-layout-min-300x142.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What Is Plant Layout | Objectives and Principles</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-plant-layout-objectives-and-principles/">What Is Plant Layout | Objectives and Principles</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What Is Plant Layout | Objectives and Principles
What is Plant Layout :   Plant layout is the most effective physical arrangement, either existing or in plans of industrial facilities i.e....</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-plant-layout-objectives-and-principles/" aria-label="View Post: What Is Plant Layout | Objectives and Principles">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What Is Plant Layout | Objectives and Principles","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-plant-layout-objectives-and-principles\/","articleBody":"What Is Plant Layout | Objectives and Principles\r\nWhat is Plant Layout :\u00a0\r\n\r\nPlant layout is the most effective physical arrangement, either existing or in plans of industrial facilities i.e. arrangement of machines, processing equipment and service departments to achieve greatest co-ordination and efficiency of 4 M\u2019s (Men, Materials, Machines and Methods) in a plant.\r\n\r\nLayout problems are fundamental to every type of organization\/enterprise and are experienced in all kinds of concerns\/undertakings. The adequacy of layout affects the efficiency of subsequent operations.\r\n\r\nDefinitions of Plant Layout :\r\nAccording to James Lundy, \u201cLayout identically involves the allocation of space and the arrangement of equipment in such a manner that overall operating costs are minimized\u201d. In the words of Mallick and Gandreau, \u201cPlant layout is a floor plan for determining and arranging the designed machinery and equipment of a plant, whether established or contemplated, in the best place, to permit the quickest flow of material, at the lowest cost and with the minimum handling in processing the product, from the receipt of raw material to the shipment of finished product\u201d.\r\n\r\nAccording to Apple, \u201cPlant layout is planning the path each component\/ part of the product is to follow through the plant, coordinating the various parts so that the manufacturing processes may be carried out in the most economical manner, then preparing drawing or other representation of the arrangement and finally seeing that the plan is properly put into effect.\u201d (Plant Layout and Material by Apple).\r\n\r\nPlant layout means the disposition of facilities like equipments, material, manpower etc. and the services of the plant within the area of the site selected for plant setup. It begins with the design of the factory building and extends up to the location and movement of a work table.\r\nAll the equipments and resources are given a proper place.\r\n\r\nplant layout\r\n\r\nNeed of Plant layout:\r\n\r\nMany situations give rise to the problem of plant layout. Two plants having similar operations may not have identical layout. This may be due to size of the plant, nature of the process and management\u2019s caliber. The necessity of plant layout may be feel and the problem may arise when.\r\n\r\n(i) There are design changes in the product.\r\n\r\n(ii) There is an expansion of the enterprise.\r\n\r\n(iii) There is proposed variation in the size of the departments.\r\n\r\n(iv) Some new product is to be added to the existing line.\r\n\r\n(v) Some new department is to be added to enterprise and there is reallocation of the existing department.\r\n\r\n(vi) A new plant is to be set up.\r\nObjectives of a good plant layout:\r\n1. Material handling and transportation is minimized and efficiently controlled\r\n2. Bottlenecks and points of congestion are eliminated (to make the raw material and semi finished goods move fast between consecutive\r\nwork stations)\r\n3. Suitable and adequate spaces are allocated to production centres and service centres\r\n4. Minimizing the workers movement\r\n5. Enhancing safety of the working conditions for all employees\r\n6. Increased flexibility in design changes for future changes and expansion\r\n7. Reduced plant maintenance cost\r\n\r\nPrinciples of Plant layout:\r\na) Integration of production facilities in an efficient manner\r\nb) Minimum movements and material handling\r\nc) Smooth and continuous flow, by implementing proper line balancing techniques\r\nd) Cubic space utilization by saving the floor space for storage and making use of ceiling\r\ne) Safe and improved environments in shape of safe and efficient work places\r\n\r\nf) Flexibility for accommodating changing product designs and production process","headline":"What Is Plant Layout | Objectives and Principles","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-01-15","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/plant-layout-min-300x142.jpg","height":142,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/production-management-definition-function-and-scope/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/production-management-cycle-300x251.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Production Management : Definition, Function and Scope</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/production-management-definition-function-and-scope/">Production Management : Definition, Function and Scope</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Production Management : Definition, Function and Scope
Meaning of Production Management:
Production Management refers to the application of management principles to the production function in a...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/production-management-definition-function-and-scope/" aria-label="View Post: Production Management : Definition, Function and Scope">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Production Management : Definition, Function and Scope","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/production-management-definition-function-and-scope\/","articleBody":"Production Management : Definition, Function and Scope\r\nMeaning of Production Management:\r\nProduction Management refers to the application of management principles to the production function in a factory. In other words, production management involves application of planning, organizing, directing and controlling the production process.\r\n\r\nThe application of management to the field of production has been the result of at least three developments:\r\n\r\n(i) First is the development of factory system of production. Until the emergence of the concept of manufacturing, there was no such thing as management as we know it. It is true that people operated business of one type or another, but for the most part, these people were owners of business and did not regard themselves as managers as well,\r\n\r\n(ii) Essentially stems from the first, namely, the development of the large corporation with many owners and the necessity to hire people to operate the business,\r\n\r\n(iii) Stems from the work of many of the pioneers of scientific management who were able to demonstrate the value, from a performance and profit point of view, of some of the techniques they were developing.\r\nDefinition of Production Management\u00a0:\r\nIt is observed that one cannot demarcate the beginning and end points of Production Management in an establishment. The reason is that it is interrelated with many other functional areas of business, viz., marketing, finance, industrial relation policies etc.\r\n\r\nAlternately, Production Management is not independent of marketing, financial and personnel management due to which it is very difficult to formulate some single appropriate definition of Production Management.\r\n\r\nIn short, the main activities of production management can be listed as:\r\n\r\n(i) Specification and procurement of input resources namely management, material, and land, labour, equipment and capital.\r\n\r\n(ii) Product design and development to determine the production process for transforming the input factors into output of goods and services.\r\n\r\n(iii) Supervision and control of transformation process for efficient production of goods and services.\r\nFunctions of Production Management:\r\nThe definitions discussed above clearly shows that the concept of production management is related mainly to the organizations engaged in production of goods and services. Earlier these organizations were mostly in the form of one man shops having insignificant problems of managing the productions.\r\n\r\nBut with development and expansion of production organizations in the shape of factories more complicated problems like location and lay out, inventory control, quality control, routing and scheduling of the production process etc. came into existence which required more detailed analysis and study of the whole phenomenon.\r\n\r\nThis resulted in the development of production management in the area of factory management. In the beginning the main function of production management was to control labour costs which at that time constituted the major proportion of costs associated with production.\r\n\r\nBut with development of factory system towards mechanization and automation the indirect labour costs increased tremendously in comparison to direct labour costs, e.g., designing and packing of the products, production and inventory control, plant layout and location, transportation of raw materials and finished products etc. The planning and control of all these activities required more expertise and special techniques.\r\n\r\nIn modern times production management has to perform a variety of functions, namely:\r\n\r\n(i) Design and development of production process.\r\n\r\n(ii) Production planning and control.\r\n\r\n(iii) Implementation of the plan and related activities to produce the desired output.\r\n\r\n(iv) Administration and co-ordination of the activities of various components and departments responsible for producing the necessary goods and services.\r\n\r\nHowever, the responsibility of determining the output characteristics and the distribution strategy followed by an organization including pricing and selling policies are normally outside the scope of Production Management.\r\nScope of Production Management:\r\nThe scope of production management is indeed vast. Commencing with the selection of location, production management covers such activities as acquisition of land, constructing building, procuring and installing machinery, purchasing and storing raw materials and converting them into saleable products. Added to the above are other related topics such as quality management, maintenance management, production planning and control, methods improvement and work simplification and other related areas.\r\n\r\n production management cycle\r\n\r\nFactors related to design in PM cycle are:\r\n1. Product design\r\n2. Job and process design\r\n3. Labour skills and training programs\r\n4. Equipment selection\r\n5. Material selection input\r\n6. Plant selection and layout\r\n7. Scheduling steps of the plan\r\n8. Implementing and controlling the schedule\r\n9. Operating the production system\r\n\r\nFactors related to control systems in PM cycle are:\r\n1. Inventory control policies\r\n2. Quality control policies\r\n3. Production schedule control policies\r\n4. Productivity and cost control policies\r\n5. Constructing control systems\r\n6. Implementing and operating control systems\r\n7. Modifying policies and designs","headline":"Production Management : Definition, Function and Scope","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-01-15","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/production-management-cycle-300x251.jpg","height":251,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=138">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=137"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>137</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=138"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>138</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>139</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=140"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>140</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=141"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>141</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=140">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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