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Advantages and Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/pressurized-water-reactor-pwr-advantages-and-disadvantages/">Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) - Advantages and Disadvantages
 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR):
It is a thermal reactor, using enriched uranium oxide, clad in zircalloy as fuel. A PWR has fuel...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/pressurized-water-reactor-pwr-advantages-and-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/pressurized-water-reactor-pwr-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) - Advantages and Disadvantages\r\n\u00a0Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR):\r\nIt is a thermal reactor, using enriched uranium oxide, clad in zircalloy as fuel. A PWR has fuel assemblies of 200-300 rods each, ar\u00adranged vertically in the core, and a large reactor would have about 150-250 fuel assemblies with 80-100 tonnes of ura\u00adnium. The pressure vessel is of steel. Water under pressure is used both as coolant and moderator. The pressure vessel and the heat exchanger are surrounded by a concrete shield. In this reactor, bulk boiling water is prevented as the water is pressurized to about 150 atmospheres.\r\n\r\nThe hot water from the reactor flows to a heat exchanger (or steam generator) where its heat is transferred to the feed water to generate steam. The secondary cooling operates at a low pressure. The primary coolant then flows from the heat exchanger to the primary circulating pump which pumps it back to the reactor. The steam is condensed in the condenser and the condensate returns to heat exchanger forming a closed circuit. The primary circuit of a pressurized water reactor (PWR) contains a \u2018pressurizer\u2019.\r\n\r\nThis is simply a pressure vessel with an electric heating coil at the bottom and a water spray at the top. The top of the vessel is filled with steam at primary circuit pressure. When the primary circuit pressure decreases, the heating coil gets energized and boils the water to form steam resulting in increase in steam content in the vessel.\r\n\r\nThis results in the increase in pressure of the primary circuit. In case the steam pressure of the primary circuit becomes too high cold water is sprayed into the steam in the pressurizer. The steam is condensed and therefore primary circuit pressure is reduced. The steam generated is of rather poor quality, temperature around 250\u00b0C and pressure 42 kg\/cm2.\r\n\r\nPressurized Water Reactor (PWR) - Advantages and Disadvantages\r\n\r\nAdvantages Of Pressurized Water Reactor :\r\n\r\n(i) Compactness,\r\n\r\n(ii) Possibility of breed\u00ading plutonium,\r\n\r\n(iii) Isolation of radioactive materials from the main steam system,\r\n\r\n(iv) Cheap light water can be used as coolant-cum-moderator,\r\n\r\n(v) High power density, and\r\n\r\n(vi) The reactor responds to supply more power when the load in\u00adcreases. The positive power demand coefficient makes this almost automatic.\r\n\r\nHowever, it suffers from the following drawbacks:\r\n\r\n(i) Use of high pressure water system. So a strong pres\u00adsure vessel is required which results in high cost.\r\n\r\n(ii) Formation of low temperature (250\u00b0 C) steam.\r\n\r\n(iii) Use of expensive cladding material for prevention of corrosion.\r\n\r\n(iv) High losses from heat exchanger.\r\n\r\n(v) High power consumption by auxiliaries.\r\n\r\n(vi) In comparison to other types, requirement of more elaborate safety devices.\r\n\r\n(vii) These reactors cannot be re-fuelled while operating and for recharging the reactor is to be shut down for a couple of months. Also, there is difficulty in fuel element design and fabrication.\r\n\r\n(viii) The thermodynamic efficiency of this plant is low (about 20%) due to low pressure in the secondary circuit.\r\n\r\nThe reactors installed at Rajasthan Atomic Power Sta\u00adtion, Madras Atomic Power Station and Narora Atomic Power Project are of pressurized water reactor type. However they use heavy water as coolant and moderator. Such reactors are known as pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWR).","headline":"Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-07-17","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Pressurized-Water-Reactor-PWR-Advantages-and-Disadvantages-300x190.jpg","height":190,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/causes-of-industrial-accident-types-of-accidents/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/types-of-accident-300x226.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Causes Of Industrial Accident &#8211; Types Of Accidents</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/causes-of-industrial-accident-types-of-accidents/">Causes Of Industrial Accident &#8211; Types Of Accidents</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Causes Of Industrial Accident - Types Of Accidents
Causes Of Industrial Accident 
Industrial accidents are the result of a combination of factors.  According to safety experts accidents normally...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/causes-of-industrial-accident-types-of-accidents/" aria-label="View Post: Causes Of Industrial Accident &#8211; Types Of Accidents">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Causes Of Industrial Accident &#8211; Types Of Accidents","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/causes-of-industrial-accident-types-of-accidents\/","articleBody":"Causes Of Industrial Accident - Types Of Accidents\r\nCauses Of Industrial Accident \r\nIndustrial accidents are the result of a combination of factors.\r\n\r\nAccording to safety experts accidents normally occur due to following factors:\r\n\r\n1. Unsafe working conditions.\r\n\r\n2. Unsafe activities of workers\r\n\r\n3. Other causes.\r\n\r\nAll these causes have been discussed as follows:\r\n1. Unsafe working conditions:\r\nThese causes are associated with defective plants, equipment, tool materials etc.\r\n\r\n(a) Defective equipment\/ machines.\r\n\r\n(b) Complicated procedure of performing a job.\r\n\r\n(c) Inadequate safety devices.\r\n\r\n(d) Wrong and faulty layout of the production unit.\r\n\r\n(e) Improper or insufficient light.\r\n\r\n(f) Improper ventilation\r\n\r\n(g) Improperly guarded equipment.\r\n2.\u00a0Unsafe activities of workers:\r\nThese activities may be the result of inexperience, deficiency of knowledge, inadequate training etc.\r\n\r\nThese acts include:\r\n\r\n(a) Casual behaviour of workers.\r\n\r\n(b) Lack of interest and indifferent attitude of workers towards work.\r\n\r\n(c) Wrong placement of workers.\r\n\r\n(d) Failure to adopt and obey safety measures.\r\n\r\n(e) Lack of experience for the job given.\r\n\r\n(f) Fear of supervisory staff leading to consciousness.\r\n\r\n(g) Using intoxicants while working\r\n\r\n(h) Longer hours of continuous work without rest pause.\r\n3. Other causes:\r\nAccidents may also be caused by factors not directly related to conditions and facts.\r\n\r\nSuch factors may include the followings:\r\n\r\n(a) There are more accidents during night shift than during day shift.\r\n\r\n(b) Untrained or less trained workers are more prone to accident than experienced workers.\r\n\r\n(c) Women employees have better safety records than their male counterparts.\r\n\r\n(d) Persons working under any kind of stress (emotional, family problems, threat of losing a job) have record of more accidents than those who do not.\r\nIndustrial Accident:\r\nAn accident (industrial) is a sudden and unexpected occurrence in the industry which interrupts the orderly progress of the work. According to the Factories Act, 1948: \u201cIt is an occurrence in an industrial establishment causing bodily injury to a person who makes him unfit to resume his duties in the next 48 hours\u201d.\r\n\r\nIn other words, accident is an unexpected event in the course of employment which is neither anticipated nor designed to occur. Thus, an accident is an unplanned and uncontrolled event in which an action or reaction of an object, a substance, a person, or a radiation results in personal injury. It is important to note that self-inflicted injuries cannot be regarded as accidents.\r\n\r\nAn industrial injury is defined as \u201ca personal injury to an employee which has been caused by an accident or an occupational disease and which arises out of or in the course of employment and which could entitle such employee to compensation under Workers\u2019 Compensation Act, 1923\u201d.\r\nTypes of Accidents:\r\nAccidents may be of different types depending upon the severity, durability and degree of the injury. An accident causing death or permanent or prolonged disability to the injured employee is called \u2018major accident. A cut that does not render the employee disabled is termed as \u2018minor\u2019 acci\u00addent. When an employee gets injury with external signs of it, it is external injury.\r\n\r\n types of accident\r\n\r\nInjury without showing external signs such as a fractured bone is called an internal one. When an injury renders an injured employee disabled for a short period, say, a day or a week, it is a temporary accident. On the contrary, making injured employee disabled for ever is called permanent accident. Disability caused by accident may be partial or total, fatal or non-fatal.\r\n\r\nNo accident occurs automatically. Instead, certain factors cause accidents. It has been noticed that an accident does not have a single cause but a multiplicity of causes, which are often closely related. The same is discussed subsequently.","headline":"Causes Of Industrial Accident &#8211; Types Of Accidents","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-07-17","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/types-of-accident-300x226.jpg","height":226,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/nuclear-power-plant-components-advantages-and-disadvantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Pressurized-Water-Reactor-300x187.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Nuclear Power Plant : Components , Advantages and Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/nuclear-power-plant-components-advantages-and-disadvantages/">Nuclear Power Plant : Components , Advantages and Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Nuclear Power Plant : Components , Advantages and Disadvantages
Introduction to Nuclear Power Plant:
Nuclear energy is a recent entrant in the field of power production. The heat produced by...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/nuclear-power-plant-components-advantages-and-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: Nuclear Power Plant : Components , Advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Nuclear Power Plant : Components , Advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/nuclear-power-plant-components-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"Nuclear Power Plant : Components , Advantages and Disadvantages\r\nIntroduction to Nuclear Power Plant:\r\nNuclear energy is a recent entrant in the field of power production. The heat produced by nuclear fission in the atoms is utilized in a special heat exchanger for the generation of steam which is used to drive turbo-generator.\r\n\r\nAny atom can be made to undergo fission for energy release. In practical case, we take such a fuel which can sustain a chain reaction.\r\n\r\nCertain heavy atoms are in a precarious state of internal balance, to the extent that by inducing a neutron to enter their nuclei they will fission into two small nuclei, eject two or three neutrons and the fragments emit rays such as \u03b1, \u03b2, and \u01b4 rays.\r\n\r\nnuclear power plant fusion reaction\r\n\r\nor each splitting atom, about 2.5 new neutrons are emitted. These free atoms have very high velocity of the order 1.5 \u00d7 107\u00a0m\/s. U238\u00a0will also undergo fission but the reaction is not a sustained chain reaction. To sustain a chain reaction in natural Uranium, fast neutrons must be moderated in order to slow down to thermal speed. U238\u00a0is transformed to Pu239\u00a0which is highly fissionable and contributes to heat production.\r\n\r\nRead Also:\u00a0Working Of Thermal Power Plant - Advantages and Disadvantages\r\nFunctions of Nuclear Power Plant:\r\nThe functions of nuclear reactors are as follows:\r\n\r\n(a) To provide neutrons with enough energy so that the same may be absorbed by the nuclei of certain heavy atoms causing fission so that a large amount of energy is liberated.\r\n\r\n(b) To utilize the energy liberated in the form of kinetic energy.\r\n\r\n(c) To maintain a self-sustaining chain reaction of fission so as to provide a continuous source of heat energy at any desired temperature.\r\nComponents of Nuclear Power Plant:\r\nfollowing are the main components of a nuclear power plant:\r\n\r\ni. Fuel core or fissionable material\r\n\r\nii. Moderator\r\n\r\niii. Shield\r\n\r\niv. Reflector\r\n\r\nv. Reactor vessel\r\n\r\nvi. Control rod\r\n\r\nvii. Coolant\r\n\r\ni. Fuel Core:\r\n\r\nIt is made up of fuel rods or assembles containing natural uranium or plutonium or U235\u00a0or thorium232. This must be clad with a corrosion-resisting metal. Fissioning makes the metal hot and produces a high temperature. The resisting material should be stainless steel or zirconium.\r\n\r\nii. Moderator:\r\n\r\nIt consists of a material such as graphite packed around the fuel to slow down the fast neutrons to thermal speed (2200 m\/s). The fission process produces neutrons of high velocity which must be slowed down. The moderator may be graphite, light water, or heavy water (D2O, deuterium). The moderator should not absorb the neutron produced.\r\n\r\niii. Shield:\r\n\r\nThe fission results in the emission of \u03b1, \u03b2, and \u01b4 rays. All these are dangerous to human life. Thus, a nuclear reactor is enclosed within a biological shield which reduces the emission passing through it. A shield of several meters of heavy barite concrete may be used.\r\n\r\niv. Reflector:\r\n\r\nIt usually surrounds the reactor core within the thermal shield. It bounces back most of the neutrons that escape from the fuel core. Beryllium can be used as a reflector but it is toxic and therefore must be handled with care.\r\n\r\nv. Reactor Vessel:\r\n\r\nIt completely encloses the reactor core with its reflector and thermal shield. The reactor vessel provides the passage for directing the coolant flow through the nuclear core.\r\n\r\nvi. Control Rod:\r\n\r\nIt absorbs excess neutrons released during the fission process. The rod is usually of boron. It absorbs neutrons instantly and can be moved in and out of holes in the reactor core assembly.\r\n\r\nvii. Coolant:\r\n\r\nThe main problem in a reactor is to remove the heat produced. The coolant used may be H2O, D2O, helium, sodium, or sodium-potassium.\r\nTypes of Nuclear Power Plant:\r\nNuclear power plant are majorly classified as:\r\n\r\n(a) Boiling water reactor (BWR)\r\n\r\n(b) Pressurized water reactor (PWR)\r\n\r\n(c) Liquid metal cooled reactor (LMCR)\r\n\r\n(a) Boiling Water Reactor:\r\n\r\nIn a boiling water reactor, the water acts as a coolant as well as moderator. The water circulates upward through the fuel core and downward over the thermal shield. Steam is formed by the dissipation of heat of the fuel and the steam produced is used to run the steam turbine. In this reactor, the pressure of steam is just the working pressure of steam used by the turbine.\r\n\r\nIn this reactor, there is no separate steam generator and there will be only one steam circuit. The steam produced by the reactor is radioactive. Steam piping and casing of turbine requires proper shielding to protect the persons working in the power station.\r\n\r\nThe condensate is directly sent to the reactor as feed water. The steam produced in this case is radioactive. Hence, proper care must be taken. This is the simplest form of nuclear power plant.\u00a0\r\n\r\n(b) Pressurized Water Reactor:\r\n\r\nIn a pressurized water reactor, there are two circuits of water. One is primary circuit in which water is directly passed through the fuel core and becomes radioactive. Steam is produced in the secondary circuit which consists of heat exchanger which acts as boiler, as in a steam turbine.\r\n\r\n Pressurized Water Reactor\r\n\r\nThe pressure in primary circuit should be high so that the boiling of water takes place at high pressure. A pressurizing tank keeps the water at about 100 bar, so that it will not boil. The water acts both as a coolant as well as a moderator. The pressurized water reactor is shown in Fig\r\n\r\n(c) Liquid metal cooled reactor:\r\n\r\nThe layout of the liquid metal cooled reactor is shown in Fig. The setup has used two coolant loops, primary and secondary loops, and there are two heat exchangers to form the loop.\r\n\r\nIn the first loop, sodium (Na) is used as the coolant. Sodium is opted because it can be operated at high temperature (about 700\u00b0C) at atmospheric pressure of 1 bar and boiling and freezing temperatures are 880\u00b0C and 75\u00b0C, respectively. Sodium is first melted by electrical heater and pressurized to 7 bar pressure and then it is circulated through reactor vessel and gets heated by fission heat of reactor and then it is cooled in primary heat exchanger and goes back again to reactor vessel after transferring heat to the alloy of sodium and potassium (Nak) in the secondary loop.\r\n\r\n Liquid metal cooled reactor\r\n\r\nIn the secondary loop, the Nak in liquid form is used as coolant. The liquid Nak gets heated in the primary loop heat exchanger after taking heat from hot sodium. The heat received by sodium-potassium is transferred to feed water for the generation of steam.\r\n\r\nIn this case, low-cost graphite can be used as moderator. Sodium reacts with water and air and hence, heat exchanger must be made leakproof. Comparing to other coolant, leakage of sodium is very dangerous. Utmost care should be taken during the operation.\r\nAdvantages of Nuclear Power Plant:\r\nAs the amount of fuel consumption is very small compared to the conventional type of power plant, there is saving in the cost of fuel and transportation.\r\n\r\ni. A nuclear power plant requires less space compared to other power plants.\r\n\r\nii. Besides producing large amount of power, a nuclear power plant produces valuable fissionable material.\r\nDisadvantages of Nuclear Power Plant:\r\ni. Inspite of utmost care, danger of radioactive radiation always sustains.\r\n\r\nii. The working place is always harmful to health.\r\n\r\niii. The disposal of nuclear waste is difficult.\r\n\r\niv. The capital cost is always high.\r\n\r\nv. The maintenance cost of a nuclear power plant is high due to high salary paid to workers.\r\n\r\nvi. A nuclear power plant does not respond to load fluctuations.","headline":"Nuclear Power Plant : Components , Advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-07-17","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Pressurized-Water-Reactor-300x187.jpg","height":187,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/window-air-conditioner-working-and-installation/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/windows-air-conditioning-300x188.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Window Air Conditioner &#8211; Working and Installation</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/window-air-conditioner-working-and-installation/">Window Air Conditioner &#8211; Working and Installation</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Window Air Conditioner - Working and Installation
Window air conditioner consists of a compressor, a condenser, a drier, filter, capillary tube and an evaporator, An electric motor drive the fan to...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/window-air-conditioner-working-and-installation/" aria-label="View Post: Window Air Conditioner &#8211; Working and Installation">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Window Air Conditioner &#8211; Working and Installation","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/window-air-conditioner-working-and-installation\/","articleBody":"Window Air Conditioner - Working and Installation\r\nWindow air conditioner consists of a compressor, a condenser, a drier, filter, capillary tube and an evaporator, An electric motor drive the fan to circulate air through condenser coil and runs a blower to deliver either cool air to room or suck air from it before forcing through the evaporator coil which cools as well as dehumidifies the air. A thermostat is provided to maintain the desired temperature by means of an on-off control of compressor. Moreover filter is fitted near evaporator coil. The evaporator and condenser sides are separated through insulation. Dampers are also provided for appropriate air distribution.\r\n\r\nThe main controls are given below:\r\n\r\n1. On\/Off Timer:\r\n\r\nSet the time of on\/off operation. The timer can be set by the one hour for a maximum of 12 hours in the first 30 minutes.\r\n\r\n2. Fan Speed Selector:\r\n\r\nSelect the fan speed in three steps low (F1)\/Med (F2) High (F3).\r\n\r\n3. Room Temperature Setting Button:\r\n\r\nControl the room temperature with a high range of 16\u00b0C to 30\u00b0C.\r\n\r\n4. Auto Swing:\r\n\r\nThe vertical louver swings horizontally by the automatic system and stops when you press the button again.\r\n\r\n5. Air Purifier:\r\n\r\nUsed to start or stop plasma purification system.\r\n\r\n6. Sleep Button:\r\n\r\nSteep function can be set for a maximum of 7 hours.\r\n\r\n7. Auto-Reset:\r\n\r\nIn case of failure of electric power the unit runs as previous setting operation when power returns.\r\n\r\nOperation of Window-Air-Conditioner:\r\n\r\n1. Pull to open the control panel\r\n\r\n2. Use temperature knob to set the desired room temperature level.\r\n\r\n3. Use \u2018turbo cool\u2019 setting initially for half an hour for rapid cooling of the room. Always wait for 3 minutes before restarting the machine.\r\n\r\nwindows air conditioning\r\n\r\nHorizontal Air Deflectors\/Vertical Air Deflectors:\r\n\r\nWhen you want to deflect the conditioned air to the upward or downward direction, move the horizontal air deflectors by hand. Similarly when you want to deflect the conditioned air to the left or right direction, move the vertical Air deflectors by hand.\r\nInstallation Instructions:\r\n(i) Select a location that can support the weight of the air conditioner and so that it will not cause to increase operating noise and vibration.\r\n\r\n(ii) Select a location where direct sunlight does not fall on your air conditioner.\r\n\r\n(iii) Select a good location for efficient air conditioning. Like a place where there is no obstacles near the air inlet and outlet.\r\n\r\n(iv) Do not install your room air-conditioner in the place where inflammable gas may leak,\r\n\r\n(v) To get the best performance install the air-conditioner at a place free of obstacles.\r\n\r\nCautions Electricals:\r\n\r\n1. Ensure rated supply voltage is 230 V\/50 Hz, single phase and the wiring is adequately sized.\r\n\r\n2. Ensure power supply is properly earthed.\r\n\r\n3. Ensure air-conditioner is grounded to prevent electric shock.\r\n\r\n4. Please ensure that a stabilizer is installed in those areas where rated voltage is not available.\r\n\r\nPrecautions during Installation:\r\n\r\nProviding, earthing to the power supply and the air-conditioner before starting the air conditioner. Do not place the earth line near water or gas pipeline or earth line of telephone. Improper installation or earth cause electric shock.\r\n\r\nFor good earthing reading between neutral and earth must be less than 3 V. The supply between line and earth must be rated voltage \u00b1 10%. Also supply between line and neutral must be rated voltage \u00b1 10%.\r\n\r\nInstallation Instructions:\r\n\r\nThe following instructions must be followed to select the best location for the installation of air conditioner:\r\n\r\n1. To prevent vibration and noise, make sure that the unit is installed securely and firmly.\r\n\r\n2. Install the unit where the sunlight does not shine directly on the unit.\r\n\r\n3. There should be no obstacle, such as a fence or wall, within 50 cm from the back of the cabinet because it will prevent heat radiation of the condenser.\r\n\r\n4. Restriction of outside air will greatly reduce the cooling efficiency of the air conditioner.\r\n\r\n5. Install the unit little outward not to leak the condensed water into the room.\r\n\r\nNote:\r\n\r\nNowadays remote control air-conditioner are used.","headline":"Window Air Conditioner &#8211; Working and Installation","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-07-16","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/windows-air-conditioning-300x188.jpg","height":188,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/working-of-thermal-power-plant-advantages-and-disadvantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/thermal-power-plant-300x203.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Working Of Thermal Power Plant &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/working-of-thermal-power-plant-advantages-and-disadvantages/">Working Of Thermal Power Plant &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Working Of Thermal Power Plant - Advantages and Disadvantages
Introduction to Thermal Power Plant:
Coal is the main fuel used in a thermal power plant. Coal contains combustible elements such as...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/working-of-thermal-power-plant-advantages-and-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: Working Of Thermal Power Plant &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Working Of Thermal Power Plant &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/working-of-thermal-power-plant-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"Working Of Thermal Power Plant - Advantages and Disadvantages\r\nIntroduction to Thermal Power Plant:\r\nCoal is the main fuel used in a thermal power plant. Coal contains combustible elements such as carbon and hydrogen. The percentage composition of carbon in the best quality coal is about 95%. The combustible element in coal combines with oxygen present in air during combustion. For better and effective combustion, excess quantity of air is supplied.\r\n\r\nA large quantity of heat is produced after combustion, which is utilized to convert water into high-pressure and high-temperature steam. The high-pressure steam is passed through the steam turbine where its expansion takes place and the heat energy is converted into mechanical energy in the form of rotation of shaft. The shaft of the turbine is coupled with the generator and thus electrical energy is generated.\r\n\r\nTo improve the thermal efficiency and the overall performance of the plant, vari\u00adous auxiliary equipments are installed. The reheating of steam and regenerative feed heating are some of the steps. To run the boiler safely and effectively, large numbers of boiler mountings are fitted on boiler drum and shell. To run the boilers efficiently, large number of sub-equipments known as accessories, such as superheaters, econo\u00admizer, and airpreheater, are installed.\r\n\r\nThe installation of such units involves high cost and space and as such, except the installation of superheater, the economizer and air pre-heater are applicable only for large capacity plants (where the steam generating pressure is more than 70 bar). There is also an arrangement for the draft fan to have a forced circulation of air and flue gas through the furnace of the boiler.\r\n\r\nthermal power plant\r\n\r\nWorking of a Thermal Power Plant:\r\nThe complete layout of a thermal power plant is presented in Fig.. Coal from the mines is transported to the actual site of the thermal power plant by means of rail, boat, ship, or truck depending upon the location of the plant. The coal is stored in storage yard. It is then carried by conveyers for processing; depending upon the size of the plant and availability of the arrangements such as belt conveyers, bucket elevators, etc.\r\n\r\nThe lump size coal is crushed and passed through magnetic separator to detain any iron impurities before it is carried by conveyers to the pulverized coal mill for pulverization (made into powder).\r\n\r\nThe coal is pulverized to increase the surface area to have proper mixing of air for the effective combustion. The pulverized coal along with air is supplied to the furnace of the boiler. Air and fuel must be thoroughly mixed to burn the fuel completely. The furnace flame temperature must be very high to ignite the incoming raw fuel and air.\r\n\r\nThe product (flue gases) formed after combustion transfers the heat to the water in boiler and is finally discharged to the atmosphere through chimney. On its way, several equipments such as superheaters, economizer, and then air preheaters are placed to transfer the heat. The flow of flue gas is established by the combination of forced and induced draft fan.\r\nAdvantages of Thermal Power Plant:\r\n(a) Initial cost is low compared to hydro-electric power plant.\r\n\r\n(b) It can be established near the load center, so that transmission losses and cost involved therein are low.\r\n\r\n(c) The erection of the plant takes less time as compared to a hydro-electric plant.\r\nDisadvantages of Thermal Power Plant:\r\nFossil fuel is the main fuel for any thermal power plant. Since fossil fuels are non\u00adrenewable source of energy, they are feared to be exhausted in future.\r\n\r\n(a) If thermal power plant location is far away from coal mines, then transportation becomes a costly affair.\r\n\r\n(b) Smoke produced after the combustion of fuel causes pollution.\r\n\r\n(c) The generation cost is high as compared to a hydro-electric plant.\r\n\r\n(d) The life of a thermal power plant is less as compared to a hydro-electric power plant.","headline":"Working Of Thermal Power Plant &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-07-16","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/thermal-power-plant-300x203.jpg","height":203,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-quenching-process-common-quenching-mediums/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/quenching-process-300x138.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Quenching Process &#8211; Common Quenching mediums</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-quenching-process-common-quenching-mediums/">What is Quenching Process &#8211; Common Quenching mediums</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Quenching Process - Common Quenching mediums
Process of Quenching:
In hardening of steels, the rapid cooling rates may be obtained by bringing into contact, the hot surface of the object...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-quenching-process-common-quenching-mediums/" aria-label="View Post: What is Quenching Process &#8211; Common Quenching mediums">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Quenching Process &#8211; Common Quenching mediums","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-quenching-process-common-quenching-mediums\/","articleBody":"What is Quenching Process - Common Quenching mediums\r\nProcess of Quenching:\r\nIn hardening of steels, the rapid cooling rates may be obtained by bringing into contact, the hot surface of the object with some cooler material, which may he gaseous, liquid, or solid. This operation is called quenching and includes methods of cooling by jets of air, water or other liquids- immersion in liquids, such as brine, water, polymer quenchant, salt baths, cooling between plates.\r\n\r\nquenching process\r\n\r\nHowever, the rate of cooling (the rate of heat transfer from a hot metallic body to the quenching medium) depends on sectional dimensions of the object, its temperature, its thermal properties, the condition of its surface as regards the nature of the oxide film and degree of roughness, initial temperature of the coolant, its boiling point, specific heat of coolant, latent heat of vapourisation, the specific heat of its vapour, its thermal conductivity, its viscosity and its velocity past the immersed object.\r\n\r\nBefore proceeding to consider the cooling characteristics of commonly used coolants, it may be advantageous to study what happens when a heated steel object (say at 840\u00b0C) is plunged into a stationary bath of cold water.\r\n\r\nInstead of showing a constant cooling rate throughout the quench, the cooling curve shows three stages as:\r\n\r\nStage A \u2013 Vapour-Blanket Stage:\r\n\r\nImmediately after the start of the quench, the quenching coolant gets vapourised due to metal being at high temperature, and a continuous vapour blanket envelopes the surface of the object.\r\n\r\nNow no liquid comes in contact with the metal surface, and heat escapes from the hot surface very slowly by radiation and conduction through the layer of water vapour to liquid-vapour interface. Since vapour films are poor heat conductors, the cooling rate is relatively slow. Tins stage is undesirable in most quenching operations.\r\n\r\nStage B \u2013 Intermittent Contact Stage (Liquid Boiling Stage):\r\n\r\nHeat is removed very rapidly in this stage as the heat of vapourisation, as indicated by steep slope of the cooling curve. During this stage, the vapour-blanket is broken intermittently allowing the coolant to come in contact with the hot surface at one instant, but soon being pushed away by violent boiling actions of vapour bubbles. The bubbles are carried away by convection currents and the liquid touches the metal again.\r\n\r\nThe rapid cooling in this stage soon brings the surface below the boiling point of the quenching medium. The vapourisation then, ceases. The second stage corresponds to temperature range of 100\u00b0C to 500\u00b0C, in which the steel in the austenitic condition transforms most rapidly (\u2248 nose of the CCT curve). Thus, the rate of cooling in this stage is of great importance in hardening of steels.\r\n\r\nStage C \u2013 Direct Contact Stage (Liquid-Cooling Stage):\r\n\r\nThe stage begins when the temperature of the surface of object decreases to boiling point, or below of the quenching medium. Vapours do not form. The cooling is due to convection and conduction through the liquid. The cooling rate is lowest in this stage.\r\nSome common quenching medium are:\r\n1. Water:\r\n\r\nProbably, the oldest and still the most popular quenching medium, water meets the requirements of low cost, general availability, easy handling and safety. The cooling characteristics change more than oil with the rise of temperature specially there is rapid fall in cooling capacity as the temperature rises above 60\u00b0C, because of increased vapour blanket stage. The optimum cooling power is when water is between 20-40\u00b0C.\r\n\r\nThe cooling power of water is between brine and oils. Though, water provides high cooling power near the nose of the curve to avoid transformation to pearlite, or bainite but the greatest drawback of water as illustrated in table 6.11, is that the rate of cooling is high in the temperature range of martensitic formation. At that stage, steel is simultaneously under the influence of structural stresses and thermal stresses, the added effects of which increase the risk of crack formation.\r\n\r\n2. Brine:\r\n\r\nSodium chloride aqueous solutions of about 10% (by weight) are widely used industrially, are called brines. They provide cooling rate intermediate between water and 10% NaOH aqueous solution. They are corrosive as regards appliances, but are not hazardous to workmen, as are the caustic solutions.\r\n\r\nThe greater efficiency of brines, caustic soda solution, or aqueous solutions is explained as- In brine, or caustic, the heating of the solution at the hot steel surface causes the deposition of crystals of sodium chloride\/sodium hydroxide on the hot steel surface. This film of solid crystals disrupts with mild explosive violence, and throws off a cloud of crystals.\r\n\r\n3. Sodium Hydroxide Solutions:\r\n\r\nNormally 10% (by weight) sodium hydroxide is added in water. These solutions extract heat at a rapid rate from the steel, the moment it is immersed in the coolant, and do not show the initial period of (\u2018A\u2019 stage) comparative \u2018inaction\u2019 of water. Hence, these are useful, where cooling rates in excess of those given by water baths, are required.\r\n\r\n4. Oils:\r\n\r\nOils, as a group, are intermediate in cooling velocity between water at 40\u00b0C and water at 90\u00b0C. In an oil-quench, a considerable variation is possible by the use of animal, vegetable, or mineral oil, or blends of two, or more of these varieties. The vapour pressure of the oil is particularly important as this determines the thickness of oil-vapour film produced on the surface of the hot steel, which limits the rate of heat removal. However, the oils, used generally, have high boiling points.\r\n\r\nOils in contrast to water, or brine are much lower in their quenching power (having greatest cooling rate at about 600\u00b0C), and are relatively slow in the range of martensitic formation, the latter minimises the danger to crack formation. The cooling power near the nose of the CCT curve of the steels can be increased by agitating vigorously the bath, or the part.\r\n\r\n5. Emulsions (Water and Oil):\r\n\r\nThe temptation to get fast cooling rates of water (near the nose of the CCT curves) and the slow cooling rate of oils at later stage (in Ms\u00a0\u2013 Mf\u00a0temperature range) led to development of emulsions-water and \u2018water soluble\u2019 oil mixture of different proportions. Emulsion of 90% oil and 10% water resulted in having properties-cooling rate-inferior to oil. Emulsion of 90% water and 10% oil is also inferior to oil as it has faster cooling than oil at around 300\u00b0C when martensite forms-which thus increases danger to distortion and cracking.\r\n\r\n6. Polymer Quenchants:\r\n\r\nThese are new entrants in the field of coolant which approach the characteristics of an ideal quenching medium (6.3) i.e., cool the steel rapidly to Ms\u00a0temperature, and then rather slowly when martensite is forming.\r\n\r\nThese synthetic quenchants are organic chemicals of high molecular weight and are generally polyalkylene glycol based, or polyvinyl pyrolidene based, but generally the former are more commonly used as quenchants. These are water soluble materials, and thus, quenchants with widely different cooling rates can be obtained by varying concentration of the organic additive. With 5% addition, the quenchant can give similar surface hardness as water at 60\u00b0C, with least danger of cracking, while quenching unalloyed steels. Quenchant with 15% additive has same cooling properties as an oil with no hazards of fire.\r\n\r\n7. Salt Baths:\r\n\r\nA salt bath is the ideal quenching medium for a steel of not too large section with good hardenability. Table 6.12 gives some composition of salts and the useful temperature range for each mixture. The recommended holding time in the salt bath is 2-4 min\/cm of section thickness, the shorter time for lighter sections. A bath like 100% NaNO3\u00a0is for 400-600\u00b0C. The cooling capacity to about 400\u00b0C is high, and then decreases as the temperature of the steel continues to drop.\r\n\r\nThus, lower the temperature of bath, and greater the agitation, the better the cooling capacity. The cooling efficiency of a bath gets decreased, if it is contaminated. The stirring of the bath puts the impurities in suspension, which get attached to the part being cooled, and decrease the heat transfer. Addition of 0.3- 0.5% water to the salt baths, which leaves the surface of bath continuously as steam, almost doubles the cooling capacity.\r\n\r\n8. Air:\r\n\r\nCompressed air or still air is also possible to be used if the steels have high hardenability, i.e., high alloy steels such as air hardening steels; or light sections of low alloy steels. As air cooling is slower and more uniform, the danger of distortion is negligible. Steels invariably get oxidised on surface during cooling.\r\n\r\n9. Gases:\r\n\r\nOf the gases, hydrogen and helium though have higher cooling efficiency, but nitrogen is used commonly for hot-work steels and high speed steels because of possible explosions while using hydrogen and helium is expensive.\r\n\r\nGas quenching results in more uniform cooling in heavy sections, intricate shapes and varying section thickness parts which, results in more uniform mechanical properties. There is least danger to crack, or distortion. The fast moving stream of gas meets directly the austenitised steel part in gas chamber, to remove the heat rapidly.\r\n\r\n10. Fluidized Bed:\r\n\r\nIt consists of aluminium oxide particles in a retort, fluidized by a continuous stream of gas blown upwards through the base of the retort. The particles move like a fluid. Use of nitrogen provides an inert atmosphere.\r\n\r\nIt is mainly used for quenching highly alloyed cold-work steels, hot-work-steels, high speed steels, air hardening steels, etc. The fluidized bed cooling is slower than water, or oil, and 10% slower than quenching in molten salts, but significantly faster than air. Fluidized bed can operate at any low temperature. There are no residues left on parts and they require no post treatment. There are no fumes and no hazards of pollution.","headline":"What is Quenching Process &#8211; Common Quenching mediums","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-07-16","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/quenching-process-300x138.jpg","height":138,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=174">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=173"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>173</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=174"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>174</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>175</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=176"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>176</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=177"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>177</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=176">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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