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class="excerpt"><p>Cam and Follower | Definition , types , Nomenclature Of Cam 
DEFINITION
Cam is a mechanical element which is used to deliver the reciprocating or oscillating motion to another machine element known...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cam-and-follower-definition-types-nomenclature-of-cam/" aria-label="View Post: Cam and Follower | Definition , types , Nomenclature Of Cam">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Cam and Follower | Definition , types , Nomenclature Of Cam","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/cam-and-follower-definition-types-nomenclature-of-cam\/","articleBody":"Cam and Follower | Definition , types , Nomenclature Of Cam \r\nDEFINITION\r\nCam is a mechanical element which is used to deliver the reciprocating or oscillating motion to another machine element known as follower. Cam and follower is a type of assembly, both works together in any machine element. Cam and followers are the example of higher pair due to the line contact between them. Some complicated motions are easily achieved by using cams and followers which are difficult to achieve. We can say that the cam and followers are the most important part of the mechanisms. The cams and follower combination is mostly used in internal combustion engines for operating inlet and exhaust valves, machine tools, printing control mechanism so on. They are generally manufactured by using die casting, milling and by punching.\r\n\r\nA cam is a rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical linkage that drives a mating component known as a follower. From a functional viewpoint, a cam-and-follower arrangement is very similar to the linkages. The cam accepts an input motion (rotary motion or linear motion) and imparts a resultant motion (linear motion or rotary motion) to a follower.\r\n\r\nRead more :\u00a0Types Of Cam And Followers-Basic Of Theory Of machine\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCAM NOMENCLATURE\r\nCam profile: Cam profile is outer surface of the disc cam.\r\n\r\nBase circle: Base circle is the smallest circle, drawn tangential to the cam profile.\r\n\r\nTrace point: Trace point is a point on the follower, trace point motion describes the movement of the follower.\r\n\r\nPitch curve: Pitch curve is the path generated by the trace point as the follower is rotated about a stationery cam.\r\n\r\nPrime circle: Prime circle is the smallest circle that can be drawn so as to be tangential to the pitch curve, with its centre at the cam centre.\r\n\r\nPressure angle: The pressure angle is the angle between the direction of the follower movement and the normal to the pitch curve.\r\n\r\nPitch point: Pitch point corresponds to the point of maximum pressure angle.\r\n\r\nPitch circle: A circle drawn from the cam center and passes through the pitch point is called Pitch circle.\r\n\r\nStroke: The greatest distance or angle through which the follower moves or rotates.\r\n\r\ncam nomenclature\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCLASSIFICATION OF CAMS AND FOLLOWERS\r\nCLASSIFICATION OF CAMS\r\nTypes of cam are as follow.\r\n\r\nA. According to shape of cam\r\n\r\nIn this category, types of cam are classified by the shape of cam and profile of cam. These are as follows.\r\n\r\n1. Radial or Disc cam\r\n\r\nIn radial cam, cam profile (shape of cam) is design in such way by which follower move as per the shape of cam or cam profile in perpendicular direction to the cam axis. There is always surface contact between cam profile and follower by spring force or gravity force.\r\n\r\n2. Cylindrical cam\r\n\r\nIn cylindrical cam, follower axis and cam axis are parallel to each other. Cylindrical cam is cylindrical shaft on which profile made on cylindrical surface by machining. This profile is in the groove form and follower has surface contact with this groove. As cylindrical shaft or cylindrical cam is rotates follower move and movement of follower may be reciprocating or oscillating.\r\n\r\n3. Translation or wedge cam\r\n\r\nIn this type of cam, cam is reciprocated and this movement is used to move follower. Cam has a specific shape or profile by which movement of follower is done.\r\n\r\n4. Conjugate cam\r\n\r\nIn this type two discs are connected to each other and axes of discs are offset by the distance, to form cam profile. Follower has surface contact with cam profile by two rollers. As the cam rotate follower follow it.\r\n\r\n5. Globoidal cam\r\n\r\nGloboidal cam is shaft and has a concave or convex circumference. On which groove is made by machining and this groove is used for give movement to follower. Globoidal cam is used for oscillating follower about a fixed point.\r\n\r\n6. Spherical cam\r\n\r\nSpherical cam is in the form of spherical shape on which groove is made. Follower has surface contact with this groove. As cam rotate follower oscillate about a fixed point.\r\n\r\nB. According to follower movement\r\n\r\nIn these category types of cam is classified as per movement of follower. Movement of follower is depending upon cam profile for this; cams are also classified according to follower movement.\r\n\r\n1. Dwell Rise Dwell Return Dwell cam\r\n\r\nIn this type, follower movement is considering. As per name follower movement done in a way that first dwell then rise again dwell then return and again dwell. This all process is done in one rotation (360 degree) of cam.\r\n\r\n2. Dwell Rise Return Dwell cam\r\n\r\nIn this type, follower movement is considering. As per name follower movement done in a way that first dwell then rise then return and again dwell. This all process is done in one rotation (360 degree) of cam.\r\n\r\n3. Rise Return Rise cam\r\n\r\nIn this type, follower movement is considering. As per name follower movement is done in way that first rise then return. This all process is done in one rotation (360 degree) of cam.\r\n\r\n4. Dwell Rise Dwell cam\r\n\r\nIn this type, follower movement is considering. As per name follower movement done in a way that first dwell then rise then again dwell. This all process is done in one rotation (360 degree) of cam. And at 360 degree it suddenly falls to its first position.\r\n\r\nC. According to type of constraint of the follower\r\n\r\nFor proper function of cam and follower mechanism, it is important to keep surface contact between cam profile and follower at all time of rotation and any speed. For this need spring force, gravity force or positive drives are use in cam and follower mechanism. On this basis cams are classified by type of constraint of follower and these are as follow.\r\n\r\n1. Preloaded spring cam\r\n\r\nIn this type of cam spring force is used. Compression spring is preloaded into follower in such a way that it maintains surface contact all time.\r\n\r\n2. Positive drive cam\r\n\r\nIn this type of cam, it does not require any external force. The follower is design in such a way that it does not require any external force.\r\n\r\ntypes of cam\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCLASSIFICATION OF FOLLOWERS\r\nTypes of followers are as follow.\r\n\r\nA. According to surface in contact\r\n\r\nFollowers are classified by the surface contact between cam and follower is generally come in this group. There are different type of surface contact between cam and follower and according surface contact they are classified as follows.\r\n\r\n1. Knife edge follower \r\n\r\nAs per name knife follower has knife edge and knife edge has a surface contact with cam profile (cam profile is a shape of cam). As follower has knife edge, so that there is more wear between follower and cam profile. Due to wear cam profile change with time and does not work correctly. That is reason due to which knife edge is not use in practice.\r\n\r\n2. Roller follower\r\n\r\nAs per name roller follower has roller and surface contact between cam and follower is rolling contact. It reduces wear of cam profile.\r\n\r\n3. Flat follower\r\n\r\nFlat follower has flat profile at surface contact between cam and follower. It is useful where space is limited. Flat follower is used in automobile engine where space is limited.\r\n\r\n4. Spherical follower\r\n\r\nIn flat face follower, stresses are produce. In order to reduce this stresses flat face is machined into spherical shape called as spherical follower.\r\n\r\ntypes of follower\r\n\r\nB. According to type of follower motion\r\n\r\nIn this category followers are classified by the relative motion and movement between cam and follower these are as follow.\r\n\r\n1. Translatory motion type follower\r\n\r\nIn this type of follower, follower have translatory motion means cam is rotating and follower reciprocating between guide way. Example of this type follower is knife edge follower, roller follower, flat follower and spherical follower.\r\n\r\n2. Oscillatory motion type follower\r\n\r\nIn this type of follower, follower has oscillating motion. Cam rotates and as per cam profile follower also move but follower is fixed at point about which follower is oscillate. This type of follower is called as oscillatory motion type follower.\r\n\r\nC. According to line of follower motion\r\n\r\nIn this category, followers are classified by the axis line of follower and these are as follows.\r\n\r\n1. Radial follower\r\n\r\nIn radial follower, axis of follower and centre of cam are in one line or axis of follower is passing through centre of cam is called as radial follower. Example of this type follower is knife edge follower, roller follower, flat follower and spherical follower.\r\n\r\n2. Offset follower\r\n\r\nIn offset follower, axis of follower movement is offset from the centre of cam about which cam rotate is known as offset follower.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nThermal Engineering - Articles , Notes , Interview Q &amp; A\r\nFluid Mechanics - Notes , articles , Interview Que. &amp; Ans\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Cam and Follower | Definition , types , Nomenclature Of Cam","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-05-01","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/cam-nomenclature-300x288.jpg","height":288,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/honing-process-types-working-and-applications-advantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/honing-process-300x231.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Honing Machine &#8211; Types , Working, Specifications, Proccess Parameters</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/honing-process-types-working-and-applications-advantages/">Honing Machine &#8211; Types , Working, Specifications, Proccess Parameters</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Honing Machine 
The honing process provides the final sizing and creates the desired finish pattern on the interior of tubing or cylinder bores. Finishing is accomplished by expanding abrasive...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/honing-process-types-working-and-applications-advantages/" aria-label="View Post: Honing Machine &#8211; Types , Working, Specifications, Proccess Parameters">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Honing Machine &#8211; Types , Working, Specifications, Proccess Parameters","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/honing-process-types-working-and-applications-advantages\/","articleBody":"Honing Machine\u00a0\r\nThe honing process provides the final sizing and creates the desired finish pattern on the interior of tubing or cylinder bores. Finishing is accomplished by expanding abrasive stones of suitable grit and grade against the work surface. The stones are rotated and reciprocated in the part with hone abrasive under controlled pressure. Combining rotation and reciprocation produces a cross-hatch pattern in the surface of the part being honed.\r\n\r\nMany geometric errors or distortions, such as out-of-roundness, bellmouth, axial straightness, waviness, undersize, barrel, taper, boring marks, reamer chatter, rainbow and misalignment that result from grinding, heat treatment, forming, or other manufacturing processes, can be removed.\r\n\r\nHoning can be divided into rough honing, finish honing, microhoning (or superfinishing) and free form honing (or abrasive flow machining). Free form honing is sometimes considered a superfinishing process. Comparison of the grit ranges and surface finish capabilities of the processes can provide some insight in the applicability of the processes for various applications.\r\nHOW HONING WORKS?\r\nThe abrasive action of the honing tool removes material from the workpiece's inside diameter. The tool rotates and expands while the workpiece reciprocates (stroking) back and forth. For example, tolerances of 0.003mm (0.0001\u00b4\u00b4) round and straight can be achieved in production using special fixturing. To achieve such close tolerances, the workpiece must be allowed to \"float\" or move in three axes. This movement is the single most important point in achieving the closer tolerances required in industry today.\r\n\r\nTo correct out-of-squareness, the workpiece must be positioned against a flat face plate that is perpendicular to the machine spindle axis. This, of course, reduces one of the three axes of movement, thus reducing the amount of movement or \"float.\"\r\n\r\nHoning uses small, bonded abrasive stones or super abrasive sticks mounted in a fixture that rotates and reciprocates (strokes) when applied to the surface or bore being finished. On larger surfaces, the hone may reciprocate or oscillate while the workpiece rotates. An operator controls oscillation for manual stroke honing machines. A honing head mounted in a drill press is a basic version of a manual stroke honing machine.\r\n\r\nDedicated commercial manual stroke honing machines are large, rigid machines with more sophisticated features. Power stroke honing machines have a power-driven, automated stroke or reciprocation cycle. The power stroke honing machines can be programmed to provide consistent and reproducible surface finishes, geometries, and lay patterns.\r\n\r\nTypically, honing stock removal consists of only a few thousandths of an inch, but larger material removal of up to 0.250 in. is possible with coarse-grit rough honing processes. When higher material removal rates are required, alternative grinding or machining methods can be more efficient to use before honing to reduce honing time and costs. However, this is not always the case. One gear manufacturer found honing to have higher material removal rates compared to ID grinding when the length to diameter ratio of the bore exceeded 2:1.\r\n\r\nHoning machines are metal abrading tools and process utilizing hard tooling and perishable abrasives stones for the correction of\r\n\r\n \tDiameter\r\n \tShape\r\n \tSurface finish\r\n \tPositional tolerances of bores\r\n\r\nThe honing process was developed to allow for perfection of bore geometry, size control, final surface finish, and surface structuring. The honing process provides the final sizing and creates the desired finish pattern on the interior of tubing or cylinder bores. Finishing is accomplished by expanding abrasive stones of suitable grit and grade against the work surface. The stones are rotated and reciprocated in the part with hone abrasive under controlled pressure. Combining rotation and reciprocation produces a cross-hatch pattern in the surface of the part being honed.\r\n\r\nhoning process\r\nWHY HONING?\r\nCost-effective machining method for..\r\n\r\n \tRemoving stock\r\n \tGenerating exacting\r\n \tBore tolerances\r\n \tBore polishing\r\n \tFinishing bores of almost any material such a: sprayed coatings, CGI, Ceramics, etc.\r\n\r\nHoning Machines Perform Three Operations\r\n\r\n \tFirst, it is a stock removal process which takes out ruptured metal and reaches base metal.\r\n \tSecond, a finish pattern is generated to provide the best possible surface for promoting optimum lubricating conditions.\r\n \tThird, honing assures extremely accurate straightness, roundness and size of the cylindrical surface.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nPROCESS PARAMETERS\r\nThe accuracy and surface finish of the hole mainly depends on various process parameter which are described below.\r\n\r\n1. RPM of tool:\r\n\r\nIf the tool speed increases, it increases the metal removal rate and decreases surface roughness.\r\n\r\n2. Honing time:\r\n\r\nIf we increase honing time it will decrease surface roughness at some extent and then starts increases it. It is so selected which gives minimum surface roughness with maximum metal removal rate.\r\n\r\n3. Honing stick pressure:\r\n\r\nThe change in metal removal rate and surface roughness with the change in unit pressure is shown in the graph. The honing stick pressure is so selected as to get minimum roughness with the highest metal removal rate.\r\n\r\n4. Stroke Length:\r\n\r\nThe stroke length should be as enough which can cover the whole working length.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHONING TYPES\r\nHoning can be classified into two types.\r\n\r\n1. Manual Honing:\r\n\r\nIn this type of honing the hone rotate continuously and the workpiece is moved front and back manually. This process is rarely used now days\r\n\r\n2. Machine Honing:\r\n\r\nThe honing process in which the hone performs combined rotary and reciprocating motion and there is less manual interaction called machine honing. According to the type of machine this process can be classified into two types\r\n\r\nA. Horizontal spindle machines.\r\n\r\nHorizontal-spindle honing machines, for hand-held work with bores up to 6 in., are among the most widely used. The machine rotates the hone at from 100 to 250 fpm.\r\n\r\nThe machine operator moves the work back and forth (strokes it) over the rotating hone. The operator must \u201dfloat\u201d the work \u2014 that is, not press it against the hone or the hole will be slightly oval. Sometimes the workpiece must be rotated.\r\n\r\nHorizontal-spindle honing machines are also made with \u201dpower stroking.\u201d In these, the work is held in a self-aligning fixture and the speed and length of the stroke are regulated by controls on the machine.\r\n\r\nAs a hone is being used, it is expanded by hydraulic or mechanical means until the desired hole diameter is achieved. Various mechanical and electrical devices can be attached to the honing machine to control the rate of expansion, and stop it when final size is reached.\r\n\r\nOn the simplest hand-held machines, the operator may check the bore size with an air gage, continue honing, and recheck and so on until the size is correct.\r\n\r\nB. Vertical spindle machines\r\n\r\nVertical-spindle honing machines are used especially for larger, heavier work. These all have power stroking at speeds from 20 to 120 fpm. The length of the stroke is also machine controlled by stops set up by the operator.\r\n\r\nVertical honing machines are also made with multiple spindles so that several holes may be machined at once, as in automobile cylinders.\r\n\r\nHone body: The hone body is made in several styles using a single stone for small holes, and two to eight stones as sizes get larger. The stones come in a wide variety of sizes and shapes. Frequently, there are hardened metal guides between the stones to help start the hone cutting in a straight line.\r\n\r\nCutting fluid: A fluid must be used with honing. This has several purposes: to clean the small chips from the stones and the workpiece, to cool the work and the hone, and to lubricate the cutting action.\r\nHONES AND HONING TOOLS\r\nHones and honing tools are abrasive products used to refine the finish of internal bores and external surfaces. There are three basic types: flexible hones, hand hones and honing sticks or tools.\r\n\r\nTypes\r\n\r\n1. Flexible hones have abrasive beads bonded to the ends of bristles. Like other hones and honing tools, they are used to smooth or refine the finish of internal or external surfaces.\r\n\r\n2. Hand hones, or diamond hones, are designed for the offhand honing of ground cutting-tool edges.\r\n\r\n3. Honing sticks, or honing tools, are used for finishing internal bores. Internal grinding uses smaller-diameter wheels or abrasive products for grinding or finishing the surface of a part\u2019s inner diameter (ID).\r\nSPECIFICATIONS\r\nProduct specifications for hones and honing tools include width, rotary speed, and shank or bore diameter. Hone width is measured in English units such as inches (in), feet (ft), and yards (yd); or in metric units such as millimeters (mm), centimeters (cm), and meters (m). Typically, the rotary speed is expressed as a maximum value. The bore is used to mount or hold the abrasive product on a spindle or mandrel. Bore diameter is the inner diameter of the center mount. Shank diameter is the diameter of the integral shank, pin, shaft, or mandrel on mounted points or wheels. Parameters for hones and honing tools also include measurements such as outer diameter (OD).\r\n\r\nHones and honing tools are available in various mounting styles. Some products are suitable for hand-held use. Others have a central hole or bore for mandrel, arbor, spindle, or shaft mounting. Hones and honing tools that are mounted onto an integral mandrel, pin, arbor or shaft are also available.\r\nFEATURES\r\nAbrasive grain type and grit size are important considerations when selecting hones and honing tools. Choices for abrasive grain include:\r\n\r\n \taluminum oxide\r\n \tboron carbide\r\n \tceramic\r\n \temery or crocus\r\n \tSilicon carbide\r\n \tcubic boron nitride (CBM)\r\n \tsynthetic diamond\r\n \ttungsten carbide\r\n \tzirconia\r\n\r\nGrit size applies to abrasive products with abrasive grains held in a matrix or bonded to a surface. Examples include coated abrasives, dressing sticks, super abrasives, vitrified grinding wheels, and honing stones or grit dressers.\r\nADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS\r\nHoning has developed into a productive manufacturing process, with particular advantages and disadvantages:\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\n\r\nThe workpiece need not be rotated by power, there are no chucks, faceplates, or rotating tables needed, so there are no chucking or locating errors. The hone is driven from a central shaft, so bending of the shaft cannot cause tapered holes as it does when boring. The result is a truly round hole, with no taper or high or low spots, provided that the previous operations left enough stock so that the hone can clean up all the irregularities.\r\n\r\nHoning uses a large contact area at a slow speed compared with grinding or fine boring, which uses a small contact area at high speed. Because of the combined rotating and reciprocating motion used, a crosshatched pattern is created which is excellent for holding lubrication. Diameters with 0.001 to 0.0001 inch and closer accuracies can be honed by using diamond stones similar to diamond wheels.\r\n\r\n1. Less complex or low-cost fixtures.\r\n2. It is highly accurate.\r\n3. It can be used for both long and short bores.\r\n4. It maintains the original bore centerline.\r\n5. Any material can be finished regardless of its hardness.\r\nLimitations:\r\nHoning is though of as a slow process. However, new machines and stones have shortened hone times considerably. Horizontal honing may create oval holes unless the work is rotated or supported. If the workpiece is thin, even hand pressure may cause a slightly oval hole.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nIC Engine Articles , Notes , Question and Answer\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Honing Machine &#8211; Types , Working, Specifications, Proccess Parameters","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-05-01","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/honing-process-300x231.jpg","height":231,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-oil-seal-purpose-types-of-oil-seal-advantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/oil-seals-300x176.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Oil Seal | Purpose , types of Oil Seal , Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-oil-seal-purpose-types-of-oil-seal-advantages/">What is Oil Seal | Purpose , types of Oil Seal , Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Oil Seal | Purpose , Types of Oil Seal , Advantages
OIL SEAL
Oil seals, also known as shaft seals, are radial lip type seals which are primarily used for retaining lubricants in equipment...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-oil-seal-purpose-types-of-oil-seal-advantages/" aria-label="View Post: What is Oil Seal | Purpose , types of Oil Seal , Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Oil Seal | Purpose , types of Oil Seal , Advantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-oil-seal-purpose-types-of-oil-seal-advantages\/","articleBody":"What is Oil Seal | Purpose , Types of Oil Seal , Advantages\r\nOIL SEAL\r\nOil seals, also known as shaft seals, are radial lip type seals which are primarily used for retaining lubricants in equipment having rotating, reciprocating or oscillating shafts. The rotating shaft application is most common.\r\n\r\nAn oil seal normally consists of three basic components: the sealing element, the metal case and the spring. The purpose of the sealing element is to stop the fluid from leaking between the shaft and housing. The metal case will give rigidity and strength to the seal while it is being held in the bore or recessed groove. The garter spring ensures constant pressure and maintains the radial force to the shaft, flattening the sealing edge to a defined width. The garter spring maintains the radial force exerted by the sealing lip around the shaft surface. All materials must be selected depending on the environment in which the oil seal will function.\r\n\r\nThe performance of these seals depends to a large extent on a suitable unit load being maintained at the seal-shaft interface. These seals withstand a pressure of 15PSI and their working depends on parameters like shaft diameter, shaft speed, working temperature, service conditions, etc\r\n\r\nOil seals or shaft seals are an integral part in any rotating and moving part assembly. Oil seals find great deal of usage in gearboxes, hydraulic cylinders, etc. The usage of the seals in areas concerned with motion also earns them a name of \u201cDynamic Oil Seals.\"\r\n\r\noil seals\r\nThe purpose of the oil seals is\r\n\r\n \tTo act as a physical barrier retaining the lubricating oil where it is bound to be.\r\n \tTo prevent thelubricating oil from leaking outside even under high pressure of the oil.\r\n \tTo act as a barrier and prevent dirt, contamination and other external entities from entering the system containing the lubricating oil.\r\n\r\nConstructional Aspects of an Oil Seal:\r\n1. The oil seal consists of a metal ring as the inner skeleton which provides the structural stability to the oil seal.\r\n\r\n2. The outer skin is made of nitrile rubber and various other materials which are used based on the requirement.\r\n\r\n3. The spring on the lip of the oil seal tends to provide support to the lip and prevents the lubricant from leaking outside and also prevents the entry of contaminants from outside.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTYPES OF OIL SEAL\r\nDouble Lip Oil Seals\r\nIn this an auxiliary lip is provided along with the regular sealing lip. The additional dust lip protects the main sealing lip against dust and other fine solid contaminants and therefore this type is recommended for use in polluted environments. To achieve a long lifetime a suitable lubricant between the two sealing lips should be applied.\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\n- Good static sealing\r\n- Compensation of different thermal expansion\r\n- Reduced risk of fretting corrosion\r\n- Effective protection against air side contaminants\r\n- Higher bore surface roughness is allowed\r\n- Installation in split-housings\r\n- Modern lip design provides low radial forces\r\nDuplex Oil Seals\r\nSometimes, two different kinds of fluids leak from one chamber to another and gets mixed up. Here, this type comes as a boon. This is a metal inserted duplex type oil seal recommended on such assembly where mix-up of two different fluids is to be prevented.\r\nOil Seals without Spring\r\nThis type of oil seal can withstand only low speed and friction. It is recommended in places where thick fluid or grease is to be sealed. This is not recommended for difficult applications.\r\n\r\nMaterial:\r\n\r\nOil seals are made out of nitrile synthetic rubber with steel stiffener rings. Other rubbers such as viton, silicon, neoprene or poly acrylic can be used for specific applications. The stiffener rings may be stainless steel or brass where highly corrosive fluids are to be sealed. Springs are generally made of spring steel to IS: 4454:Gr.ll or from stainless steel or bronze for corrosion resistance\r\nType A Oil Seals\r\nSealing of lip type seal is normally a result of an interference fit between the flexible sealing element, usually augmented by spring pressure and a shaft. Fluid retention is based on the precise amount of lip contact pressure. In most lip seals, increased fluid pressure in the sealed area causes lip contact pressure on the shaft to increase.\r\n\r\nAdvantages: \r\n- Good static sealing\r\n- Compensation of different thermal expansion\r\n- Reduced risk of fretting corrosion\r\n- Higher bore surface roughness is allowed\r\n- Installation in split-housings\r\n- Modern lip design provides low radial forces\r\nType B Oil seals\r\nThis is almost similar to that of 'A' type seal. But this has the metal case placed outside. When the housing is rough, temperature is high and working conditions are severe, this type is preferred.\r\nType C Oil seal\r\nType 'C' oil seal has an additional cup inserted into the outer cup of 'B' type. The supplementary metal inner ring provides a superior stiffness. This type is recommended for use in heavy polluted environments. As the static sealing between housing and metallic shell is limited, low viscosity media can \"creep\".\r\n\r\nAdvantages:\r\n- Very good fitting stability avoiding pop-out of the seal\r\n- Modern lip design provides low radial forces\r\n- Superior radial stiffness, especially for very large diameters\r\n- Cost effective for expensive elastomer materials\r\n- Suitable for use in combination with axial seal\r\nMaterial used for Oil Seal :\r\nBased on the application of the oil seal, the outer skin layer tends to differ. Here are some types of the materials used for the outer skin of the oil seal.\r\n\r\n1. Nitrile rubber - The commonly used material for oil seals\r\n\r\n2. Silicone \u2013 Used in specific applications where only light loads are applied.\r\n\r\n3. Poly acrylate\r\n\r\n4. Fluroelastomer also popularly known as Viton. \u2013 The high temperature resistant material used in places where temperature is more than 120 Degree Celcius.\r\n\r\n5. PolytetraFluroEthylene (PTFE)\r\n\r\nThe oils seals require certain prerequisites to be maintained for their proper working. They are as follows:\r\n\r\na) The shaft on which the oil seal is to be mounted should be ground with the surface finish or surface roughness between 0.2 to 0.8 Microns. It is best for the shaft to be hardened atleast to 40 \u2013 45 HRc in order to prevent groove formation on the shaft due to the pressure exerted by the spring.\r\n\r\nb) The area where the oil seal is seated is to be plunge ground in order to prevent wear grooves that normally tend to wear out the lip of the oil seal at a faster rate.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nCAD \/ CAM Projects List - Abstract , Report Download\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"What is Oil Seal | Purpose , types of Oil Seal , Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-30","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/oil-seals-300x176.jpg","height":176,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/steering-system-requirement-purpose-types-steering-mechanism/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/STEERING-SYSTEM-300x188.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Steering System | Requirement , purpose , types , Steering Mechanism</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/steering-system-requirement-purpose-types-steering-mechanism/">Steering System | Requirement , purpose , types , Steering Mechanism</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>STEERING SYSTEM: REQUIREMENTS, PURPOSE, TYPES, POWER STEERING
Automotive steering forms the basis of any vehicle’s motion control. It comprises of all components, joints and linkages required to...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/steering-system-requirement-purpose-types-steering-mechanism/" aria-label="View Post: Steering System | Requirement , purpose , types , Steering Mechanism">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Steering System | Requirement , purpose , types , Steering Mechanism","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/steering-system-requirement-purpose-types-steering-mechanism\/","articleBody":"STEERING SYSTEM: REQUIREMENTS, PURPOSE, TYPES, POWER STEERING\r\nAutomotive steering forms the basis of any vehicle\u2019s motion control. It comprises of all components, joints and linkages required to transfer power from the engine to the wheels. Steering also controls angles of the wheels in two axes for directionality.\r\nREQUIREMENTS OF STEERING SYSTEM\r\nThe steering system has the following requirements.\r\n\r\n \tExcellent maneuverability When the vehicle is cornering on a narrow, twisting road, the steering system must be able to turn the front wheels sharply yet easily and smoothly.\r\n \tProper steering effort If nothing is done to prevent it, steering effort will be greater when the vehicle is stopped and will decrease as the speed of the vehicle increase. Therefore, in order to obtain easier steering and better feel of the road, the steering should be made lighter at low speeds and heavier at high speeds.\r\n \tSmooth recovery While the vehicle is turning, the driver must hold the steering wheel firmly. After the turn is completed, however, recovery \u2013 that is, the return of the wheels to the straight-ahead position \u2013 should occur smoothly as the driver relaxes the force with which he is turning the steering wheel.\r\n \tMinimum transmission of shock from road surface Loss of steering wheel control and transmission of kickback due to road surface roughness must not occur.\r\n\r\nSTEERING SYSTEM\r\nPURPOSE OF STEERING SYSTEM\r\nThe purpose of the steering system allows the driver to control the direction of the vehicle by turning the front wheels. The steering system consists of the following component parts.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead more :\r\nRequirements and Functions of the Steering System\r\nComponents of Steering System and their Function\r\nSteering Gear boxes-Types Of Steering Gear Boxes\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nComponent parts\r\n\r\n \tSteering wheel Handles the steering operation.\r\n \tSteering column Joins the steering wheel and the steering gears.\r\n \tSteering gears Convert the steering torque and rotational deflection from the steering wheel, transmit them to the wheel through the steering linkage, and make the vehicle turn.\r\n \tSteering linkage A steering linkage is a combination of the rods and arms that transmit the movement of the steering gear to the left and right front wheels.\r\n\r\nAlso, there are two types of steering.\r\n\u2022 Rack-and-pinion type\r\n\u2022 Recirculating-ball type\r\n\r\n1. Rack &amp; Pinion\r\n\r\nRack-and-pinion steering is the most common type of motion control mechanism in cars, small trucks and SUVs.\r\n\r\nConstruction\r\n1. A Rack &amp; Pinion gear set is enclosed in a metal tube with each end of the rack pointing out from the tube.\r\n2. A rod \u2013 tie rod or axial rod \u2013 connects to each end of the rack.\r\n3. The pinion gear is attached to the steering shaft.\r\n\r\nMechanism\r\n\r\n \tWhen you turn the steering wheel the gear will spin, moving the rack. The tie rod connects to the steering arm, which is attached to a spindle.\r\n \tThe purpose of a Rack &amp; Pinion gear is to convert circular motion of the steering wheel into the linear motion. It allows gear reduction, making it easier to turn the wheels.\r\n\r\nThe two types of rack-and-pinion steering systems:\r\n1. End take-off\r\n2. Centre take-off\r\nVariable Ratio Steering\r\n\r\n \tA subtype of Rack &amp; Pinion gear steering is Variable Ratio Steering.\r\n \tThis steering system has different number of tooth pitch at the center than it has at the ends.\r\n \tThis makes the steering less sensitive when the steering wheel is close to its center position.\r\n \tAnd when it is turned towards lock, the wheels become more sensitive to circular motion of the steering wheel.\r\n\r\n2. Re-circulating Ball \/ Steering Box\r\n\r\nRe-circulating Ball Steering is the most commonly used steering system in heavy automobiles.\r\nIt runs on Parallelogram linkage, in which:\r\n1. The Pitman &amp; Idler arm remain parallel\r\n2. The mechanism absorbs heavy shock loads and vibrations\r\n\r\nConstruction\r\n1. The steering wheel is fixed to the steering shaft, which has a threaded rod at the end. The threaded rod is fixed, unlike in the Rack &amp; Pinion type.\r\n2. The block has gear teeth machined ON its surface.\r\n3. The threads in the rod are filled with ball bearings.\r\n4. These ball bearings have two functions: To reduce friction and wear in the gear; Fixing the teeth of the gear to prevent the former from breaking contact with each other when the steering wheel changes direction.\r\n\r\nMechanism\r\n1. When the steering wheel is rotated, the rod turns.\r\n2. When the wheel spins, the block moves.\r\n3. The block moves another gear that in turn moves the Pitman arm.\r\n4. The ball bearings in the threads re-circulate through the gear as it turns.\r\nPOWER STEERING\r\nTo improve driving comfort, most modern automobiles have wide, low pressure tires which increase the tire-to-road surface contact area. As a result of this, more steering effort is required. Steering effort can be decreased by increasing the gear ratio of the steering gear. However, this will cause a larger rotary motion of the steering wheel when the vehicle is turning, making sharp turns impossible. Therefore, to keep the steering agile and, at the same time the steering effort small, some sort of a steering assist device became necessary. In other words, power steering, which had been chiefly used on larger vehicles, is now also used on compact passenger cars.\r\nType of power steering\r\nThere are hydraulic type and electric type power steering. Currently, hydraulic power steering is used on almost all models. The three main components of hydraulic power steering are the vane pump, control valve, and power cylinder.\r\n\r\nOperation of hydraulic power steering\r\n\r\nThe power steering system uses the power of the engine to drive the vane pump that generates the hydraulic pressure. When the steering wheel is turned, an oil circuit is switched at the control valve. As oil pressure is applied to the power piston in the power cylinder, the power needed to operate the steering wheel is reduced. It is necessary to inspect for leakage of power steering fluid periodically.\r\n\r\nVane Pump\r\n\r\nPower steering is a type of hydraulic device requiring a very high pressure. It uses the power of the engine to drive the vane pump uses that generates this hydraulic pressure. Vanes are used in this pump, so this name is used for this type of power steering.\r\nSTEERING MECHANISMS\r\n1. TELESCOPIC MECHANISM\r\nThe telescopic steering mechanism allows forward or backward adjustment of the steering wheel position to suit the driver\u2019s posture.\r\n\r\nConstruction\r\nThe telescopic mechanism consists of the sliding shaft tube, two wedge locks, stopper bolt, telescopic lever, etc.\r\n\r\nOperation\r\nThe wedge locks move together with operation of the telescopic lever. When the telescopic lever is in the lock position, the telescopic lever presses the wedge locks against the sliding shaft tube, locking the sliding shaft tube. On the other hand, when the telescopic lever is moved to the free position, a gap is created between the wedge locks and the sliding shaft tube and the steering column can be adjusted in the forward or backward direction.\r\n2. TILT STEERING MECHANISM\r\nThe tilt steering mechanism allows selection of the steering wheel position (in the vertical direction) to match the driver\u2019s driving posture. The tilt steering mechanisms are classified into the upper fulcrum type and the lower fulcrum type. Here, the lower fulcrum type is explained.\r\n\r\nConstruction\r\nThe tilt steering mechanism consists of a pair of tilt steering stoppers, tilt lock bolt, breakaway bracket, tilt lever, etc.\r\n\r\nOperation\r\nThe tilt steering stoppers turn together with the operation of the tilt lever. When the tilt lever is in the lock position, the peaks of the tilt steering stoppers are lifted up and the stoppers push against the breakaway bracket and tilt attachment, locking the break away bracket and tilt attachment. On the other hand, when the tilt lever is moved to the free position, the height difference on the tilt steering stoppers is eliminated, and the steering column can be adjusted in the vertical direction.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nTheory of Machine Article , Notes , Question and Answer\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Steering System | Requirement , purpose , types , Steering Mechanism","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-30","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/STEERING-SYSTEM-300x188.jpg","height":188,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-seat-belt-pretensioner-types-and-working-principles/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/seatbelt-300x211.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Seat Belt Pretensioner | Types and Working Principles</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-seat-belt-pretensioner-types-and-working-principles/">What is Seat Belt Pretensioner | Types and Working Principles</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Seat Belt Pretensioner | Types and Working Principles 
A seat belt pre-tensioner is a device that is used to hold a passenger firmly in their seat just before and at the start of a collision...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-seat-belt-pretensioner-types-and-working-principles/" aria-label="View Post: What is Seat Belt Pretensioner | Types and Working Principles">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Seat Belt Pretensioner | Types and Working Principles","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-seat-belt-pretensioner-types-and-working-principles\/","articleBody":"What is Seat Belt Pretensioner | Types and Working Principles \r\nA seat belt pre-tensioner is a device that is used to hold a passenger firmly in their seat just before and at the start of a collision (especially in a front or head on collision) and then allow that passenger to come into contact with the inflated airbag in a controlled way.\r\n\r\nSeatbelt pretensioners are a component of the seatbelt system which locks the seatbelt in place during a crash.\r\n\r\nThe pre-tensioner is an addition to the basic seat belt. \r\nWhile the basic has been to reduce serious injury and save lives, research and crash testing has shown that the seat belt in itself is not perfect and that it can be improved.\r\n\r\nWith a seat belt there is still a small space between it and the passenger. If a frontal collision occurs, the passenger's body moves forward quickly but the seat belt stiffens up to restrain the passenger from any further forward movement. The passenger's body can also compress against the seat belt in the slight forward movement.\r\n\r\nThis process is very good compared to someone who is not wearing a seat belt but it is not the perfect scenario as the possibility exist that the passenger can still be severely shaken up and it may not always work perfectly with the airbag.\r\n\r\nHow the seat belt pre-tensioner works is by tightening the seat belt as soon as the collision occurs or even before by monitoring sudden hard application of the brakes. The belt is pulled tightly against the passenger and holds them firmly in the soft seats. Some milliseconds later it releases the passenger in a timely manner to hit the airbag at the correct time.\r\n\r\nseatbelt\r\nTYPES OF SEAT BELT PRE-TENSIONERS\r\nThere are three types of seat belt pre-tensioners:\r\n1. MECHANICAL PRE-TENSIONER\r\nThe mechanical pretensioner consists of an inertial wheel combined with a pendulum which moves to lock the belt into place during sudden deceleration. Most drivers have experienced the frustration of pulling a seatbelt from its reel only to have it lock unexpectedly or to be driving down the road and experience the seatbelt gradually getting tighter and tighter. This is the action of the mechanical pretensioner at work.\r\n\r\nThis pre-tensioner is operated mechanically. It is usually connected to the seat belt buckle assembly with a long powerful spring that is compressed in a tube and is kept compressed by a latching mechanism. If an accident occurs the impact causes the latch to release the spring which pulls on the buckle assembly and tightens the seat belt.\r\n2. ELECTRICAL PRE-TENSIONER\r\nThe electric pretensioner replaces the pendulum with an electrical sensor. This prevents the false locking condition that is commonly observed with a mechanical pretensioner. The electrical sensor can also be interconnected with other systems on the vehicle, such as rollover sensors or airbag sensors. This connectivity ensures that the seatbelts will lock even if the sudden deceleration that is needed to lock a mechanical pretensioner does not occur.\r\n3. ELECTRONIC\/PYROTECHNIC PRE-TENSIONER\r\nThis pre-tensioner operates with an ECU and a gas generator system in a similar way to the airbag. In fact, the electronic pre tensioner usually works together with the airbag and may even use the same ECU as the airbag and that increases its effectiveness.\r\n\r\nThe pyrotechnic pretensioner is the most sophisticated type of pretensioning device. The electronically triggered pyrotechnic device not only locks the seatbelt in place but tightens the belt to take up any slack that may be present, minimizing the movement of the occupant within the vehicle during a crash situation. Once a pyrotechnical pretensioner is activated it must be replaced.\r\n\r\nAn explosive charge is used and causes the gas generator to produce a volume of gas. This volume of gas produces a pressure which acts on a mechanical linkage to pull the seat belt. This pre tensioner is usually located in the B-pillar.\r\n\r\nBoth pre tensioners are designed to slacken off slightly around the same time the airbag deploys, this can be around 30 milliseconds after the collision. This slight lapse allows the passenger to have a controlled contact with the airbag.\r\n\r\nBoth pre tensioners are intended to be used once. Once a pre tensioner has been deployed the entire mechanism including the seat belts should be replaced. The seat belt pre tensioner can be found on the front and rear seats to provide all round safety and protection.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nIC Engine Articles , Notes , Question and Answer\r\nCAD Software | CAD Tutorials\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"What is Seat Belt Pretensioner | Types and Working Principles","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-30","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/seatbelt-300x211.jpg","height":211,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/propeller-shaft-function-types-components-and-requirement/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/propeller-shaft-300x200.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Propeller Shaft | Function , types , Components and Requirement</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/propeller-shaft-function-types-components-and-requirement/">Propeller Shaft | Function , types , Components and Requirement</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Propeller Shaft | Function , types , Components and Requirement 
The drive shaft (also called propeller shaft or prop shaft) is a component of the drive train in a vehicle, with the purpose of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/propeller-shaft-function-types-components-and-requirement/" aria-label="View Post: Propeller Shaft | Function , types , Components and Requirement">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Propeller Shaft | Function , types , Components and Requirement","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/propeller-shaft-function-types-components-and-requirement\/","articleBody":"Propeller Shaft | Function , types , Components and Requirement \r\nThe drive shaft (also called propeller shaft or prop shaft) is a component of the drive train in a vehicle, with the purpose of delivering torque from the transmission to the differential, which then transmits this torque to the wheels in order to move the vehicle. The drive shaft is primarily used to transfer torque between components that are separated by a distance, since different components must be in different locations in the vehicle. A front-engine rear-wheel drive car must have a long drive shaft connecting the rear axle to the transmission since these parts are on opposite sides of the car.\r\n\r\nDrive shafts are used differently in different vehicles, varying greatly in cars with distinct configurations for front-wheel drive, four-wheel drive, and the previously mentioned front-engine rear-wheel drive. Other vehicles also use drive shafts, like motorcycles, locomotives, and marine vessels.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nRead more :\r\nWhat is drive shaft , driveshaft , driving shaft , propeller shaft\r\nTypes Of Universal Joints Used In Automobile Vehicles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBelow is the drive shaft configuration for a common front-engine rear-wheel drive vehicle (some cars have the transmission at the back).\r\n\r\n \tPropeller Shaft is the shaft that transmits power from the gearbox to the differential gear in a motor vehicle from the engine to the propeller in a boat or flying machine.\r\n \tPropeller shaft, sometimes called a cardan shaft, transmits power from the gearbox to the rear axle. Regularly the shaft has a tubular section and is made in maybe a couple piece construction.\r\n \tThe two-piece arrangement is supported at the mid point by an elastic mounted bearing. Short drive shafts are incorporated for the transmission of power from the last drive assembly to the road wheels in both front and rear wheel drive layouts.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFUNCTIONS OF THE PROPELLER SHAFT\r\nIn most of the automotive vehicles, the engine is located at the front and the rear wheels of the vehicle are being driven. This arrangement stipulates a longer propeller shaft to be used. In some arrangements two or three propeller shafts are used to make up the length.\r\n\r\nIn some vehicles, the engine is kept at the front and the front wheels of the vehicle are being driven. In some other vehicles, the engine is at the rear and the rear wheels are being driven. For such arrangements a short propeller shaft is used to drive each wheel.\r\n\r\nThe engine and the transmission unit are attached to the vehicle frame with some flexible mounting. The rear axle housing with differential and wheels are attached to the vehicle frame by suspension springs.\r\n\r\nDue to the above arrangement, the transmission output shaft and the input shaft to the rear axle housing are in different planes. This compels the propeller shaft that connects these two shafts to be kept inclined.\r\n\r\nFurther, whenever the rear wheels encounter irregularities in the road, the rear axle housing moves up and down, compressing and expanding the suspension springs. As this happens, the angle between the transmission output shaft and the propeller shaft changes. Further, the length to be occupied by the propeller shaft also changes.\r\nThe variation in the length of the propeller shaft happens because the propeller shaft and the rear axle housing rotate on arcs with different points as their centres of rotation.\r\n\r\nThe rear axle housing moves in the shorter arc than that of the propeller shaft. This is because the centre of the rear axle housing arc is the point of attachment of the rear spring or control arm to the vehicle frame. This aspect causes a reduction in the length occupied by the propeller shaft as the angle between the transmission and the propeller shaft increases.\r\n\r\npropeller shaft\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTYPES OF PROPELLER SHAFT:\r\n1. Single-Piece-Type Propeller Shaft:\r\n\r\n \tUsed in vehicles with a short distance between the engine and axles, and MR based four-wheel-drive vehicles.\r\n \tThe friction welding adopted at the junction contributes to an improvement in the strength, quality, and durability of the junction.\r\n\r\n\u00a02-piece-type\/3-piece-type Propeller Shaft:\r\n\r\n \tUtilized as a part of vehicles with a long distance between the engine and axles, and Front engine front drive base four-wheel-drive vehicles.\r\n \tThe division of the propeller shaft into two- or three-parts allows the critical number of revolution to lowered preventing vibration issue from occurring, when the overall length of the shaft increased.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCOMPONENTS OF PROPELLER SHAFT:\r\n\r\n \tThe propeller shaft transfers engine torque to the rear axle through one or more universal joints.\r\n \tThe splines on the ends at the propeller shaft fit perfectly into the splines in the sleeve. This permits a length variation between the driving and the driven unit to vary slightly without damaging the output and input bearings.\r\n \tThe main bearing support and guide the propeller shaft.\r\n \tThe flanges associate the propeller shaft to the gearbox.\r\n\r\nREQUIREMENTS OF PROPELLER SHAFT:\r\nFor achieving efficient functions, the following are expected in a propeller shaft\r\n\r\n \tHigh torsional strength: Therefore, they are made of solid or hollow circular cross section\r\n \tToughened and hardened: Therefore, they are made of superior quality steel and are induction hardened\r\n \tEfficiently jointed: Therefore they are generally welded by submerged are carbon dioxide welding process.\r\n \tDynamically balanced: Since the phenomenon of whirling may be critical at higher speeds, therefore, propeller shafts are tested on electronic balancing machine.\r\n \tReduced thrust loads: Since resonance is dangerous for the life of shaft. It also transmits excessive dynamic force to the shaft's end supports, and so its occurrence should be avoided.\r\n\r\nNOTE: Since the propeller shaft sleeve end is pulled out from the transmission extension housing with the transmission still mounted, overflow of the transmission oil, damage of oil seal lip or entrance of dust may result if the vehicle is raised higher toward its front end. Use extreme care in removing the propeller shaft.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nAutomobile Trends , News articles , Notes\r\nAutomobile Engineering Parts and System Notes , Article\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Propeller Shaft | Function , types , Components and Requirement","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-04-30","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 19, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/propeller-shaft-300x200.jpg","height":200,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=57">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=56"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>56</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=57"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>57</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>58</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=59"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>59</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=60"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>60</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=59">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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