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T-T-T diagram is also called isothermal transformation diagram [Temperature-Time –Transformation]. It is a plot of temperature versus the logarithm of time for a steel...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-ttt-diagram-isotherma/" aria-label="View Post: TTT Diagram Basic &#8211; TTT diagram for steel, eutectoid steel">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"TTT Diagram Basic &#8211; TTT diagram for steel, eutectoid steel","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-ttt-diagram-isotherma\/","articleBody":"What is the T-T-T diagram?\r\nT-T-T diagram is also called isothermal transformation diagram [Temperature-Time \u2013Transformation]. It is a plot of temperature versus the logarithm of time for a steel alloy of definite composition. It is used to determine when transformations begin and end for an isothermal [constant thermal] heat treatment of a previously austenitized alloy.\r\nTTT Diagram For Eutectoid Steel ( Isothermal Transformation Diagram )\r\nTime-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) diagram or S-curve refers to only one steel of a particular composition at a time, which applies to all carbon steels. This diagram is also called as C-curve isothermal (decomposition of austenite) diagram and Bain\u2019s curve. The effect of time-temperature on the microstructure changes of steel can be shown by the TTT diagram. These diagrams are extensively used in the assessment of the decomposition of austenite in heat-treatable steels. We have seen that the iron-carbon phase diagram does not show time as a variable and hence the effects of different cooling rates on the structures of steels are not revealed. Moreover, equilibrium conditions are not maintained in heat treatment. Although, the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram reveals on the phases and corresponding microstructures under equilibrium conditions but several useful properties of the steels can be obtained under non-equilibrium conditions, e.g. variable rates of cooling as produced during quenching and better transformation of austenite into pearlite and martensite.\r\n\r\n\r\nFor each steel composition, different IT diagram is obtained. Fig shows the TTT diagram of eutectoid steel (i.e. steel containing 0.8% C).\r\n\r\n\r\nAustenite is stable above eutectoid temperature 727 \u00b0C. When steel is cooled to a temperature below this eutectoid temperature, austenite is transformed into its transformation product. TTT diagram relates the transformation of austenite to time and temperature conditions. Thus, the TTT diagram indicates transformation products according to temperature and also the time required for complete transformation.\r\n\r\nCurve 1 is transformation begin curve while curve 2 is the transformation end curve. The region to the left of curve 1 corresponds to austenite (A\u2019). The region to the right of curve 2 represents the complete transformation of austenite (F+C). The interval between these two curves indicates partial decomposition of austenite into ferrite and Cementite (A\u2019+F+C).\r\n\r\nTTT Diagram for Eutectoid Steel :\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTTT Diagram For eutectoid steel\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAt temperatures just below eutectoid temperature, austenite decomposes into pearlite; at lower temperatures (600 deg C) sorbite is formed and at 500 \u2013 550 degree C troostites is formed.\r\n\r\n\u00a0If the temperature is lowered from 500 deg C to 220 deg C acicular troostite or bainite is formed. In eutectoid steels, the martensite transformation begins at MS (240 deg C) and ends at MF (50 deg C).\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe change in the hardness of the structures is shown in Rockwell units (RC) at the right-hand side of the diagram.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTime-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) Curve For AISI 1080 steel\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIsothermal transformation diagrams (also known as time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams) are plots of temperature versus time (usually on a logarithmic scale). They are generated from percentage transformation-vs logarithm of time measurements and are useful for understanding the transformations of an alloy steel that is cooled isothermally. An isothermal transformation diagram is only valid for one specific composition of material, and only if the temperature is held constant during the transformation, and strictly with rapid cooling to that temperature. Though usually used to represent transformation kinetics for steels, they also can be used to describe the kinetics of crystallization in ceramic or other materials. Time-temperature-precipitation diagrams and time-temperature-embrittlement diagrams have also been used to represent kinetic changes in steels.\r\n\r\nThe TTT diagram for AISI 1080 steel (0.79%C, 0.76%Mn) austenitized at 900\u00b0C\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nTime Temperature Transformation for steel\r\n\r\nIsothermal Transformation (IT)\r\n\r\n \tDiagram or the C-curve is associated with mechanical properties, micro constituents\/microstructures, and heat treatments in carbon steels. Diffusional transformations like austenite transforming to a cementite and ferrite mixture can be explained using the sigmoidal curve; For example the beginning of pearlitic transformation is represented by the pearlite start (Ps) curve. This transformation\r\nis complete at Pf curve. Nucleation requires an incubation time. The rate of nucleation increases and the rate of micro constituent growth decreases as the temperature decreases from the liquidus temperature reaching a maximum at the bay or nose of the curve. Thereafter, the decrease in diffusion rate due to low temperature offsets the effect of increased driving force due to the greater difference\r\nin free energy. As a result of the transformation, the micro constituents, Pearlite and Bainite, form; Pearlite forms at higher\r\ntemperatures and bainite at lower.\r\n \tAustenite is slightly undercooled when quenched below Eutectoid temperature. When given more time, stable microconstituents can form ferrite and cementite.\r\n \tCoarse pearlite is produced when atoms diffuse rapidly after phases that form pearlite nucleate. This transformation is complete at the pearlite finish time (Pf).\r\n \tHowever, greater undercooling by rapid quenching results in the formation of martensite or bainite instead of pearlite. This is possible provided the cooling rate is such that the cooling curve intersects the martensite start temperature or the bainite start curve before intersecting the Ps curve. The martensite transformation being a diffusionless shear transformation is represented by a straight line to signify the martensite start temperature.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTTT diagram gives\r\nTTT diagram is used to find out the following parameters,\u00a0\r\n\r\n1- Nature and type of transformation.\r\n2- Rate of transformation.\r\n3- Stability of phases under isothermal transformation conditions.\r\n4- Temperature or time required to start or finish the transformation.\r\n5- Qualitative information about the size scale of the product.\r\n6- Hardness of transformed products.\r\nFactors affecting TTT diagram\r\n1- Composition of steel-\r\n(a) carbon wt%,\r\n(b) alloying element wt%\r\n2- Grain size of austenite\r\n3- Heterogeneity of austenite.\r\n4. Effect of Alloying Elements on the TTT Curve: \r\n\r\nAlloying elements like Cr, Ni, Mo, and W can have two effects:\r\ni. To shift the nose of Austenite to pearlite transformation diagram to longer times.\r\nii. Formation of a separate Bainite Nose.\r\nLimitations of TTT Diagram:\r\ni. Only applicable for an iron-carbon alloy of eutectoid composition thus for other compositions, curves will have different configurations.\r\nii. These plots are accurate only for transformations in which the temperature of allow is held constant throughout the duration.\r\nApplications of TTT diagrams\r\n\u2022 Martempering - \r\n\r\nThe process of quenching an austenitized ferrous alloy is a medium at a temperature in the upper part of the martensite range, or slightly above that range, and holding it in the medium until the temperature throughout the alloy is substantially uniform is known as martempering. The alloy is then allowed to cool in air through the martensite range.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Austempering - \r\n\r\nThe heat treatment for ferrous alloys in which a part is quenching from the austenitizing temperature at a rate fast enough to avoid the formation of ferrite or pearlite and held at a temperature just above that of martensite formation until transformation to bainite is complete is called austempering.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Isothermal Annealing -\u00a0\r\n\r\nAnnealing means heating the material to and holding at a suitable temperature and then cooling at a suitable rate. Annealing is for the purpose of\r\ni) Reducing hardness\r\nii) Improving machinability\r\niii) Facilitating cold working\r\niv) Producing the desired microstructure and\r\nv) Obtaining desired mechanical, physical, and other properties.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Patenting - \r\n\r\nA special application of isothermal hardening is called patenting and is used for steel wire. Steel wire with 0.40 \u2013 1.10% carbon is quenched from the hardening temperature in a bath of molten lead to about 400 degrees C to 500 degrees C. A structure results with possesses good ductility in addition to a hardness.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Science Notes , article , Interview Que &amp; Ans\r\nManufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"TTT Diagram Basic &#8211; TTT diagram for steel, eutectoid steel","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-12-10","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"April 27, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/TTTDiagramForsteel-297x300.png","height":300,"width":297},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fabrication-of-automatic-drilling-and-reaming/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/FABRICATIONOFAUTOMATICDRILLINGANDreaming-300x192.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Fabrication of Automatic Drilling and Reaming Attachment Control</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fabrication-of-automatic-drilling-and-reaming/">Fabrication of Automatic Drilling and Reaming Attachment Control</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Fabrication of Automatic Drilling and Reaming Attachment Control  OBJECTIVE;  To develop industrial automation and assist  with CIM environment.
 To promote the unmanned industry.
 To...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/fabrication-of-automatic-drilling-and-reaming/" aria-label="View Post: Fabrication of Automatic Drilling and Reaming Attachment Control">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Fabrication of Automatic Drilling and Reaming Attachment Control","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/fabrication-of-automatic-drilling-and-reaming\/","articleBody":"Fabrication of Automatic Drilling and Reaming Attachment Control\r\n\r\nOBJECTIVE;\r\n\r\n\r\n \tTo develop industrial automation and assist \u00a0with CIM environment.\r\n \tTo promote the unmanned industry.\r\n \tTo promote the unmanned industry.\r\n\r\n\r\nProject Background;\r\n\r\nIn the present global rationalization and competitive world most of the industries set up unmanned industry in order to eliminate labour cost and \u00a0to increase productivity.\r\n\r\nSYNOPSIS;\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 The main aim of this project is to acquire practical Knowledge in the field of automation using PLC.( Programming Logic Controller ).In this project \u201cFABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC DRILLING AND REAMING ATTACHMENT \u201d the job is feeded, drilled and reamed automatically.\u00a0\r\n\r\nInitially the job is loaded manually. The job , drilling, reaming feed movements done by the \u00a0separate DC motors through the lead screw and nut mechanism .These motors are controlled by the PLC- Programmable Logic Controller .\u00a0\r\n\r\nThese movements are stopped at particular position using magnetic sensors which sends the signal to the input of PLC .The entire operation is done automatically by using PLC, the components are manufactured with less time and the production rates are increased.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nBlock Diagram of \u00a0Fabrication of Automatic Drilling and Reaming Attachment Control\r\n\r\nProject Elements\r\n\r\n\u2022 Controller\r\n\u2022 Power Supply\r\n\u2022 Drilling mahine( 2 nos)\r\n\u2022 DC Motor ( 3nos)\r\n\u2022 Forward and reverse control relay \u00a06 nos\r\n\u2022 vice\r\n\u2022 Screw rod mechanism ( 2 set)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAdvantages;\r\n\r\n\u2022 This system is used to develop industrial automation and assist \u00a0with CIM environment.\r\n\u2022 It \u00a0promote the unmanned industry.\r\n\u2022 Reduces waste motions which cause fatigues to worker.\r\n\u2022 It reduces labour cost.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Shop Projects List , Abstract\r\nDrilling Machine Projects\r\nDesign and Fabrication projects - Abstract , Report Download\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Fabrication of Automatic Drilling and Reaming Attachment Control","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-12-09","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/FABRICATIONOFAUTOMATICDRILLINGANDreaming-300x192.png","height":192,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/difference-traditional-and-lean-manufacturing/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/differencebetweenleanandtraditionalmanufacturing-300x233.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Difference Between Traditional and Lean Manufacturing  System</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/difference-traditional-and-lean-manufacturing/">Difference Between Traditional and Lean Manufacturing  System</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>COMPARISON BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND LEAN MANUFACTURING
For years manufacturers have created products in anticipation of having a market for them. Operations have traditionally been driven by sales...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/difference-traditional-and-lean-manufacturing/" aria-label="View Post: Difference Between Traditional and Lean Manufacturing  System">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Difference Between Traditional and Lean Manufacturing  System","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/difference-traditional-and-lean-manufacturing\/","articleBody":"COMPARISON BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND LEAN MANUFACTURING\r\nFor years manufacturers have created products in anticipation of having a market for them. Operations have traditionally been driven by sales forecasts and firms tended to stockpile inventories in case they were needed. A key difference in Lean Manufacturing is that it is based on the concept that production can and should be driven by real customer demand. Instead of producing what you hope to sell, Lean Manufacturing can produce what your customer wants with shorter lead times. Instead of pushing product to market, it's pulled there through a system that's set up to quickly respond to customer demand.\r\n\r\n\r\nDifference Between Traditional and Lean Manufacturing\r\n\r\n\r\nLean organizations are capable of producing high-quality products economically in lower volumes and bringing them to market faster than mass producers. A lean organization can make twice as much product with twice the quality and half the time and space, at half the cost, with a fraction of the normal work-in-process inventory. Lean management is about operating the most efficient and effective organization possible, with the least cost and zero waste.\r\n\r\n\r\nDifference Between Traditional and Lean Manufacturing\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTRADITIONAL MASS PRODUCTION\r\n\r\nLEAN PRODUCTION\r\n\r\n\r\nBusiness Strategy\r\nProduct-out strategy focused on exploiting economies of scale of stable product designs and non-unique technologies\r\nCustomer focused strategy focused on identifying and exploiting shifting competitive advantage.\r\n\r\n\r\nCustomer Satisfaction\r\nMakes what engineers want in large quantities at statistically acceptable quality levels; dispose of unused inventory at sale prices\r\nMakes what customers want with zero defect, when they want it, and only in the quantities they order\r\n\r\n\r\nLeadership\r\nLeadership by executive command\r\nLeadership by vision and broad participation\r\n\r\n\r\nOrganization\r\nHierarchical structures that encourage following orders and discourage the flow of vital information that highlights defects, operator errors, equipment abnormalities, and organizational deficiencies.\r\nFlat structures that encourage initiative and encourage the flow of vital information that highlights defects, operator errors, equipment abnormalities, and organizational deficiencies.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nExternal Relations\r\nBased on price\r\nBased on long-term\r\nrelationships\r\n\r\n\r\nInformation Management\r\nInformation-weak\r\nmanagement based on abstract reports\r\nInformation-rich\r\nmanagement based on visual control systems maintained\u00a0\r\nby all employees\r\n\r\n\r\nCultural\r\nCulture of loyalty and\r\nobedience, subculture of alienation and labor strife\r\nHarmonious culture of\r\ninvolvement based on long-term development of human resources\r\n\r\n\r\nProduction\r\nLarge-scale machines,\r\nfunctional layout, minimal skills, long production runs, massive inventories\r\nHuman-scale machines,\r\ncell-type layout, multi-skilling, one-piece flow, zero inventories\r\n\r\n\r\nOperational capability\r\nDumb tools that assume\r\nan extreme division of labor, the following of orders, and no problem solving\r\nskills\r\nSmart tools that assume\r\nstandardized work, strength in problem identification, hypothesis generation,\r\nand experimentation\r\n\r\n\r\nMaintenance\r\nMaintenance by\r\nmaintenance specialists\r\nEquipment management by\r\nproduction, maintenance and engineering\r\n\r\n\r\nEngineering\r\n\"Isolated genius\" model,\r\nwith little input from customers and little respect for production realities.\r\nTeam-based model, with\r\nhigh input from customers and concurrent development of product and\r\nproduction process design\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\n Manufacturing Technology Notes , Articles\r\n Machine Design Notes , article , Interview Que. and Ans.\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Difference Between Traditional and Lean Manufacturing  System","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-12-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/differencebetweenleanandtraditionalmanufacturing-300x233.png","height":233,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/tool-post-grinder-project-on-lathe/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/toolpostgrinderproject-300x174.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Tool Post Grinder -Project On Lathe Machine Attachment</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/tool-post-grinder-project-on-lathe/">Tool Post Grinder -Project On Lathe Machine Attachment</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Tool Post Grinder -Project On Lathe Machine Attachment
TOOL POST GRINDER
SYNOPSIS    Everyone knows a tool post grinder is one mighty handy item to have as an addition to a lathe, how ever, if...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/tool-post-grinder-project-on-lathe/" aria-label="View Post: Tool Post Grinder -Project On Lathe Machine Attachment">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Tool Post Grinder -Project On Lathe Machine Attachment","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/tool-post-grinder-project-on-lathe\/","articleBody":"Tool Post Grinder -Project On Lathe Machine Attachment\r\nTOOL POST GRINDER\r\nSYNOPSIS\u00a0\r\n\r\n\u00a0Everyone knows a tool post grinder is one mighty handy item to have as an addition to a lathe, how ever, if you ever priced one, you know they run in to some serious mounts of money. So, with this in mind, I set off to build my own. Pictured below is the outcome of that project. I have to say the tool post grinder works extremely well. By varying the pulley sizes I can get a high end speed of over 10,000 rpm if needed. The only change I would make is to have a totally enclosed motor to keep out the grit.\u00a0\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\u00a0\r\n\r\nOur project is design and fabrication of Multi Use Tool Post Grinder. It is used to grind the machining surfaces to super Finish and accuracy. It can be used as an internal and external Grinder by fixing the attachment on the Carriage of a centre Lathe. The principle parts of this attachment are main body, Spindle shaft, bearings, rope pulley and grinding wheel etc\r\n\r\nNEED FOR ATTACHMENT\u00a0\r\n\r\nGenerally some components in engineering field require high surface finish and accuracy. For example a cylindrical part requires high finish inside the bore or outside the body, it requires cylindrical grinding machine and centre less grind machine. The above machinery cost will be more, and also unless we have lot of similar jobs, we equity keep these costly machines idle. To avoid this heavy investment and also to fill our requirement in grinding of such above jobs, we can manufacture this attachment. As the cost of this attachment is less, we can keep this idle when we don\u2019t have enough jobs. There won\u2019t be any loss for us, due to this attachment.\u00a0\r\n\r\nCheck Also :\u00a07 Centre Lathe Machine Attachment that enhance Lathe Applications\r\n\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLE\u00a0\r\n\r\nThis attachment is used on centre lathes. This whole arrangement is fixed on the carriage where the component rests. A grinding wheel is mounted on the spindle which is supported by two bearings, and is rotated by a motor through \u2018V\u2019 rope in high revolution.\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTool Post Grinder Mechanical Project\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhile we are introducing the rotating grind wheel inside the bore of a job which is also rotating on the chuck, Material will be removed according to the cut which we select. The operation is similar to grinding operation. In turning, a single point tool removes the material, but in this process, a grinding wheel is used to super finish the jobs,\r\nwhere high accuracy is necessary.\r\n\r\nWORKING OF UNIT\u00a0\r\n\r\nThis attachment is fixed on the lathe carriage, where the compound rest rests. The spindle of the attachment will be parallel to the lathe spindle. It is just like a boring bar on tool post. Where the motor is on, the spindle and the grinding wheel will be rotated, on the RPM of about. Job is held on the lathe chuck, for example, if we grind a bore of a body, the body will be rotating in lower RPM on lathe spindle, and the grinding wheel will be rotating on higher RPM. The rotation of the grinding wheel will be opposite to the job rotation.\r\nDepth of cut may be given by cross slide, and the longitudinal movement will be given by automatic feed. Normally depth per cut will be 0.02 to 0.05 MM.\r\n\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES\r\n\r\n1. The attachment is compact and rigid in size.\r\n2. Maintenance is less.\r\n3. It can be used on any lathe by small change in centre heights.\r\n\r\nDISADVANTAGES\r\n\r\n1. This attachment is not used for taper job to grind but it can grind by using extra taper thread turning attachment.\r\n\r\nAPPLICATIONS\r\n\r\n1. Grinding inside the bore in any size of body can be done.\r\n2. As the feed is given automatic, 0.8 micron finish may be achieved.\r\n3. By changing the grades of grinding wheels it can be used to grind the carbon steel, Alloy steel and stainless steel etc.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFIELD OF APPLICATION\r\n\r\nWherever grinding finish is required it can be used. For example, bore of industrial valves, outer diameter of spindle of varies machines.Related:\u00a0Multipurpose Indexing Device -Lathe ,Milling, Drilling Attachment\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nMachine Tool , Manufacturing Projects List - Abstract , Report\r\nLathe Machine Projects List , Abstracts\r\nNew Mechanical Projects 2020 ( All Projects Post Index List )\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","headline":"Tool Post Grinder -Project On Lathe Machine Attachment","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-12-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/toolpostgrinderproject-300x174.png","height":174,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-automobile-gearbox-working-of-sliding/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/slidingmeshgearboxautomobile-300x225.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Types Of Automobile Gearbox &#8211; Working of Sliding Mesh Gearbox</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-automobile-gearbox-working-of-sliding/">Types Of Automobile Gearbox &#8211; Working of Sliding Mesh Gearbox</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Types Of Automobile Gearbox -Working of Sliding Mesh Gearbox
Gear box Used In Automobile Vehicles 
Introduction:-
The mechanism that transmits engine four to the rear wheel (in case of rear wheel...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-automobile-gearbox-working-of-sliding/" aria-label="View Post: Types Of Automobile Gearbox &#8211; Working of Sliding Mesh Gearbox">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types Of Automobile Gearbox &#8211; Working of Sliding Mesh Gearbox","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-automobile-gearbox-working-of-sliding\/","articleBody":"Types Of Automobile Gearbox -Working of Sliding Mesh Gearbox\r\nGear box Used In Automobile Vehicles\u00a0\r\nIntroduction:-\r\nThe mechanism that transmits engine four to the rear wheel (in case of rear wheel drive vehicle) or to the front wheel. (In front wheel drive vehicle) or to all the four wheel (in four wheel drive vehicles) is known as a transmission system.\r\n\r\nRelated: Design and Fabrication of gear box Project\r\n\r\nFunction of gear box:-\r\nThe gear box and its associated units perform the following function on.\r\n\r\n \tA gear box assists in variation of torque (or tractates effort) produced by the engine in accordance with the driving conditions.\r\n \tA large torque is required at the start of the vehicle and a low torque at higher speeds.\r\n \tIt helps in smooth running of the vehicle at different speed since variation a torque induces.\r\n\r\nTypes of transmission:\r\nSeveral kinds of transmission are employed on auto vehicles. These can be classified as follows.\r\n\r\n1) Manual transmission.\r\n\r\n \tSliding mesh gearbox.\r\n \tConstant mesh gearbox.\r\n \tSynchromesh gearbox.\r\n \tSychromesh gear box with over drive.\r\n\r\n2) Semi- Automatic transmission.\r\n\r\n \tElectric controlled with a avid drive.\r\n \tElectric controlled with over drive.\r\n \tFluid \u2013 torque drive.\r\n\r\n3)Automatic drive.\r\n\r\n \tHydromantic drive.\r\n \tTorque converter drive.\r\n\r\nSliding mesh gear box:\r\n\r\nIt is simplest type of gear box out of the available gear boxes. In this type of gear box, gears are changed by sliding one gear on the other. This gear box consists of three shafts; main shaft, clutch shaft and a counter shaft. In a four speed gear box (which includes one reverse gear), the counter shaft has four gears which are rigidly connected to it. Clutch \u00a0shaft has one gear and main shaft has two gears.\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe two gears on the main shaft can Transmission slide in the horizontal direction along the splines of the main shaft. However, the gears on the counter shaft cannot slide. The clutch gear is rigidly fixed to the clutch shaft. It is always connected to the countershaft drive gear. The two gears on the main shaft can be slided by the shifter yoke by operating the shift lever (not shown in Figures). These two gears are second gear and low\/reverse gear respectively.\u00a0\r\n\r\nThese gears can be meshed with corresponding gears on the countershaft with the help of shifter yoke and shift lever. Shift lever is operated by hand in four wheelers for changing the gears. A reverse idler gear is mounted on another (third) shaft and is always in mesh with reverse gear on countershaft. \r\n\r\nNeutral Position\r\n\r\nFigure shows sliding mesh gear box in neutral position. In this position, the engine is in running condition, clutch remains engaged and clutch gear drives the countershaft drive gear.\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe direction of rotation of countershaft is opposite to that of clutch shaft. In this position Ist, IInd and IIIrd and reverse gears are free. Thus, main (transmission) shaft does not rotate and automobile wheels do not rotate. So vehicle remains stationary.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nsliding mesh gearbox diagram\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFirst Gear\r\n\r\nWhen first gear position is selected by the shift lever, first gear (large gear) on the main shaft slides and is connected to first gear on the countershaft. The direction of rotation of main shaft is same as that of clutch shaft. In first gear, small gear of countershaft meshes with larger gear on main shaft, speed reduction in the ratio 3 : 1 (approximate) is obtained.\r\n\r\nSecond Gear\r\n\r\nWhen second gear is selected by the shift lever, second gear on countershaft meshes with second gear (small gear on main shaft) on the main shaft. The direction of main shaft is same as that of clutch shaft. Speed reduction of the order of 2 : 1 is obtained in second gear.\r\n\r\nThird Gear\r\n\r\nIn third gear, the main shaft is slided axially towards the clutch shaft so that main shaft is directly connected to the clutch shaft. In this position, the main shaft rotates at the speed of clutch shaft. Thus, a speed ratio of 1 : 1 is obtained. It can be noted that the clutch gear is directly connected to engine crankshaft and main shaft is connected to the wheels through propeller shaft.\r\n\r\nReverse Gear\r\n\r\nWhen the shift lever is operated to engage the reverse gear, the larger (reverse) gear of the main shaft meshes with the reverse idler gear. Reverse idler gear is always connected to reverse gear on countershaft. The reverse idler gear between countershaft reverse gear and main shaft larger gear changes the direction of rotation of main shaft. Thus, the direction of main shaft becomes opposite to that of clutch shaft. Therefore, wheels of the automobile start moving in backward direction.\r\n\r\n(Note : Countershaft is also known as lay shaft.)\r\n\r\nIn modern cars, there are five forward gears and reverse gear. Hence, they provide five speed ratios for forward racing and one for backward movement.","headline":"Types Of Automobile Gearbox &#8211; Working of Sliding Mesh Gearbox","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-12-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/slidingmeshgearboxautomobile-300x225.jpg","height":225,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-wankel-engine-full-pdf/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/WANKELENGINE.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Seminar On Wankel Engine Full PDF Report Download</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-wankel-engine-full-pdf/">Seminar On Wankel Engine Full PDF Report Download</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Seminar On Wankel Engine Full PDF Report Download
Wankel Engine Seminar Report  ABSTRACT  A Wankel engine is an internal combustion engine, but it works in a completely different way than the...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/seminar-on-wankel-engine-full-pdf/" aria-label="View Post: Seminar On Wankel Engine Full PDF Report Download">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Seminar On Wankel Engine Full PDF Report Download","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/seminar-on-wankel-engine-full-pdf\/","articleBody":"Seminar On Wankel Engine Full PDF Report Download\r\nWankel Engine Seminar Report\r\n\r\nABSTRACT\r\n\r\nA Wankel engine is an internal combustion engine, but it works in a completely different way than the conventional piston engine.\r\n\r\nLike a piston engine, the rotary engine uses the pressure created when a combination of air and fuel is burnt. In a piston engine, that pressure is contained in the cylinders and forces pistons to move back and forth. The connecting rod and crankshaft convert the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational motion that can be used to produce power. In a Wankel engine, the pressure of combustion is contained in a chamber formed by part of the housing and sealed in by one face of the triangular rotor, which is what the engine uses instead of pistons. The rotor follows a path that looks like something you'd create with a Spiro graph. This path keeps each of the three peaks of the rotor in contact with the housing, creating three separate volumes of gas. As the rotor moves around the chamber, each of the three volumes of gas alternately expands and contracts. It is this expansion and contraction that draws air and fuel into the engine, compresses it and makes useful power as the gases expand, and then expels the exhaust.\u00a0\r\n\r\nWANKEL ENGINE PARTS:\r\n\r\n\r\nWankel Engine\r\n\r\n\u00a0\r\n\r\n\r\nRotor:\r\nThe heart of a wankel engine is the rotor. This is roughly the equivalent of the pistons in a piston engine. The rotor is mounted on the large circular lobe on the output shaft. This lobe is offset from the centerline of the shaft and acts like crank handle on a winch, giving the rotor the leverage it needs to turn the output shaft. As the rotor orbits inside the housing, it pushes the lobe around in tight circles, turning three times for every one revolution of the rotor.\r\n\r\nRotor Housing:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe housing is epitrochoid in shape. Designed to keep all three tips of rotor in contact with housing at all times. Creates three separate volumes of gas at any time during rotation. Housing is designed with four parts specifically dedicated to one of the following: Intake, compression, combustion and exhaust.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nCooling jacket:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe hole (jacket) tracks which are provided to the border of the housing as show in fig., are used for the cooling purpose. During combustion very high temperature water cooling jacket is provided. For the housing cooling system it is important to minimize the temperature difference over the housing to prevent local thermal stresses and deformations as well as reducing its highest temperature. The axial flow type cooling is used in this engine\r\n\r\nStationary Gear:\r\n\r\nFor stationary gear, the profile shifted spur gearing is generally used. The stationary and rotor gears are designed for a gear ratio 2:3 and for their pitch diameter 4 and 6, respectively, so that the center distance will be equal to the eccentricity of the trochoid. The stationary gear is solid with the main shaft bearing housing,as show in fig. which is generally press fit and bolted to the side housing. The rotor gear is usually in the shape of a ring gear.\u00a0\r\n\r\nOutput Shaft:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nOutput shaft has lobes mounted offset from the centerline of the shaft. Rotors are mounted on these lobes. Each lobe acts as a crankshaft on the piston engine. When rotor follows the surface of the housing it creates torque on the lobes making the output shaft rotate.\r\n\r\nWORKING PRINCIPLES\r\n\r\nIn a piston engine, the same volume of space (the cylinder) alternately does four different jobs -- intake, compression, combustion and exhaust. A rotary engine does these same four jobs, but each one happens in its own part of the housing. It's kind of like having a dedicated cylinder for each of the four jobs, with the piston moving continually from one to the next.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWankel Engine Animation\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nLike a piston engine, the rotary engine uses the pressure created when a combination of air and fuel is burned. In a piston engine, that pressure is contained in the cylinders and forces pistons to move back and forth. The connecting rods and crankshaft convert the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational motion that can be used to power a car.\u00a0\r\n\r\nIn a rotary engine, the pressure of combustion is contained in a chamber formed by part of the housing and sealed in by one face of the triangular rotor, which is what the engine uses instead of pistons. The rotor follows a path that looks like something you'd create with a Spiro graph. This path keeps each of the three peaks of the rotor in contact with the housing, creating three separate volumes of gas. As the rotor moves around the chamber, each of the three volumes of gas alternately expands and contracts. It is this expansion and contraction that draws air and fuel into the engine, compresses it and makes useful power as the gases expand, and then expels the exhaust.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Wankel Engine:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tWankel engines are considerably simpler, lighter, and contain far fewer moving parts than piston engines of equivalent power output.\r\n \tThe elimination of reciprocating mass and the elimination of the most highly stressed and failure prone parts of piston engines gives the Wankel engine high reliability, a smoother flow of power, and a high power-to-weight ratio.\r\n \tThe Wankel engine is very quick to react to throttle changes and is able to quickly deliver a surge of power when the demand arises, especially at higher rpm.\r\n \tThe Wankel engine for use in aircraft is the fact that a Wankel engine generally has a smaller frontal area than a piston engine of equivalent power, allowing a more aerodynamic nose to be designed around it.\r\n \tThe simplicity of design and smaller size of the Wankel engine also allows for savings in construction costs, compared to piston engines of comparable power output.\u00a0\r\n \tDue to a 50% longer stroke duration compared to a four-cycle engine, there is more time to complete the combustion. This leads to greater suitability for direct injection.\r\n \tA Wankel rotary engine has stronger flows of air-fuel mixture and a longer operating cycle than a reciprocating engine, so it realizes concomitantly thorough mixing of hydrogen and air.\r\n\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of Wankel Engine:\r\n\r\n\r\n \tWankel engines have major disadvantages when it comes gas mileage. They use more power comparative to piston engine.\r\n \tThey burn comparatively more oil than piston engines.\r\n \tA typical wankel engine gets average mileage of about 25 miles per gallon.\r\n \tWankel engines tend to have more problems with seal than piston engines. Seal problem occurs more frequently, particularly in colder regions.\r\n \tThere is also an issue with the cost of some spare parts of wankel engines. Repair could be more expensive and maintenance cost is very high.\r\n \tFewer dealers are certified to fix\u00a0Wankel\u00a0engines, and regular dealerships of piston engines do not handle\u00a0Wankel\u00a0engines.\r\n\r\nApplications Of Wankel Engine:\r\n\r\n \tMotorcycle\r\n \tSnowmobile\r\n \tOutboard Engine\r\n \tHigh-speed Boat\r\n \tLight plane\r\n \tHelicopter\r\n \tIndustrial Engines\r\n \tChain Saws\r\n \tModel Engine\r\n\r\nDownload:\r\nSeminar On Wankel Engine Full PDF Report Download\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nMore Resources \/articles\r\nLatest seminar topic index - Report ,PPT Download\r\nIC Engine Articles , Notes , Question and Answer\r\nMechanical Subjectwise Basic Concept Notes ,Articles","headline":"Seminar On Wankel Engine Full PDF Report Download","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2015-12-06","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/WANKELENGINE.jpg","height":281,"width":220},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=285">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=284"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>284</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=285"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>285</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>286</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=287"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>287</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=288"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>288</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=287">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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