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Explained</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Types of Internal grinding machine with Diagram Explained
This machine is used to produce internal cylindrical surface. The surface may be straight, tapered, grooved or profiled.  Broadly there...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-internal-grinding-machine-with-diagram-explained/" aria-label="View Post: Types of Internal grinding machine with Diagram Explained">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types of Internal grinding machine with Diagram Explained","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-internal-grinding-machine-with-diagram-explained\/","articleBody":"Types of Internal grinding machine with Diagram Explained\r\nThis machine is used to produce internal cylindrical surface. The surface may be straight, tapered, grooved or profiled.\r\n\r\nBroadly there are three different types of internal grinding machine as follows:\r\n\r\n1. Chucking type internal grinder\r\n2. Planetary internal grinder\r\n3. Centreless internal grinder\r\n\r\nRead more :\r\n\r\n \tTypes of Grinding Machines - LearnMech\r\n \t\r\nTypes Of Surface Grinding machine with Diagram Explained\r\n\r\n \t\r\nTypes of Cylindrical grinding machine with Diagram Explained\r\n\r\n\r\n Chucking type internal grinder\r\nFigure 29.16 illustrates schematically this machine and various motions required for grinding action. The workpiece is usually mounted in a chuck. A magnetic face plate can also be used. A small grinding wheel performs the necessary grinding with its peripheral surface. Both transverse and plunge grinding can be carried out in this machine as shown in Fig. 29.17.\r\n\r\nChucking type internal grinder\r\n Planetary internal grinder\r\nPlanetary internal grinder is used where the workpiece is of irregular shape and can not be rotated conveniently as shown in Fig. 29.18. In this machine the workpiece does not rotate. Instead, the grinding wheel orbits the axis of the hole in the workpiece.\r\n\r\nPlanetary internal grinder\r\nCentreless internal grinder\r\nThis machine is used for grinding cylindrical and tapered holes in cylindrical parts (e.g. cylindrical liners, various bushings etc). The workpiece is rotated between supporting roll, pressure roll and regulating wheel and is ground by the grinding wheel as illustrated in Fig. 29.19\r\n\r\nCentreless internal grinder","headline":"Types of Internal grinding machine with Diagram Explained","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-31","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Chucking-type-internal-grinder-300x166.jpg","height":166,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-cylindrical-grinding-machine-with-diagram-explained/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Plain-centre-type-cylindrical-grinder-300x234.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Types of Cylindrical grinding machine with Diagram Explained</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-cylindrical-grinding-machine-with-diagram-explained/">Types of Cylindrical grinding machine with Diagram Explained</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Types of Cylindrical grinding machine with Diagram Explained
This machine is used to produce external cylindrical surface. The surfaces may be straight, tapered, steps or profiled. Broadly there are...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-cylindrical-grinding-machine-with-diagram-explained/" aria-label="View Post: Types of Cylindrical grinding machine with Diagram Explained">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types of Cylindrical grinding machine with Diagram Explained","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-cylindrical-grinding-machine-with-diagram-explained\/","articleBody":"Types of Cylindrical grinding machine with Diagram Explained\r\nThis machine is used to produce external cylindrical surface. The surfaces may be straight, tapered, steps or profiled. Broadly there are three different types of cylindrical grinding machine as follows:\r\n\r\n1. Plain centre type cylindrical grinder\r\n2. Universal cylindrical surface grinder\r\n3. Centreless cylindrical surface grinder\r\n\r\nRead more : Types of Grinding Machines - LearnMech\r\nPlain centre type cylindrical grinder\r\nFigure 29.8 illustrates schematically this machine and various motions required for grinding action. The machine is similar to a centre lathe in many respects. The workpiece is held between head stock and tailstock centres. A disc type grinding wheel performs the grinding action with its peripheral surface. Both traverse and plunge grinding can be carried out in this machine as shown in Fig.29.9.\r\n\r\n Plain centre type cylindrical grinder\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n Universal cylindrical surface grinder\r\nUniversal cylindrical grinder is similar to a plain cylindrical one except that it is more versatile. In addition to small worktable swivel, this machine provides large swivel of head stock, wheel head slide and wheel head mount on the wheel head slide.\r\n\r\n Universal cylindrical surface grinder\r\n External centreless grinder\r\nThis grinding machine is a production machine in which out side diameter of the workpiece is ground. The workpiece is not held between centres but by a work support blade. It is rotated by means of a regulating wheel and ground by the grinding wheel.\r\nIn through-feed centreless grinding, the regulating wheel revolving at a much lower surface speed than grinding wheel controls the rotation and longitudinal motion of the workpiece. The regulating wheel is kept slightly inclined to the axis of the grinding wheel and the workpiece is fed longitudinally as shown in Fig. 29.14.\r\n\r\n External centreless grinder","headline":"Types of Cylindrical grinding machine with Diagram Explained","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-31","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Plain-centre-type-cylindrical-grinder-300x234.jpg","height":234,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-surface-grinding-machine-with-diagram-explained/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Horizontal-spindle-reciprocating-table-grinder-257x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Types Of Surface Grinding machine with Diagram Explained</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-surface-grinding-machine-with-diagram-explained/">Types Of Surface Grinding machine with Diagram Explained</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Types Of Surface Grinding machine with Diagram Explained
 Surface grinding machine:
This machine may be similar to a milling machine used mainly to grind flat surface. However, some types of...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-surface-grinding-machine-with-diagram-explained/" aria-label="View Post: Types Of Surface Grinding machine with Diagram Explained">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types Of Surface Grinding machine with Diagram Explained","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-surface-grinding-machine-with-diagram-explained\/","articleBody":"Types Of Surface Grinding machine with Diagram Explained\r\n Surface grinding machine:\r\nThis machine may be similar to a milling machine used mainly to grind flat surface. However, some types of surface grinders are also capable of producing contour surface with formed grinding wheel.\r\nBasically there are four different types of surface grinding machines characterised by the movement of their tables and the orientation of grinding wheel spindles as follows:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Horizontal spindle and reciprocating table\r\n\u2022 Vertical spindle and reciprocating table\r\n\u2022 Horizontal spindle and rotary table\r\n\u2022 Vertical spindle and rotary table\r\n\r\nRead also : Types of Grinding Machines - LearnMech\r\nHorizontal spindle reciprocating table grinder\r\nFigure\u00a0 illustrates this machine with various motions required for grinding action. A disc type grinding wheel performs the grinding action with its peripheral surface. Both traverse and plunge grinding can be carried out in this machine as shown in Fig.\u00a0\r\n\r\n Horizontal spindle reciprocating table grinder\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\nVertical spindle reciprocating table grinder\r\nThis grinding machine with all working motions is shown in Fig. 29.3. The grinding operation is similar to that of face milling on a vertical milling machine. In this machine a cup shaped wheel grinds the workpiece over its full width using end face of the wheel as shown in Fig. 29.4. This brings more grits in action at the same time and consequently a higher material removal rate may be attained than for grinding with a peripheral wheel. \r\n\r\n Vertical spindle reciprocating table grinder\r\n Horizontal spindle rotary table grinder\r\nSurface grinding in this machine is shown in Fig.29.5. In principle the operation is same as that for facing on the lathe. This machine has a limitation in accommodation of workpiece and therefore does not have wide spread use. However, by swivelling the worktable, concave or convex or tapered surface can be produced on individual part as illustrated in Fig. 29.6\r\n\r\n Horizontal spindle rotary table grinder\r\n\r\n concave or convex or tapered surface grinding\r\n Vertical spindle rotary table grinder\r\nThe principle of grinding in this machine is shown in Fig. 29.7. The machine is mostly suitable for small workpieces in large quantities. This primarily production type machine often uses two or more grinding heads thus enabling both roughing and finishing in one rotation of the work table.\r\n\r\n Vertical spindle rotary table grinder\r\n Creep feed grinding machine:\r\nThis machine enables single pass grinding of a surface with a larger downfeed but slower table speed than that adopted for multi-pass conventional surface grinding. This machine is characterised by high stiffness, high spindle power, recirculating ball screw drive for table movement and adequate supply of grinding fluid. A further development in this field is the creep feed grinding centre which carries more than one wheel with provision of automatic wheel changing. A number of operations can be performed on the workpiece. It is implied that such machines, in the view of their size and complexity, are automated through CNC.\r\n High efficiency deep grinding machine:\r\nThe concept of single pass deep grinding at a table speed much higher than what is possible in a creep feed grinder has been technically realized in this machine. This has been made possible mainly through significant increase of wheel speed in this new generation grinding machine.","headline":"Types Of Surface Grinding machine with Diagram Explained","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-31","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Horizontal-spindle-reciprocating-table-grinder-257x300.jpg","height":300,"width":257},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-grinding-machines-learnmech/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/TOOL-AND-CUTTER-GRINDER-300x169.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Types of Grinding Machines &#8211; LearnMech</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-grinding-machines-learnmech/">Types of Grinding Machines &#8211; LearnMech</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Types of Grinding Machines - LearnMech
 Grinding Machines  Grinding Machines are also regarded as machine tools. A distinguishing feature of grinding machines is the rotating abrasive tool....</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-grinding-machines-learnmech/" aria-label="View Post: Types of Grinding Machines &#8211; LearnMech">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types of Grinding Machines &#8211; LearnMech","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-grinding-machines-learnmech\/","articleBody":"Types of Grinding Machines - LearnMech\r\n Grinding Machines\r\n\r\nGrinding Machines are also regarded as machine tools. A distinguishing feature of grinding machines is the rotating abrasive tool. Grinding machine is employed to obtain high accuracy along with very high class of surface finish on the workpiece.\r\n\r\nHowever, advent of new generation of grinding wheels and grinding machines, characterised by their rigidity, power and speed enables one to go for high efficiency deep grinding (often called as abrasive milling) of not only hardened material but also ductile materials.\r\nConventional grinding machines can be broadly classified as:\r\n(a) Surface grinding machine\r\n(b) Cylindrical grinding machine\r\n(c) Internal grinding machine\r\n(d) Tool and cutter grinding machine\r\n Surface grinding machine:\r\nThis machine may be similar to a milling machine used mainly to grind flat surface. However, some types of surface grinders are also capable of producing contour surface with formed grinding wheel.\r\n\r\nHorizontal spindle surface grinding machine with reciprocating table (Courtesy: Prayosha Enterprise)\r\n\r\nBasically there are four different types of surface grinding machines characterised by the movement of their tables and the orientation of grinding wheel spindles as follows:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Horizontal spindle and reciprocating table\r\n\u2022 Vertical spindle and reciprocating table\r\n\u2022 Horizontal spindle and rotary table\r\n\u2022 Vertical spindle and rotary table\r\n\r\nRead more : Types Of Surface Grinding machine with Diagram Explained\r\nCylindrical grinding machine\r\nThis machine is used to produce external cylindrical surface. The surfaces may be straight, tapered, steps or profiled. \r\n\r\nBroadly there are three different types of cylindrical grinding machine as follows:\r\n\r\n1. Plain centre type cylindrical grinder\r\n2. Universal cylindrical surface grinder\r\n3. Centreless cylindrical surface grinder\r\n\r\nRead more :Types of Cylindrical grinding machine with Diagram Explained\r\n Internal grinding machine\r\nThis machine is used to produce internal cylindrical surface. The surface may be straight, tapered, grooved or profiled.\r\n\r\nBroadly there are three different types of internal grinding machine as follows:\r\n1. Chucking type internal grinder\r\n2. Planetary internal grinder\r\n3. Centreless internal grinder\r\n\r\nSetup-of-internal-centerless-grinding-machine\r\n\r\nRead more : Types of Internal grinding machine with Diagram Explained\r\n Tool and cutter grinder machine\r\nTool grinding may be divided into two subgroups: tool manufacturing and tool resharpening. There are many types of tool and cutter grinding machine to meet these requirements. Simple single point tools are occasionally sharpened by hand on bench or pedestal grinder. However, tools and cutters with complex geometry like milling cutter, drills, reamers and hobs require sophisticated grinding machine commonly known as universal tool and cutter grinder. Present trend is to use tool and cutter grinder equipped with CNC to grind tool angles, concentricity, cutting edges and dimensional size with high precision.\r\n\r\nTOOL AND CUTTER GRINDER","headline":"Types of Grinding Machines &#8211; LearnMech","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-31","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/TOOL-AND-CUTTER-GRINDER-300x169.jpg","height":169,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-braze-welding-procedure-of-braze-welding/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/braze-welding-300x178.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Braze Welding | Procedure Of Braze Welding</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-braze-welding-procedure-of-braze-welding/">What is Braze Welding | Procedure Of Braze Welding</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Braze Welding | Procedure Of Braze Welding
BRAZE WELDING
Braze welding (also called bronze welding) is another procedure you can use to join two pieces of metal. It is very similar to...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-braze-welding-procedure-of-braze-welding/" aria-label="View Post: What is Braze Welding | Procedure Of Braze Welding">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Braze Welding | Procedure Of Braze Welding","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-braze-welding-procedure-of-braze-welding\/","articleBody":"What is Braze Welding | Procedure Of Braze Welding\r\nBRAZE WELDING\r\nBraze welding (also called bronze welding) is another procedure you can use to join two pieces of metal. It is very similar to fusion welding except you do not melt the base metal and you distribute the filler metal onto the metal surfaces by tinning. Braze welding can produce bonds comparable to those made by fusion welding without the destruction of the base metal characteristics.\r\nAdvantages of braze welding over fusion welding:\r\n\u2022 Allows the joining of dissimilar metals\r\n\u2022 Minimizes heat distortion\r\n\u2022 Reduces extensive preheating\r\n\u2022 Eliminates stored-up stresses often present in fusion welding (extremely important in repairing large castings)\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of braze welding compared to fusion welding:\r\n\r\n\u2022 Loss of strength when subjected to high temperatures\r\n\u2022 Inability to withstand high stresses\r\nEQUIPMENT\r\nThe equipment you need for braze welding is essentially identical to the equipment you need for brazing. However, braze welding usually requires more heat than brazing, so you should definitely use an oxyacetylene or oxy-MAPP torch for braze welding.\r\n\r\nFiller Metal\r\nCopper and zinc are the primary elements of a braze-welding rod; they provide ductility and high strength. Iron, tin, aluminum, manganese, chromium, lead, nickel, and silicon are also added in small amounts to improve the rod\u2019s welding characteristics.\r\n\r\nThese elements aid in deoxidizing the weld metal, increasing flow action, and decreasing the chances of fuming.\r\n\r\nFlux\r\nProper fluxing is as essential in braze welding as it is in the other processes; if the surface of the metal is not clean, the filler metal will not flow smoothly and evenly over the weld area. Even after you have mechanically cleaned the workpiece, certain oxides often remain and interfere with the flow of the filler metal, so always use the correct flux to eliminate them.\r\nBraze Welding Procedures\r\nEdge preparation is essential in braze welding. You can bevel the edges of thick parts by grinding, machining, or filing, but it is not necessary to bevel thin parts (1\/4-inch or less). You need to make the piece bright and clean on the underside as well as on the top of the joint. If you clean with a file, steel wool, or abrasive paper, it will remove most of the foreign matter such as oils, greases, and oxides, and using the proper flux will complete the process to permit the tinning to bond.\r\n\r\nAfter you prepare the work\u2019s edges, use the following steps to braze weld:\r\n\u2022 Align parts and hold in position with clamps, tack welds, or both.\r\n\u2022 Preheat assembly to reduce expansion and contraction during welding.\r\n\r\no Preheat method depends on the size of the casting or assembly.\r\n\u2022 Adjust flame to slightly oxidizing flame.\r\n\u2022 Flux joint.\r\n\r\no Note: More flux during the tinning process produces stronger welds.\r\n\u2022 Apply heat to base metal until it begins to turn red.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Melt some brazing rod onto surface and allow spreading along entire joint.\r\n\r\no Note: You may have to add more filler metal to complete the tinning.\r\no Note: Temperature control is critical.\r\n\r\n\u00a0Base metal too hot \u2014 filler metal bubbles or runs around like beads of water on a hot pan.\r\n\u00a0Base metal too cold \u2014 filler metal forms little balls that run off the metal.\r\n\r\n\u2022 Complete tinning entire joint.\r\nSee Figure for an example of tinning and welding with the backhand method.\r\n\r\n braze welding\r\n\r\n\u2022 Begin adding beads of filler metal to fill joint.\r\no Use a slight circular motion with the torch and run the beads as in regular fusion welding.\r\no Continue adding flux.\r\no If the weld requires several passes, ensure each layer fuses with the previous one.\r\n\u2022 Upon completion of fill, heat area around joint on both sides for several inches to ensure even rate of cooling.\r\n\u2022 When joint is cold, remove any excess flux or other particles with stiff wire brush or steel wool.","headline":"What is Braze Welding | Procedure Of Braze Welding","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-31","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/braze-welding-300x178.jpg","height":178,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal no-thumb"><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-resistance-welding-learnmech/">Types of Resistance Welding | LearnMech</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Types of Resistance Welding | LearnMech
The following points highlight the Five main types of resistance welding. The types are: 1. Spot Welding 2. Projection Welding 3. Seam Welding 4. Percussion...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/types-of-resistance-welding-learnmech/" aria-label="View Post: Types of Resistance Welding | LearnMech">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Types of Resistance Welding | LearnMech","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/types-of-resistance-welding-learnmech\/","articleBody":"Types of Resistance Welding | LearnMech\r\nThe following points highlight the Five main types of resistance welding. The types are: 1. Spot Welding 2. Projection Welding 3. Seam Welding 4. Percussion Welding 5. Butt Welding\u00a0\r\n\u00a01. Spot Welding:\r\nBy definition, spot welding is a form of resistance welding in which the parts or pieces are joined in spots, accompanied by heated relatively small sections of the parts or pieces between suitable electrodes under pressure.\r\n\r\nSpot welding is perhaps the most widely used form of resistance welding. It is characterized by low cost, speed, and dependability making it a common electrical resistance welding process.\r\n\r\nSpot welding is usually used for joining or fabricating sheet metal structure. This type of welding only provides mechanical strength and is neither airtight nor watertight. For obtaining good welds having strength, and to avoid the excessive heating effects due to foreign films on sheet surfaces, it is desirable to clean the sheets thoroughly before welding. In this type of welding the workpieces to be welded are pressed together by mechanical pressure exerted through electrodes (made of pure copper or alloy of copper) and then supply is switched on for a particular period.\r\n\r\nThe mechanical pressure may be developed by a foot lever or by air pressure or by hydraulic cylinders. The metal in the zone of pressure gets up heated to fusion and the joint thus made gets cooled under pressure. The pressure remains applied till the weld cools and regains sufficient strength. Current required is above 5,000 A and the voltage between the electrodes is usually less than 2 volts.\r\n\r\nThe open- circuit voltage is less than 12 volts. The time period of flow of current varies widely depending upon the thickness of sheets, kinds of metal etc. For thin sheets this period is about 1\/50 second for each 0.25 mm of total thickness of the two sheets to be joined.\r\n\r\nIn order to avoid electrode sticking it is necessary to avoid heating of junction faces between electrodes and work.\r\n\r\nThis is achieved:\r\n\r\n(i) By using water-cooled electrodes and\r\n\r\n(ii) By employing electrodes made of material having high electrical as well as thermal conductivity.\r\n\r\nIn order to minimise the wear and tear at the tip of the electrodes it is necessary to employ electrodes made of material having high mechanical strength.\r\n\r\nprinciple of spot welding\r\n\r\nEfficient spot welds are possible only by a correct combination of current, pressure, and welding time. The heat developed being proportional to the product of the welding time and the square of the current, it is possible to obtain good welds by employing either low currents for a longer duration or higher currents for a shorter duration. Longer welding time usually produces stronger welds but this involves lot of distortion of workpieces, electrode maintenance and high energy expenditure.\r\n\r\nThe welding pressure required is determined on the basis of a specific electrode pressure of 7 kg per sq. mm over the electrode tip area. In view of the fact, however, that plates will not always be perfectly flat, a certain additional pressure is usually recommended, which will overcome slight distortion of the plates without the resultant necessary welding pressure.\r\n\r\nFor obtaining good joints spot welding machine, which makes the welding operation independent of the opera\u00adtor by automatically controlling welding current, pressure, and timing, once the same have been set correctly, may be employed. By toggle mechanism electrodes are pressed on the work and according to the requirement the current can be turned on and off.\r\n\r\nIn certain machines the electrodes of spot welders are equipped with water cooling arrangement. In such cases the electrodes are made hollow and the water is circulated through them. Spot welding machines are of capacities ranging from 10 to 150 kVA.\r\n\r\nSpot welding is applicable for joining components made from plate material, the plate thickness being limited (usually to 10 or 12 mm) by the pressure and current capacity of the available spot welding machine. It has an advantage over projection welding in cases where the number of welds required is relatively small, where the size of the job is too large for the capacity of projection welders, and where the design allows the necessary spacing and arrangement of the welds to be obtained. The lower cost of the equipment makes spot welding economical for small quantities.\r\n\r\nRead more :\r\n\r\n \tWhat is Spot Welding | Advantages , Application\r\n\r\n\u00a02. Projection Welding:\r\nProjection welding is a resistance welding process that produces coalescence by the heat obtained from the resistance to the flow of the welding current. The resulting welds are localized at predetermined points by projections, embossments or intersections.\r\n\r\nProjection welding uses the same equipment as spot welding. The only difference is that the electrodes used are flat on the ends and larger in diameter than the flat electrodes used in spot welding. Successful projection welding depends greatly on the surface preparation of the pieces to be welded.\r\n\r\nProjections, small deformations that will touch the surface of the material to be welded, are made on the weld areas. One of the main advantages of these projected points is that welding area can be located easily, which makes projection welding a high-production welding technique.\r\n\r\nAs the current flows through the two parts to be welded, the projected points are the main contact area. Whenever a point or projection touches the metal, a weld nugget will start. These weld points soon reach the plastic state, and the force applied by the electrodes finishes the weld nugget. The cycle time is the same as the spot-weld time. As the points reach their plastic state, the metal is compressed so that the finished weld is similar to the spot weld with the exception of the small indentations created by projections.\r\n\r\nProjection welding, as spot welding, needs no protective atmosphere in order to produce successful results. It is also useful in securing small circular component, to larger pieces of metal. For projection welding, a large flat-surfaced electrode is used, which covers the areas of the projections.\r\n\r\nThe areas of projection, one or more, and the spots where they touch on the other piece of metal will be the only places where fusion takes place, even with a large electrode. Projection welding has been used by auto manufacturers for many years. Auto bodies have many areas that are projection welded. Another area that uses projection welding is stud welding, which has also been utilized for car bodies.\r\n\r\nProjection welding reduces the amount of current and pressure required in order to form a good bond between two surfaces. With this reduction there is less chance of shrinkage and distortion in the areas surrounding the weld zone, one reason why it has been incorporated into many manufacturing processes.\r\n\r\nprojection welding\r\n\r\nProjection welding has the following advantages over spot welding:\r\n\r\n(i) Projection makes the welding process simple.\r\n\r\n(ii) It is possible to join several welding points in projection welding.\r\n\r\n(iii) More output is obtained since more than one weld are done at a time.\r\n\r\n(iv) Electrode life is increased due to use of low current density and low pressure.\r\n\r\n(v) Good finished appearance is obtained as surface remains undented by the electrodes.\r\n\r\n(vi) Welds are automatically located by the position of projections.\r\n\r\n(vii) As the electrodes are flat, therefore the contact area over the projection is sufficient. It facilitates the easier maintenance of electrodes, alignments of parts and construction of various jigs and fixtures.\r\n\r\n(viii) With the projection welding, it is easy to weld certain parts which cannot be welded by spot welding.\r\n\r\nWhen the two plates to be welded are of different cross- sectional area then in order to obtain desirable strength it becomes necessary to have the projections on the thicker plate.\r\n\r\nWhen the two plates to be welded are of different material then the projections should be made on the high conductivity materials.\r\n\r\nThe thickness of plates to be jointed is limited to 2 x 6 mm in case of steel, 2 x 4 mm in case of aluminium, and 2 x 2 mm in case of copper. This reduction in maximum thickness of different metals is due to increase in conductivity.\r\n\r\nThe initial cost of the equipment required for projection welding is high as press type machines are required for this type of welding.\r\n\r\nThis type of welding is usually employed on punched, formed or stamped parts, where the projections automatically exist.\r\n\r\nSmall fasteners, nuts etc. can be welded to larger components.\r\n\r\nProjection welding is particularly applicable to mass production work, e.g., the welding of refrigerator condensers, crossed-wire welding, refrigerator racks, gratings, grills etc.\r\n\r\nRead more :\r\n\r\n \tWhat is Projection Welding | Advantages , Application\r\n\r\n3. Seam Welding:\r\nSeam welding can be defined as series of continuous spot welds. This process is employed for making a continuous joint between two overlapping pieces of sheet metal. In this process the work to be welded is placed between the two wheels which apply sufficient mechanical pressure and also carry sufficient current for producing continuous welds. The mechanical pressure applied is kept constant and the current is regulated by a timer (the current is kept on for a definite time and then off for another fixed interval).\r\n\r\nAs the pressure is applied, the drive is started, the welding current switched on and simultaneously the overlapping surfaces of the metal are forced together as fast as they are heated. The heat is generated due to flow of current through the resistance in the welding circuit. The heat generated can be controlled by either varying the current or pressure between the sheets which varies the contact resistance. If the rate of heat generation is high then the speed of the rollers is increased thereby reducing the welding time and vice versa.\r\n\r\nThe electrodes are made of copper alloys and are water circulated in order to dissipate heat from them. In high speed seam welding using continuous current the frequency of the current acts as an interrupter. In order to localise the current and pressure to the welding point, the contact area of the electrodes is kept small.\r\n\r\nUsually numbers of spots obtained per metre of the joint are between 200 and 400 depending upon the nature of the joint required. Welding speed ranges from 0.25 metre to 10 metres per minute. This type of welding is very important as it provides pressure tight or leak proof joint.\r\n\r\nIt is very essential in case of seam welding that the surfaces to be welded are cleaned and made dust and dirt free. This is not necessary in other forms of resistance welding, e.g., in spot welding the detrimental effect of scale and surface dirt can be compensated for by adjustment of time, pressure, current or by other means but this is not true of seam welding.\r\n\r\nMaterials which can be seam welded after they are cleaned include high-carbon, stainless and coated steels and alloys of aluminium, nickel and magnesium. Seam welding of copper and high copper alloys is not recommended. Seam welding is employed for welding pipes, conduits, tanks, transformers, refrigerators, gasoline tanks, aircrafts and various types of containers. This process is best adopted for metal thickness ranging from 0.25 mm to 3 mm.\r\n\r\nRead more :Seam Welding- Diagram, Working ,Advantages and Disadvantages\r\n4. Percussion Welding:\r\nIt is a recent development in welding. It is a resistance welding process where in coalescence is produced simultaneously over the entire area of abutting surfaces by heat obtained from an arc produced by a rapid discharge of stored electrical energy. This is a self-timing spot welding method.\r\n\r\nIn this process, the pieces to be welded are held apart, one in a stationary holder and the other in a clamp mounted in a slide and backed up against heavy spring pressure. When the movable clamp is released, it moves rapidly carrying with it the piece to be welded. When the two pieces are about 1.5 mm apart, there is a sudden discharge of electrical energy, causing intense arcing between the two surfaces and heating them to high temperature. As pieces come in contact with each other under heavy pressure the arc is extinguished due to the percussion blow of the two parts and the force between them effects the weld.\r\n\r\nThis process is quite similar to flash welding and upset welding, but is limited to parts of the same geometry and cross section. It is more complex than the other two processes. The advantage of the process is that there is an extremely shallow depth of heating and the time cycle is very short. This process is so fast (takes about 0.1 s) that there is little heating effect in the material adjacent to the weld. It may be noted that this process is limited to only small areas (up to 3.2 cm2) of nearly regular sections.\r\n\r\nThin sheets of equivalent area cannot be joined by this process. It can be used for welding a large number of dissimilar metals. It is used for very specialized applications and the process is entirely automatic. Metals which can be percussion welded include, copper alloys, aluminium alloys, nickel alloys, low-carbon steel, medium-carbon steel and stainless steels.\r\n\r\nThis process is used for welding satellite tips to tools, copper to aluminium or stainless steel, silver contact tips to copper, cast iron to steel, lead-in-wires on electric lamps and zinc to steel. Gold, silver, copper-tungsten, silver-tungsten and silver-cadmium oxide percussion welded to copper alloys for commonly used assemblies for electric contacts.\r\n5. Butt Welding:\r\nIn butt-welding, the two pieces of metal of same cross-section are gripped together and pressed while heat is generated in the contact surface by electrical resistance when the current is passed. As pressure keeps on acting continuously, the joint is upset slightly which has to be rounded up by machining or grinding.\u00a0\u00a0\r\n\r\nIt is desirable that both parts are of same resistance in order to have uniform heating at the joint. In order to have good weld, first the pressure must be less and then increased steadily to a value sufficient of effect weld. In this process there is no flashing or arcing at the joint during the operation. This process is best suited to rods, pipes and many other parts of uniform cross-section.\r\n\r\nButt welding can be sub-divided into two groups, i.e.,\r\n\r\ni. Upset butt welding and\r\n\r\nii. Flash butt welding.\r\n\r\nIn the first type, the parts to be welded are clamped edge to edge in clamps of the machine and brought together with light contact while current flows to heat the joint. The pressure applied upsets the joint. Upset butt welding is used principally for non- ferrous metals.\r\n\r\nIn the flash butt welding, the parts are brought together in a very light contact. A high voltage starts a flashing action. The parts keep on moving against each other till forging temperature is reached and then sufficient pressure is applied to effect the weld. The pressure squeezes out from the joint faces any unwanted slag, oxides and overheated metal.\r\n\r\nDue to upsetting action, slight bulging occurs around the weld. In this process it is very important to have proper timing and current for the size and section of parts used. Usually large areas are welded by flash welding process.\r\n\r\nThis process requires less current and is quite rapid. Most of the non-ferrous metals except those containing high percentages of lead, zinc, tin and copper can be welded satisfactorily. It is used for welding bars, tubes, and extruded sections.\r\n\r\nRead more ;\u00a0Flash Butt Welding | Advantages , Disadvantages , Application","headline":"Types of Resistance Welding | LearnMech","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2019-03-31","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 20, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"","height":0,"width":0},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=85">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=84"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>84</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=85"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>85</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>86</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=87"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>87</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=88"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>88</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=87">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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