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Detailed Classification Of Refrigerant</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/refrigerant-type-detailed-classification-of-refrigerant/">Refrigerant type &#8211; Detailed Classification Of Refrigerant</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Refrigerant type - Detailed Classification Of Refrigerant
INTRODUCTION TO REFRIGERANT :
The working agent in a refrigerating system that absorbs carries or releases heat from the place to be cooled...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/refrigerant-type-detailed-classification-of-refrigerant/" aria-label="View Post: Refrigerant type &#8211; Detailed Classification Of Refrigerant">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Refrigerant type &#8211; Detailed Classification Of Refrigerant","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/refrigerant-type-detailed-classification-of-refrigerant\/","articleBody":"Refrigerant type - Detailed Classification Of Refrigerant\r\nINTRODUCTION TO REFRIGERANT :\r\nThe working agent in a refrigerating system that absorbs carries or releases heat from the place to be cooled or refrigerated can be termed as a refrigerant. This heat transfer generally takes place through a phase change of the refrigerant.\r\n\r\nA more complete definition of a refrigerant could be given as follows:\r\n\u201cRefrigerant is the fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system that absorbs heat during evaporation from the region of low temperature and pressure, and releases heat during condensation at a region of higher temperature and pressure.\u201d\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0Introduction to Refrigerant and Classification Of Refrigerant\r\n\r\n refrigerant types\r\nRefrigerant types :\r\nRefrigerants can be broadly classified based on the following:\r\n\r\n1. Working Principle\r\nUnder this heading, we have the primary or common refrigerants and the secondary refrigerants.\r\nThe primary refrigerants are those that pass through the processes of compression, cooling or condensation, expansion and evaporation or warming up during cyclic processes. Ammonia, R12, R22, carbon dioxide come under this class of refrigerants.\r\nOn the other hand, the medium which does not go through the cyclic processes in a refrigeration system and is only used as a medium for heat transfer are referred to as secondary refrigerants. Water, brine solutions of sodium chloride and calcium chloride come under this category.\r\n\r\n2. Safety Considerations\r\nUnder this heading, we have the following three sub-divisions.\r\n\r\nSafe refrigerants\r\nThese are the non-toxic, non-flammable refrigerants such as R11, R12, R13, R14, R21, R22, R113, R114, methyl chloride, carbon dioxide, water etc.\r\n\r\nToxic and moderately flammable\r\nDichloroethylene methyl format, ethylchloride, sulphur dioxide, ammonia etc. come under this category.\r\n\r\nHighly flammable refrigerants\r\nThe refrigerants under this category are butane, isobutene, propane, ethane, methane, ethylene etc.\r\n\r\n3. Chemical Compositions\r\n\r\nThey are further sub-divided as\r\n\r\nHalocarbon compounds\r\nThese are obtained by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in ethane or methane with halogens.\r\n\r\nAzeotropes\r\nThese are the mixtures of two or more refrigerants and behave as a compound.\r\n\r\nOxygen and Nitrogen Compounds\r\nRefrigerants having either oxygen or nitrogen molecules in their structure, such as ammonia, are grouped separately and have a separate nomenclature from the halogenated refrigerants.\r\n\r\nCyclic organic Compounds\r\nThe compounds coming under this class are R316, R317 and R318.\r\n\r\nInorganic Compounds\r\nThese are further divided into two categories: Cryogenic and Non-cryogenic.\r\nCryogenic fluids are those which are applied for achieving temperatures as low as \u2013 160 0C to \u2013 273 0C. Above this temperature range, we can use a multi-stage refrigeration system to realise the desired temperature. But below \u2013 160 0C, this is not possible since the COP of the cycle becomes very low. To attain temperatures below \u2013 160 0C, we use refrigerants such as nitrogen, oxygen, helium, hydrogen etc. and for temperatures close to \u2013 273 0C, magnetic cooling is employed.\r\nThe inorganic compounds which are employed above the cryogenic temperature ranges come under the remaining sub-division of inorganic refrigerants.\r\n\r\nUnsaturated Compounds\r\nCompounds such as ethylene, propylene etc. are grouped under this head and grouped under the 1000 series for convenience.\r\n\r\nMiscellaneous\r\nThis group contains those compounds which cannot be grouped under the other components. They are indicated by the 700 series with the last numbers being their molecular weight. Examples include air, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide etc.\r\nAs we can see from the above sub-divisions, they are not mutually exclusive. A compound may come under more than one sub-division. Hence, the importance of adopting the various naming conventions to designate the different refrigerants cannot be underestimated.","headline":"Refrigerant type &#8211; Detailed Classification Of Refrigerant","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-08-10","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/refrigerant-types-300x170.jpg","height":170,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-swaging-process-working-of-swaging-machine/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/swaging-process-291x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Swaging process &#8211; Working Of Swaging Machine</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-swaging-process-working-of-swaging-machine/">What is Swaging process &#8211; Working Of Swaging Machine</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Swaging process - Working Of Swaging Machine
What is Swaging Operation :
Swaging is the action-oriented process for shaping a swage. A swage is the shaped tool used to transform an...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-swaging-process-working-of-swaging-machine/" aria-label="View Post: What is Swaging process &#8211; Working Of Swaging Machine">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Swaging process &#8211; Working Of Swaging Machine","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-swaging-process-working-of-swaging-machine\/","articleBody":"What is Swaging process - Working Of Swaging Machine\r\nWhat is Swaging Operation :\r\nSwaging is the action-oriented process for shaping a swage. A swage is the shaped tool used to transform an object\u2019s shape into the desired form by bending or shaping. Swaging is used in the metalworking field, known as metallurgy, to serve a variety of purposes. As a noun, swaging can transform a piece of metal into a desired shape through pressure or hammering. Swaging results in taking an object and giving it a ridge, groove or some shape of mold. The process can alter the diameter of rods, hoses and\/or tubes. Examples of swaging include pipefitting, hose fitting and decorative metal work. Think of any number of metal furniture pieces, and you can notice how the process of swaging was used to properly form the metal into these desired shapes. A case in point involves the casters used on chairs or other furniture legs. Look in your office meeting room and notice that beautiful silver coffee table with its antique-appearing curved legs. Those legs were created using the process of swaging.\r\n\r\ntypes of swaging\r\nSwaging can be classified as internal, external, combination or dual varieties.\r\n\r\nInternal swaging can provide grip to hose material, and be used to improve flow area through tubing or hoses. In fact, this form of swaging increases the size of applicable items, and plays a key role in lowering the risks of bacteria accumulating near the end of the hose or tube. It also helps to reduce turbulence by providing a firm mechanical adhesiveness and bond.\r\n\r\nExternal swaging, as the term implies, is the opposite of internal swaging.\r\n\r\nCombination swaging is similar to external swaging, except for the fact it involves welding ends together. It also is known to be more cost-effective than external swaging. Combination swaging involves compressing the size of items to suit the purpose.\r\n\r\nDual swaging uses both internal and external swaging and involves compressing both aspects by the same amount.\r\n\r\nSwaging Process :\r\n\r\nIn this process, the diameter of a rod or a tube is reduced by forcing it into a confining die. A set of reciprocation dies provides radial blows to cause the metal to flow inward and acquire the form of the die cavity. The die movements may be of in \u2013 and \u2013 out type or rotary. The latter type is obtained with the help of a set of rollers in a cage, in a similar action as in a roller bearing. The workpiece is held stationary and the dies rotate, the dies strike the workpiece at a rate as high as 10 - 20 strokes per second.\r\n\r\nIn tube swaging, the tube thickness and \/ or internal dia of tube can be controlled with the use of internal mandrels. For small \u2013 diameter tubing, a thin rod can be used as a mandrel; even internally shaped tubes can be swaged by using shaped mandrels.\r\n\r\nswaging process\r\n\r\nThe process is quite versatile. The maximum diameter of work piece that can be swaged is limited to about 150 mm; work pieces as small as 0.5 mm diameter have been swaged. The production rate can be as high as 30 parts per minute depending upon the complexity of the part shape and the part handling means adopted.\r\n\r\nThe parts produced by swaging have tolerance in the range \u00b1 0.05 mm to \u00b1 0.5 mm and improved mechanical properties. Use of lubricants helps in obtaining better work surface finish and longer die life. Materials, such as tungsten and molybdenum are generally swaged at elevated temperatures as they have low ductility at room temperature. Hot swaging is also used to form long or steep tapers, and for large reductions.\r\n\r\nSwaging is a noisy operation. The level of noise can be, however, reduced by proper mounting of the machine or by the use of enclosure.\r\nTYPICAL APPLICATIONS\r\n\r\n \tUsed to close tubes, produce tapering, clamping and steps in sections\r\n \tMany section types possible either parallel or tapered\r\n \tTool shafts\r\n \tPunches\r\n \tChisels\r\n \tHandles\r\n \tExhaust pipes\r\n \tCable assemblies\r\n \tArchitectural work\r\n\r\nDESIGN ASPECTS\r\n\r\n \tComplexity fairly high. Round, square, rectangular and polygon sections possible either parallel or tapered. Splines and contoured surfaces also possible.\r\n \tHoles possible, but only through the length of the part.\r\n \tNo undercuts or inserts possible.\r\n \tDraft angles ranging 0\u20133.5\u00b0.\r\n \tMinimum section =2.5 mm.\r\n \tMaximum section =50 mm.\r\n \tMinimum solid diameter =\u00d82.5 mm.\r\n \tMaximum solid diameter =\u00d8150 mm.\r\n \tMaximum tube diameter =\u00d8350 mm.\r\n \tMinimum length =1.5 mm.\r\n \tMaximum length =250 mm.","headline":"What is Swaging process &#8211; Working Of Swaging Machine","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-08-09","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/swaging-process-291x300.jpg","height":300,"width":291},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/transfer-molding-working-advantages-and-disadvantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/transfer-molding-process-300x128.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Transfer Molding &#8211; Working , Advantages and Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/transfer-molding-working-advantages-and-disadvantages/">Transfer Molding &#8211; Working , Advantages and Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Transfer Molding - Working , Advantages and Disadvantages
Transfer molding process combines the principle of compression and transfer of the polymer charge. In the transfer molding, polymer charge...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/transfer-molding-working-advantages-and-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: Transfer Molding &#8211; Working , Advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Transfer Molding &#8211; Working , Advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/transfer-molding-working-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"Transfer Molding - Working , Advantages and Disadvantages\r\nTransfer molding process combines the principle of compression and transfer of the polymer charge. In the transfer molding, polymer charge is transferred from the transfer pot to the mold. The mold is cooled and molded part is ejected. The schematic of transfer molding process is\r\nshown in figure\r\nIn this process, the required amount of polymer charge is weighted and inserted into the transfer pot before the molding process. The transfer pot is heated by the heating element above the melting temperature of the polymer charge. The liquid charge is gravity filled through the sprue to the mold cavity. A \u201cpiston and cylinder\u201d arrangement is built in the transfer pot so that the resin is squirted into the mold cavity through a sprue. The plunger is also preheated in the transfer pot. The plunger is used to push the liquid polymer charge from the transfer pot into the mold cavity under pressure. The mold cavity remains closed as the polymer charge is inserted.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe mold cavity is held closed until the resin gets cured. The mold cavity is opened and the molded part can be removed once it has hardened with the help of ejector pin. The sprue and gate attached to the molded part have to be trimmed after the process has been completed.\r\n\r\nThis is used for mass production. It has short production cycle and smaller tolerances and more intricate parts can be achieved. It produces more waste material; therefore it is the more expensive process. The mold cavity can be made from metals such as aluminum or steel for\r\nlarger production.\r\n\r\nProcess Parameters\r\n\r\n \tHeating time\r\n \tMelting temperature of the charge\r\n \tApplied pressure\r\n \tCooling time\r\n\r\nMaterials Used\r\nGenerally, thermoset plastics (such as epoxy, polyester, phenol-formaldehyde, vinyl ester, silicone) are processed by transfer molding process, but certain thermoplastic materials can also be processed.\r\n\r\nApplications\r\nThis process is widely used to encapsulate items such as integrated circuits, plugs, connectors, pins, coils, and studs. It is suitable for molding with ceramic or metallic inserts which are placed in the mold cavity. When the heated polymer fills the mold it forms bonding with the insert\u00a0surface. Transfer molding is also used for manufacturing radio and television cabinets and car body shells.\r\n\r\nAdvantages\r\n\r\n \tFast setup time and lower setup costs\r\n \tLow maintenance cost\r\n \tPlastic parts with metal inserts can be made\r\n \tDesign flexibility\r\n \tDimensionally stable\r\n \tUniform thickness of parts\r\n \tLarge production rate\r\n\r\nDisadvantage:\r\n\r\n \tWastage of material\r\n \tProduction rate lower than injection molding\r\n \tAir can be trapped in the mold","headline":"Transfer Molding &#8211; Working , Advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-08-09","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/transfer-molding-process-300x128.png","height":128,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cochran-boiler-parts-diagram-construction-and-working/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cochran-boiler-diagram-and-working-300x186.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Cochran Boiler &#8211; Parts , Diagram , Construction and Working</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cochran-boiler-parts-diagram-construction-and-working/">Cochran Boiler &#8211; Parts , Diagram , Construction and Working</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Cochran Boiler - Parts , Diagram , Construction and Working
What is Cochran Boiler?  Cochran Boiler is a vertical drum axis, natural circulation, natural draft, low pressure, multi-tubular, solid...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cochran-boiler-parts-diagram-construction-and-working/" aria-label="View Post: Cochran Boiler &#8211; Parts , Diagram , Construction and Working">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Cochran Boiler &#8211; Parts , Diagram , Construction and Working","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/cochran-boiler-parts-diagram-construction-and-working\/","articleBody":"Cochran Boiler - Parts , Diagram , Construction and Working\r\nWhat is Cochran Boiler?\r\n\r\nCochran Boiler is a vertical drum axis, natural circulation, natural draft, low pressure, multi-tubular, solid fuel fired, fire tube boiler with internally fired furnace. It is the modified form of simple vertical boiler. In this boiler, the fire tubes are placed horizontally. The efficiency of this boiler is much better than the simple vertical boiler.\r\nMain Parts and Construction\r\n1. Shell:\u00a0It has a vertical axis cylindrical drum with hemispherical dome type shell at the top.\r\n\r\n2. Grate:\u00a0It is the platform on which the solid fuel is burnt.\r\n\r\n3. Combustion Chamber: The burning of fuel takes place in the combustion chamber.\r\n\r\n4. Fire Tubes:\u00a0Cochran boiler has multi tubular fire tubes. The hot flue gases from the combustion chamber travels to the smoke box through these fire tubes. The fire tubes helps in the exchange of heat from the hot flue gases to the water.\r\n\r\n5. Fire Hole: It is the hole provided to fire the fuel inside the furnace.\r\n\r\n6. Furnace:\u00a0It lies at the bottom of the boiler. Furnace is the place where all the fuel is burnt. Without furnace the working of this boiler is not possible.\r\n\r\ncochran boiler diagram and working\r\nFeatures of Cochran boiler are listed below:\r\n\r\n \tIt is very compact and requires minimum floor area.\r\n \tAny type of fuel can be used with this boiler.\r\n \tIt is well suited for small capacity requirements.\r\n \tIt gives about 70% thermal efficiency with coal firing and about 75% with oil firing.\r\n \tThe ratio of grate area to the heating surface area varies from 10: 1 to 25: 1.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Cochran Boiler\r\n(i)\u00a0Low initial installation cost.\r\n(ii)\u00a0It requires less floor area.\r\n(iii)\u00a0Easy to operate and handle.\r\n(iv)\u00a0Transportation of Cochran boiler is easy.\r\n(V)\u00a0It can use all types of fuel.\r\nDisadvantages of Cochran Boiler\r\n(i)\u00a0Low rate of steam generation.\r\n(ii)\u00a0Inspection and maintenance is difficult.\r\n(iii)\u00a0High room head is required for its installation due to the vertical design.\r\n(iv)\u00a0It has limited pressure range.\r\nApplications of Cochran Boiler\r\n\r\n \tVariety of process applications in industries\r\n \tChemical processing divisions\r\n \tPulp and Paper manufacturing plants\r\n \tRefining units\r\n\r\nBesides, they are frequently employed in power generation plants where large quantities of steam (ranging up to 500 kg\/s) having high pressures i.e. approximately 16 mega-pascals (160 bar) and high temperatures reaching up to 550 \u00b0C are generally required.","headline":"Cochran Boiler &#8211; Parts , Diagram , Construction and Working","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-08-09","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/cochran-boiler-diagram-and-working-300x186.jpg","height":186,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cogeneration-power-plant-cogeneration-plant-how-it-works/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bottoming-cycle-system-cogeneration-300x225.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Cogeneration Power Plant &#8211; Cogeneration plant how it works</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cogeneration-power-plant-cogeneration-plant-how-it-works/">Cogeneration Power Plant &#8211; Cogeneration plant how it works</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Cogeneration Power Plant - Cogeneration plant how it works
Cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is the combined generation of heat and power. It is not a single technology, but an...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/cogeneration-power-plant-cogeneration-plant-how-it-works/" aria-label="View Post: Cogeneration Power Plant &#8211; Cogeneration plant how it works">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Cogeneration Power Plant &#8211; Cogeneration plant how it works","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/cogeneration-power-plant-cogeneration-plant-how-it-works\/","articleBody":"Cogeneration Power Plant - Cogeneration plant how it works\r\nCogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is the combined generation of heat and power. It is not a single technology, but an integrated energy system. Cogeneration first involves producing power from a specific fuel source, such as natural gas, biomass, coal, or oil. During fuel combustion, cogeneration captures the excess heat which would have otherwise been wasted.\r\n\r\nThe captured heat can be used to boil water, create steam, heat buildings, etc. For instance, in the oil sands, steam is required to produce bitumen. By using cogeneration, energy companies can simultaneously produce steam for production and electricity on site. By minimizing waste, cogeneration plants generally convert 75-80% of the fuel source into useable energy, in comparison with conventional systems which only covert about 45%\/\r\n\r\nWhen the heat captured is used to produce electricity, the process is referred to as combined cycle.\r\n\r\nCogeneration was practiced in some of the earliest installations of electrical generation. Before central stations distributed power, industries generating their own power used exhaust steam for process heating. Large office and apartment buildings, hotels and stores commonly generated their own power and used waste steam for building heat. Due to the high cost of early purchased power, these CHP operations continued for many years after utility electricity became available.\r\nTypes of Cogeneration:\r\nThere are two broad categories of cogeneration:\r\n\r\n1. The Topping Cycle:\r\n\r\nIn this type the primary heat at the higher temperature end of the Rankine cycle is used to generate high-pressure and high temperature steam and electricity in the usual manner.\r\n\r\nThe process steam at low pressure and temperature is then taken from the turbines as per the process require\u00adments. There are two ways in which the steam is utilized.\r\n\r\nThey are as follows:\r\n\r\n(a) By using steam at the turbine exhaust \u2013 The steam turbine in this case is called back pressure turbine. The condenser is removed, and turbine exhaust is led to the process plant. Since condenser is absent the exhaust pres\u00adsure of the turbine is more (hence the name back pressure turbine) and its efficiency is lower.\r\n\r\n(b) By extracting steam from the turbine at an intermediate state; much as for feed water heating. The turbine of this type is known as extraction turbine or pass-out turbine. Since condenser is used the efficiency of the cycle is higher; and steam extracted has much higher pressure and temperature.\r\n\r\nThe main advantage of this cycle is its ability to use wide range of fuels including wood, coal, petroleum, coke, refuse etc. and hence is used where low quality refuse and byproduct fuels are readily available.\r\n\r\nThis type however is seldom used because of its high initial cost and low power-to-heat ratio; especially at high process-steam pressures.\r\n\r\n2. Bottoming Cycle:\r\n\r\nHere the first primary heat at high temperature is directly used for process requirements. The low grade (low temperature and availability) waste heat from process plant is used to generate electricity. The efficiency of the cycle is obviously low, \u201310 percent for low and upto 20 percent at high tempera\u00adture applications. Given that the waste heat is free, the cycle economics may be favourable.\r\n\r\nThe main applications of bottoming cycles are in the processes of the chemical and material processing industries such as cement, limestone and steel.\r\n\r\nbottoming-cycle-system-cogeneration\r\n\r\nSince the temperature of waste heat is low, hydrocarbon fluids are often used as working medium.\r\n\r\nTypes of Topping Cycle:\r\n\r\nSince the bottoming cycle has very low combined efficiency; it is of little thermodynamic or economic interest and only the topping cycle therefore can provide true savings in primary energy. In addition, most process applications require a low grade (low temperature and availability) steam which can be conveniently produced in a topping cycle.\r\n\r\nSome of the arrangements for cogeneration in topping cycle are as under:\r\n\r\n(a) Steam turbine power plant with a back pressure turbine.\r\n\r\n(b) Steam turbine power plant with steam extraction from condensing turbine.\r\n\r\n(c) Gas turbine power plant with a heat recovery boiler \u2013 using gas turbine exhaust to generate steam.\r\n\r\n(d) Combined steam gas turbine power plant \u2013 The steam turbine is either of the back pressure type (a) or the extraction-condensing type (b) above.\r\n\r\nThe back pressure steam-turbine plant (a) is most suitable only when electricity demand is low compared with the heat demand. The combined cycle plant (d) above is most suitable only when the electric demand is high, about comparable to heat demand or higher. The gas turbine cycle (c) lies in between. Only the extraction condensing plant (b) above is suitable over a wide range of ratios.\r\nCogeneration with a Gas Turbine Plant:\r\nGas turbines are used by themselves in wide range of services.\r\n\r\nSome of them are:\r\n\r\n1. As a powering unit for all types of air-crafts.\r\n\r\n2. For driving mechanical equipment such as pumps, compressors in industrial plants.\r\n\r\n3. As a powering unit for railways and racing cars.\r\n\r\n4. To drive electric generators in electric power plants \u2013 To produce power for peak loads.\r\n\r\nThere is also growing interest in using gas turbines for cogeneration and in combined cycle plants. The working temperatures of Gas Turbine are quite high (Max. temperature about 1200 \u2013 1300\u00b0C) and hot exhaust gases leaving the turbine at about 500\u00b0C, still have a great deal of heat energy stored in them.\r\n\r\nThis heat energy can be used for various purposes such as:\r\n\r\n1. Drying and direct heating \u2013 In food industry.\r\n\r\n2. Heating of fluids in process industries \u2013 to heat air, oil, water which is a working medium in a process plant.\r\n\r\n3. Producing steam by using a waste recovery boiler \u2013 The steam produced may be used for process application or for generation of electricity by using steam turbines. This is known as \u201ccogeneration\u201d for the former and \u201ccombined cycle\u201d for the latter.\r\n\r\nA simple gas turbine cycle consisting of an Air Compressor (AC), Combustion Chamber (CC) and Gas Turbine (GT) is used. The turbine exhaust gases are passed through a heat recovery boiler (HRB) to generate process steam which is then taken out for process plant. Supplementary fuel burners are provided to burn additional fuel to increase the mass flow rate of process steam for a short period, if required.","headline":"Cogeneration Power Plant &#8211; Cogeneration plant how it works","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-08-09","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/bottoming-cycle-system-cogeneration-300x225.jpg","height":225,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/4-main-types-of-geothermal-power-plants/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/types-of-geothermal-plants-300x92.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to 4 Main Types of Geothermal Power Plants</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/4-main-types-of-geothermal-power-plants/">4 Main Types of Geothermal Power Plants</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>4 Main Types of Geothermal Power Plants
The following points highlights the four main types of geothermal power plants.  The types are:  1. Flashed Steam Plants  2. Dry Steam Plants  3....</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/4-main-types-of-geothermal-power-plants/" aria-label="View Post: 4 Main Types of Geothermal Power Plants">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"4 Main Types of Geothermal Power Plants","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/4-main-types-of-geothermal-power-plants\/","articleBody":"4 Main Types of Geothermal Power Plants\r\nThe following points highlights the four main types of geothermal power plants.\r\n\r\nThe types are:\r\n\r\n1. Flashed Steam Plants\r\n\r\n2. Dry Steam Plants\r\n\r\n3. Binary Power Plants\r\n\r\n4. Hybrid Power Plants.\r\n\r\nFor conversion of geothermal energy into electrical energy, heat must be extracted first for its conversion into useable form. Mite-or-more-deep wells can be drilled into under-ground reservoirs to tap steam and very hot water that drive turbines coupled to electric generators.\r\n\r\ntypes of geothermal plants\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0Basics Of Energy | Various Forms of Energy | Energy Conservation\r\n\r\nThere are basically four types of geothermal power plants which are operating nowadays:\r\n\r\nType\u00a0 1. Flashed Steam Plants:\r\nThe extremely hot water from drill holes when released from deep reservoirs high pressure steam (known as flashed steam) is released. The force of steam is used to rotate turbines. The steam gets condensed and is converted into water again, which is returned to the reservoir. Flushed steam plants are widely distributed throughout the world.\r\n\r\nType 2. Dry Steam Plants:\r\nUsually geysers are the main source of dry steam. The geothermal reservoirs producing mostly steam and little water are employed in electric power gen\u00aderation schemes. As steam from the reservoir shoots out, it is used to drive a turbine, after sending the steam through a rock-catcher. The rock-catcher protects the turbine from rocks which come along with steam.\r\n\r\nType 3. Binary Power Plants:\r\nIn this type of power plant, the geothermal water is passed through a heat exchanger where its heat is transferred to a secondary liquid, viz., isobutene, isopentane or ammonia-water mixture present in an adjacent, separate pipe. Because of this double-liquid heat exchanger system, it is called a binary power plant. The secondary liquid, also known as working fluid, should have lower boiling point than water. It turns into vapour on get\u00adting required heat from the hot water.\r\n\r\nThe vapour from the working fluid is employed for rotating the turbines. The binary system is therefore useful in geothermal reservoirs which are relatively low in temperature gradient. Since the system is a completely closed one, there is a minimum chance of heat loss. Hot water is immediately recycled back into the reser\u00advoir. The working fluid is also condensed back to the liquid and used over again and again.\r\n\r\nType 4. Hybrid Power Plants:\r\nSome geothermal fields produce boiling water as well as steam, which are also employed in power generation. In this system of power generation, the flashed and binary systems are combined to make use of both steam and hot water. Efficiency of hybrid power plants is, however, less than that of dry steam plants.","headline":"4 Main Types of Geothermal Power Plants","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-08-08","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/types-of-geothermal-plants-300x92.jpg","height":92,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=168">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=167"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>167</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=168"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>168</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>169</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=170"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>170</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=171"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>171</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=170">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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