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Principle, Tools, Techniques, Advantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-concurrent-engineering-benefits-of-concurrent-engineering/">Concurrent Engineering &#8211; Principle, Tools, Techniques, Advantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Concurrent Engineering? 
Concurrent engineering - Definition 
Concurrent engineering is a systematic approach to the integrated, concurrent design of products and their related processes,...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-concurrent-engineering-benefits-of-concurrent-engineering/" aria-label="View Post: Concurrent Engineering &#8211; Principle, Tools, Techniques, Advantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Concurrent Engineering &#8211; Principle, Tools, Techniques, Advantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-concurrent-engineering-benefits-of-concurrent-engineering\/","articleBody":"What is Concurrent Engineering?\u00a0\r\nConcurrent engineering - Definition\u00a0\r\nConcurrent engineering is a systematic approach to the integrated, concurrent design of products and their related processes, including manufacture and support. This approach is intended to cause the developers from the outset, to consider all elements of the product life cycle from conception to disposal, including quality, cost, schedule, and user requirements.\r\n\r\nConcurrent engineering or Simultaneous Engineering is a methodology of restructuring the product development activity in a manufacturing organization using a cross-functional team approach and is a technique adopted to improve the efficiency of product design and reduce the product development cycle time. This is also sometimes referred to as Parallel Engineering. Concurrent Engineering brings together a wide\r\nspectrum of people from several functional areas in the design and manufacture of a product. Representatives from R &amp; D, engineering, manufacturing, materials management, quality assurance, marketing etc. develop the product as a team. Everyone interacts with each other from the start, and they perform their tasks in parallel. The team reviews the design from the point of view of marketing, process, tool design and procurement, operation, facility and capacity planning, design for manufacturability, assembly, testing and maintenance, standardization, procurement of components and sub-assemblies, quality assurance etc as the design is evolved. Even the vendor development department is associated with the prototype development. Any possible bottleneck in the development process is thoroughly studied and rectified. All the departments get a chance to review the design and identify delays and difficulties.\r\n\r\nThe departments can start their own processes simultaneously. For example, the tool design, procurement of material and machinery, and recruitment and training of manpower which contributes to considerable delay can be taken up simultaneously as the design development is in progress. Issues are debated thoroughly and conflicts are resolved amicably.\r\n\r\n concurrent-engineering\r\n\r\nConcurrent Engineering (CE) gives marketing and other groups the opportunity to review the design during the modeling, prototyping and soft tooling phases of development. CAD systems especially 3D modelers can play an important role in early product development phases. In fact, they can become the core of the CE. They offer a visual check when design changes cost the least.\r\n\r\nRead More: AutoCAD And Drafting related interview Questions For Mechanical Students\r\nWhy concurrent engineering?\r\n\r\n \tIncreasing product variety and technical complexity that prolong the product development process and make it more difficult to predict the impact of design decisions on the functionality and performance of the final product.\r\n \tIncreasing global competitive pressure that results from the emerging concept of reengineering.\r\n \tThe need for rapid response to fast-changing consumer demand.\r\n \tThe need for shorter product life cycle.\r\n \tLarge organizations with several departments working on developing numerous products at the same time.\r\n \tNew and innovative technologies emerging at a very high rate, thus causing the new product to be technological obsolete within a short period.\r\n\r\nCE is the application of a mixture of all the following techniques to evaluate the total life-cycle cost and quality.\r\n1. Axiomatic design\r\n2. Design for manufacturing guidelines\r\n3. Design science\r\n4. Design for assembly\r\n5. The Taguchi method for robust design\r\n6. Manufacturing process design rules\r\n7. Computer-aided DFM\r\n8. Group technology\r\n9. Failure-mode and effects analysis\r\n10. Value engineering\r\n11. Quality function deployment\r\nBasic Principle in Concurrent Engineering\r\n\r\n \tStart all tasks as early as possible\r\n \tUtilize all relevant information as early as possible\r\n \tWork structuring: systematically structure the work or work environment so that each task can be performed independently of each other either by a machine, human or computer\r\n \tEveryone participates in defining the objectives of their work Operational understanding is achieved for all relevant information as team will work better if they know what other members are doing e.g. what constraints a team member could encounter when certain parameters will be changed.\r\n \tA strong commitment is made to adhere to the decisions taken earlier.\r\n \tDecisions are made in a single trade-off space.\r\n \tDecisions are robust, overcoming a natural tendency to resort to quick, novel decisions.\r\n \tTrust among teammates Trusting members, if they agree to accept responsibility for a task, prefer to work together rather in isolation. This will also lead to better teamwork affinity.\r\n \tThe team strives for consensus.\r\n \tTeam should be empowered to make decisions in product development and should be given the \u201cownership\u201d of what they produce. The team uses a visible concurrent process.\r\n \tConstancy of purpose: This requires a change in thinking beyond the goals of one\/s individual department or team to the company\u2019s goals. Aiming towards the constancy of the purpose results in everyone contributing his\/her best working towards a common set of consistent goals.\r\n\r\nNeed of Concurrent Engineering\r\n\r\n \tNeed to reduce product development lead time.\r\n \tIncreased competition.\r\n \tNew manufacturing processes developed.\r\n \tMore demanding customers.\r\n\r\nConcurrent Engineering tools &amp; Techniques:\r\n\r\n \tDesign for manufacturing(DFM)\r\n \tDesign for assemblability (DFA)\r\n \tFailure effects and modes analysis(FEMA)\r\n \tCost driven design or target costing.\r\n \tQuality function deployment(QFD)\r\n \tRobust design through the Taguchi method.\r\n \tPugh\u2019s theorem.\r\n \tExperimental design techniques\r\n \tDesign stress analysis\r\n \tBenchmarking and competitive analysis\r\n \tRapid prototyping\r\n \tCustomer focused design\r\n \tComputer &amp; it based tools like CAD tools (mechanical), CAD tools (electronic),\r\n \tCAM\/CAE tools and electronic information or data network.\r\n\r\nAdvantages of Concurrent Engineering :\r\n\r\n \tFaster time to market which results in increased market share\r\n \tLower manufacturing and production costs.\r\n \tImproved quality of resulting end products.\r\n \tIncreased positioning in a highly competitive world market.\r\n \tIncreased accuracy in predicting and meeting project plans, schedules, timelines and budgets.\r\n \tIncreased efficiency and performance.\r\n \tHigher reliability in the product development process.\r\n \tReduced defect rates.\r\n \tIncreased effectiveness in transferring technology\r\n \tIncreased customer satisfaction\r\n \tAbility to execute high and complex levels of projects while minimizing the difficulties.\r\n \tShorter design and development process with accelerated project execution\r\n \tHigher return on investments\r\n \tReduced labor and resource requirements\r\n \tOverlapping capabilities and the ability to work in parallel\r\n \tIncreased cohesiveness within the firm\r\n \tLower implementation risk\r\n \tFaster reaction time in responding to the rapidly changing market\r\n \tLower product and process design and development costs.\r\n \tImproved inventory control, scheduling and customer relations","headline":"Concurrent Engineering &#8211; Principle, Tools, Techniques, Advantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-08-03","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"May 17, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/concurrent-engineering-300x225.jpg","height":225,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-automatic-drainage-cleaning-system-using-solar-panel/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Design-and-Fabrication-of-Automatic-Drainage-Cleaning-System-using-Solar-Panel-300x257.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Design and Fabrication of Automatic Drainage Cleaning System using Solar Panel</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-automatic-drainage-cleaning-system-using-solar-panel/">Design and Fabrication of Automatic Drainage Cleaning System using Solar Panel</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Design and Fabrication of Automatic Drainage Cleaning System using Solar Panel
Abstract:
Water is the basic need for the existence of life on earth. In spite of 70% water on earth majority of water...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-automatic-drainage-cleaning-system-using-solar-panel/" aria-label="View Post: Design and Fabrication of Automatic Drainage Cleaning System using Solar Panel">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Design and Fabrication of Automatic Drainage Cleaning System using Solar Panel","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/design-and-fabrication-of-automatic-drainage-cleaning-system-using-solar-panel\/","articleBody":"Design and Fabrication of Automatic Drainage Cleaning System using Solar Panel\r\nAbstract:\r\nWater is the basic need for the existence of life on earth. In spite of 70% water on earth majority of water is not suitable for drinking purpose. There is a huge demand of clean water as it is used for a variety of purpose such as drinking, bathing, cleaning, cooking etc. Impurities present in water can cause serious health issues that can damage the life of human beings. The chief function of the automatic drainage system is to collect, transport, as well as dispose the solid waste in the waste bucket by the help of claws.. Solid waste in drainage water includes empty bottles, polythene bags, papers etc. Impurities in drainage water can lead to blockage of the drainage system. In order to avoid such situation these impurities are needed to be taken out time to time for the continuous flow of drainage water. Drain can be cleaned continuously by the help of model using the drive system to remove the solid waste and threw it into waste bucket. This project is designed with the objective to initiate the efficient working of system. This project automatically cleans the water in the drainage system each time any impurity appears, and claws which are driven by chain sprocket grasp the solid waste and threw it into the waste bucket to avoid blockage. It even reduces the cost of manual labor as well as reduces the threat to human life.\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nAutomatic Drainage Water Cleaning overcomes all sorts of drainage problems and promotes blockage free drains promoting continuous flow of drain water. In the modern era there have been adequate sewage problems where sewage water needs to be segregated to clean our surrounding environment. The waste and gases produced from the industries are very harmful to human beings and to the environment. Our proposed system is used to clean and control the drainage level using auto mechanism technique.\r\n\r\nPROBLEM STATEMENT\r\nIn today\u2019s era automation plays a very important role in all industrial applications for the proper disposal of sewage from industries and household is still a challenging task. Drain pipes are used for the adequate disposal of waste and unfortunately sometimes there may be a threat to human life during the cleaning of blockage in the drain pipes or it can cause serious health issues because of the pertaining problems like malaria, dengue, etc. In order to overcome this problem as well as to save human life we implement a design \u201cAutomatic Drainage Cleaning System\u201d. We designed our project in order to use it in an efficient way to control the disposal of waste along with regular filtration of drains, removal of solid waste in order to avoid blockage in drains to promote continuous flow of drainage water which ultimately reduces the threat to human life.\r\n\r\nDesign and Fabrication of Automatic Drainage Cleaning System using Solar Panel\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES\r\n\r\nADVANTAGES:\r\n\r\n \tCost of production is low\r\n \tNo need to purchase heavy machinery\r\n \tReduces threat to human life\r\n \tManual assistance is not required\r\n \tprinciple is quiet easy.\r\n \tCompact\r\n \tPortable.\r\n \tHighly Efficient\r\n\r\nDISADVANTAGE:\r\n\r\n \tRust\r\n \tFlat solar panel\r\n \tJerks in chain\r\n\r\nAPPLICATION\r\n\r\n \tIt can be installed for domestic sewage treatment.\r\n \tIt can be used for proper treatment of sewage as well as to avoid blockage of drains.\r\n \tIt is portable and compact in size which initiates easy handling.\r\n \tManual assistance is not required.\r\n\r\nReference and Download :\r\n\r\nDesign and Fabrication of Automatic Drainage Cleaning System using Solar Panel","headline":"Design and Fabrication of Automatic Drainage Cleaning System using Solar Panel","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-08-02","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/Design-and-Fabrication-of-Automatic-Drainage-Cleaning-System-using-Solar-Panel-300x257.jpg","height":257,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-ragi-ball-machine/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ragi-ball-machine-300x262.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Design and Fabrication of Ragi Ball Machine</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-ragi-ball-machine/">Design and Fabrication of Ragi Ball Machine</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Design and Fabrication of Ragi Ball Machine - Mechanical Project
ABSTRACT:  Finger millet, popularly known as ragi flour is an annual herbaceous plant widely grown as a cereal crop in the arid...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/design-and-fabrication-of-ragi-ball-machine/" aria-label="View Post: Design and Fabrication of Ragi Ball Machine">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Design and Fabrication of Ragi Ball Machine","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/design-and-fabrication-of-ragi-ball-machine\/","articleBody":"Design and Fabrication of Ragi Ball Machine - Mechanical Project\r\nABSTRACT:\r\n\r\n Finger millet, popularly known as ragi flour is an annual herbaceous plant widely grown as a cereal crop in the arid and semiarid areas in Africa and Asia. Ragi Mudde or Ragi Sangati is a wholesome meal in the state of Karnataka and the Rayalaseema region in Andhra Pradesh. In this project, a Ragi Mudde Machine is proposed, where the finger millet and the water are boiled inside a stainless steel vessel using a burner and then the dough is made by continuous stirring of the mixture by using stirrers and pusher plates. Thus obtained mixture is forced out automatically through a pipe via pusher plates and then formed into round shape using a bowl powered manually.\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\nIndia is the leading producer of small millets namely, finger millet (ragi), kodo millet (kodo), foxtail millet (kangni) and little millet (kutki). Annual planting area under them is around 2.5 million hectares and nearly 1.5 million hectares is under finger millet comprising 40-50% of crops global area. Its annual production is maintained around 2.4 million tonnes. The protein content in ragi is more or less equal to that of wheat, rice and maize. Finger millet contains the lowest fat. It is relatively rich in iron and phosphorus. It has the highest calcium content among all the food grains. The most common primary processing of finger millet is to convert the grain in the form of flour which is achieved by\u00a0pulverizing or milling. Some of machines for milling are conventional stone mills, burr mills, hammer mills, ball mills etc. on demand of the recipe the coarser flour is separated by sieving the whole meal. Finer flour is preferred for making chapathi (rotti), whereas coarser flour is suitable for mudde. Mudde is a typical preparation of Karnataka and very often prepared using social functions. Coarser flour helps in making lumps during mudde preparation and that of finer flour absorbs more water due to higher surface area and facilities flattering for chapathi making.\r\n\r\nIn recent years the consumption of finger millet along with other millets has been increased particularly in the urban sector due to awareness about the inherent nutritional and medicinal properties of millets. Millet is gluten free and safe to eat for those who experience gluten sensitivity.\r\n\r\nPARTS OF RAGI BALL MACHINE\r\n\r\n1. Stainless Steel Vessel\r\nThe vessel used here is made of stainless steel 316 of around 2mm thick. It is made by welding a sheet in cylindrical form with a round sheet welded to it at the bottom. It helps to store the mixture of ragi flour and water during the preparation. It also houses the stirrer blades and the pusher plates used for stirring the mixture inside it connected by shaft at the centre of the vessel.\r\n\r\n2. Support Structure\r\nThe support structure is made of stainless steel square bars of 202 type. It helps the vessel rest on it to accompany the overall procedure. It also provides for accommodating motor, gear box along with batteries to run the machine.\r\n\r\n3. Shaft with stirrers and pusher plates\r\nThe shaft and stirrer assembly is made of stainless steel 316 which rests on the vessel above a ball bearing. The four stirrers are provided at an angle of 45 degrees to the centre and the 2 pusher plates are provided at an angle of 180 degrees to each other. The stirrers and the pusher plates helps in stirring the mixture inside the vessel to required consistency and also helps in forcing out the dough out of the vessel.\r\n\r\n4. Extrusion pipe\r\nA Stainless steel pipe is being welded tangentially to the bottom surface of the vessel which is used to force the mixture of it once it is ready. The pipe will be closed with stainless steel cap with a rubber flap to avoid leakage of water and flour during the process using nut and bolt assembly.\r\n\r\n5. Non-stick sol gel coating\r\nCoating is provided on the inner surface of the vessel, stirrers, pusher plates and extrusion pipe to avoid the mixture getting sticked to it and also for smooth rotation during mixing process. Its composition is PTFE and its thickness is around 60 \u2013 70 microns.\r\n\r\n6. Motor with gear box\r\nTo run the shaft assembly for mixing, it is powered using a 0.5HP DC motor coupled with a gear box of 30:1 ratio to obtain a speed of 100 rpm which is run by a 24 volts battery.\r\n\r\n7. Fasteners\r\nFasteners are used to mount the vessel on the outer structure and also for resting the motor on the support structure an assembly of steel rod is fastened to it.\r\n\r\n8. Rotating bowl\r\nA stainless steel bowl with an handle is being used to rotate the dough coming out from the extrusion pipe and form it into round shape.\r\n\r\n9. Burner\r\nA detachable burner is provided at the bottom of the vessel to heat the mixture to the required temperature powered by a gas cylinder.\r\n\r\n ragi ball machine\r\n\r\nCONCLUSION\r\nThis equipment will help in reducing the effort to make mudde in large quantities. Mass producers of mudde like in temples, hostels, restaurants can make good use of the machine. It also saves the time required to clean after cooking in it due to the non-stick coating. Thus, it helps to produce healthy ragi mudde which is very soft, tasty and completely\r\n\u00a0free from lumps.\r\n\r\nReference and Download research Paper\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.ijirset.com\/upload\/2017\/june\/67_6_DESIGN.PDF","headline":"Design and Fabrication of Ragi Ball Machine","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-08-02","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/ragi-ball-machine-300x262.jpg","height":262,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-are-the-purposes-properties-and-types-of-cutting-fluids/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/cuttiing-fluid-properties-300x239.png')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What are the purposes, properties and types of cutting fluids?</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-are-the-purposes-properties-and-types-of-cutting-fluids/">What are the purposes, properties and types of cutting fluids?</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What are the purposes, properties and types of cutting fluids ?
Cutting fluids, sometimes referred to as lubricants or coolants are liquids and gases applied to the tool and work piece to assist in...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-are-the-purposes-properties-and-types-of-cutting-fluids/" aria-label="View Post: What are the purposes, properties and types of cutting fluids?">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What are the purposes, properties and types of cutting fluids?","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-are-the-purposes-properties-and-types-of-cutting-fluids\/","articleBody":"What are the purposes, properties and types of cutting fluids ?\r\nCutting fluids, sometimes referred to as lubricants or coolants are liquids and gases applied to the tool and work piece to assist in the cutting operations.\r\n\r\nPurpose of Cutting Fluids\r\n\r\nPurposes:\r\nCutting fluids are used for the following\r\n1. To cool the tool: Cooling the tool is necessary to prevent metallurgical\u00a0damage and to assist in decreasing friction at the tool-chip interface and at\u00a0the tool-work piece interface.\r\n2. To cool the work piece. The role of the cutting fluid in cooling the work\u00a0piece is to prevent its excessive thermal distortion.\r\n3. To lubricate and reduce friction\r\n4. To improve surface finish\r\nDesirable Properties of Cutting Fluid:\r\n1.\u00a0Lubricating Qualities:\r\n\r\nThis quality reduces frictional force between work and tool. It also prevents the formation of built-up edge.\r\n\r\n2.\u00a0High Heat Carrying (Cooling) Capacity:\r\n\r\nCutting fluid must carry more and more heat from cutting zone quickly. Thus, reducing the temperature of work and tool. This will reduce tool wear, increase tool life and surface finish.\r\n\r\nA small reduction in temperature can considerably increase tool life, according to the following empirical relation:\r\n\r\nT\u03b8n\u00a0= K\r\n\r\nWhere, T= Tool life (min)\r\n\r\n\u03b8 = Temperature at the chip tool interface (\u00b0C)\r\n\r\nn = An exponent depends on tool form and material\r\n\r\nK = Constant\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0Corrosion Resistant:\r\n\r\nThe cutting fluid should prevent the work material from environmental rusting or corrosion. For this purpose corrosion inhibitor like sodium nitrate is added in cutting fluid.\r\n\r\n4.\u00a0Low Viscosity:\r\n\r\nIt should have low viscosity, so that chip and dirt can settle quickly.\r\n\r\n5.\u00a0Stability:\r\n\r\nIt should have long life, i.e., it should not get spoiled quickly, both in use and in storage.\r\n\r\n6.\u00a0Non-Toxic:\r\n\r\nIt should be non-toxic and should not be injurious to the human skin.\r\n\r\n7.\u00a0Non-Flammable:\r\n\r\nIt should have high flash point, and should not burn easily.\r\n\r\n8.\u00a0Non-Smokey:\r\n\r\nIt should not smoke or foam easily.\r\n\r\n9.\u00a0Small Molecular Size:\r\n\r\nIt should have small molecular size to allow rapid diffusion and better penetration to the chip-tool interface.\r\n\r\n10.\u00a0Chemically Stable or Inert:\r\n\r\nIt should not adversely react with work material.\r\n\r\n11.\u00a0Odourless:\r\n\r\nIt should be free from undesirable odours.\r\n\r\ncutting fluid properties\r\nTypes of Cutting Fluids :\r\nA variety of cutting fluids are available to satisfy the requirements of machining processes. Although, there is no all-purpose cutting fluid, some offer considerable versatility while some are for specific application.\r\n\r\nThe basic types of cutting fluids are following:\r\n\r\n1. Water:\r\n\r\nWater has high specific heat but is poor in lubrication. Also, it encourages rusting. It is used as cooling agent during tool grinding.\r\n\r\n2. Soluble Oils (Emulsions):\r\n\r\nSoluble oils or emulsifiable oils are the largest type of cutting fluids used in machining operations.\r\n\r\nThese are composed of:\r\n\r\ni. Soluble oil.\r\n\r\nii. Emulsifiers (Sodium sulfonate, fatty, acid soap, esters).\r\n\r\niii. Additives (Corrosive resistance or coupling agents).\r\n\r\niv. Water (for dilution 1-20%).\r\n\r\nEmulsifiers are chemical substances that cause suspension of tiny oil droplets iii the water. Additives are corrosive resistance chemicals or coupling agents. Coupling agents provide a white emulsion with no oil or cream separating out after mixing with water 5% dilution level being the most common dilution level. These fluids have average lubricating abilities and good cooling properties. Soluble oils are suitable for light cutting operations on general purpose machines were low metal remove rates used.\r\n\r\n3. Mineral Oils:\r\n\r\nMineral oils are used for heavier cutting operations because of their good lubricating properties. They are commonly found in production machines where high metal removal rates are employed. They are most suitable for steels but should not be used on copper or its alloys since it has a corrosive effect.\r\n\r\n4. Straight Oils (Petroleum or Vegetable Oils):\r\n\r\nStraight oil is a petroleum or vegetable oil that is used without dilution with water. Paraffin oils, naphthenic oils, vegetable oils are some examples of straight oils. It is said that, straight oils provide excellent lubrication. For environmentally favorable requirements, vegetable oils are preferable due to their ease of biodegradation and disposal. On the other hand, they are of little use since they are liable to decompose and smell badly.\r\n\r\n5. Synthetic Fluids:\r\n\r\nThey are water based fluids and contain no mineral oil. They have a typical particulate size of 0.003 mm. Water provides excellent cooling properties. But creates a problem of corrosion. Also, not effective as lubricant. To prevent rust formation rust inhibitors are added.\r\n\r\n6. Semi-Synthetic Fluids:\r\n\r\nThey are mixture of soluble oils (Emulsions) and synthetics fluids (water based fluids). About 5 to 20% mineral oil is emulsified with water to produce a microemulsion. The partical size varies from 0.01 -0.1 mm. This is small enough to transmit all incidents light.\r\n\r\nThese types of fluids are used largely due to their advantages of both soluble oils and synthetics.\r\n\r\nSome major advantages are:\r\n\r\ni. Rapid heat dissipation.\r\n\r\nii. Cleanliness of the system.\r\n\r\niii. Bio-resistance (due to small particle size).","headline":"What are the purposes, properties and types of cutting fluids?","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-07-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 22, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/cuttiing-fluid-properties-300x239.png","height":239,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/properties-of-tool-material-types-of-tool-materials/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/tool-material-properties-300x225.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to Properties Of tool Material &#8211; Types Of Tool Materials</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/properties-of-tool-material-types-of-tool-materials/">Properties Of tool Material &#8211; Types Of Tool Materials</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>Properties Of tool Material - Types Of Tool Materials
Cutting tool materials are materials that are used to make cutting tools that are used in machining (drill bits, tool bits, milling cutters,...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/properties-of-tool-material-types-of-tool-materials/" aria-label="View Post: Properties Of tool Material &#8211; Types Of Tool Materials">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"Properties Of tool Material &#8211; Types Of Tool Materials","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/properties-of-tool-material-types-of-tool-materials\/","articleBody":"Properties Of tool Material - Types Of Tool Materials\r\nCutting tool materials are materials that are used to make cutting tools that are used in machining (drill bits, tool bits, milling cutters, etc.) but not other cutting tools like knives or punches.\r\n\r\nCutting tool materials must be harder than the material of the workpiece, even at high temperatures during the process.\r\n\r\nRead More :\u00a0Nomenclature |Terminology of Single Point Cutting Tool\r\nWhat are the properties of tool materials?\r\nThe characteristics\/ properties of the ideal material are:\r\n1. Hot hardness: \r\n\r\nThe material must remain harder than the work material at elevated operating temperatures.\r\n\r\n2. Wear resistance: \r\n\r\nThe material must withstand excessive wear even though the relative hardness of the tool-work materials changes.\r\n\r\n3. Toughness: \r\n\r\nThe material must have sufficient toughness to withstand shocks and vibrations and to prevent breakage.\r\n\r\n4. Cost and easiness in fabrication: \r\n\r\nThe cost and easiness of fabrication should have within reasonable limits.\r\n\r\ntool material properties\r\n\r\nTypes Of Tool Material \/ List the tool materials.\u00a0\r\n\r\nThe selection of proper tool material depends on the type of service to which the tool will be subjected. No material is superior in all respects, but rather each has certain characteristics which limit its field of application.\r\n\r\nThe principal cutting materials are:\r\n1. High-speed steels.\r\n2. Stellites.\r\n3. Cemented carbides.\r\n4. Diamonds.\r\n\r\n1. High-speed steels:\r\nThese steels are called as HSS because these steels cut material at high speeds and retain their hardness even at high temperature. It consists of iron and carbon with differing amounts of alloying elements such as tungsten, chromium, vanadium and cobalt. 18:4:1 HSS tool is used to manufacture drills, reamers, and taps.\r\n\r\n2. Stellites:\r\nStellite is the trade name of a nonferrous cast alloy composed of cobalt, chromium and tungsten.\r\nIt is shaped by casting from which it gets cutting properties.\r\n\r\n3. Cemented carbides:\r\nThe basic ingredient of most cemented carbides is tungsten carbide which is extremely hard. Pure tungsten powder is mixed under high heat, at about 1500 0 C, with pure carbon (lamp black) in the ratio of 94 per cent and 6 per cent by weight. The new compound, tungsten carbide, is then mixed with cobalt until the mass is entirely\r\nhomogeneous.\r\n\r\n4. Diamond:\r\nThe diamonds used for cutting tools are industrial diamonds, which are naturally occurring diamonds containing flaws and therefore of no value as gemstones. Alternatively they can be also artificial.","headline":"Properties Of tool Material &#8211; Types Of Tool Materials","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-07-29","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/tool-material-properties-300x225.jpg","height":225,"width":300},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <article class="article-card horizontal "> <a href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-electropolishing-advantages-and-disadvantages/" rel="nofollow"><div class="image-container" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/electropolishing-principle-274x300.jpg')"></div><span class="sr-only">link to What is Electropolishing &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages</span></a><div class="copy-container"><header><p><a style="color: #ff392e!important" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-electropolishing-advantages-and-disadvantages/">What is Electropolishing &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages</a></p></header><div class="excerpt"><p>What is Electropolishing - Advantages and Disadvantages
Introduction to Electroposhing :  Electropolishing, also known as electrochemical polishing, anodic polishing or electrolytic polishing...</p><div class="button-container"><a rel="nofollow" class="button reverse" href="//www.gunkrazy.com/what-is-electropolishing-advantages-and-disadvantages/" aria-label="View Post: What is Electropolishing &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages">View Post</a></div></div></div></article> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","name":"What is Electropolishing &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/what-is-electropolishing-advantages-and-disadvantages\/","articleBody":"What is Electropolishing - Advantages and Disadvantages\r\nIntroduction to Electroposhing :\r\n\r\nElectropolishing, also known as electrochemical polishing, anodic polishing or electrolytic polishing (especially in the metallography field), is an electrochemical process that removes material from a metallic workpiece. It is used to polish, passivate, and deburr metal parts. It is often described as the reverse of electroplating. It may be used in lieu of abrasive fine polishing in microstructural preparation.\r\n\r\nPrinciple of electropolishing\r\n\r\nElectropolishing is an electrochemical process in which the atoms of a work piece submerged in an electrolyte convert into ions and are removed from the surface as a result of a passage of an electric current.\r\n\r\nIn electropolishing the metallic work piece dissolves in the electrolyte in contrast to Electroplating where the metallic ions traveling through the electrolyte solution deposit on the work piece surface.\r\n\r\nelectropolishing principle\r\n\r\nIn an electropolishing cell (see the figure below) the work piece is anode. It is connected to the positive terminal of the direct current power supply. The negative terminal is connected to a cathode plate commonly made of stainless steel, copper or lead. The anode and the cathode are immersed into an electrolyte solution.\r\nPrincipally electropolishing is similar to Electrochemical machining where the work piece material is removed due to the conversion of the atoms into ions, formation of an insoluble precipitate and its transfer from the surface. The DC power supply, the anodically connected work piece, the electrolyte and the cathode form an electric circuit.\r\n\r\nAccording to Faraday\u2019s law the amount of the removed material is directly proportional to the amount of electric charge, passed through the circuit. The amount of electric charge Q=I*t (I \u2013 electric current, t \u2013 time).\r\n\r\nThe amount of the metal removed from the work piece surface in an electropolishing process varies from 0.1 to 2.5 mil (2.5-64 \u03bcm).\r\n\r\nThe important feature of the electropolishing process is its ability to dissolve asperities (peaks) on the work surface much faster than the material in \u201cmicro-valleys\u201d. Such selective dissolution is a result of different values of the electrical potential of the peaks and valleys. The positive charge of the anodically connected work piece is concentrated in the peaks where the current density is higher than average which causes a selective dissolution of the peaks and smoothening the surface.\r\n\r\nElectropolishing Process :\r\n\r\n \tTypically, the work-piece is immersed in a temperature-controlled bath of electrolyte and serves as the anode; it is connected to the positive terminal of a DC power supply, the negative terminal being attached to the cathode.\r\n \tA current passes from the anode, where metal on the surface is oxidised and dissolved in the electrolyte, to the cathode. At the cathode, a reduction reaction occurs, which normally produces hydrogen. Electrolytes used for electropolishing are most often concentrated acid solutions having a high viscosity, such as mixtures of sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid.\r\n \tOther electropolishing electrolytes reported in the literature include mixtures of perchlorates with acetic anhydride and methanolic solutions of sulphuric acid.\r\n \tTo achieve electropolishing of a rough surface, the protruding parts of a surface profile must dissolve faster than the recesses.\r\n \tThis process, referred to as anodic levelling, can be subject to incorrect analysis when measuring the surface topography.Anodic dissolution under electropolishing conditions deburrs metal objects due to increased current density on corners and burrs.\r\n \tMost importantly, successful electropolishing should operate under diffusion limited constant current plateau, achieved by following current dependence on voltage (polarisation curve), under constant temperature and stirring conditions.\r\n\r\nBenefits and disadvantages of electropolishing\r\n\r\nBenefits of electropolishing:\r\n\r\n \tBright appearance;\r\n \tAbsence of abrasive scratches;\r\n \tImproved fatigue strength due to stress relieving and defects free surface;\r\n \tLower coefficient of friction due to smoother surface (reduced microasperities);\r\n \tBetter corrosion resistance;\r\n \tAllows processing fragile and delicate parts.\r\n\r\nDisadvantages of electropolishing:\r\n\r\n \tRough surface defects can not be removed;\r\n \tElectropolishing multiphase alloys may cause roughening due to selective dissolution of different phases.\r\n\r\nApplication Of Electropolishing :\r\n\r\nElectropolishing has many applications in the metal finishing industry because of its simplicity and its ability to be used on irregularly-shaped objects, such as electropolished stainless steel drums of washing machines, stainless steel surgical devices, and copper semiconductors. Electropolishing is also commonly used to prepare thin metal samples for transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography because the process does not cause the mechanical deformation of surface layers observed with mechanical polishing. Ultra high vacuum (UHV) components are typically electropolished in order to have a smoother surface for improved vacuum pressures, out-gassing rates, and pumping speed.","headline":"What is Electropolishing &#8211; Advantages and Disadvantages","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Sachin Thorat","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/"},"datePublished":"2018-07-28","mainEntityOfPage":"False","dateModified":"February 23, 2020","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/electropolishing-principle-274x300.jpg","height":300,"width":274},"publisher":{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Organization","name":"Learn Mechanical Engineering","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"\/\/www.gunkrazy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/learn-mech-logo-1-300x300.png","height":600,"width":60}}}</script> <nav class="pagination-wrapper" aria-label="article pagination"> <a class="prev page-numbers" href="?page_num=170">&laquo; PREV</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=1"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=169"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>169</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=170"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>170</a> <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>171</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=172"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>172</a> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=173"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>173</a> <span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span> <a class="page-numbers" href="?page_num=338"><span class="screen-reader-text">Page </span>338</a> <a class="next page-numbers" href="?page_num=172">NEXT &raquo;</a></nav></section></main><aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"><div class="about-wrapper"><h2 class="widget-title" style="background: #d693c6; color: #ff392e">About Us</h2><div class="about-image" style="background-image: url('//www.gunkrazy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sachin-Thorat-300x300-min.png')"></div><p class="about-copy">LearnMech.Com is a Mechanical Project-oriented platform run by Sachin Thorat who is a B-Tech Graduate in Mechanical Engineering. 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